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Ivan Maya

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A Users Guide for the

CALMET Meteorological Model

(Version 5)

Prepared by:
Joseph S. Scire
Francoise R. Robe
Mark E. Fernau
Robert J. Yamartino

Earth Tech, Inc.

196 Baker Avenue
Concord, MA 01742

January 2000

Copyright 1998, 1999,2000 by Earth Tech, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE NO.
1. OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2
Overview of the CALPUFF Modeling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.3
Major Model Algorithms and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
1.4
Summary of Data and Computer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1
Grid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2
Wind Field Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.2.1 Step 1 Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.2.2 Step 2 Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
2.2.3 Incorporation of Prognostic Model Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
2.2.3.1 Terrain Weighting Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
2.3

Micrometeorological Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Surface Heat and Momentum Flux Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Three-dimensional Temperature Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2.1 Overwater Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3 Precipitation Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-22
2-22
2-31
2-33
2-33

3. CALMET MODEL STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1
Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2
Structure of the CALMET Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
4. USER INSTRUCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.1 Meteorological Preprocessor Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.1.1 READ62 Upper Air Preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.1.2 METSCAN Surface Data QA Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
4.1.3 SMERGE Surface Data Meteorological Preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
4.1.4 PXTRACT Precipitation Data Extract Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
4.1.5 PMERGE Precipitation Data Preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
4.1.6 CALMM5 Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
4.1.6.1
CALMM5 preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
4.1.6.2
CALMM5 input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45
4.1.6.3
CALMM5 output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-46
4.2
Geophysical Data Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-67
4.2.1 TERREL Terrain Preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-69
4.2.2 Land Use Data Preprocessors (CTGCOMP and CTGPROC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-78
4.2.2.1 Obtaining the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-78
4.2.2.2 CTGCOMP- the CTG land use data compression program . . . . . . . 4-78
4.2.2.3 CTGPROC - the land use preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-79
4.2.3 MAKEGEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-85
4.3
CALMET Model Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-91
4.3.1 User Control File (CALMET.INP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-95

4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.3.7
4.3.8
4.3.9
4.3.10
4.3.11
4.4

Geophysical Data File (GEO.DAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Upper Air Data Files (UP1.DAT, UP2.DAT,...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surface Meteorological Data File (SURF.DAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overwater Data Files (SEA1.DAT, SEA2.DAT, ...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Precipitation Data File (PRECIP.DAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preprocessed Diagnostic Model Data File (DIAG.DAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prognostic Model Data File (PROG.DAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM4/MM5 Model Data File (MM4.DAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Terrain Weighting Factor Data File (WT.DAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CALMET Output Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.11.1
CALMET.DAT
.............................
PRTMET Meteorological Display Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-132
4-144
4-149
4-153
4-156
4-160
4-164
4-166
4-183
4-190
4-190
4-206

5. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
APPENDIX A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
APPENDIX B
Description of Each CALMET Subroutine and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
APPENDIX C
Equations Used in Lambert Conformal Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
APPENDIX D
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

1. OVERVIEW
1.1

Background

As part of a study to design and develop a generalized non-steady-state air quality modeling system for
regulatory use, Sigma Research Corporation (now part of Earth Tech, Inc.), developed the CALPUFF
dispersion model and related models and programs, including the CALMET meteorological model. The
original development of CALPUFF and CALMET was sponsored by the California Air Resources Board
(CARB). Systems Application, Inc. (SAI) served as a subcontractor to Sigma Research with the
responsibility for developing the original wind field modeling component of the CALMET model.
The original design specifications for the modeling system included: (1) the capability to treat timevarying point and area sources, (2) suitability for modeling domains from tens of meters to hundreds of
kilometers from a source, (3) predictions for averaging times ranging from one-hour to one year, (4)
applicability to inert pollutants and those subject to linear removal and chemical conversion mechanisms,
and (5) applicability for rough or complex terrain situations.
The modeling system (Scire et al., 1990a, 1990b) developed to meet these objectives consisted of three
components: (1) a meteorological modeling package with both diagnostic and prognostic wind field
generators, (2) a Gaussian puff dispersion model with chemical removal, wet and dry deposition,
complex terrain algorithms, building downwash, plume fumigation, and other effects, and (3)
postprocessing programs for the output fields of meteorological data, concentrations and deposition
fluxes.
In July, 1987, CARB initiated a second project with Sigma Research to upgrade and modernize the
Urban Airshed Model (UAM) to include state-of-the-science improvements in many of the key technical
algorithms including the numerical advection and diffusion schemes, dry deposition, chemical
mechanisms, and chemical integration solver. The new photochemical model, called CALGRID
(Yamartino et al., 1992; Scire et al., 1989), was integrated into the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling
framework to create a complete modeling system for both reactive and non-reactive pollutants. A third
component of the modeling system, a Lagrangian particle model called the Kinematic Simulation Particle
(KSP) model (Strimaitis et al., 1995; Yamartino et al., 1996), was developed under sponsorship of the
German Umweldbundesamt. All three models (CALPUFF, CALGRID, and KSP) are designed to be
compatible with the common meteorological model, CALMET, and share preprocessing and
postprocessing programs for the display of the modeling results.
In the early 1990s, the Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) reviewed various
modeling approaches suitable for estimating pollutant concentrations at Class I areas, including the

