Introduction Class by :-

Mohan Kumar G.
Lecturer, Dept. of Mechanical Engg.,
Govt. Polytechnic, Mirle-571603
03-08-2012

BASIC COMPUTER SKILLS

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
The word Computer is derived from the word
compute. It means to calculate. We all are familiar with
calculations in our day-to-day life. We apply mathematical
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, etc. and many other formulae for calculations.
Simple calculations take less time. But complex calculations
take much longer time. Another factor is accuracy in
calculations.
So man explored with the idea to develop a machine,
which can perform this type of arithmetic calculation faster,
and with full accuracy. This gave birth to a device or
machine called computer.
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DEFINITION OF A COMPUTER
A computer is an electronic device,
which can be programmed to perform highspeed mathematical or logical operations.
Computer accepts, stores, correlates,
manipulates and processes information in
binary format and display the results in a
human understandable language.

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To put it simply, a computer is an

electronic device that is designed to work with
information.
The Computer
1. Takes in the INPUT information, then
2. PROCESS the information, and then
3. Displays the OUTPUT results.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER
Let us identify the major characteristics of a computer.

1. Speed
As you know computer can work very fast. It
takes only few seconds for calculations that we take
hours to complete. You will be surprised to know that
computer can perform several million (1,000,000) of
instructions and even more per second. Therefore, we
determine the speed of computer in terms of
microsecond (10-6 part of a second) or nano-second (109 part of a second). From this you can imagine how fast
your computer can perform.
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2. Accuracy
Suppose someone calculates faster but commits a
lot of errors in computing, then such a result is useless.
There is another aspect, suppose you want to divide 15
by 7. You may work out up to 2 decimal places and say
the quotient is 2.14. I may calculate up to 4 decimal
places and say that the result is 2.1428. Someone else
may go up to 9 decimal places and say the result is
2.142857143.
But a computer can give up to 100 decimal places
within a fraction of second and that too accurately.
Hence, in addition to speed, the computer provides very
high level of accuracy or correctness in computing.
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3. Diligence
A computer is free from tiredness, lack of
concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours
or days together very attentively without creating
any error.
If millions of calculations are to be
performed, a computer will perform every
calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this
capability it is better than human being in routine
and repetitive types of work.

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4. Versatility
It means the capacity to perform
completely different type of work. You may use
your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next
moment you may use it for inventory
management or to prepare electricity bills or
prepare accounts, etc. Therefore computer is
highly versatile.

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5. Multi-tasking
A human being cannot do more than one
task at the same time without losing his
concentration or with his full efficiency. But for
a computer, it is a normal thing to do many tasks
simultaneously without compromising in its
efficiency. For example, at the same time you
may use the computer to type a letter and to
listen to your favourite music and also you can
open internet web pages to get some information.
This is known as Multi-tasking.
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6. Power of Memory or Storage

Computer has the power of storing huge amount
of information or data. Information can be stored and
recalled as long as you require it, for any number of
years. It depends entirely upon you, how much data you
want to store in a computer and when to use or retrieve
these data. It will not fade away like human memory as
years pass.
The computer has an in-built memory where it
can store a large amount of data. You can also store data
in secondary storage devices such as floppies and CDs,
which can be kept outside your computer and can be
carried to other computers.
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7. No IQ
Believe me! Computer is a dumb machine
and it cannot do any work without instructions
from the user. It is considered as a faithful idiot
that can only perform the instructions given to it
at a tremendous speed and with high accuracy
without understanding of the work being done
by it.
Computer has to be guided as to what you
want to do and in what sequence. So a computer
cannot take its own decision as you can. So we
humans are great!!!
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7. No Feelings
Computers do not have feelings or
emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus
a computer does not get tired even after doing
long hours of work. It does not distinguish
between users and different kinds of work being
done by it.

