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EMI and AC

This document summarizes key concepts related to electromagnetism and alternating current (AC). It discusses electromagnetic induction, Faraday's law, Lenz's law, and motional emf. It also covers self-induction, mutual induction, AC circuits, reactance, resonance, transformers, and AC generators. Some key points are: - Electromagnetic induction causes an emf to be induced in a circuit whenever the magnetic flux through the circuit changes. The induced emf opposes the change that created it (Lenz's law). - Self-induction is the property of a circuit to oppose a change in its own current. Mutual induction is the induction of an emf in one circuit

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217 views

EMI and AC

This document summarizes key concepts related to electromagnetism and alternating current (AC). It discusses electromagnetic induction, Faraday's law, Lenz's law, and motional emf. It also covers self-induction, mutual induction, AC circuits, reactance, resonance, transformers, and AC generators. Some key points are: - Electromagnetic induction causes an emf to be induced in a circuit whenever the magnetic flux through the circuit changes. The induced emf opposes the change that created it (Lenz's law). - Self-induction is the property of a circuit to oppose a change in its own current. Mutual induction is the induction of an emf in one circuit

Uploaded by

bharath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EMI and AC

Magnetic flux:-

Magnetic flux lined with the surface is defined as


the
product
of
area
and
component
of B perpendicular that area.
and
B = nAH
Here, is the permeability of the medium, n is the
number of turns, A is the area and H is the
magnetic field intensity.
(a) When = 90, cos = 0. So = 0
This signifies no magnetic flux is linked with surface
when the field is parallel to the surface.
(b) When = 0, cos = 1. So()max = BA
This signifies magnetic flux linked with a surface is
maximum when area is held perpendicular to the
direction of field.

Faradays law of electromagnetic induction:(a) Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit
changes, an e.m.f is induced in it.
(b) The induced e.m.f exists in the circuit so long as
the change in magntic flux linked with it continues.

(c) The induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the


negative rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
the circuit.
So, E = -d/dt
Negative sign
induced e.m.f.

is

due

to

the

direction

of

Induced electric field:-

Lenzs Law:It states that direction of induced e.m.f. is such that


it tends to oppose the very cause which produces it.
The induced e.m.f. always tends to oppose the
cause of its production.

Motion of a straight conductor in a uniform


magnetic field:(a) W = Bevl
(b) Motional e.m.f, E = Bvl
(c) Induced current, I = E/R = Blv/R
(d) F = IlB = B2l2v/R
(e) P = Fv = IlBv = B2l2v2/R
(f) H = I2R = B2l2v2/R

Motion of a loop in a magnetic field when


whole of the coil is in the magnetic field:
(a) Motional e.m.f , E = 0
(b) Resultant Current, I = 0
(c) Force, F = 0
(d) Power, P = 0

Motion of a loop in a magnetic field when a


part of the loop is out of the magnetic field:(a) B = Blx
(b) Induced e.m.f , E = Blv

Power:P = I2R = E2/R


P = B2l2v2/R

(Since, E = Blv)

(a) Coil out of field:- B =0, E = 0, P = 0


(b) Coil entering the magnetic field:B Increases gradually
E = a negative constant
P = a positive constant
(c) Coil moving in the magnetic field:B=Constant
E=0
P=0
(d) Coil leaving the magnetic field:B decreases gradually
E = a positive constant
P = a positive constant
(e) Coil out of magnetic field:B=0
E=0
P=0

Self-Induction:- Self Induction of a circuit is


defined as the property of the circuit by virtue of
which it tends to oppose a change in the strength of
current, through it, by inducing an e.m.f. in itself.

(a) Magnetic flux, B = LI


Here L is the coefficient of self -induction.
(b) e.m.f., E = -L [dI/dt]
(c) L = 0rnNA
Here, n is the number of turns per unit length

Series and parallel combination:(a) L = L1+L2 (If inductors are kept far apart and
joined in series)
(b) L = L1+L22M (If inductors are connected in
series and they have mutual inductance M)
(c) 1/L = 1/L1 + 1/L2 (If two conductors
connected in parallel and are kept for apart)

are

(d) M = KL1L2
(If two coils of self-inductances,
L1 and L2 are over each other)

Inductance of wire:L = 0l/8

Inductance of hollow cylinder:L = 0l/2 [ln 2l/a -1], l >> a

Inductance of parallel wires:L = 0l/ [ln d/a -1], l >> d, d >> a

Inductance of Coaxial conductor:L = 0l/ [ ln b/a]

Inductance of Circular loop:L = 0l/2 [ln 4l/d 2.45]


l = -20, 0 >> d

Inductance of Solenoid:L = 0N2S/l


L >> a

Inductance of Torus
section):L = 0N2 [0 - 02 a2]

(of

circular

cross

Inductance of Sheet:L = 02l [ln (2l/b+t) + 0.5]

Energy stored in an conductor:(a) W = LI2


Here L is the coefficient of self -induction.
(b) UB = B2/20

Mutual Induction:Mutual induction of two circuits is the phenomenon


where a current changing in the first coil results in
the induction of an e.m.f. in the second.

Coefficient of Mutual Induction:B = MI and E = -M[dI/dt]


Here M is called the coefficient of mutual induction
of two circuits.
The value of M, M = 0rn1N2A
M depends upon,
(a) Area of cross-section of the two coils
(b) Number of turn of each coil
(c) Distance between the two coils
(d) Nature of material used as core

Flemings right hand rule:-

Stretch first finger, central finger and the thumb of


your right hand in three mutually perpendicular
directions. If the first finger points towards the
magnetic field, thumb points towards the direction
of motion of conductor, the direction of central
finger gives the direction of induced current set up
in the conductor.