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1-1

individual and cumulative impacts of proposed and existing sources on Air Quality Related Values
(AQRVs), Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) increments, and National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS). IWAQM consists of representatives from the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. IWAQM
released a Phase I report (EPA, 1993a) which recommended using the MESOPUFF II dispersion model
and MESOPAC II meteorological model on an interim basis for simulating regional air quality and
visibility impacts. These recommendations were to apply until more refined (Phase 2) techniques could
be identified and evaluated. As part of the development of the Phase 2 recommendations, IWAQM
reviewed and intercompared diagnostic wind field models, tested the use of coarse gridded wind fields
from the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model with four dimensional data assimilation (MM4) as input
into the diagnostic models, and evaluated the MESOPUFF II and CALPUFF modeling systems using
tracer data collected during the Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX). The CAPTEX
evaluation results (EPA, 1995) indicated that by using the CALMET/ CALPUFF models with MM4 data,
performance could be improved over that obtained with the interim Phase I modeling approach. The
Phase 2 IWAQM report (EPA, 1998) recommends the use of the CALMET and CALPUFF models for
estimating air quality impacts relative to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) increments. The U.S. EPA has proposed the CALPUFF
modeling system as a Guideline ("Appendix A") model for regulatory applications involving long range
transport and on a case-by-case basis for near-field applications where non-steady-state effects (situations
where factors such as spatial variability in the meteorological fields, calm winds, fumigation,
recirculation or stagnation, and terrain or coastal effects) may be important.
The CALMET and CALPUFF models have been substantially revised and enhanced as part of work for
IWAQM, U.S. EPA, the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, the Environmental Protection Authority of Victoria
(Australia), and private industry in the U.S. and abroad. The improvements to CALMET included
modifications to make it more suitable for regional applications such as the use of a spatially variable
initial guess field, an option for using hourly MM4 or MM5 gridded fields as a supplement to
observational data, the ability to compute Lambert conformal map factors, a modified mixing height
scheme, an option to use similarity theory to vertically extrapolate surface wind observations, an
enhanced algorithm to compute the three-dimensional temperature fields over water bodies, improved
initialization techniques, a refined slope flow parameterization, and an optional PC-based Graphical User
Interface (GUI) to facilitate model setup and execution and to provide access to on-line Help files.
Improvements to CALPUFF include new modules to treat buoyant rise and dispersion from area sources
(such as forest fires), buoyant line sources, volume sources, an improved treatment of complex terrain,
additional model switches to facilitate its use in regulatory applications, enhanced treatment of wind
shear through puff splitting, use of a probability density function (pdf) to describe dispersion during
convective conditions, and an optional GUI. CALPUFF has been coupled to the Emissions Production

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1-2

Model (EPM) developed by the Forest Service through an interface processor. EPM provides timedependent emissions and heat release data for use in modeling controlled burns and wildfires.
1.2

Overview of the CALPUFF Modeling System

The CALPUFF Modeling System includes three main components: CALMET, CALPUFF, and
CALPOST and a large set of preprocessing programs designed to interface the model to standard,
routinely-available meteorological and geophysical datasets. In the simplest terms, CALMET is a
meteorological model that develops hourly wind and temperature fields on a three-dimensional gridded
modeling domain. Associated two-dimensional fields such as mixing height, surface characteristics, and
dispersion properties are also included in the file produced by CALMET. CALPUFF is a transport and
dispersion model that advects puffs of material emitted from modeled sources, simulating dispersion
and transformation processes along the way. In doing so it typically uses the fields generated by
CALMET, or as an option, it may use simpler non-gridded meteorological data much like existing plume
models. Temporal and spatial variations in the meteorological fields selected are explicitly incorporated
in the resulting distribution of puffs throughout a simulation period. The primary output files from
CALPUFF contain either hourly concentrations or hourly deposition fluxes evaluated at selected receptor
locations. CALPOST is used to process these files, producing tabulations that summarize the results of
the simulation, identifying the highest and second highest 3-hour average concentrations at each receptor,
for example. When performing visibility-related modeling, CALPOST uses concentrations from
CALPUFF to compute extinction coefficients and related measures of visibility, reporting these for
selected averaging times and locations.
Most applications of the system are built around these three components. To enhance their functionality,
a PC-based GUI is provided for each major component. The GUIs can be used to prepare the control file
that configures a run, execute the corresponding component model, and conduct file management
functions. The GUIs also contain an extensive help system that makes much of the technical information
contained in this manual available to the user on-line. The modeling system may also be setup and run
without the aid of the GUIs. The control file for each component is simply a text file that is readily
edited, and it contains extensive information about model options, default values, and units for each
variable.
In addition to CALMET, CALPUFF, CALPOST, and their corresponding GUIs, the modeling system
interfaces to several other models, which is facilitated by several preprocessors and utilities. Figure 1-1
displays the overall modeling system configuration. Four of the models shown in Figure 1-1 are external
models that are not included in the CALPUFF system, but they can be interfaced with CALPUFF
modules:

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1-3

Figure 1-1.

Overview of the program elements in the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system. Also

shown are the associated CALGRID photochemical model, the KSP particle model, and
the MM5/MM4 and CSUMM meteorological models.

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1-4

MM5/MM4 (Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model) is a prognostic wind field model with four
dimensional data assimilation (Anthes et al., 1987; Grell et al., 1996). The diagnostic wind field
model within CALMET contains options that allow wind fields produced by MM5 or MM4 to be
used as an initial guess field, or pseudo-observations and combined with other data sources as
part of the CALMET objective analysis procedure. An interface program (CALMM5) converts
the MM5 data into a form compatible with CALMET.
CSUMM (a version of the Colorado State University Mesoscale Model) is a primitive equation
wind field model (Kessler, 1989) which simulates mesoscale airflow resulting from differential
surface heating and terrain effects. Various options for using CSUMM output with CALMET
are provided.
The other two external models may use the output file from CALMET for their meteorological fields:
CALGRID is an Eulerian photochemical transport and dispersion model which includes
modules for horizontal and vertical advection/diffusion, dry deposition, and a detailed
photochemical mechanism.
KSP is a multi-layer, multi-species Lagrangian particle model that simulates transport,
dispersion, and deposition using explicit kinematic simulation (KS) of the larger transportive and
dispersive eddies in the atmosphere.
The components in Figure 1-1 that are included in the system are:
CALMET is a meteorological model which includes a diagnostic wind field generator
containing objective analysis and parameterized treatments of slope flows, kinematic terrain
effects, terrain blocking effects, and a divergence minimization procedure, and a micrometeorological model for overland and overwater boundary layers.
CALPUFF is a non-steady-state Lagrangian Gaussian puff model containing modules for
complex terrain effects, overwater transport, coastal interaction effects, building downwash, wet
and dry removal, and simple chemical transformation.
CALPOST is a postprocessing program with options for the computation of time-averaged
concentrations and deposition fluxes predicted by the CALPUFF and CALGRID models.
CALPOST computes visibility impacts in accordance with IWAQM recommendations and the
current Federal Land Managers Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG
recommendations.
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PRTMET is a postprocessing program which displays user-selected portions of the