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HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
History of computer could be traced back to
the effort of man to count large numbers. This process of
counting of large numbers generated various systems of
numeration like Babylonian system of numeration, Greek
system of numeration, Roman system of numeration and
Indian system of numeration. Out of these the Indian system
of numeration has been accepted universally. It is the basis
of modern decimal system of numeration (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9).
Later you will know how the computer solves
all calculations based on decimal system. However, you will
be surprised to know that the computer does not understand
the decimal system but it uses binary system of numeration
(0 and 1) for processing.
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Let us briefly know some of the path-breaking

inventions in the field of computing devices.
(a) Calculating Machines
It took generations for early man to build
mechanical devices for counting large numbers. The
first calculating device called ABACUS, was developed
by the Egyptian and Chinese people.
The word ABACUS means calculating board. It
consists of sticks in horizontal positions on which are
inserted sets of pebbles. A modern form of ABACUS is
as shown in the fig. It has a number of horizontal bars
each having ten beads. Horizontal bars represent
units, tens, hundreds, etc.
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Abacus

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(b) Napiers bones

English mathematician John Napier built a
mechanical device for the purpose of multiplication in
1617 AD. The device was known as Napiers bones.

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(c) Slide Rule

English mathematician Edmund Gunter
developed the slide rule. This machine could
perform operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. It was widely used in
Europe in 16th century.

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(d) Pascals Adding and Subtraction Machine

You might have heard the name of Blaise Pascal.
He developed a machine at the age of 19 that could
add and subtract. The machine consisted of wheels,
gears and cylinders.
(e) Leibnizs Multiplication and Dividing Machine
The German philosopher and mathematician
Gottfried Leibniz built around 1673 a mechanical
device that could both multiply and divide.

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(f) Babbages Analytical Engine

It was in the year 1823 that a famous English
man Charles Babbage built a mechanical machine
to do complex mathematical calculations. It was
called difference engine. Later he developed a
general purpose calculating machine called
analytical engine. You should know that Charles
Babbage is called the Father of computers.
(g) Mechanical and Electrical Calculator
In the beginning of 19th century the mechanical
calculator was developed to perform all sorts of
mathematical calculations and it was widely used till
1960. Later the routine part of mechanical calculator
was replaced by electric motor. It was called the
electrical calculator.
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Charles Babbage

Babbages Analytical Engine

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(h) Modern Electronic Calculator

The electronic calculator used in 1960s was run with
electron tubes, which was quite bulky. Later it was replaced
with transistors and as a result the size of calculators
became too small. The modern electronic calculators can
compute all kinds of mathematical computations and
mathematical functions. It can also be used to store some
data permanently.

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
You know that the evolution of computer started from
16th century and resulted in the form that we see today.
The present day computer, however, has also undergone
rapid changes during the last fifty years. This period,
during which the evolution of computer took place, can be
divided into five distinct phases known as Generations of
Computers.
Generation of computer means the technological
evolution over the period of time. Computers are
classified as belonging to specific generations. The term
generations was initially introduced to distinguish
between different hardware technologies. Gradually it
shifted to both hardware and software as the total system
consists of both of them.
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(a) First Generation Computers (1946-59)

First generation computers used Thermion valves
or Vacuum tubes. These computers were large in size
and writing programs on them was difficult. Some of
the important computers of this generation were:
ENIAC: It was the first electronic computer built in
1946 at University of Pennsylvania, USA by John
Eckert and John Mauchly. It was named Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). The
ENIAC was 30 x 50 feet long, weighed 30 tons,
contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors,
10,000 capacitors and required 150 kilowatts of
electricity. Today your favourite computer is many
times as powerful as ENIAC; still the size is very small.
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 EDVAC: It stands for Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer and was developed in 1950. The

concept of storing data and instructions inside the
computer was introduced here. This allowed much
faster operation since the computer had rapid access to
both data and instructions. The other advantage of
storing instruction was that computer could take logical
decisions internally.
EDSAC: It was developed by M.V. Wilkes at
Cambridge University in 1949.

UNIVAC-1: Eckert and Mauchly produced it in 1951

by Universal Accounting Computer setup.
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Followings were the major drawbacks

of first generation computers.
1. They were quite bulky.
2. The operating speed was quite slow.
3. Power consumption was very high.
4. It required large space for installation.
5. They had no operating system.
6. The programming capability was quite low.