Coil rotating in a uniform magnetic field:(a) Magnetic flux, B = naH [cos t]


(b) Electromagnetic Induction, E = naH [sin t]
(c) Current, I = [naH [sin t]]/R

Growth and decay of current in LR circuit:(a) I = I0(1-e-t/)


(for growth), Here = L/R
(b) I = I0e-t/

(for decay), Here = L/R

Alternating

Current:-

An alternating current (a.c.) is a current which


continuously,
changes
in
magnitude
and
periodically reverses in direction.`
i = I0 sin t = I0 sin (2/T) t

Here I0 is the peak value of a.c.


(a) Current, I =I0 sin t
(b) Angular frequency, = 2n (n is the frequency
of a.c.)
(c) I =I0 sin 2nt

Mean value of A.C or D.C. value of A.C.:Mean value of a.c. is that value of steady current
which sends the same amount of charge, through a
circuit, in same time as is done by a.c. in one halfcycle.
(Iav)half cycle = (2/)I0
Thus, mean value of alternating current is 2/ times
(0.637 times) its peak value.
(Vav)half cycle = (2/) V0

Average value of A.C. over a complete cycle:Iav = 0


The average value of a.c. taken over the complete
cycle of a.c.is zero.

Root mean square value of a.c. or virtual


value of a.c.:Root mean square value of alternating current is
defined as that value of steady current which
produces same heating effect, in a resistance, in a
certain time as is produced by the alternating
current in same resistance in same time.
The r.m.s value of a.c.is also called its virtual value.

Irms = I0/2
Root mean square value of alternating current
is I/2 times (or 0.707 times) the peak value of
current.
Similarly, Vrms= V0/2
Here V0 is the peak value of e.m.f.

Form Factor:Form Factor = rms value/average value = (V0/2)/


(2 V0/) = /22

Current elements:(a) Inductive reactance:- XL = L


Here, = 2n, n being frequency of a.c.
L is the coefficient of self-inductance of coil.
(b) Capacitative reactance:- Xc = 1/C
Here C is the capacity of the condenser

Capacitor in AC circuit:-

q = CV0sint
I = I0 sin(t +/2)
V0 = I0/C
Xc = 1/C

Inductor in AC circuit:-

VL = L(dI/dt) = LI0 cost


I = (V0/ L) sint
Here, I0 = V0/ L
XL = L
And the maximum current, I0 = V0/XL

R-L circuit:I = /R [1-e-Rt/L]


V = e-Rt/L

Graph between I (amp) and t (sec):-

Graph between potential difference across


inductor and time:-

L-C Circuit:-

f = 1/2LC
q = q0 sin (t+?)
I = q0sin (t+?)
= 1/LC

The total energy of the system remains


conserved,
CV2 + Li2 = constant = CV02 = Li02
Series in C-R circuit:-

?
V = IZ

The modulus of impedance, |Z |= R2+(1/C)2


The potential difference lags the current by an
angle,
= tan-1(1/CR)
Series in L-C-R Circuit:

V = IZ
The modulus of impedance, |Z |= [R2+(L-1/C)2]

The potential difference lags the current by an


angle, ? = tan-1[L -1/C)/R]

Circuit elements with A.C:Circuit


Amplitude
elements
relation
Resistor

V0 = i0R

Capacitor

V0 = i0XC

Inductor

V0 = i0XL

Circuit
quantity
R

Phase of V

In phase wit

Lags i by 90
XL = wL

Leads i by 9

Resonance:(a) Resonance frequency:- fr = 1/2LC


(b) At resonance, XL = XC, = 0, Z = R(minimum),
cos = 1, sin = 0 current is maximum (=E0/R)

Half power frequencies:(a) Lower, f1 = fr R/4L or


(b) Upper, f2 = fr + R/4L

or

1 = r R/2L
2 = r + R/2L

Band width:- f = R/2L or f = R/L


Quality Factor:(a) Q = r/ = rL/R
(b) As = 1/LC, So Q L, Q 1/R and Q 1/C
(c) Q = 1/rCR
(d) Q = XL/R or Q = XC/R
(e) Q = fr/f

At resonance, peak voltages are:(a) (VL)res = e0Q


(b) (VC)res = e0Q
(c) (VR)res = e0

Conductance, susceptance and admittance:(a) Conductance, G = 1/R

(b) Susceptance, S = 1/X


(c) SL = 1/XL and SC = 1/XC = C
(d) Admittance, Y = 1/Z
(e) Impedance add in series while add in parallel

Power in AC circuits:Circuit
containing
pure
resistance:- Pav =
(E0/2)(I0/2) = EvIv
Here Ev and Iv are the virtual values of e.m.f and the
current respectively.
Circuit containing impedance (a combination
of R,L and C):Pav = (E0/2)(I0/2) cos = (EvIv) cos
Here cos is the power factor.
(a) Circuit containing pure resistance, Pav = EvIv
(b) Circuit containing pure inductance, Pav = 0
(c) Circuit containing pure capacitance, Pav = 0
(d) Circuit containing resistance and inductance,
Z = R2+(L)
cos == R/Z = R/[{R2+(L)2}]
(e) Circuit containing resistance and capacitance:Z = R2+(1/C)2
cos == R/Z = R/[{R2+(1/C)2}]
(f) Power factor, cos = Real power/Virtual power
= Pav/ErmsIrms

Transformer:(a) Cp = Np (d/dt) and es = Ns (d/dt)


(b) ep/es = Np/Ns
(c) As, epIp = esIs, Thus, Is/Ip = ep/es = Np/Ns
(d) Step down:- es < ep, Ns< Np and Is> Ip
(e) Step up:- es >ep, Ns>Np and Is< Ip

(f) Efficiency, = es Is/ ep Ip

AC Generator:e = e0 sin (2ft)


Here, e0 = NBA

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