A Three-Phase Power Flow Solution Method For Unbalanced Distribution Networks
A Three-Phase Power Flow Solution Method For Unbalanced Distribution Networks
I.
INTRODUCTION
COMPONENTS MODELING
VA
Va
Zab
Zac
VB
Zbb
VC
Vb
Zbc
Zan
Zbn
Zcc
Vc
Zcn
VN
Znn
Vn
i.
-connected loads
Fig. 2 shows a three-phase Y-connected unbalanced load
model.
ILc
c
Vcn
b
ILb
(1)
Vbn
SLc
SLb
n
Van
SLa
a
I La
(3)
(6)
ii.
-connected loads
Referring to Fig. 3 shown below, the current injections at the
bus for three-phase loads connected in or single-phase
connected line-to-line can be expressed as,
c
Vbc
SLb
b
ILbc
ILab
Vca
Vab
S La
(5)
SLc
ILca
A. Modeling of Loads
Loads in distribution network can be spot loads or distributed
loads or both.
1. Spot Loads
Equivalent current injection technique was used in this
research to represent the distribution network loads. This is
attributed in the first place to the nature of the loads in the
distribution networks which are inherently unbalanced loads.
It is assumed that all three-phase loads are connected or ,
and all single-phase and two-phase loads have connections
between line and neutral and line-to-line, respectively.
Further, a constant power model at each bus was assumed
during the realization of this work.
(7)
2. Distributed Loads
Distributed loads are assumed to be uniformly distributed
along the line and lumped at point F, the midpoint of Fig. 4.
Bus m
AC
Bus F
ZL/2
ImF
VF
(9)
Bus n
Where,
Vn
AC
Vm
(10)
InF
SL
III.
Bus n
Vn
ILn
ZL
ILm
SL/2
ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT
SL/2
A
Z34
-buses
5
Z 45
B3
B4
B. Modeling of Capacitors
Capacitors are assumed of Y-connected with ground
conductor. The current injections are given as [20],
ABC
IL4
ABC
Z12
IL5
Z23
B1
BC
B2
SS Bus
IL2
B5
Z 36
IL3
6
(8)
IL6
Bus n
Va
yab/2
yab/2
Vb
Vb
yca/2
ybc/2
yca/2
ybc/2
Vc
ycc/2
Vc
ybb/2
yaa/2
yaa/2
ybb/2
ycc/2
where
(14)
Similarly, the branches primitive impedance vector between
buses and can be given as,
(15)
Now, the relationship between branch currents and bus
voltages can be determined by applying the KVL, as will be
given later. The step-by-step development of the BrachCurrent-Matrix BCM is extensively explained in section B.
B. Algorithm Development
BCM Formulation:
1. Number the system buses from
to
where is the
number of system buses and let 1 denotes the substation bus.
2. Label the branch currents such that the branch between
buses and is
.
3. Form the branch currents matrix,
,
as follows:
i. Start from bus
phase
, fill the element
in the branch current matrix with 1.
ii. Search for bus phase C in the line section data in the
receiving end buses column and determine the number
of the bus that is connected to bus phase
in the
sending end buses column, e.g., .
iii. If
, fill the element
in the branch
current matrix with
and let
and go to ii,
otherwise go to iv.
iv. Reduce by one and check if
, repeat substeps i, ii and iii, otherwise stop and go to sub-step v
v.
Repeat for phases and such that for phase use
and
; for
phase
use
and
.
Power Flow Solution:
1. Form the branch currents matrix,
2. For flat start, all nodes voltages are assumed to be
except for the voltages of the substation nodes
which are specified.
A B C
A 1 0 0
B1 B 0 1 0
C 0 0 1
A 0 0 0
B2 B 0 0 0
C 0 0 0
A 0 0 0
BCM B3 B 0 0 0
C 0 0 0
A 0 0 0
B4 B 0 0 0
C 0 0 0
A 0 0 0
B5 B 0 0 0
C 0 0 0
IV.
Bus
3
A B C
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
Bus
4
A B C
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Bus
5
A B C
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Bus
6
A B C
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
CASE STUDIES
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
10
11
12
13
14
23
1
SS Bus
26
2
3
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
5b
1a
2a
4
1b
4b
2b
1c
2c
4c
7
6c
7c
8
8c
TEST RESULTS
CONCLUSION
Method 1
Node Vol.(p.u)
1.00000
0.99701
0.98288
0.97537
0.96795
0.94947
0.94594
0.93229
0.92596
0.92010
0.91923
0.91771
0.91154
0.90925
0.90782
0.90644
0.90439
0.90378
0.99649
0.99291
0.99220
0.99157
0.97930
0.97263
0.96930
0.94754
0.94497
0.93353
0.92531
0.92175
0.91759
0.91668
0.91639
210.987
143.128
3925.99
2443.13
Method 2
Node Vol.(p.u)
1.00000
0.99701
0.98288
0.97537
0.96795
0.94947
0.94594
0.93229
0.92596
0.92010
0.91923
0.91771
0.91154
0.90925
0.90782
0.90644
0.90439
0.90378
0.99649
0.99291
0.99220
0.99157
0.97930
0.97263
0.96930
0.94754
0.94497
0.93353
0.92531
0.92175
0.91759
0.91668
0.91639
210.987
143.128
3925.99
2443.13
Method 1
Method 2
(p.u.)
Angle
(Deg.)
(p.u.)
Angle
(Deg.)
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9839
0.9711
0.9697
0.9832
0.9652
0.9668
0.9640
0.9649
0.9683
0.9671
0.0000
-120.0
120.0
0.1830
-119.76
119.97
0.1790
-119.73
119.93
-119.74
119.92
119.96
119.96
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9839
0.9712
0.9697
0.9832
0.9652
0.9669
0.9640
0.9650
0.9683
0.9671
0.0000
-120.0
120.0
0.1830
119.76
119.97
0.1780
-119.73
119.93
-119.74
119.92
119.96
119.95
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Salem Elsaiah (S09) received Bsc. (Engrg) degree in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering in 1999 from the University of Garyounis, Benghazi,
Libya. After his graduation, he joined the department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering of the same university as an assistant lecturer. He
earned Msc. Degree in Electrical Engineering specialized in the Electrical
Machines and Power in 2006 from Garyounis University too. Currently, he is
pursuing a Ph.D program at Michigan State University, USA. His area of
interest includes distribution system design and planning, and power system
reliability. (email: [email protected])
Mohammed Benidris (S10) received Bsc. (Engrg) degree in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering in 1998 from the University of Garyounis, Benghazi,
Libya. After his graduation, he joined the department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering of the same university as an assistant lecturer. He
earned Msc. Degree in Electrical Engineering specialized in Power System in
2005 from Garyounis University too. Currently, he is pursuing a Ph.D
program at Michigan State University, USA. His area of interest includes
power system reliability, and power system planning. (email:
[email protected])
Joydeep Mitra (S 94, M 97, SM 02) is an Associate Professor of
Electrical Engineering at Michigan State University, East Lansing. Prior to
this, he was Associate Professor at New Mexico State University, Las
Cruces, Assistant Professor at North Dakota State University, Fargo, and
Senior Consulting Engineer at LCG Consulting, Los Altos, CA. He received
a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Texas A&M University, College
Station, and a B.Tech. (Hons.), also in Electrical Engineering, from Indian
Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. His research interests include power
system reliability, distributed energy resources, and power system planning.
(Email: [email protected])