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(b) Second Generation Computers (1959-64)

Around 1959 an electronic device called
Transistor replaced the bulky vacuum tubes in the
first generation computer. A single transistor
contained circuit produced by several hundred
vacuum tubes. Thus the size of the computer got
reduced considerably. Transistors therefore provided
higher operating speed than vacuum tubes. They had
no filament and require no heating. Manufacturing
cost was also very low.
It is in the second generation that the concept of
Central
Processing
Unit
(CPU),
memory,
programming language and input and output units
were developed. The programming languages such as
COBOL, FORTRAN were developed during this
period.
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Some of the computers of the Second

Generation were
IBM 1920 : Its size was small as compared to

First Generation computers and mostly used for

scientific purpose.
IBM 1401 : Its size was small to medium and

used for business applications.

CDC 3600 : Its size was large and used for

scientific purpose.
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 The salient features of this generation were:

1. Relatively faster than the first generation

computers.
2. Smaller than the first generation computers.
3. Generated lower level of heat.
4. More reliable.
5. Higher capacity of internal storage.

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(c) Third Generation Computers (1964-71)

The third generation computers were introduced
in 1964. They used Integrated Circuits (ICs). These
ICs are popularly known as Chips. A single IC has
many transistors, resistors and capacitors built on a
single thin slice of silicon. So it is quite obvious that
the size of the computer got further reduced. Some of
the computers developed during this period were
IBM-360, ICL-1900, IBM-370, and VAX-750.
Higher-level language such as BASIC (Beginners
All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was
developed during this period.
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The features of computers belonging to this

generation were:
Used tiny ICs
Relatively very small in size
Made use of operating system
High processing speed
More reliable
Power efficient and high speed
Use of high level languages
Large memory
Low cost
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(d) Fourth Generation Computers (1971 onwards)

The present day computers that you see today are the
fourth generation computers that started around 1975. It
uses Large Scale Integrated Circuits (LSIC) built on a
single silicon chip called microprocessors. Due to the
development of microprocessor it is possible to place
computers central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip.
These computers are called microcomputers. Later Very
Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSIC) replaced
LSICs. These integrated circuits are so advanced that they
incorporate hundreds of thousands of active components
in volumes of a fraction of an inch.
Thus the computer, which was occupying a very large
room in earlier days, can now be placed on a table. The
personal computer (PC) that you see in your school is a
Fourth Generation Computer.
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The salient features of this generation

are: Very fast
Very low heat generation

Smaller in size
Very reliable
Negligible hardware failure

Highly sophisticated

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Some of the computers of the Second

Generation were
IBM 1920 : Its size was small as compared to

First Generation computers and mostly used for

scientific purpose.
IBM 1401 : Its size was small to medium and

used for business applications.

CDC 3600 : Its size was large and used for

scientific purpose.
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(e) Fifth Generation Computers

The computers, which can think and take
decisions like human beings have been characterized
as Fifth generation computers and are also referred as
thinking machines. The speed is extremely high in
fifth generation computer. Apart from this they can
perform parallel processing. The concept of Artificial
Intelligence has been introduced to allow the
computer to take its own decision. It is still in a
developmental stage.
A lot of research and development work is going
on in this area in United States and Japan but it will
take some time before such machines are produced for
use by the industry.
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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Differences in certain computer characteristics
have led to the development of major computer
classifications based on the type of electronic
signal and memory size.
Types of computers based on electronic signal
they transmit are:(i) Analog Computers
(ii) Digital Computers
(iii) Hybrid Computers
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Types of computers based on memory size

are:1. Micro Computers:- Microcomputer is at the lowest
end of the computer range in terms of speed and
storage capacity. Its CPU is a microprocessor. The
first microcomputers were built of 8-bit
microprocessor
chips.
The
most
common
microcomputer is a personal computer (PC). The PC
supports a number of input and output devices. An
improvement of 8-bit chip is 16-bit and 32-bit chips.
Examples of microcomputer are IBM PC, PC-AT.

