Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S.

Choi

Iterative Soft Decision Based Complex K-best MIMO Decoder

Mehnaz Rahman

[email protected]

Department of ECE
Texas A&M University
College Station, Tx- 77840, USA

Gwan S. Choi

[email protected]

Department of ECE
Texas A&M University
College Station, Tx- 77840, USA

Abstract
This paper presents an iterative soft decision based complex multiple input multiple output
(MIMO) decoding algorithm, which reduces the complexity of Maximum Likelihood (ML) detector.
We develop a novel iterative complex K-best decoder exploiting the techniques of lattice
reduction for 8 8 MIMO. Besides list size, a new adjustable variable has been introduced in
order to control the on-demand child expansion. Following this method, we obtain 6.9 to 8.0 dB
improvement over real domain K-best decoder and 1.4 to 2.5 dB better performance compared to
iterative conventional complex decoder for 4th iteration and 64-QAM modulation scheme. We
also demonstrate the significance of new parameter on bit error rate. The proposed decoder not
only increases the performance, but also reduces the computational complexity to a certain level.
Keywords: Complex K-best Algorithm, MIMO, Lattice Reduction, Iterative Soft Decoding, SE
Enumeration.

1. INTRODUCTION
With the advancement of wireless system, MIMO has been acclaimed by different wireless
standards such as IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.16e to achieve high data rates and performance with
ML or near-ML algorithms. Most of these standards have a specified minimum error rate to
guarantee quality of service (QoS), which is either in bit error rate (BER) or packet error rate
(PER) (e.g., 10 is specified as maximum tolerable BER according to IEEE 802.11n standard
[1]).
The main challenge behind MIMO system is maintaining the performance of the receiver with low
complexity. Several algorithms have been proposed to address the issue, offering different
tradeoffs between complexity and performance. The ML detector minimizes BER performance
through exhaustive search. However, with increased number of transmitting and receiving
antennas, and bits in modulation, the complexity grows exponentially [2, 3]. In contrast, suboptimal detectors with polynomial complexity such as zero forcing (ZF), minimum mean square
error (MMSE) detectors etc. have been developed with significant performance loss.
Recently, lattice reduction (LR) has been proposed in order to achieve high performance, yielding
much less complexity than the conventional K-best decoder [4, 5, 6]. LR-aided detector can
achieve the same diversity as of ML at the cost of some performance loss [7, 8]. Later, it is
implemented in complex domain [9]. All of these suboptimal detectors mentioned above were
based on hard decision. Therefore, soft input-soft output (SISO) detectors, suitable for
subsequent iterative decoding are introduced in [10].

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Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S. Choi

Researchers further improved these SISO detectors with low density parity check (LDPC)
decoder [10, 11]. The output of LDPC decoder is fed back to the detector for updating the soft
value in order to achieve better performance. This is called iterative decoding. It can achieve near
Shannon performance with less computational complexity compared to other near Shannon
decoders [12].
This paper presents an iterative soft decision based complex K-best decoder, which enables the
utility of lattice reduction and complex SE enumeration in MIMO decoder. For soft decoding, the
log likelihood ratio (LLR) values for LDPC decoder are first computed from the K best candidates
and then, they are fed back to LLR update unit as inputs to the next iteration. This process of
iterations is continued until the gain of subsequent iteration becomes saturated. Then, the last
updated LLR values are forwarded to the LDPC decoder for final detection. Besides list size K, a
new tunable parameter Rlimit is introduced in order to enable adaption of the computation of ondemand child expansion for choosing the list candidates.
We compare the results of our proposed decoder with those of iterative conventional complex
decoder in [11] and LR-aided real decoder in [13]. For 8 8 MIMO, it achieves 6.9 to 8.0 dB
improvement over real domain K-best decoder and 1.4 to 2.5 dB better performance comparing
to conventional complex K-best decoder for 4th iteration and 64 QAM modulation scheme. If we
consider only 1st iteration, the gain increases to more than 9.0 dB and 2.9 dB comparing with
iterative real and complex decoder respectively. This provides significant gain in terms of practical
execution. The effect of Rlimit is also analyzed to achieve the maximum performance. The
introduction of Rlimit also leads to complexity reduction significantly.
The rest of the paper is organized as follow. In Section II we introduce soft decision based
complex MIMO decoding algorithm. Then, Section III presents the results of our studied cases
and Section IV concludes this paper with a brief overview.
Let us consider a MIMO system operating in M-QAM modulation scheme and having N transmit
antenna and N
receiving antenna as:

2. SYSTEM MODEL

 =  + ,

(1)

where s = [s , s , . s ] is the transmitted complex vector, is complex channel matrix and
y = [y , y , . y ] is the symbol of N
dimensional received complex vector. Noise is a
N
dimensional complex additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with variance and power  and
 respectively. Noise can be represented by  = [n , n , . n ] .
The detector solves for the transmitted signal by solving non-deterministic hard problem:
s! = arg %&() miny Hs& .