meteorological data file produced by the CALMET meteorological model.
Preprocessors and utilities provided with the modeling system for use with CALMET include:
METSCAN is a meteorological preprocessor which performs quality assurance checks on the
hourly surface meteorological data in the U.S. National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) CD-144
format which is used as input to the SMERGE program.
READ62 is a meteorological preprocessor which extracts and processes upper air wind and
temperature data from the standard NCDC TD-6201 data format or the NCDC CD-ROM FSL
rawinsonde data format.
SMERGE is a meteorological preprocessor which processes hourly surface observations from a
number of stations in NCDC CD-144 format or NCDC CD-ROM format and reformats the data
into a single file with the data sorted by time rather than station. The CD-ROM format contains
data in either the Solar and Meteorological Surface Observational Network (SAMSON) format
or the Hourly U.S. Weather Observations (HUSWO) format.
PXTRACT is a meteorological preprocessor which extracts precipitation data for stations and a
time period of interest from a fixed length, formatted precipitation data file in NCDC TD-3240
format.
PMERGE is a meteorological preprocessor responsible for reformatting the precipitation data
files created by the PXTRACT program. PMERGE resolves "accumulation periods" into hourly
values and flags suspicious or missing data. The output file can be formatted or binary, which
can be directly input into the CALMET model, containing the precipitation data sorted by hour
rather than station.
TERREL is a terrain preprocessor which coordinates the allocation of terrain elevation data
from several digitized data bases to a user-specified modeling grid.
CTGCOMP is a preprocessor used to compress the data file format of a USGS land use CTG
data file.
CTGPROC is a land use preprocessor which reads the compressed CTG land use data file and
computes the fractional land use for each grid cell in the user-specified modeling domain.

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PRLND1 is a land use preprocessor which reads the ARM3 data base of land use data and
computes fractional land use for each grid cell in the user-specified modeling domain.
MAKEGEO is the final preprocessor which reads the fractional land use data, user inputs which
define land use category mapping, and values relating each of the surface parameters to land use,
and (optionally) the gridded terrain data file, and produces a GEO.DAT file ready for input to
CALMET.
CALMM5 is a processor that extracts and interprets data in the output file from MM5 (Version
2), and creates a file of meteorological data for direct input to CALMET in either its MM4.DAT
format or its MM5.DAT format.
Preprocessors and utilities provided with the modeling system for use with CALPUFF include:
OPTHILL is a processor program which uses topographical data (such as terrain maps) to
develop hill shape factors that are used in the subgrid scale complex terrain (CTSG) module in
CALPUFF.
EPM2BAEM is a conversion utility which creates a time-varying emissions file for buoyant
forest fire area sources based on the output from the U.S.D.A Forest Service Emissions
Production Model (EPM).
The meteorological modeling with the CALMET model is detailed in Figure 1-2. Note that the
preprocessors for the raw meteorological data are written to accommodate the U.S. National Climatic
Data Center (NCDC) file formats. Figure 1-3 is the schematic of the CALPUFF dispersion model
indicating the model input and output files. The postprocessing approach for the meteorological and
dispersion modeling results is shown in Figure 1-4.
A series of reports and user's guides describe the components of the modeling system. The technical
formulation and user instructions for the revised CALMET (Version 5) model and the meteorological
and geophysical preprocessing programs are contained in this report. Documentation for CALPUFF
(Version 5) and CALPOST (Version 5) is contained in Scire et al. (1999). The CSUMM prognostic
wind field model is described in a report by Kessler (1989). A stand-alone version of the Diagnostic
Wind Model (DWM) used as the original wind field module in CALMET is discussed by Douglas and
Kessler (1988). The CALGRID model is documented in a paper by Yamartino et al. (1992) and reports
by Yamartino et al. (1989) and Scire et al. (1989). The KSP model is described by Strimaitis et al.,
(1995) and Yamartino et al. (1996).

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1-7

Land Use
Data Files

Elevation Data
Files

CTGCOMP

TERREL
Terrain
Processor

CTGPROC
Land Use
Processor

MAKEGEO

Upper Air Data

File (TD-6201
Formats)

(CSUMM)
Prognostic
Wind Field
Model

READ62
Upper Air
Preprocessor

MM5/MM4
Data

Geophysical
Data File

Prognostic
Gridded Wind
Field
(optional)

Upper Air
Sounding Data
(READ62
Format)

(MM5.DAT
MM4.DAT)

(GEO.DAT)

(PROG.DAT)

(UP1.DAT,
UP2.DAT)

(Surface Data
Files)
(SAMSON
Format)

Surface Data
Files
(CD144 Format)

Hourly
Precipitation
Data (TD-3240
Format)
(TD3240.DAT)

METSCAN
QA Program

PXTRACT
Precipitation
Data Extracting
Program

Surface Met.
Data Files (with
corrections)
(CD144 Format)

Surface Data
Files
(HUSWO
Format)

SMERGE
Surface Met.
Preprocessor

Preprocessed
Surface/Upper
Air
Meteorological
Data (optional)
(DIAG.DAT)

Surface
Meteorological
Data File
(SMERGE
Format or Free
Format)
(SURF.DAT)

Extracted Hourly
Precipitation
Data (TD-3240
Format)
(stn.DAT)

PMERGE
Precipitation
Preprocessor

Overwater Data
File

Processed Hourly
Precipitation File

MM4 Terrain
Weighting
Factor File
(optional)

CALMET
Control File

(SEA1.DAT,
SEA2.DAT)

(PRECIP.DAT)

(WT.DAT)

(CALMET..INP)

CALMET
Meteorological
Model

Figure 1-2. Meteorological modeling: CALMET modeling flow diagram.

Gridded Hourly
Met. Files

CALMET Output
List file

Test and Debug

Output Files

(CALMET.DAT
or
PACOUT.DAT)

(CALMET.LST)

(TEST.*)

Figure 1-3. Dispersion Modeling: CALPUFF modeling flow diagram.