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2. Mini Computers:- This is designed to support more

than one user at a time. (various users can work at the
same time) It possesses large storage capacity and
operates at a high speed than a microcomputer. This
type of computer is generally used for processing
large volume of data in an organization. They are also
used as servers in Local Area Networks (LAN).
3. Mainframe Computers:- These types of computers
are generally 32-bit computers. They operate at very
high speed, have very large storage capacity and can
handle the workload of many users. They are
generally used in centralized databases. They are also
used as controlling nodes in Wide Area Network
(WAN). Example of mainframes are DEC, ICL and
IBM 3000 series.
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4. Super Computers:This is the fastest and most expensive machines.

It has high processing speed compared to other
computers. They also have multiprocessing technique.
One of the ways in which supercomputers are built is
by interconnecting hundreds of microprocessors.
Supercomputer is mainly used for weather
forecasting, biomedical research, remote sensing,
aircraft design and other areas of science and
technology. Examples of supercomputers are CRAY
YMP, CRAY2, NEC SX-3, CRAY XMP and PARAM
from India.
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS
IN VARIOUS FIELDS
Computers have their application or utility
everywhere. We find their applications in almost
every sphere of lifeparticularly in fields where
computations are required to be done at a very fast
speed and where data is so complicated that the
human brain finds it difficult to cope up with. As you
must be aware, computer now-a-days are being used
almost in every department to do the work at a greater
speed and accuracy.
Some of the prominent areas of computer
applications are in Tourism, Banks, Industries,
Transportation, Education, Entertainment and so
on
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IDENTIFY THE MODELS OF COMPUTERS

1) Tower: The system box is placed vertically adjacent
to monitor.

Tower Model Computer

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2) Desktop: It is not designed for portability. The

expectations with desktop system are that we will set
the computer at permanent location. Most desktop
offer more power, storage versatility for less cost than
their portable brethren.

Desktop Computer
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3) Laptop: There are also called note books. Laptops

are portable computers that integrate the display,
keyboard, pointing, device or track ball, processors,
memory and hard drive all in battery operated package
slightly larger than an average hard cover book.

Laptop Computer
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4) Palmtop: There are also called as personal digital

assistants (PDAs), palmtop are tightly integrated
computers. They often use flash memory instead of a
hard drive for storage. These computers do not have
keywords but relay on touch screen technology for
user input.

Palmtop Computer
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CONCEPTS OF HARDWARE AND

SOFTWARE
Computer hardware is the collection of physical
elements that comprise computer system. Computer
hardware refers to the physical parts or components of
computer such as monitor, keyboard, hard disk,
mouse, etc.
Hardware refers to objects that you can
actually see, touch, and feel like disks, disk drives,
display screens, keyboards, printers, mother boards,
and chips.
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Computer software or just software, is a

collection of computer programs and related data that
provides the instructions for telling a computer what
to do and how to do it. In other words, software is a
set of programs, procedures, algorithms and
its documentation concerned with the operation of a
data processing system.
Software refers to programs which we cannot
touch, cannot see and cannot feel by our senses.
Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it
has no substance.
A combination of hardware and software forms a
usable computing system.
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Identify and Understand Front Panel Switches

and Back Panel Connections of Computer

Front Panel details of Tower model computer

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1. Power on Switch.

9. Turbo button.

2. Power on (LED)
indicator.

10. Head Phone Volume

controller.

3. Reset Switch.

11. Head Phone Jack.

4. Hard Disk Activity

indicator.

12. Floppy Disk Eject

button.

5. CD-Open / Close /
Stop button.

13. Floppy Disk Insertion

slot.

6. CD-Drive Activity

14. Floppy Disk Activity

indicator.
7. Play / Skip button.
8. Previous Track button.

button.
15. CD-R/W Speed.
16. Emergency Eject hole.

