Scribd
Upload
35 views

ENGgis - Coord

This document discusses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and key concepts related to defining locations on Earth and representing them on maps, including: - Coordinate systems use datums that define ellipsoids and spheroids to approximate the shape of the Earth and relate coordinates to real-world features. - Map projections are used to translate spherical coordinates on the Earth's surface (latitude and longitude) to planar coordinates (x and y) on a map while minimizing distortion. - Different projections preserve various geometric properties like distances, directions, shapes or areas to different degrees, so the appropriate projection must be chosen based on application needs.

Uploaded by

Dana Mutiara Kusumawardani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views

ENGgis - Coord

This document discusses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and key concepts related to defining locations on Earth and representing them on maps, including: - Coordinate systems use datums that define ellipsoids and spheroids to approximate the shape of the Earth and relate coordinates to real-world features. - Map projections are used to translate spherical coordinates on the Earth's surface (latitude and longitude) to planar coordinates (x and y) on a map while minimizing distortion. - Different projections preserve various geometric properties like distances, directions, shapes or areas to different degrees, so the appropriate projection must be chosen based on application needs.

Uploaded by

Dana Mutiara Kusumawardani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Geographic Information Systems

(GIS)
Chi-Farn Chen
CSRSR NCU
tel: 03-4227151-57624
fax: 03-4254908
e-mail: [email protected]

CSRSR NCU

Coordinate system

CSRSR NCU

Earth Surface versus Map


Earths surface is three-dimensional
Feature location expressed in latitude and
longitude

Maps are two-dimensional


Map feature location identified with x- and
y-coordinates

How do we register the three-dimensional


Earth to the two-dimensional map?
CSRSR NCU

Earth versus Map

CSRSR NCU

Latitude and Longitude


Location reference
system for spatial
features on earths
surface
Angular measurement
from an origin to a
given point
Latitude (parallels)
Longitude (meridians)

CSRSR NCU

Parallels of
Latitude

b: Latitude

Meridians of
Longitude

Graticular
Network

a: longitude
CSRSR NCU

Longitude
Latitude

CSRSR NCU

Coordinate system
A mathematical model of the earth must be
selected. Ellipsoid / Spheroid
The mathematical model must be related to
real-world features. Datum
Real-world features must be projected with
minimum distortion from a round earth to a flat
map; and given a grid system of coordinates.
Map Projection
CSRSR NCU

Spheroid
A mathematical model of the earth must be selected.
Simplistic - A round ball having a radius big
enough to approximate the size of the earth.

Reality - Spinning planets swell at the equator with


correlative flattening at the poles. e.g.

CSRSR NCU

Approximation of the Earth

Shape of Earth not perfectly circular


Ellipsoid
Major axis (a)
Minor axis (b)
Flattening (f)
(a-b)/a

If a=b, the ellipsoid is a spheroid

CSRSR NCU

The Ellipsoid (Size/Shape of Earth Model)


A mathematical approximation to the shape of the Earth

Semi minor axis

Semi major axis

CSRSR NCU

The Ellipsoid
The Geoid is an equipotential surface of the Earth gravity field
that most closely approximates the mean sea level.
The ellipsoid is an approximation to the Geoid.
Using different approximations will result in different accuracies.

CSRSR NCU

Geoid vs Ellipsoid / Spheroid


Coordinate systems are applied to the simpler
model of a ellipsoid / spheroid.
The problem is that actual measurements of
location conform to the geoid surface and
have to be mathematically recalculated to
positions on the ellipsoid / spheroid.

CSRSR NCU

Datum
A mathematical model must be related to real-world features

A smooth mathematical surface that fits closely


to the mean sea level surface throughout the
area of interest. The surface to which the
ground control measurements are referred.
Provides a frame of reference for measuring
locations on the surface of the earth.

CSRSR NCU

Datum

CSRSR NCU

Datum
A Datum:
is a model of the earth and describes the relationship
(origin & orientation) between the coordinate system
and the Earth.
A Datum is defined by:
The size & shape of the model (Ellipsoid)
The position & orientation of the model (Ellipsoid) in relation to
the physical surface of the Earth.