(2)

Here, s& is the candidate complex vector, and s! is the estimated transmitted vector [8]. In the
expression, . denotes 2-norm. This MIMO detection problem can be represented as the closest
point problem in [14], which is an exhaustive tree search through all the set of all possible lattice
points in  S  for the global best in terms of Euclidean distance between  and  . Each
transmit antenna offers two level of search for real-domain MIMO detection: one for real and the
other for imaginary part. However, in complex domain detection method, only one level of search
is required for each antenna.

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Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S. Choi

ML detector performs a tree search through the set of all possible branches from root to node,
thereby achieves the best performance. However, its complexity increases exponentially with the
number of antennas and constellation bits. Therefore, suboptimal detectors such as LR-aided
detector comes into consideration.
2.1 LR-aided Decoder
Lattice reduction provides more orthogonal basis with short basis vector from a given integer
lattice. Hence, it effectively reduces the effects of noise and mitigates error propagation in MIMO
detection. Since lattice reduction is most effective for unconstrained boundary, the following
change is made to (2) to obtain a relaxed search.
s! = arg %&2 ) miny Hs& ,

(3)

where 2 is unconstrained complex constellation set 3 , 3 + j, 1 j, 1 + j, 1 j, 6. Hence,

s! may not be a valid constellation point. This is resolved by quantizing s! = 7 8s!9 , where 78. 9 is
the symbol wise quantizer to the constellation set S.
However, this type of naive lattice reduction (NLD) does not acquire good diversity multiplexing
tradeoff (DMT) optimality. Hence, MMSE regularization is employed as proposed in [15, 16],
: and ;:
where the channel matrix and received vector are extended as
H

: = < N
H
@,
=  I 
2

y
y; = A0
B,
 

(4)

where 0  is a N 1 zero matrix and I is a N N complex identity matrix [17, 18]. Then,
Eq. (3) can be represented as:
(5)
: s& .
s! = arg %&2 ) miny; H

: to obtain
C=
:D , where D is a unimodular matrix. Eq. (5)
Hence, lattice reduction is applied to
then become:
C z&H + 81 + j9  J,
s! = T arg minF&2 ) GHy& H


(6)

s! = Tz& + 81 + j9  .

(7)

: 81 + j9 9/2 is the complex received signal vector and 1  is a 2N 1
where y& = 8y; H
K

one matrix. After shifting and scaling, (6) became the following one.

Lattice reduction is an NP complete problem. However, polynomial time algorithms such as

Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) algorithm in [19] can find near orthogonal short basis vectors.
2.2 Complex K-Best LR-Aided MIMO Detection
Complex K-best LR-aided detection offers a breadth first tree search algorithm, which is
C = QR,
performed sequentially starting at MN -level. First, it requires QR decomposition on H

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Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S. Choi

where Q is a 8N
+ N 9 8N
+ N 9 orthonormal matrix and R is a 8N
+ N 9 N upper
triangular matrix. Then (6)) is reformulated as
s! = T arg minF&2 ) RyQ Rz& + 81 + j9  S,

(8)

where yQ = Q y& . The error at each step is measured by the partial Euclidean distance (PED),
which is an accumulated errorr at a given level of the tree. For each level,, the K best nodes are
selected and passed to the next lev
level for consideration. At the end, all the K paths through the
tree are evaluated to find the one with minimum PED. The number of valid children for each
parent in LR-aided K-best
best algorithm is infinite. Hence, in our proposed algorithm
lgorithm, the infinite
children issue is addressed by calculating K best candidates using complex on-demand child
expansion.
2.3 Complex On-demand Expansion
Complex on-demand
demand expansion ex
exploits the principle of Schnorr-Euchner (SE) enumeration [9,
[
20]. The strategy employs expanding of a node (child) if and only if all of itits better siblings have
already been expanded and chosen as the partial candidates [21, 22].. Hence, in an order of strict
non-decreasing
decreasing error, K candidates are selected. In conventional complex SE enumeration,
expansion of a child can be of two types: Type I, where the expanded child has same imaginary
part as its parent, i.e. enumerating along the real axis; and Type II for allll other cases. The
example of conventional complex on
on-demand SE enumeration is shown in Fig. 1.

FIGURE 1: Complex SE Enumeration.