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1-9

From CALPUFF

Predicted
Concentration
Fields

Predicted Dry
Flux Fields

(CONC.DAT)

(DFLX.DAT)

CALPOST
CONTROL FILE
(CALPOST.INP)

Relative
Humidity Data
for Visibility
Calculations
(VISB.DAT)

Hourly Background
Concentration/Fluxes
(optional)
(BACK.DAT)

From CALMET

Predicted Wet
Flux Fields

CALPUFF
Output List File

(WFLX.DAT)

(CALPUFF.LST)

Gridded Hourly
Wind Fields
(CALMET.DAT)

Hourly Background
Extinction Coefficient
(optional)
(VSRN.DAT)

PRTMET
Control File

(PRTMET.INP)

PRTMET
Postprocessor

CALPOST
Postprocessor

Timeseries File(s)
(Optional)

(TStt[].DAT)

One or More Plot

Files (optional)
(Rtt[].DAT/GRD)
(Xtt[].DAT/GRD)
(jjjtthh[].DAT/GRD)

Output List File

(CALPOST.LST)

Figure 1-4. Postprocessing: CALPOST/PRTMET postprocessing flow diagram.

Daily Peak
Summary File for
Visibility
Calculations
(V24[].DAT)

Output List File

Plot File(s)
(Optional)

(PRTMET.LST)

[USER NAME]

Figure 1-5.

Flow diagram of the diagnostic wind model in CALMET. Winds derived from
MM4/MM5 (or CSUMM) can be introduced as the initial guess field ,
A or the Step 1
field .
B MM4/MM5 wind data can also be treated as "observations" .
C

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1-11

1.3

Major Model Algorithms and Options

The CALMET meteorological model consists of a diagnostic wind field module and micrometeorological modules for overwater and overland boundary layers. When using large domains, the
user has the option to adjust input winds to a Lambert Conformal Projection coordinate system to
account for Earth's curvature. The diagnostic wind field module uses a two step approach to the
computation of the wind fields (Douglas and Kessler, 1988), as illustrated in Figure 1-5. In the first step,
an initial-guess wind field is adjusted for kinematic effects of terrain, slope flows, and terrain blocking
effects to produce a Step 1 wind field. The second step consists of an objective analysis procedure to
introduce observational data into the Step 1 wind field to produce a final wind field. An option is
provided to allow gridded prognostic wind fields to be used by CALMET, which may better represent
regional flows and certain aspects of sea breeze circulations and slope/valley circulations. Wind fields
generated by the CSUMM prognostic wind field module can be input to CALMET as either the initial
guess field or the Step 1 wind field. The MM4-MM5 prognostic data can be introduced into CALMET
in three different ways:
]
]
]

as a replacement for the initial guess wind field (pathway

A in Figure 1-5).
as a replacement for the Step 1 field (pathway );
B or
as "observations" in the objective analysis procedure (pathway ).
C

The major features and options of the meteorological model are summarized in Table 1-1. The
techniques used in the CALMET model are briefly described below.
Step 1 Wind Field
Kinematic Effects of Terrain: The approach of Liu and Yocke (1980) is used to evaluate
kinematic terrain effects. The domain-scale winds are used to compute a terrain-forced vertical
velocity, subject to an exponential, stability-dependent decay function. The kinematic effects of
terrain on the horizontal wind components are evaluated by applying a divergence-minimization
scheme to the initial guess wind field. The divergence minimization scheme is applied iteratively
until the three-dimensional divergence is less than a threshold value.
Slope Flows: Slope flows are computed based on the shooting flow parameterization of Mahrt
(1982). Shooting flows are buoyancy-driven flows, balanced by advective of weaker momentum,
surface drag, and entrainment at the top of the slope flow layer. The slope flow is parameterized
in terms of the terrain slope, distance to the crest and local sensible heat flux. The thickness of
the slope flow layer varies with the elevation drop from the crest.

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1-12

Table 1-1
Major Features of the CALMET and CSUMM Meteorological Models

Boundary Layer Modules of CALMET

` Overland Boundary Layer - Energy Balance Method
` Overwater Boundary Layer - Profile Method
` Produces Gridded Fields of:
- Surface Friction Velocity
- Convective Velocity Scale
- Monin-Obukhov Length
- Mixing Height
- PGT Stability Class
- Air Temperature (3-D)
- Precipitation Rate

Diagnostic Wind Field Module of CALMET

`
`
`
`
`
`

Slope Flows
Kinematic Terrain Effects
Terrain Blocking Effects
Divergence Minimization
Produces Gridded Fields of U, V, W Wind Components
Inputs Include Domain-Scale Winds, Observations, and
(optionally) Coarse-Grid Prognostic Model Winds
` Lambert Conformal Projection Capability

Prognostic Wind Field Model (CSUMM)

` Hydrostatic Primitive Equation (PE) Model
` Flows Generated in Response to Differential Surface
Heating and Complex Terrain
` Land-Sea Breeze Circulations
` Slope-Valley Winds
` Produces Gridded Fields of U, V, W Wind Components,
and other Meteorological Variables