CSRSR NCU

How to get a Datum?


To determine latitude and longitude, surveyors level
their measurements down to a surface called a geoid.
The geoid is the shape that the earth would have if all its
topography were removed.
Or more accurately, the shape the earth would have if
every point on the earth's surface had the value of mean
sea level.

CSRSR NCU

Two Types of Datums

CSRSR NCU

Datums
The earth's spheroid deviates slightly for different regions of the
earth.
Using a wrong datum can result in considerable position errors.
The definition of a datum can be based on local or global
considerations
Different nations and agencies may use different Datums

GRS80 (North America)

TWD67 (TAIWAN DATUM 67)

Clark 1866 (North America

TWD97 (TAIWAN DATUM 97)

WGS84 (GPS World-wide)


International 1924 (Europe)
Bessel 1841 (Europe)
CSRSR NCU

WGS 84
World Geodetic System - 1984
The datum on which GPS coordinates
are based and probably the most
common datum for GIS data sets with
global extent.

CSRSR NCU

Geodetic Latitude & Longitude on an ellipsoid


(Lat , Long , Ellipsoid height h)

CSRSR NCU

Horizontal vs Vertical Datums


Horizontal datums are the reference values
for a system of location measurements.
Vertical datums are the reference values for
a system of elevation measurements.

CSRSR NCU

Location Measurement
Chosen Ellipsoid
Geodetic Coordinate System
(Lat and Long)

CSRSR NCU

Height and Elevation


The Height is defined as the distance from a
chosen reference system along the
perpendicular to a surface: Geoid & ellipsoid

Ellipsoid (Ellipsoid height h):


a mathematical reference
Provides ellipsoidal heights

The

Geoid (Orthometric height H):


a physical reference
Provides Orthometric Heights (elevation)

GPS

provides ellipsoidal heights


CSRSR NCU

Height and Elevation


H: orthometric height (elevation)
h: ellipsoidal height
N: geoid height

H=h-N

CSRSR NCU

Elevation Measurement
The job of a vertical datum is to define where
zero elevation is, this is usually done by
determining mean sea level.

Chosen Geoid
Chosen Ellipsoid
Geoide Height (N)
Ellipsoid height (h)
Orthometric Height (H: Elevation)
CSRSR NCU

Geographic Coordinate Systems


(Lat and Long)
Not uniform:
Distance of 60 long at 40 latitude

Distances and measures


are not accurate

1 longitude:
Distance of 60 long at equator

Equator= 111 km
60 lat. = 55.8 km
90 lat. = 0km

CSRSR NCU

Map Projection
Projecting a Sphere Onto a Plane

Curved Earth

Geographic coordinates: f, l
(Latitude & Longitude)

Flat Map
Cartesian coordinates: x,y
(Easting & Northing)
CSRSR NCU

Map Projection
Real-world features must be projected with minimum
distortion from a round earth to a flat map; and given
a grid system of coordinates.
Y

Origin
(xo,yo)

(fo,lo)
A map projection transforms latitude and longitude
locations to x,y coordinates.
CSRSR NCU

Map Projection
Map projection is the process of transforming a 3D world into 2D
map.
Map projection is based on Ellipsoid
We often use Spheroid model to illustrate the concept

CSRSR NCU

Types of Projection
Azimuthal projection

Conical projection

Cylindrical projection

CSRSR NCU

Different Projection Cases

tangent

secant

CSRSR NCU

Projection

CSRSR NCU

How to Choose a Projection?


Different Projections Preserve Different
Properties of the Earth

Directions
Distances
Shapes
Areas

If some properties are maintained, errors in others


may be exaggerated

CSRSR NCU

Mecator Projection

Transvrese Mecator Projection

CSRSR NCU

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Divide the world into sixty vertical strips,


each spanning 6 degrees of longitude.

Apply a custom Transverse Mercator


projection to each strip and use false
eastings and northings to make all
projected coordinates positive.

CSRSR NCU

2T M

The coordinate system used in Taiwan

Transverse Mercator (TM) projection with


the span of 2 degrees of longitude
(central meridian = 121 Long)

CSRSR NCU

You might also like