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PC Back Panel details

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1. AC-Power in (From Main

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

or UPS)
AC-Power out (To
Monitor)
Exhaust Fan.
Keyboard Port(For AT2
Keyboard connector)
Keyboard port (For PS2
Keyboard connector)
Mouse Port(For PS2
Mouse connector)
USB Port (2 Nos for
Inkjet Printer)
Fire wall port
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9. Serial Port (COM1 and

10.
11.
12.

13.

14.

GMK

COM2 for Mouse / Modem

Connector)
Parallel Port (LPT1 for
printer connection)
Video Port (For Monitor)
Multimedia Ports. (For
mic, speaker, line-in
connection)
Network Ports (RCAJACK / BNC for network
cable connection)
SCSI ports (For connecting
external SCSI hard disk)
49

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PRACTICE CONNECTING THE CABLES

INTO THE BACK PANEL OF COMPUTER

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IDENTIFY AND UNDERSTAND

PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
Mother Board: It is also called as system
board / panel board / main board. It is a large
printed circuit board (PCB) inside a system
unit.
It holds the majority of crucial
components of the system providing
connectors for other peripherals.

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Motherboard
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Processor Chip: It is also called as Central

Processing Unit (CPU). It carries out the instructions of
a computer program by performing the basic
arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the
system. All calculations and processing of computer is
executed using processor. The CPU plays a role of
somewhat analogous to the brain in the computer.
Two typical components of a CPU are
the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which performs
arithmetic and logical operations, and the Control
Unit
(CU),
which
extracts
instructions
from memory and decodes and executes them, calling
on the ALU when necessary.
Eg: Intel Pentium 4, AMD Athlon
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C.P.U.
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MEMORY
Memory: It is a storage device used to store
information in computers. The semiconductor
memory is organized into memory cells or bistable
flip-flops, each storing one binary bit (0 or 1). The
memory cells are grouped into words of fix word
length, for example 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bit.
Each word can be accessed by a binary address
of N bit, making it possible to store 2 raised
by N words in the memory

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What are bits, bytes, and other units of measure

for digital information?
A bit is a binary digit, the smallest increment of
data on a computer. A bit can hold only one of two
values: 0 or 1, corresponding to the electrical values
of off or on, respectively.
Because bits are so small, you rarely work with
information one bit at a time. Bits are usually
assembled into a group of eight to form a byte. A byte
contains enough information to store a single ASCII
character, like k (maybe 00101101).
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So in computer jargon, the following

memory units are used:
Unit
Equivalent
1 bit
0 or 1
1 nibble
a group of 4 bits
1 Byte
a group of 8 bits
1 Kilobyte (KB)
103 (i.e.,1024 bytes)
1 Megabyte (MB)
106 bytes
1 Gigabyte (GB)
109 bytes
1 Terabyte (TB)
1012 bytes
1 Petabyte (PB)
1015 bytes
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There are different types of memories

in computers:Registers: Small memory, internal to processor, where
actual processing is done.
Cache Memory: Catches some of content of main
memory which current in use of the processor.
Main Memory (RAM/ROM): Large memory which is
fast but not as internal Processor memory.
All the above memories are volatile memories
because the stored information is lost when the
power is removed from the system.

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RAM: Random Access Memory. It is volatile memory.

It allows both read/write operations.
ROM: Read Only Memory. It is non-volatile memory.
It allows only read operations.
Random Access Memory (RAM) is a form of
computer data storage. Today, it takes the form
of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be
accessed in any order. Other memory devices (magnetic
tapes, floppy discs, CDs and DVDs) can access the
storage data only in a predetermined order, because of
mechanical design limitations. The two main forms of
modern RAM are Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic
RAM (DRAM).
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R.A.M.
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SECONDARY MEMORY
Secondary Memory: Very large memory. It is a nonvolatile permanent memory.
Eg: Magnetic disk (Hard / Floppy) memory, Magnetic
Tape memory etc.,
HDD (Hard Disk Drive): It is a mechanism which
drives Hard Disks to rotate and controls the flow of
data between hard disk and computer. Both hard disk
and hard disk drive comes in a single unit, it is
permanently fixed in a system unit.
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A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is device for storing