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1-13

Blocking Effects: The thermodynamic blocking effects of terrain on the wind flow are
parameterized in terms of the local Froude number (Allwine and Whiteman, 1985). If the Froude
number at a particular grid point is less than a critical value and the wind has an uphill
component, the wind direction is adjusted to be tangent to the terrain.
Step 2 Wind Field
The wind field resulting from the adjustments described above of the initial-guess wind is the Step 1
wind field. The second step of the procedure involves the introduction of observational data into the
Step 1 wind field through an objective analysis procedure. An inverse-distance squared interpolation
scheme is used which weighs observational data heavily in the vicinity of the observational station, while
the Step 1 wind field dominates the interpolated wind field in regions with no observational data. The
resulting wind field is subject to smoothing, an optional adjustment of vertical velocities based on the
O'Brien (1970) method, and divergence minimization to produce a final Step 2 wind field.
Introduction of Prognostic Wind Field Results
The CALMET model contains an option to allow the introduction of gridded wind fields generated by
the MM4/MM5 model (or the CSUMM model) as input fields. The procedure permits the prognostic
model to be run with a significantly larger horizontal grid spacing and different vertical grid resolution
than that used in the diagnostic model. This option allows certain features of the flow field such as the
sea breeze circulation with return flow aloft, which may not be captured in the surface observational data,
to be introduced into the diagnostic wind field results. An evaluation with CAPTEX tracer data indicated
that the better spatial and temporal resolution offered by the hourly MM4 fields can improve the
performance of the dispersion modeling on regional scales (EPA, 1995).
If the MM4 or MM5 wind data are used as the initial guess field, the coarse grid scale MM4/MM5 data
are interpolated to the CALMET fine-scale grid. The diagnostic module in CALMET will then adjust
the initial guess field for kinematic effects of terrain, slope flows and terrain blocking effects using finescale CALMET terrain data to produce a Step 1 wind field. A second approach is to use MM4/MM5
wind data directly as the Step 1 wind field. This field is then adjusted using observational data, but
additional terrain adjustments are not made. A third available option in CALMET is to treat the gridded
MM4/MM5 data as "observations" in the objective analysis procedure.
CALMET Boundary Layer Models
The CALMET model contains two boundary layer models for application to overland and overwater grid
cells.

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1-14

Overland Boundary Layer Model: Over land surfaces, the energy balance method of Holtslag
and van Ulden (1983) is used to compute hourly gridded fields of the sensible heat flux, surface
friction velocity, Monin-Obukhov length, and convective velocity scale. Mixing heights are
determined from the computed hourly surface heat fluxes and observed temperature soundings
using a modified Carson (1973) method based on Maul (1980). Gridded fields of PGT stability
class and optional hourly precipitation rates are also determined by the model.
Overwater Boundary Layer Model: The aerodynamic and thermal properties of water surfaces
suggest that a different method is best suited for calculating the boundary layer parameters in the
marine environment. A profile technique, using air-sea temperature differences, is used in
CALMET to compute the micrometeorological parameters in the marine boundary layer.
An upwind-looking spatial averaging scheme is optionally applied to the mixing heights and 3dimensional temperature fields in order to account for important advective effects.
1.4

Summary of Data and Computer Requirements

Data Requirements

The input data requirements of the CALMET model are summarized in Table 1-2. The modeling system
flow diagrams (Figures 1-1 through 1-4) provide an overview of the various input data sets required by
the model as well as the preprocessing steps used to produce them. CALMET is designed to require only
routinely-available surface and upper air meteorological observations, although special data inputs can be
accommodated. For example, twice-daily sounding data (e.g., at the standard sounding times of 00 and
12 GMT) are needed as a minimum, but if soundings at more frequent (even arbitrarily spaced) intervals
are available, they will be used by the model.
CALMET reads hourly surface observations of wind speed, wind direction, temperature, cloud cover,
ceiling height, surface pressure, relative humidity, and precipitation type codes (optional, used only if
wet removal is to be modeled). These parameters are available from National Weather Service surface
stations. The preprocessors are designed to use data in the National Climatic Data Center's (NCDC)
standard data formats (e.g., CD-144 format for the surface data). However, the data can also be input
into the model by way of free-formatted, user-prepared files. This option is provided to eliminate the
need for running the preprocessors to prepare the data files for short CALMET runs for which the input
data can easily be input manually.

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Table 1-2
Summary of Input Data Required by CALMET
Surface Meteorological Data
Hourly observations of:
- wind speed
- wind direction
- temperature
- cloud cover
- ceiling height
- surface pressure
- relative humidity

Hourly precipitation data:

- precipitation rates
- precipitation type code
(part of surface data file)

Upper Air Data

Twice-daily observed vertical profiles of:
- wind speed
- wind direction
- temperature
- pressure
- elevation

Hourly gridded wind fields (optional)

- MM4/MM5 output
- CSUMM output

Overwater Observations (optional)

air-sea temperature difference

air temperature
relative humidity
overwater mixing height
wind speed
wind direction
overwater temperature gradients above and
below mixing height

Geophysical Data
Gridded fields of:
- terrain elevations
- land use categories
- surface roughness length (optional)
- albedo (optional)
- Bowen ratio (optional)
- soil heat flux constant (optional)
- anthropogenic heat flux (optional)
- vegetative leaf area index (optional)

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1-16

Missing values of temperature, cloud cover, ceiling height, surface pressure, and relative humidity at
surface stations are allowed by the program. The missing values are internally replaced by values at the
closest station with non-missing data. However, one valid value of each parameter must be available
from at least one station for each hour of the run. Missing values of the precipitation code are passed
through to the output file, since CALPUFF contains logic to handle missing values and CALGRID does
not use this parameter.
The upper air data required by CALMET include vertical profiles of wind speed, wind direction,
temperature, pressure, and elevation. As noted above, routinely-available NWS upper air data (e.g., in
TD-5600 and TD-6201 format) or non-standard sounding data can be used. The use of non-standard data
formats would require a user-prepared reformatting program to convert the data into the appropriate
CALMET format.
If the upper air wind speed, wind direction, or temperature is missing, CALMET will interpolate to
replace the missing data. Actually, the interpolation of wind data is performed with the u and v
components, so both the wind speed and direction must be present for either to be used. Because the
program does not extrapolate upper air data, the top valid level must be at or above the model domain
and the lowest (surface) level of the sounding must be valid.
For modeling applications involving overwater transport and dispersion, the CALMET boundary layer
model requires observations of the air-sea temperature difference, air temperature, relative humidity and
overwater mixing height (optional) at one or more observational sites. The model can accommodate
overwater data with arbitrary time resolution (e.g., hourly, daily, or seasonal values). The location of the
overwater stations is allowed to vary in order to allow the use of observations made from ships.
CALMET optionally can use only land stations to calculate temperatures over land and only overwater
stations to calculate temperatures over water. If this option is used, vertical temperature lapse rate
information may be included at the overwater observational sites.
If the wet removal algorithm of the CALPUFF model is to be applied, CALMET can be made to produce
gridded fields of precipitation rates from hourly precipitation observations. The routinely-available
NCDC precipitation data in TD-3240 format or a free-formatted, user-prepared file of precipitation rates
can be used as input to CALMET.
CALMET also requires geophysical data including gridded fields of terrain elevations and land use
categories. Gridded fields of other geophysical parameters, if available, may be input to the model. The
optional inputs include surface roughness length, albedo, Bowen ratio, a soil heat flux parameter,
anthropogenic heat flux, and vegetation leaf area index. These parameters can be input as gridded fields