First received symbol is rounded to the nearest integer as shown in Fig. 1(a), which includes
quantizing of both real and imaginary components of the signal to the nearest integer. Type-I
Type
candidate will be expanded two times along real and imaginary axis u
using
sing SE enumeration, and
the two expanded nodes are considered candidates, as demonstrated in Fig. 1(b). Then, the one
with the minimum PED is chosen, and expanded for further calculation depending on the type. As
in Fig. 1(c), the chosen node is of type II,, it will be expanded to 2 more nodes. If the chosen node
is of Type II, as shown in Fig. 1(d), it will be expanded only along imaginary axis.
The number of nodes needs expanded at any level of the tree is considered as measurement of
complexity analysis. The worst case scenario will be if all the nodes chosen are of type I. Then, at
an arbitrary level of tree, the number of expanded nodes is bounded by K + 28K 19.
1 Taken over
the entire tree, the complexity for the search becomes 3N K 2N . Comparing with the real
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Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S. Choi

domain detection algorithm in [13], the number of the expanded nodes is 4N K 2N . For
instance, with K as 4 and N equal to 8, the number of expanded node is 80 and 112 considering
complex and real decoder respectively. Hence, complex SE enumeration requires less
calculation, thereby reduces hardware complexity.
In this paper, we introduce another parameter, Rlimit while performing the complex on demand
child expansion. In contrast with the conventional one, the type of a child is not considered for
further expansion. The example of improved complex SE enumeration with Rlimit as 3 is given in
Fig. 2.

FIGURE 2: Improved Complex SE Enumeration with Rlimit as 3.

As shown in Fig. 2, after rounding the received symbol to the nearest integer, first real SE
enumeration is performed to calculate Rlimit candidates. Hence, it means that, all the calculated
nodes up to Rlimit will have same imaginary value, as demonstrated in Fig. 2(b). Then, the one
with minimum PED is selected and expanded only along the imaginary axis using imaginary
domain SE enumeration. This process is continued till K nodes are selected at that level of tree
as presented in Fig. 2(c)-(d).
The complexity analysis of the improved child expansion proceeds as follows. At any level of tree
search, first KRlimit nodes need to be expanded. After that, only imaginary domain SE
enumeration will be performed. Hence, considering the worst case, the total number of nodes
calculated at each level is KRlimit + 8K 19. For N levels, the complexity becomes
N K 8Rlimit + 19 N . Therefore, introduction of Rlimit may increase the complexity as
evidenced in result section, although offers better BER performance comparing to the
conventional one. However, comparing with the real domain detection, the total complexity is still
less. We have used improved complex on demand expansion to perform the list calculation and
then the chosen K paths are passed to the iterative soft input soft output (SISO) decoder.
2.4 Iterative Soft Decoding
LDPC decoder in [12] calculates approximate LLR from the list of possible candidates using (9).
LY 8x[ |Y9

max



x X[, ` a bc y Hs + x[[] . Ld,[[] e

x[[]
. Ld,[[] e,

max


x X[,  abc y Hs +

(9)

here f h[g] and ij,[g] are the candidates values {-1 or 1} and LLR values except k-th candidate
respectively. In order to perform the soft decoding, the LLR values are first computed at the last

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Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S. Choi

layer of K-best search. Then, the soft values are fed into the iterative decoder for the subsequent
iteration. This process continues until the difference in error levels between the last two iterations
becomes negligible. Lastly, the updated LLR values are used for hard decision.
From the perspective of hardware design as proposed in [16, 23], the LLR calculation unit takes
one of the candidates at a given time and computes the LLR value. Then, the new LLR is
compared to the maximum of previous LLRs. Hence, this unit has to keep track of 2 values for
each LLR; one for those whose k-th bit of the candidate list is 1 (Lambda-ML), and the other for 0
(Lamda-ML-bar). After that, the LLR values are calculated as the subtraction of Lambda-ML and
Lambda-ML-bar divided by 2.

3. SETUP AND RESULTS

This section demonstrates the performance of the proposed iterative soft decision based complex
K-best decoder. The test and simulation environment has been implemented using IEEE 802.11n
standard. All the simulations are for 8 8 MIMO with different modulation schemes. The ratio of
the signal and noise power is considered as signal to noise ratio (SNR).
We first analyze the performance of four iterations of our proposed decoder for different
modulation scheme. Then, the effect of Rlimit on BER performance is shown for 64QAM
modulation scheme. Finally, we demonstrate the comparison of performance of our proposed
work with that of iterative conventional complex decoder and real decoder for 64QAM modulation
scheme.

