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Formulas of Central Tendency & Dispersion

1. The document provides formulas and methods for calculating various measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (range, standard deviation, variance, etc.) for both ungrouped and grouped data. 2. Formulas are given for arithmetic mean, median, mode, geometric mean, harmonic mean, and weighted mean. Methods are described for calculating quartiles, deciles, and percentiles. 3. Measures of dispersion described include range, semi-interquartile range, mean deviation, standard deviation, and variance. Formulas are provided for calculating coefficients of these measures.

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Ali Hussain
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12K views

Formulas of Central Tendency & Dispersion

1. The document provides formulas and methods for calculating various measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (range, standard deviation, variance, etc.) for both ungrouped and grouped data. 2. Formulas are given for arithmetic mean, median, mode, geometric mean, harmonic mean, and weighted mean. Methods are described for calculating quartiles, deciles, and percentiles. 3. Measures of dispersion described include range, semi-interquartile range, mean deviation, standard deviation, and variance. Formulas are provided for calculating coefficients of these measures.

Uploaded by

Ali Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Formulas For Measures of central Tendency

& Dispersion

Prepared by Iftikhar Ali Msc Economics, Research Methodology &


Econometrics Expert Punjab College of Excellence in Commerce Kamra

Arithmetic Mean
Methods Name

Nature of Data
Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data

Direct Method
Indirect or
Short-Cut Method
Method of
Step-Deviation
Where
Indicates values of the variable
Indicates number of values of

.
.

Indicates frequency of different groups.


Indicates assumed mean.
Indicates deviation from

Step-deviation and

i.e,

Indicates common divisor

Indicates size of class or class interval in case of grouped data.


Summation or addition.

Median
Median from Ungrouped Data:
Median = Value of
item
Note: Another simple method to calculate median for ungrouped
data is as follows:
1. For odd values just pick the central most value that will be the
median.
2. For even values just ad up the two central most values and divide it
by 2 the answer will be the median.
Median from Grouped Data:
Where
= Lower class boundary of the model class
= Frequency of the median class
= Number of values or total frequency
= Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median
class
= Class interval size of the model class

Mode
1 | Page

Mode from Ungrouped Data:


Mode is calculated from ungrouped data by inspecting the given
data. We pick out that value which occur the greatest numbers of times in
the data.
Mode from Grouped Data:
When frequency distribution with equal class interval sizes, the
class which has maximum frequency is called model class.

Or
Where
= Lower class boundary of the model class
= Frequency of the model class (maximum frequency)
= Frequency preceding the model class frequency
= Frequency following the model class frequency
= Class interval size of the model class
Mode from Discrete Data:
When the data follows discrete set of values, the mode may be
found by inspection. Mode is the value of X corresponding to the
maximum frequency.

Geometric Mean
For Ungrouped Data

For Grouped Data

Harmonic Mean
For Ungrouped Data

For Grouped Data

Weighted Arithmetic Mean


Where:
Stands for weighted arithmetic mean.
Stands for values of the items and
Stands for weight of the item

Quartiles
Quartile for Individual Observations (Ungrouped Data):

2 | Page

Quartile for a Frequency Distribution (Discrete Data):

Quartile for Grouped Frequency Distribution:

Deciles

Deciles for Individual Observations (Ungrouped Data):

Quartile for a Frequency Distribution (Discrete Data):

Quartile for Grouped Frequency Distribution:

Percentiles:

3 | Page

1. The Range:

Measures of Dispersion

For Ungrouped Data


Range = R = X m X o
Where X m = the largest value.

X o = the smallest value.


For Grouped Data
Range = R = Upper class boundary of the highest class lower class boundary of
the lowest class or
Range = R = Class Marks (X) of the highest class Class Marks of the lowest
class

Coefficient Of Range
Coefficient of Range =

Xm Xo
Xm Xo

2. Semi Inter Quartile Range or Quartile Deviation


Q3 Q1
2
Where Q1 = First, Lower quartile
Q3 = Third, Upper quartile

S.I.Q.R = Q.D =

Coefficient Of Quartile Deviation


Coefficient of Q.D =
Where

Q3 Q1
Q3 Q1

Q1 = First, Lower quartile


Q3 = Third, Upper quartile

3.Mean Deviation or Average Deviation


1. Mean Deviation From Mean
For Ungrouped Data
M.D =

XX

n
Or
X Mean
M.D =
n

For Grouped Data


M.D =

f XX
f
Or

M.D =

X Mean

Coefficient Of Mean Deviation From Mean


Coefficient of M.D from Mean =

Mean Deviation From Mean


Mean
4 | Page

Or
Coefficient of M.D from Mean =

M .D From X
X

2. Mean Deviation From Median


For Ungrouped Data
M.D =

X Median
n

For Grouped Data


M.D =

X Median

Coefficient Of Mean Deviation From Median


Coefficient of M.D from Median =

Mean Deviation From Median


Median
3. Mean Deviation From Mode
For Ungrouped Data
M.D = X-Mode
n
For Grouped Data

Coefficient Of Mean Deviation From Mode

4.Standard Deviation (S)


Methods of Standard Deviation
I.
II.
III.

Direct Method
Short Cut Method
Coding Method or Step-Deviation Method

1. Direct Method
For Ungrouped Data
S.D = S =

X
n

or
S.D = S =

X X

For Grouped Data

5 | Page

S.D = S =

fX
f

fX
f

S.D = S =

f X X
f

2. Short Cut Method


For Ungrouped Data

S.D = S =

Where D= X

A
For Grouped Data

fD
f

S.D = S =

fD
f

3. Coding Method or Step-Deviation Method


For Ungrouped Data

S.D = S = h
u

X A
or
h

Where

D
h

For Grouped Data

S.D = S = h

fu
f

fu
f

Coefficient Of Standard Deviation


S .D
X

Coefficient of S.D =

5 Variance ( S 2 )
Methods of Variance
1. Direct Method
2. Short Cut Method
3. Coding Method or Step-Deviation Method
1. Direct Method
For Ungrouped Data
Var(X) =

S =

Var(X) =

S2 =

X X

For Grouped Data

6 | Page

Var(X) =

Var(X) =

S =

S =

fX
f

fX
f

f X X
f

2. Short Cut Method


For Ungrouped Data
Var(X) =

S =

Where D=

XA
For Grouped Data
Var(X) =

S2 =

fD
f

fD
f

3. Coding Method or Step-Deviation Method


For Ungrouped Data
Var(X) =

S = h
2

XA
D
u
or
h
h

Where

For Grouped Data

Var(X) = S = h
2

fu
f

fu
f

Coefficient Of Variation (C.V)


Coefficient of Variation = C.V =

S .D
100
X

7. Coefficient of Skewness (SK)


Karl Pearsons Coefficient of Skewness
SK =

Mean Mode
S .D

SK =

3 Mean Median
S .D

Bowlys Quartile Coefficient of Skewness


SK =

Q3 Q1 2 Median
Q3 Q1

7 | Page

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