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Biology 2. Human Population 2015 01 03 18 54 19 415

1. The population growth rate can be calculated using the equation (Birth rate - Death rate) (Per 1000)/10. 2. The demographic transition has four stages: In stage 1, birth and death rates are high. In stage 2, the death rate decreases but birth rate remains high, increasing population. In stage 3, the birth rate starts to decrease as well, slowing population growth. In stage 4, birth and death rates are both low, resulting in a stable population. 3. Life expectancy can be estimated from age-population pyramids, which show the age structure and proportions of males and females in a population. Survival curves illustrate higher life expectancies in developed versus non-developed countries.

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29 views3 pages

Biology 2. Human Population 2015 01 03 18 54 19 415

1. The population growth rate can be calculated using the equation (Birth rate - Death rate) (Per 1000)/10. 2. The demographic transition has four stages: In stage 1, birth and death rates are high. In stage 2, the death rate decreases but birth rate remains high, increasing population. In stage 3, the birth rate starts to decrease as well, slowing population growth. In stage 4, birth and death rates are both low, resulting in a stable population. 3. Life expectancy can be estimated from age-population pyramids, which show the age structure and proportions of males and females in a population. Survival curves illustrate higher life expectancies in developed versus non-developed countries.

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Human population

1. State the equation you would use to calculate the population growth rate from data on
birth rate and death rate.
(Birth rate-death rate) (Per 1000)/10
2. Draw and annotate a graph to illustrate the changes in birth rate, death rate and total
population size which occur during the four stages of the demographic transition.

3. Explain the trends observed within each stage of the Demographic Transition.
Stage 1
In agrarian (pre-industrialised) populations, birth and death rates are both high. The lack of
medicinal treatments and poor sanitation means that child mortality is high and life
expectancy is short. Children work and so have a useful role within a family hence people
decide to have large families as the benefits outweighs the small cost. Countries like
Ethiopia are still stage 1 societies.
Stage 2
In early developing societies the death rate (especially child mortality) decreases due to
improved farming, nutrition, heath care and sanitation. Life expectancyincreases, but birth
rate remains high, so the population increases. Developing countries such asAfghanistan
and Laos are in stage 2 today.

Stage 3
In industrial countries the death rate is low and the birth rate starts to fall as family planning
means that people choose to have fewer children. This family planning often results from
urbanisation, so children are no longer needed to work the land, and the cost of their
upbringing and education increases. The population still increases (as the death rate may
decrease further due to advances in agriculture, nutrition, health care and sanitation), but at
a slower rate. Manycountriesin the world are in stage 3 including India andSouth Africa.
Stage 4
In post-industrial societies the birth and death rate are both low, so the population is stable,
but high. Countries like the United States and much of Europe are in stage 4. In some
countries (such, Germany and Japan) the birth rate fallsbelow the death rate, so the
population starts to decrease. This decrease is sometimesdescribed as stage 5. This
decrease is due to family planning, people decide to opt for smaller families for the benefit of
a greater disposable income. In addition to this, an increasingly ageing population means
that the proportion of population that is capable of breeding decreases.
4. State the information that is presented in an age-population pyramid.
Life expectancy can be estimated and the age structure of a population, i.e. the proportions
of young and old people.
Proportions of males and females are shown separately on the two sides of the chart.
5. Draw annotated diagrams of age populated pyramids for each of the following
populations:
i.
Stable population, early in DT, high birth rate and high death rate.
ii.
Expanding population, stage 2 of DT, high birth rate and falling death rate.
iii.
Declining population of a developed country, declining birth rate and low death
rate.

6. Draw an annotated diagram illustrating the shape of a survival curve for a developed
country and a non-developed country (stage 1 in Demographic Transition).

Type I = developed country


Type III = non-developed country
7. Define term life expectancy and give an example using your survival curve.
The mean lifespan of a populationthis can be done by reading off the age at which 50%
survive on a survivorship curve. Type II on the graph from question 6 has a life expectancy
of 48 years old.

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