and retrieving digital information, primarily computer
data. It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard")
rapidly rotating discs (platters usually rotating at
7,200 RPM) coated with magnetic material, and
with magnetic heads to write data to the surfaces and
read it from them.
Magnetic recording :- A hard disk drive records
data
by
magnetizing
a
thin
film
of
ferromagnetic material on a disk. Sequential changes
in the direction of magnetization represent binary data
bits. The data is read from the disk by detecting the
transitions in magnetization.
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A typical HDD design consists of a spindle that

holds flat circular disks, also called platters, which hold
the recorded data. The platters are made from a nonmagnetic material, usually aluminium alloy and are
coated with a shallow layer of magnetic material
typically 1020 nm in depth, with an outer layer of
carbon for protection. Today, most consumer hard
drives operate at a speed of 7,200 rpm.
Information is written to and read from a platter
as it rotates past devices called read and write heads
operate very close (often tens of nanometers) over the
magnetic surface. The read-and-write head is used to
detect and modify the magnetization of the material
immediately under it.
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In modern drives there is one head for each

magnetic platter surface on the spindle,
mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm
(or access arm) moves the heads on an arc
(roughly radially) across the platters as they
spin, allowing each head to access almost the
entire surface of the platter as it spins.
A write head magnetizes a region by
generating a strong local magnetic field, and a
read head detects the magnetization of the
regions.
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Hard Disk Drive

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Hard Disk Drive

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FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

FDD (Floppy Disk Drive): Floppy disk drive is a
mechanism which drives FD to rotate for read / write
operations. It has a control circuit which transfers
data between FD and computer.

Floppy Disk Drive

Floppy
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A floppy disk, or diskette, is a disk storage medium

composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic
storage, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with
fabric that removes dust particles.

Inside of a Floppy Disk Drive

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COMPACT DISK DRIVE

CDD[R/W] (Compact Disk Drive [Read / Write):
The CD-Drive is a mechanism used to read / write
digital information on a CD. CD-Drives are available in
different forms,
1.CD-Drive for reading purpose only (CD/R)
2.CD-Drive for both reading and writing (CD/RW)

CD drive is an optical disc drive that uses LASER light

or Electromagnetic waves of suitable wavelength as part of
the process of reading or writing data to or from CD. CD
drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called
burners or writers. Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile
Disc (DVD) and Blue-ray Disc (BD) are common types of
optical
media.
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A recorder encodes (or burns) data onto a

recordable CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, or BD-R disc
(called a blank) by selectively heating parts of an
organic dye layer with a laser. This changes the
reflectivity of the dye, thereby creating marks that
can be read like the pits and lands on pressed discs.
Initially, CD lasers with a wavelength of
780 nm were used, being within infrared range. For
DVDs, the wavelength was reduced to 650 nm (red
color), and the wavelength for Blu-ray Disc was
reduced to 405 nm (violet color).
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A CD is made from 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in)

thick, polycarbonate plastic and weighs 1520 grams. A
thin layer of aluminium or, more rarely, gold is applied
to the surface making it reflective. The metal is
protected by a film of lacquer normally spin
coated directly on the reflective layer. The label is
printed on the lacquer layer, usually by screen
printing or offset printing.
For
rewritable
CD-RW,
DVDRW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, or BD-RE media, the
laser is used to melt a crystalline metal alloy in the
recording layer of the disc.
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CD data is stored as a series of tiny indentations

known as "pits", encoded in a spiral track moulded
into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The flat areas
between pits are known as "lands". Each pit is
approximately 100 nm deep by 500 nm wide, and
varies from 850 nm to 3.5 m in length. The distance
between the tracks, the pitch, is 1.6 m.

The pits and lands themselves do not directly

represent the zeros and ones of binary data.
Instead, non-return-to-zero encoding is used: a change
from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no
change indicates a series of zeros.
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Compact Disk (CD)

Optical Disk Drive Mechanism

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S.M.P.S.
SMPS: It refers to Switched Mode Power
Supply. It is a buffer circuit, make the computer
system load, compatible with its power source.
A switched-mode power supply is an electronic
power supply that incorporates a switching regulator
to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other
power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a
source, like mains power, to a load, such as a PC,
while converting voltage (from 230 V to 12V or
5V) and current (from AC to DC) characteristics. An
SMPS is usually employed to efficiently provide a
regulated output voltage.
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S.M.P.S.

