UNIT-1

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS

CONTENTS:
1. Introduction of Computers.
2. Classification of Computers.
3. Characteristics of Computers.
4. Usage of Computers.
5. Hardware and Software.
6. Organization of Computers.
7. Memory
8. Secondary Storage Devices
9. About OS.

UNIT-2 WINDOWS DESKTOP

UNIT-3 M.S OFFICE

1. INTRODUCTION
2. M.S. PAINT
3. M.S. WORD ---------------------- WORD PROCESSOR
4. M.S. EXCEL --------------------- SPREAD SHEET
5. M.S. POWER POINT --------- PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTERS.

What is Computer?

A Computer can be best described as a fast and accurate electronic data manipulating
machine, designed to accept and store data, process them and produce results under
the direction of a stored set of instructions.
In 1832, Charles Babbage invented the Analytical Engine. The analytical engine
contains the many features of present-day computers.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS :Classified computers based on size, performance and cost.

Computers can also classify as Analog and Digital.
Analog computers that are normally used in the process industry or in measuring
instruments. Such as Voltage, current, pressure, temperature, length, weight etc.,
Digital computers can be used for data processing, scientific, engineering and
industrial applications. Digital computers are more accurate than analog computers.
P.C is a digital computer.
Micro computers: Personal computers fall under this category.
Mini computers: These cost more than micros but surpass them in speed. They
vary in size from small desktop model to the size of small file cabinet. More than one
user can work on single mini computer. It is designed for multiple users.
Mainframes: They are used in organization for large scale jobs. They have
enormous storage capacity. Although they vary widely in cost and performance
mainframes are large, quicker and more expensive than others.
Super computers: Supercomputers belongs to the pinnacle of this
classification. There performance is the best. Hundreds of tiny chips that perform

calculations in pcs are interconnected. Hence they can perform billions of process in
an instant. They are used in various fields such as
Weather forecasting, aircraft, designing etc.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

A. SPEED: Fastly working.

B. STORAGE: Computers have large storage capacity. The contents of around 200 sheets of A4
size paper can be stored on a small floppy disk, which is physically not even half the size of
paper.
C. ACCURANCY: In addition to being very fast computers are very accurate.
D. DILIGENCE: Computers, being machines do not suffer from fatigue and lack of
concentration.
E. COMMUNICATION: Today, computers are being used as a powerful communication tool.
All computers within as office are connected by cable and it is possible to communicate with
others in office through a network of computers.
F. VERSATILITY: Computer can perform wide range of jobs with speed, accuracy. In any
organization is used for diverse purposes such as accounting, generating pay-slips, keeping track
of managers appointments playing games during the recreation hour, sending e-mail and so on.

USAGE OF COMPUTERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Railways and Airline reservation.

Processing students marks.
Weather forecasting.
Producing movies and music for entertainment.
Better medical care for patients.
Education.
Business corresponding.
Accounting & Financial accounting reports.
Engineering drawings.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE:

HARDWARE
The physical components in the computer system that can be seen, felt or touched are called
hardware.
Parts of computer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Visual Display Unit (VDU) Monitor.

CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Key board.
Mouse.
Printer.

Printer
1. Laser printer Using powder.
2. Ink jet printer Using ink.
3. Dot matrix printer- Using ribbon.
Structure of computer
Computer consists of three main components
__________
INPUT
UNIT
KEYBOARD
--_________

CPU

_______

OUTPUT UNIT

______________ CPU__________________ MONITER

SOFTWARE
Software instructs a computer what to do and how to do it. Programs are a sequence of instructions to
be executed by a computer. Programs that control internal computer functions are generally called
as software.
There different types of software, namely,
1. Application software.
2. System software.
3. Utility.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application software carries out real world functions such as financial accounting. It is a collection of
programs that performs tasks pertaining to the normal activities of business.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System software lies between hardware and application of software. It controls a machines resources
such as input and output devices, schedules work within a machine and enables hardware to understand
our commands.

UTILITIES
Utilities are general purpose programs or tools, available for standard applications such as sorting,
merging, formatting etc.

Organization of Computers
All Digital computers have the following Three Units.
1. Input unit
2. Central Processing unit(CPU)
3. Output unit.

INPUT UNIT:
The Input unit is responsible for feeding data into a computer. The Input unit converts data into a
form that a computer can understand.
Example: - Keyboard, Mouse.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU):-

It is the most important part of computer. It is the Brain of computer and is solely responsible for
accepting Input, validating it, storing instructions, processing it and again storing Output that may be
useful in future.

