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Probability Questions With Solutions

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Probability Questions with

Solutions
Tutorial on finding the probability of an event.
In what follows, S is the sample space of the experiment in question and E is
the event of interest. n(S) is the number of elements in the sample space S
and n(E) is the number of elements in the event E.
Question 1: A die is rolled, find the probability that an even number is
obtained.
Solution to Question 1:

Let us first write the sample space S of the


experiment.
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

Let E be the event "an even number is


obtained" and write it down.
E = {2,4,6}

We now use the formula of the classical


probability.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 3 / 6 = 1 / 2

Question 2: Two coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads are
obtained.
Note: Each coin has two possible outcomes H (heads) and T (Tails).
Solution to Question 2:

The sample space S is given by.


S = {(H,T),(H,H),(T,H),(T,T)}

Let E be the event "two heads are


obtained".

E = {(H,H)}

We use the formula of the classical


probability.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 1 / 4

Question 3: Which of these numbers cannot be a probability?


a) -0.00001
b) 0.5
c) 1.001
d) 0
e) 1
f) 20%
Solution to Question 3:

A probability is always greater than or equal


to 0 and less than or equal to 1, hence only a) and c) above cannot
represent probabilities: -0.00010 is less than 0 and 1.001 is greater
than 1.

Question 4: Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is
a) equal to 1
b) equal to 4
c) less than 13
Solution to Question 4:

a) The sample space S of two dice is


shown below.
S = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6)
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6) }
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Let E be the event "sum equal to 1". There


are no outcomes which correspond to a sum equal to 1, hence
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 0 / 36 = 0

b) Three possible outcomes give a sum


equal to 4: E = {(1,3),(2,2),(3,1)}, hence.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 3 / 36 = 1 / 12

c) All possible outcomes, E = S, give a sum


less than 13, hence.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 36 / 36 = 1

Question 5: A die is rolled and a coin is tossed, find the probability that the
die shows an odd number and the coin shows a head.
Solution to Question 5:

The sample space S of the experiment


described in question 5 is as follows
S = { (1,H),(2,H),(3,H),(4,H),(5,H),(6,H)
(1,T),(2,T),(3,T),(4,T),(5,T),(6,T)}

Let E be the event "the die shows an odd


number and the coin shows a head". Event E may be described as
follows
E={(1,H),(3,H),(5,H)}

The probability P(E) is given by


P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 3 / 12 = 1 / 4

Question 6: A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards. Find the


probability of getting the 3 of diamond.
Solution to Question 6:

The sample space S of the experiment in


question 6 is shwon below

Let E be the event "getting the 3 of


diamond". An examination of the sample space shows that there is
one "3 of diamond" so that n(E) = 1 and n(S) = 52. Hence the
probability of event E occurring is given by
P(E) = 1 / 52

Question 7: A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards. Find the


probability of getting a queen.
Solution to Question 7:

The sample space S of the experiment in


question 7 is shwon above (see question 6)

Let E be the event "getting a Queen". An


examination of the sample space shows that there are 4 "Queens" so
that n(E) = 4 and n(S) = 52. Hence the probability of event E occurring
is given by
P(E) = 4 / 52 = 1 / 13

Question 8: A jar contains 3 red marbles, 7 green marbles and 10 white


marbles. If a marble is drawn from the jar at random, what is the probability
that this marble is white?

Solution to Question 8:

We first construct a table of frequencies


that gives the marbles color distributions as follows
color
red
green
white

frequency
3
7
10

We now use the empirical formula of the


probability
Frequency for white color
P(E)=

________________________________________________

Total frequencies in the above table

= 10 / 20 = 1 / 2
Question 9: The blood groups of 200 people is distributed as follows: 50
have type A blood, 65 have B blood type, 70 have O blood type and 15 have
type AB blood. If a person from this group is selected at random, what is the
probability that this person has O blood type?
Solution to Question 9:

We construct a table of frequencies for the


the blood groups as follows
group
a
B
O
AB

frequency
50
65
70
15

We use the empirical formula of the


probability
Frequency for O blood
P(E)=

________________________________________________

Total frequencies


= 70 / 200 = 0.35
Exercises:
a) A die is rolled, find the probability that the number obtained is greater than
4.
b) Two coins are tossed, find the probability that one head only is obtained.
c) Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is equal to 5.
d) A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards. Find the probability of
getting the King of heart.
Answers to above exercises:
a) 2 / 6 = 1 / 3
b) 2 / 4 = 1 / 2
c) 4 / 36 = 1 / 9
d) 1 / 52

More references on elementary statistics and probabilities.


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Updated: 2 April 2013

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