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PORTS
Ports:- Ports are the sockets available on the
system box. They are used to connect external
devices to the computer.
Serial Port :- It is a Serial Communication
physical interface through which information transfers
in or out one bit at a time (in contrast to a parallel
port). Serial Port is used primarily to connect a Mouse
or Keyboard to the PC. It transfers data bit by bit.

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Parallel Port :- It is a type of interface used to connect

a printer to the computer. It transfers 8 or more data bit
simultaneously.

Parallel Port or Printer Port

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U.S.B.
USB (Universal Serial Bus):- It combines all the
advantages of multi-platform serials ports. We can
connect mouse, keyboard, digital camera, printer and
storage devices to USB.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) was designed in the

mid-1990s to standardize the connection of computer
peripherals both to communicate and to
supply electric power that defines the cables,
connectors and communication protocols used in a
bus for connection, communication and power supply
between computers and electronic devices.
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PEN DRIVE
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VGA / SVGA / AGP

VGA (Video Graphic Array):- Video Graphics
Array is an IBM video standard capable of displaying
higher resolution of 800x600 pixels, with 256/6 bit
colors and 1024x780 pixels, with 256/16 bit colors.

AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port):- Accelerated

Graphics Port is a video card which interfaces the
monitor to the Mother board. An AGP card will allow
game and 3D application developers to store and
retrieve larger, more realistic textures in system
memory rather than video memory.
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A.G.P. Card
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SOUND CARD :- It is an expansion card that

records and plays back sound by translating the
analog signal from a microphone into a digitized
form that the computer can store and process and
then translating back the modified data into analog
signals or sound.
A sound card (also known as an audio card) is
an internal computer expansion card that
facilitates the input and output of audio signals to
and from a computer under control of computer
programs.
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Sound Card
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Network Card:- If we want to connect our

computer to another computer we will need a
Network Interface Card (NIC). NIC is an adapter
card that physically connects one computer to a
network cable and to another computer that has the
same type of NIC.

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MODEM
MODEM (Modulator Demodulator):- In order to go
online and surf the web or check E-mail, we need a
modem to connect to an internet service provider
(ISP). A modem is a device that we connect to a
computer and to a phone line. Basically, modems do
for computers what a telephone does for humans.
A modem is a device that modulates an analog
carrier signal to encode digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the
transmitted information. The goal is to produce a
signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to
reproduce the original digital data.
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There are two types of MODEM namely,

1) Internal MODEM: It is integrated with mother
board or attached to mother board.
2) External MODEM: It is an external device,
connected to mother board using serial port.

MODEM
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INPUT DEVICES
Input Devices: The input devices are used for
transferring / entering user command or data or
choice to the computer. Input unit captures or
reads data / information and converts these data
into form that computer understands and transfers
these data to memory unit for execution.
Eg: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick, Floppy,
CD, DVD etc.,

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KEY BOARD
The keyboard is default input device, which
bridges the gap between the operator and their
computer system. The user communicates with the
computer by typing instruction or pressing keys on the
key board. The keys on a key board is almost similar
to typewriter keys with some additional keys such as
programmed function keys, programmable keys, cursor
control keys and numeric keys.
Keyboard has an arrangement of buttons or keys,
to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches.
In normal usage, the keyboard is used to type text
and numbers into a word processor, text editor or other
programs.
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Standard "full-travel" alphanumeric keyboards

have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers
(0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of
at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm).
Windows standard keyboards has 104-keys,
which includes alphabetic characters, punctuation
symbols, numbers and a variety of Function keys.
The internationally common 102/105 key
keyboards have a smaller 'left shift' key and an
additional key with some more symbols between
that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y).
The Enter key is usually shaped differently.
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Standard Keyboard (104 Keys)