OUTPUT UNIT:The Output unit is responsible for obtaining processed data from a computer. The Output unit
converts machine produced information into user readable form.
Example: - Printer, Monitor.
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT(ALU):It is responsible for all calculations and logical operations that have to perform on data.
When a mathematical or logical operations is to be performed, data is sent to this sub
unit, where result is calculated and sent to the memory unit.

MEMORY UNIT:The Primary memory is classified as

1. RAM - - - RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
2. ROM - - - READ ONLY MEMORY.
RAM:- This is the area where data and instructions stored temporarily. Ram allows us to
read from as well as to write into memory.
ROM:- The contents of Rom are never lost. These instructions can be repeatedly read
whenever needed but cannot be changed. These Rom chips do not lose their memory
even when power is switched off. Since Rom permanently resides in a system, it is
actually a part of Hardware.

Secondary Storage Devices

FLOPPY DISK:Floppy disk are read or recorded with floppy disk drivers. This is divided into concentric circles called
tracks, which are further subdivided into sectors.
There are two standard sizes for these disks: 3.5 inches and 5.25 inches in diameter with capacities of
1.44 MB and 1.2 MB respectively.

HARD DISK:Hard disks are convenient when large volumes of data are to be stored/accessed. It is an airtight sealed
unit, consisting of a number of metallic disks mounted on a spindle, which is rotates at a speed of about
7200RPM. Data is stored on both sides of disk.
Data can be written to or read from a hard disk twenty times faster than a floppy.

ABOUT OS:
Operating system is a larger collection of programs, which manages the resources of the computer
systems and access and interface between the users of the computer hardware. An operating system
controls the execution of application programs. It is an essential component of the computer system.

Operating system
Window, Linux, Dos, UNIX.
Window is one of the most widely used graphics based Operating system.
Window is the most popular operating system for P.C. It is developed by Microsoft. Windows has an
enormous variety of functions and features, including graphics, networks, disk management, E-mail,
Word processing, M.S.DOS sound and video the Internet and world wide web.
The operating system is designed with the following goals.
1. It should be easy to learn, manage and set up.
2. Faster and powerful to operate on communication networks.

DOS (DISK OPERATING SYSTEM):

The DOS was the first Operating System developed for the IBM-PC by Microsoft Corporation.

When DOS was introduced, all the program file requires to start this Operating System were stored on
floppy diskette. The success of the DOS only made the computer industry to grow into multiple folds.

UNIT-2 WINDOWS DESKTOP:The Windows screen that appears when Windows is loaded is called the Desktop. The Desktop is useful
for organizing commonly used objects. Folders and other objects that need to be accessed frequently
can be left on the desktop for easy access.
To run a program or open a file, we should click the icon or filename once. To select an icon or file, we
should let he mouse pointer sent on the object.
ICON: An icon is a symbol that appears on the screen. When we click the icon, or select the icon with
the keyboard and then press enter, some action takes place. Windows uses icons to represent programs,
files and commands.
The Desktop has a number of objects on it.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

My Computer.
My Documents.
Network Neighborhood.
Recycle Bin.
Start Menu and Task Bar.
Short cuts (Icons).

MY COMPUTER:
All the programs, documents and data files are accessible from this place. It helps in effective file
management.
MY DOCUMENTS: All documents files are available.
NETWORK NEIGHBORHOOD:
It is possible to sea the computers in the users work group or any network servers they are connected to,
through the network neighborhood icon.
RECYCLE BIN:
The recycle bin is the temporary storage place for deleted files. It is possible to restore the files deleted
by error. They are not removed from the hard disk until the recycle bin is emptied.

THE START MENU:

The start menu is activated by pressing the start button that is present at the left bottom corner of the
window desktop. The start menu offers a convenient control point for the entire system.
From the Start menu, the user can load programs, load files, change settings, find program, find help or
Shutdown the system so that it can be turned off.
TASK BAR: The taskbar is at the bottom of the screen. It contains the Start Button, which can be
used to quickly start a program or to find a file.
FILE: It can be thought of as a collection of data stored on a secondary storage media.
FOLDERS: The documents and programs are stored in folders. Which can be seen in My computer
and windows explorer. A folder is other wise called as a directory. Folders enable to organize files in
logical and structured fashion.
CONTROL PANEL:
Using control panel, the user can be change the way windows look and work. Changing screen, colors,
installing or changing settings for hardware and software and setting up or changing settings for a
Network are possible through the control panel.
To find the control panel and change the desktop settings the user should
o Click on the start button.
o Choose settings and
o Click on the control panel.
o Double click on the icon to see the settings that could be changed.
Start Button click then will appear:
COMMAND
Program

OPERATIONS
Displays list of programs that the user can start.