The total number of the nodes expanded for 8 8 MIMO is considered as measurement of the
complexity analysis. For iterative real decoder, as shown in [13] the improvement gained from 3rd
to 4th iteration is limited and negligible for iterations beyond that. Hence, we consider BER versus
SNR curve up to four iterations in order to perform comparison among maximum performance.
3.1 Simulation and Analysis
The performance of four iterations of our proposed soft decision based complex decoder for
QPSK modulation scheme is presented in Fig. 3.

FIGURE 3: BER vs SNR curve of the first 4 iterations of iterative complex decoder for 8 x 8 MIMO system
with K as 4 and QPSK modulation scheme.

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Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S. Choi

As shown in Fig. 3, for QPSK modulation with list size, K of 4 and Rlimit of 4, we observe 0.4 dB
improvement in BER due to the 2nd iteration at the BER of 10 . When we compare the
performance of 1st iteration with 3rd and 4th one, the improvement increases to 0.7 dB and 1.0
dB respectively.

(a) 16 QAM

(b) 64 QAM

FIGURE 4: BER vs SNR curve of the first 4 iterations of iterative complex decoder for 8 x 8 MIMO system
with K as 4.

Next, Fig. 4 represents the performance curve of 4th iteration for 16 QAM and 64 QAM
modulation scheme. As demonstrated in Fig. 4(a), the performance of 2nd iteration is
approximately 0.4 dB better than the 1st one with K as 4 and Rlimit set to 4 for 16 QAM
modulation scheme. When increasing the iteration, the performance improves by 0.8 dB for the
3rd and 1.1 dB for the 4th iteration compared to the 1st one.
For 64QAM having same K as 16QAM, the improvement due to the 2nd iteration is 0.4 dB, as
shown in Fig. 4(b). If we then compare the 3rd and 4th iteration with respect to the 1st one, the
improvements are 0.8 dB and 1.0 dB respectively. By extensive simulation, we observe that the
performance does not improve beyond 4th iteration. Therefore, with iteration number, the
performance between i-th and (i+1)-th iteration gets saturated.
3.2 Effect of Rlimit on BER
The effect of Rlimit, as discussed in section 3.2 for proposed complex on demand child expansion
is shown in Fig. 5. It represents BER performance for the 4th iteration over different SNR
considering 8 8 MIMO and 64 QAM modulation scheme with list size, K as 4.

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Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S. Choi

FIGURE 5: BER vs SNR curve of the 4th iteration of iterative complex decoder for 8 x 8 MIMO with 64QAM
modulation scheme having K as 4.

It is evident that if the value of Rlimit is increased, the performance improves

es and then, it
saturates with Rlimit. On the other hand, decreasing Rlimit will degrade BER. Hence,
ce, as shown in
Fig. 4, when Rlimit increases from 4 to 6
6, the performance get saturated.
rated. However, decreasing
the Rlimit to 2 and then 1, degrades the performance 0.3 dB and 1.1 dB respectively.
Similar curves can be obtained considering 1st, 2nd and 3rd iteration of proposed iterative
i
decoder for different Rlimit.. By extensive simulation, we a
also
lso observe that, for QPSK and 16 QAM
modulation schemes, Rlimit set to 4 can obtain the maximum performance.
formance. Even if the value of
Rlimit is increased, the performance does not improve.
3.3 Comparison
parison of Performance
The comparison of the performance of different iteration
iterations of our proposed
ed work with those of
iterative conventional complexx decoder and real decoder for 64QAM modulation scheme with K
as 4 is presented in Fig. 6.
For proposed iterative
tive compl
complex
ex decoder, we have considered Rlimit as 1, 2 and 4 for
performance
ce evaluation. Simulation with Rlimit higher than 4 is not considered, since it is the
minimum value required to achieve the maximum performance. We consider BER versus SNR
curve up to four iterations in order to perform comparison among maximum performance,
performa
as
shown in [14] .

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Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S. Choi

(a)

(b)

(c)

FIGURE 6: BER vs SNR curves of proposed iterative complex decoder, conventional complex and
real decoder for 8 x 8 MIMO with 64QAM modulation scheme having K as 4. For proposed

decoder, Rlimit is set to 1, 2, and 4.