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Foldable Keyboard

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MOUSE
A mouse is an input device. That can be
moved around a flat surface by the user. The
movement of the mouse is sensed by the
computer and translated into curser movements.
The mouse has switches on its back to send
command to the computer.
A mouse is a pointing device that functions
by detecting 2 dimensional motion (X and Y axis)
relative to its supporting surface (usually a Mouse
Pad). Physically, a mouse consists of an object
held under one of the user's hands, with one or
more buttons.
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The mouse sometimes features other elements,

such as "wheels", which allow the user to perform
various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons
or features that can add more control or dimensional
input. The mouse's motion typically translates into the
motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine
control of a graphical user interface.
Optical and laser mice :Optical mice make use of one or more Light
Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and an imaging array
of photodiodes to detect movement relative to the
underlying surface, rather than internal moving parts
as does a mechanical mouse. A laser mouse is an
optical mouse that uses coherent (laser) light.

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Mechanical Mouse

Optical Mouse
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SCANNER
Scanner is a device that optically scans images,
printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it
to a digital image. Common examples found in offices
are variations of the desktop (or flatbed)
scanner where the document is placed on a glass
window for scanning.
In a scanner, the object is placed on a scanner and
the object scanned from left to right, at the end, image
of an object will appears on the screen. Scanner
consists of two components, the first one to illuminate
the object so that the optical image can be captured
and the other to convert the optical image into digital
format for storage by computer.
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Flatbed Scanner
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JOYSTICK
A joystick is an interactive input device consisting of
a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or
direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are often
used to control video games, and usually have one or more
push-buttons whose state can also be read by the
computer.

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OUTPUT DEVICES
Output Devices: An output device is a computer
hardware equipment used to communicate the results
of data processing carried out by computer by
converting the electronically generated information
into human-readable form.
Output devices produces information in the form
of printouts, display on monitor etc., Output devices
converts processed data into form that the user
understands instantly.
Eg: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speakers, Headphones,
Projectors etc.,
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MONITOR
Monitor is a default output device. It shows the
soft copy of the output.
A monitor or display or visual display unit) is
an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor
comprises the display device, circuitry, and an
enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is
typically a Thin Film Transistor or Liquid Crystal
Display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors
use a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) about as deep as the
screen size.

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Cathode Ray Tube

The first computer monitors used Cathode Ray
Tubes (CRT). Until the early 1980s, they were
known as video display terminals and were
physically attached to the computer and keyboard.

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TFT-LCD
Thin
film
transistor
liquid
crystal
display (TFT-LCD) is a variant of LCD which
uses thin-film transistor (TFT) technology to
improve image quality (e.g., addressability, contrast).
TFT LCD is one type of Active matrix LCD, though
all LCD-screens are based on matrix addressing.

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LED and OLED

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
monitors provide higher contrast and better viewing
angles than LCDs, and are predicted to replace
them.

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PRINTER
A printer is a peripherals which produces the hard
copy output of a text or graphics of documents stored
in electronic form, usually on physical print media
such as paper or transparencies.
Many printers are primarily used as local
peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable or, in
most new printers, a USB cable to a computer which
serves as a document source.

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There are two types of printers. Namely,

1) Impact Printer:- The paper actually comes in
contact with a type element in order to print.
Eg: Dot Matrix Printer
2) Non-Impact Printer: The print is created by
some other means.
Eg: Laser Printer, Inkjet Printer.

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Dot Matrix Printer

Laser Printer

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PLOTTER
Plotter is an output device similar to printer,
which produce hard copy output of graphs, maps,
charts, etc., on any sort of paper. The plotter is very
convenient and invaluable tool in business graphics
applications for printing on very large size papers like
Film posters, AutoCAD building drawings etc.,

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OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating System is a program that controls
the overall activity of your computer. It manages the
various files in your computer. It allows the computer
hardware to interact with your computer software.
Examples of Operating Systems are Windows, Mac,
Unix, Linux etc.,

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Know your Windows Desktop

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