----

Favorites

----

Favourities are files, folders, web sites and programs to which we

want easy access. Windows stores short cuts to favorite files in
favorites folders and displays them on the favorites menu.

Documents

----

Displays list of all documents opened already.

Settings

----

Provides facilities for configuring the computer.

Find

----

Enables the user to find a file, folder and a shared computer or Mail
merge.

Help

----

Used for accessing help an any kind of information relevant to

windows O.S.

Run

----

Enables execution of any executable file.

Shutdown

----

Shuts down windows.

UNIT-3 M.S OFFICE

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

INTRODUCTION
M.S. PAINT
M.S. WORD ---------------------- WORD PROCESSOR
M.S. EXCEL --------------------- SPREAD SHEET
M.S. POWER POINT --------- PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION:
M.S. Office is an integrated package that provides many facilities like word processing,
spread sheet handling, data base processing etc. One among the M.S. office family
members is M.S. word. M.S. Word is the essential software developed by Microsoft
Corporation that has proved to be a boon to one and an all. It is popular word processing
software today.

START ----------> PROGRAM -----------> MICROSOFT WORD

WORKING WITH WORD PROCESSOR:
OBJECTIVES:

Starting word.
Typing, viewing and printing document.
Navigating and editing the document.

When word started, it opens a blank document with a menu bar and tool bar with click
on buttons that can be used to work on the document. Initially all the tool bars are not
visible. To view the tools bars that are not visible, positions the mouse pointers on the
menu bar or the tool bars and right click. The complete set of tool bars will appear and
we can choose the desired one.

OPENING SCREEN:
1. Control menu
2. Vertical Scroll Bar
3. Title Bar
name of the file

--(
Left top side corner.
--- Right side.
--- File name appears. (Displays
Being created).

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Menu Bar
Work Area
Cursor
Formatting Tool Bar
Standard Tool Bar
Drawing Tool Bar
More Buttons
Status Bar.

--- All menus appear.

--- For typing word.

--- (Right side).

MENU BAR:
File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Table, Window, and Help.

FORMATTING TOOL BAR:

It contains all the formatting tools that are used for formatting the text. Font type, Font size,
Font style, text Bold, Italic, Underline, Aligning the text to left, right and center etc.

STANDARED TOOL BAR:

Contains all the tools required to manipulate a document such as create, open, save, print, cut,
copy, paste a document etc.

DRAWING TOOL BAR: It is used to perform all the drawing operation.

MORE BUTTONS:

Lists all the tools available for that toolbar and also allows the
user to add or remove any tools quickly.

STATUS BAR: Displays the status information like page number, section number etc.
COMMAND BUTTONS: Command buttons appear on the right side of the title bar.
They are associated with the commands of the window and acts as short cuts to specific
commands. The command Buttons are used for resizing and closing windows. Typically, the
following buttons appear in a primary window.

COMMAND BUTTONS:
X

OPERATION:
----

Close the window.

-----

Minimize the window.

-----

Maximize the window.

SCROLL BARS: Scroll bars are tools for scrolling through information in a window
. Scroll bars can be vertical or horizontal.
VERTICAL SCROLL BAR: It moves top to bottom or vice versa.
HORIZONTAL SCROLL BAR: It moves left to right or vice versa.
Scroll bars are generally found at the right and/ or bottom edges of most windows.

SUMMARY OF WORD
1. Word for windows is opened by clicking on the Start menu and by using Microsoft Word in
the Programs Folder.
2. When word is started, it opens a blank document with menu bar and tool bar with click on
buttons that can be used to work on the document.
3. There are three ways to create a document in word-by using wizards, with templates or
starting from the scratch.
4. Wizards are the easiest way to create letters, memos and documents of other types.
5. When word is opened, new document called Document-1 is displayed, where we can start
typing right away.
6. There are several ways of viewing a document Normal, Online Layout, Page Layout, Outline
and Master document.
7. Normal view is the Default view in word, used for typing, editing and formatting text.
8. Web Layout view is the replacement for online layout view. This Layout shows how the
webpage will look when published on the web or an internet.
9. Print Layout view is useful for editing headers and footers, adjusting margins and for
working with Columns, Drawing objects and frames.
10. Outline view makes it easy to look at the structure of a document and to move copy and
reorganize text by dragging text and headings.
11. Print preview displays multiple pages of document in a reduced size. In this view, we can
check the layout of the document, and then make editing or formatting changes before
printing.
12. A document can be printed by choosing print from the file menu.