As demonstrated in Fig. 6(a), a 3.4 dB improvement in performance can be achieved comparing
the 1st iteration of proposed decoder with that of conventional iterative complex decoder with
Rlimit as 4 at the BER of 10 . When Rlimit is changed to 2 and 1, the improvements become 3
dB and 2.9 dB respectively. We also compare the performance of proposed decoder with that of
the iterative real decoder for 1st iteration [14]. As presented in Fig.6(a), 9.0 dB to 9.5 dB
improvement can be achieved using Rlimit as 1 to 4.
Next, as shown in 6(b), a 1.5 dB improvement can be obtained if we consider the performance of
1st iteration of proposed decoder with the 4th iteration of conventional complex one using Rlimit
as 4. Decreasing Rlimit to 2 and 1 results in 1 dB and 0.8 dB improvement. Comparing to the 4th
iteration of iterative real decoder, 6.1 dB to 6.8 dB SNR gain can be achieved using Rlimit set to 1
to 4 respectively.
Fig. 6(c) presents the comparison curves considering the 4th iteration of iterative decoders. As
demonstrated in the figure, a 2.4 dB improvement can be obtained using Rlimit as 4 at the BER of
10 comparing the conventional iterative complex decoder. In addition, when simulating for
Rlimit as 2 and 1, the gain becomes 2.2 dB and 1.4 dB respectively. Similar analysis can be
performed comparing to the 4th iteration of iterative real decoder. A gain of 6.9 dB to 8.0 dB can
be achieved for Rlimit set to 1 to 4.
Then, we have performed the computational complexity analysis for the presented work. The total
number of the nodes expanded for 8 x 8 MIMO is considered as measurement of the analysis.
Complexity analysis of proposed and conventional complex decoder is shown in Table 1.

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Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S. Choi

Proposed

Conv. Complex

Proposed vs Conv. (in dB)

K
Rlimit

Node

Node

1st vs 1st

4th vs 4th

1st vs 4th

56

80

2.9

1.4

0.8

88

80

3.0

2.2

1.0

152

80

3.4

2.5

1.5

TABLE 1: Complexity Analysis of Conventional and Proposed Complex Decoder.

As tabulated in Table 1, for iterative conventional complex decoder, we need to perform 80

calculations for K equal to 4. Although our proposed decoder calculates 56, 88 and 152 nodes
using same list size and Rlimit set to 1, 2, and 4 respectively. Hence, with less computational
complexity, the proposed decoder can achieve 1.4 dB better performance than that of
conventional one for the 4th iteration. However, 2.2 to 2.5 dB gain can be achieved by tolerating
higher computational complexity using proposed complex decoder. Considering 1st iteration with
same level of complexity, 2.9 dB to 3.4 dB gain can be achieved using proposed decoder. Next,
complexity analysis of proposed and iterative real decoder is presented in Table 2.
Proposed

Real

Proposed vs Real (in dB)

K
Rlimit

Node

Node

1st vs 1st

4th vs 4th

1st vs 4th

56

112

9.0

6.9

6.1

88

112

9.1

7.7

6.5

152

112

9.5

8.0

6.8

TABLE 2: Complexity Analysis of Iterative Real and Proposed Complex Decoder.

As shown in Table 2, the number of the nodes need to be expanded for LR-aided real decoder
[14] for list size 4 is equal to 112. Considering the same list size, proposed complex decoder
requires 56, 88 and 152 node expansion for Rlimit set to 1, 2 and 4 respectively. Hence,
proposed decoder can achieve 6.9 dB to 7.7 dB better performance even with less computational
complexity comparing with the iterative real one. Allowing more complexity, can increase the
performance to 8.0 dB. If we consider the performance of only 1st iteration, with same level of
complexity the proposed decoder can attain 9.0 to 9.5 dB improvement comparing with the real
one.
Therefore, our iterative soft complex decoder with Rlimit offers a trade-off between performance
and complexity for different iteration. It not only increases the performance, but also can reduce
complexity to a certain level.

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Mehnaz Rahman & Gwan S. Choi

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an iterative soft decision based complex domain K-best decoder is proposed
exploiting the improved complex on-demand child expansion. It includes the use of LR algorithm
in order to achieve orthogonality among the constellation points reducing the effect of noise. An
additional parameter, Rlimit is introduced to tune the complexity of computation with improvement
in BER performance. Reduction of computational complexity directly results to less power
consumption of the decoder as well.
We also compare the result of 4th iteration of our proposed decoder with iterative conventional
complex decoder and obtain 1.4 to 2.5 dB improvement at the BER of 10 for 8 8 MIMO and
64 QAM modulation scheme with comparable complexity. Comparing with iterative LR-aided real
domain decoder, the improvement increases more than 7.0 dB with less computational
complexity. Although more than 2.9 dB and 9.0 dB gain can be achieved with same level of
complexity comparing 1st iteration of proposed decoder with that of conventional iterative
complex and real decoder respectively.
Future work of this proposed decoder includes evaluating the detector performance using
additional channel and simulation environment and also implementing the algorithm on FPGA
and so on.

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