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1-17

or specified as a function of land use. Default values relating the optional geophysical parameters to land
use categories are provided within CALMET.
As described in the previous section, CALMET contains an option to read as input gridded wind fields
produced by the prognostic wind field models, MM4/MM5 or CSUMM. The CSUMM prognostic wind
field model generates a file called PROG.DAT which can be directly input into CALMET, or if using the
MM4/MM5 derived wind data, a file called MM4.DAT is required or MM5.DAT (MM5 results can be
translated into either the MM4.DAT or the MM5.DAT file format).
One of the options in CALMET is to bypass the boundary layer model and compute only gridded wind
fields (i.e., produce U, V wind components only without the micro-meteorological variables such as
friction velocity, Monin-Obukhov length, etc.). Although the CALPUFF and CALGRID models cannot
be executed with such a file, there may be some applications in which only the wind components are of
interest. For example, a postprocessor (CAL2UAM) can be used to convert the CALMET winds into a
format suitable for input into the UAM model. If CALMET is to be run in this mode, an option is
provided to allow preprocessed surface and upper air observations to be input. The preprocessed input
file, DIAG.DAT, is compatible with the stand-alone version of the diagnostic wind field model
developed by Douglas and Kessler (1988).
CALMET reads the user's inputs from a "control file" with a default name of CALMET.INP. This file
contains the user's selections of the various model options, input variables, output options, etc. The
CALMET control file and other input files are described in detail in Section 4.
Computer Requirements
The memory management scheme used in CALMET and CALPUFF is designed to allow the maximum
array dimensions in the model to be easily adjusted to match the requirements of a particular application.
An external parameter file contains the maximum array size for all of the major arrays. A re-sizing of the
program can be accomplished by modifying the appropriate variable or variables in the parameter file and
re-compiling the program. All appropriate arrays in the model will be automatically re-sized by the
updated parameter values. For example, the maximum number of horizontal grid cells allowed in the
model, MXNX and MXNY, are two of the variables which can be adjusted within the parameter file.
However, no change to the parameter file is necessary if a particular application requires a smaller array
size than the maximum values specified in the parameter file.
The memory required by CALPUFF will be a strong function of the specified maximum array
dimensions in the parameter file. However, as an example, CALPUFF required approximately 300 K
bytes of memory for a test run with a 10 x 10 horizontal grid, with 5 vertical layers, and a maximum

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1-18

number of puffs of 100. This type of configuration may be suitable for ISC-mode simulations of a small
number of point sources. For more typical studies, memory requirements will typically be at least 32
megabytes, with more required for simulations involving large numbers of sources.
The run time of CALPUFF will vary considerably depending on the model application. Variations of
factors of 10-100 are likely depending of the size of the domain, the number of sources, selection of
technical options, and meteorological variables such as the mean wind speed. Because each puff is
treated independently, any factor which influences the number and residence time of puffs on the
computational grid, and the model sampling time step will affect the run time of the model. As an
example of the range of runtimes, an annual simulation of CALPUFF in ISC-mode for 2 sources and 64
receptors required less than one minute on a 500 MHz PC. A visibility application involving 218 sources
and 425 receptors for an annual period required approximately 9 hours of runtime for CALMET and 95
hours for CALPUFF.
Program Execution
CALMET (Version 3.0 and above) can be executed with the following DOS command line:
CALMET filename
where it is assumed that the executable file is called CALMET.EXE and the "filename" is the name of
the file (up to 70 characters in length) containing all of the input information for the run. The default
input file name is CALMET.INP. The first input group in CALMET.INP contains all of the other input
and output (I/O) filenames used in the run. Within this group the user can change the name of any of the
input and output files from their default names, and change the directory from which the files will be
accessed by specifying the file's full pathname.

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2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
2.1

Grid System

The CALMET model uses a grid system consisting of NZ layers of NX by NY square horizontal grid
cells. Figure 2-1 illustrates one layer of grid cells for a 7 x 4 grid. The "grid point" refers to the center of
the grid cell in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. The "cell face" refers to either the horizontal
or vertical boundary between two adjacent cells. In CALMET, the horizontal wind components (u and
v) are defined at each grid point. The vertical wind component (w) is defined at the vertical cell faces.
The position of the meteorological grid in real space is determined by the reference coordinates
(XORIGKM, YORIGKM) of the southwest corner of grid cell (1,1). Thus, grid point (1,1), the cell
center, is located at (XORIGKM + DGRIDKM/2., YORIGKM + DGRIDKM/2.), where DGRIDKM is
the length of one side of the grid square.
It is assumed that the orientation of the X and Y axes of the CALMET grid are west-east and south-north,
respectively. In this way, the grid system is compatible with the usual definition of the u and v horizontal
wind components as the easterly and northerly components of the wind, respectively. One commonlyused grid system compatible with CALMET is the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid (see
Appendix D for a description).
If the chosen CALMET domain is large, the user, through input variable LLCONF, can exercise the
option to fit the observed winds to a Lambert Conformal grid to account for the Earth's curvature.
CALMET uses the user-specified standard latitudes and reference longitude to calculate a "cone
constant" and the east-west distance of the observations from the reference longitude. These quantities
are then used to adjust observed and prognostic winds to fit the Lambert Conformal mapping. If
LLCONF = T, the user also must define XORIGKM, YORIGKM and all x,y coordinates of observation
stations, coastlines and barriers to fit the chosen Lambert Conformal grid. The default values of the
standard latitudes and reference longitude are set to be consistent with the U.S. EPA's MM4-FDDA data
base. If a different set of parameters are required, the user can set them in Input Group 2. The equations
for the cone constant and the coordinate conversion are given in Appendix C.
The CALMET model operates in a terrain-following vertical coordinate system.
Z z ht
where Z
z
ht

(2-1)

is the terrain-following vertical coordinate (m),

is the Cartesian vertical coordinate (m), and
is the terrain height (m).

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2-1

GRID CELL

DGRIDKM
1

DGRIDKM

Y GRID CELL INDEX

GRID POINT

X GRID CELL INDEX

(XORIGKM, YORIGKM)

Figure 2-1.

Schematic illustration of the CALMET horizontal grid system for a 7 x 4

grid showing the grid origin (XORIGKM, YORIGKM) and grid point
location (]).

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2-2

The vertical velocity, W, in the terrain-following coordinate system is defined as:

W w u
where w
u,v

jh t
jx

jh t
jy

(2-2)

is the physical vertical wind component (m/s) in Cartesian coordinates, and

are the horizontal wind components (m/s).

2.2

Wind Field Module

2.2.1

Step 1 Formulation

(2-9)

Le = h / (CD + k)

(2-10)

where, Se is the equilibrium speed of the slope flow,

Le is an equilibrium length scale,
x is the distance to the crest of the hill,
is the potential temperature deficit with respect to the environment,
is the potential temperature of the environment,
CD is the surface drag coefficient,
h is the depth of the slope flow,
is the angle of the terrain relative to the horizontal,
k is the entrainment coefficient at the top of the slope flow layer, and
g is the gravitational acceleration constant (9.8 m/s2).
The equilibrium speed, Se, represents an upper limit on the slope flow speed. It is reached
asymptotically at large distances from the crest. The length scale, Le, is the distance at which the speed
of the slope flow reaches 80% of the equilibrium flow solution. At smaller x, the flow is in the
advective-gravity flow regime described by Mahrt (1982), where the flow is accelerated by buoyancy
without significant opposition.
As the flow moves down the slope, it is cooled by the local heat flux. The potential temperature deficit,
, is a function of the magnitude of the local sensible heat flux (Qh) at the surface and the distance to
the crest (x). With the commonly-used assumptions of constant h and Qh (Briggs, 1979), the heat budget
requires:

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2-6

d(h )/dt = Qh / ( cp T)

(2-11)

Assuming d/dt = Sd/dx and integrating along the slope, produces:

S h = Qh x / ( cp T)

(2-12)

Substituting (2-12) into (2-9), and then into (2-8), yields the following equation for the speed of the slope
flow:
S = {[Qh g x sin / [( cp T) (CD + k)]}1/3 [ 1 - exp(-x/L e)]1/3

(2-13)

For downslope flows, values of CD = K = 4 x 10-2 are within the range of observed values in vegetationcovered areas (e.g., Briggs, 1981, Mahrt, 1982, Horst and Doran, 1986).
The thickness of the slope flow layer is observed to be approximately 5% of the elevation drop from the
crest (Z) (Horst and Doran, 1986).
h = 0.05 Z

(2-14)

The value of h in (2-14) is used to determine which CALMET layers are affected by the slope flow. In
the modified version of CALMET, the slope winds are no longer restricted to the first layer, but instead
can affect upper layers of the flow depending on the depth of the slope flow itself.
In order to avoid unrealistically large slope flow speeds far away from the crest (potentially a problem
with coarse grid resolutions), the local slope angle is bounded by the average slope angle to the crest, i.e.,
sin = minimum (sinGlocal , Z/x )

(2-15)

Upslope flows have been less studied. They depend more on the stratification of the surface layer and do
not accelerate as rapidly as downslope flows. For upslope flows, large values of (CD + k) ~ 1 are
selected to take into account the resistance due to stratification. Such values of CD are observed in
canopy-covered areas (Briggs, 1981). For upslope flows, (2-13) can be written as:
S {[ Qh g x sin / [( cp T) (CD + k)]}1/3

[ Qh g Z / ( cp T) ]1/3

(2-16)

where Z is the elevation gain from the bottom of the valley, and x in (2-16) is the distance from the
valley floor.

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2-7

Blocking Effects
The thermodynamic blocking effects of terrain on the wind flow are parameterized in terms of the local
Froude number (Allwine and Whiteman, 1985).
Fr

V
Nh t

(2-17)

ht hmax (z)ijk
ij

where Fr
V
N
ht
(hmax)ij
(z)ijk

is the local Froude number,

is the wind speed (m/s) at the grid point,
is the Brunt-Visl frequency as defined in Eqn. (2-5),
is an effective obstacle height (m),
is the highest gridded terrain height within a radius of influence (TERRAD) of
the grid point (i,j), and
is the height of level k of grid point (i,j) above the ground.

The Froude number is computed for each grid point. If Fr is less than a critical Froude number
(CRITFN) and the wind at the grid point has an uphill component, the wind direction is adjusted to be
tangent to the terrain. The wind speed is unchanged. If Fr exceeds the critical Froude number, no
adjustment is made to the flow.
Input Group 5 of the control file contains the user input parameters to the terrain blocking module. The
radius of influence of terrain features, TERRAD, is a function of the dominant scale of the terrain. The
critical Froude Number, CRITFN, is the threshold for blocking effects. It has a default value of 1.0.
2.2.2 Step 2 Formulation
The second step in the processing of the wind field by the diagnostic model is the introduction of
observational data into the Step 1 gridded wind field. The Step 2 procedure consists of four substeps
(Douglas and Kessler, 1988).
]
]
]
]

Interpolation
Smoothing
O'Brien adjustment of vertical velocities
Divergence minimization

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2-8

The user optionally can invoke a lake breeze routine between the smoothing and O'Brien steps to
simulate wind flow in the vicinity of a coastline.
Interpolation
An inverse-distance method is used to introduce observational data into the Step 1 wind field.
(u,v)1
(u,v)2k

2
Rk

where (uobs,vobs)k
(u,v)1
(u,v)2k
Rk
R

uobs,vobs

(2-18)

are the observed wind components at station k,

are the Step 1 wind components at a particular grid point,
are the initial Step 2 wind components,
is the distance from observational station k to the grid point, and
is a user-specified weighting parameter for the Step 1 wind field.

This interpolation scheme allows observational data to be heavily weighted in the vicinity of the
observational station, while the Step 1 wind field dominates the interpolated wind field in regions with
no observational data. The weighting procedure described by Eqn. (2-18) is applied independently to
each vertical layer. Surface observations are used only for the lowest wind field layers appropriate for
whatever option for vertical extrapolation of the observational data is selected (see the variable IEXTRP
in Input Group 5 of the control file).
The user specified parameter, R, determines the relative weighting given to the Step 1 wind field.
Different values of R are used in the surface layer (R1), and layers aloft (R2). R1 and R2 are also entered
in Input Group 5 of the control file.
An observation is excluded from interpolation if the distance from the observational station to a
particular grid point exceeds a maximum radius of influence. Three separate maximum radius of
influence parameters are used in the diagnostic wind module (i.e., when IWFCOD=1):
]
]
]

Radius of influence over land in the surface layer (RMAX1)

Radius of influence over land in layers aloft (RMAX2)
Radius of influence over water (RMAX3)

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2-9

If the option to perform objective analysis only (IWFCOD=0) is selected, RMAX1 is used as the
maximum radius of influence for all layers and all land use types. That is, RMAX2 and RMAX3 are not
used when IWFCOD=0.
CALMET is also equipped with a varying radius of influence option, LVARY. When invoked, it allows
the model to use the closest observation station with valid data to a grid point if that grid point is outside
the user specified radius of influence of any observation stations. The LVARY option applies with either
IWFCOD=0 (objective analysis) or IWFCOD=1 (diagnostic wind module). If the LVARY option is
turned off, the radius of influence parameters must be selected so that every grid point is inside the radius
of influence of at least one observational station.
The number of observational stations that will be included in the interpolation can be limited by an
additional input parameter, NINTR2. This variable is an array of "NZ" elements, one for each vertical
layer, specifying the maximum number of stations that can be used in the interpolation at a given grid
point. If the number of stations inside the radius of influence is greater than NINTR2, the closest
NINTR2 stations will be used.
The region influenced by an observation can be limited by user-specified "barriers." These barriers
consist of line segments which define the boundaries of the region of the grid which can be influenced by
a particular observation. Any time a barrier exists between a grid point and an observation site, the
observational data are omitted for the interpolation. For example, user-specified barrier segments can be
defined to prevent observational data from a station in a well-defined valley from being applied outside
the valley region. At this time the barriers extend to the top of the model domain. In the future,
modifications may be made to limit their vertical extent.
Vertical Extrapolation of Surface Wind Observations
Before performing the horizontal spatial interpolation of the winds, the surface winds at each
observational station can be, as an option, extrapolated to higher layers. The control of the extrapolation
option is through the variable IEXTRP in Input Group 5 of the CALMET.INP file. The options are:

GIEXTRPG=

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do not extrapolate the surface data

extrapolate vertically using a power law equation

extrapolate vertically using user-defined

scaling factors

extrapolate vertically using similarity theory

2-10

In addition to being a flag controlling the vertical extrapolation of surface winds, IEXTRP also is an
indicator of whether data from upper air stations are used in the surface layer (Layer 1). If IEXTRP is
negative, data from upper air stations are ignored (treated as missing) in the development of the surface
layer wind field. If the four-character station name of the upper air station is the same as that of a surface
station (indicating the stations are co-located), the Layer 1 data from the upper air station is ignored,
regardless of the value of IEXTRP.
Also, the vertical extrapolation of data from a surface station is skipped if the surface station is close to
an upper air station with valid data. The variable, RMIN2 (in Input Group 5) defines the distance from
an upper air station that a surface station must exceed in order for the extrapolation to take place. The
default value of RMIN2 is set to 4 km, so that surface stations within 4 km of an upper air station will not
be subject to vertical extrapolation with any of the IEXTRP options.
If IEXTRP = 2, the following power law equation is used to adjust the surface layer winds to Layer 2
through the top of the model domain:
u z um ] z /z m

(2-19)

where z is the height (m) of the midpoint of the CALMET grid cell,
zm is the measurement height (m) of the surface wind observation,
um is the measured u-component of the wind (m/s),
uz is the extrapolated u-component of the wind (m/s) at height z, and
P is the power law exponent.
A similar equation applies to the v-component of the wind.
Following Douglas and Kessler (1988) in the DWM, a value of P of 0.143 is used over land, and P of
0.286 is used over water. A cell-averaged terrain elevation of zero is used as a flag for water cells.
With IEXTRP = 3, the user defines a set of scaling factors, one for each CALMET layer above the
surface (see the FEXTRP array in Input Group 5). The winds at Layers 2 through NZ are computed as:
ui u1 ] FEXTRP i

(2-20)

where i is the CALMET layer number (i = 2, 3, ..., NZ),

u1 is the u-component of the wind in Layer 1,
ui is the u-component of the wind in Layer i, and
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2-11

FEXTRPi is the user-specified scaling factor for layer i.

A similar equation is used to scale the v-component of the wind.
The third method for extrapolating the winds is based on the work of van Ulden and Holtslag (1985). It
uses similarity theory and observed data to extend the influence of the surface wind speed and direction
into the layers aloft. Wind speed and direction are altered in each layer aloft up to 200 meters above
ground level or the mixing height, whichever is greater. The equations for the van Ulden and Holtslag
(1985) extrapolation method (IEXTRP = 4) are given below. The turning of the wind with height is
given by Eqn. (2-21):
D(z)/D(h) d1 1 exp d2 z /h

(2-21)

where D(z) is the turning angle at layer height center z, D(h) is the turning angle at a reference height, h,
and d1 = 1.58 and d2 = 1.0 are empirical constants. Table 2-1 gives the empirical data from which D(h) is
interpolated.
In the implementation of the scheme in CALMET, first the mixing height and Monin-Obukhov length at
every eligible station are determined using the methods described in Section 2.3. Using the calculated
mixing height and Monin-Obukhov length, the amount of turning, D(h), in the wind direction at the
reference height (h) of 200 m is determined by interpolating in inverse Monin-Obukhov length (1/L),
from Table 2-1, based on observed data reported by van Ulden and Holtslag (1985). The reference
turning angle is then used in Eqn. (2-16) to yield the turning angle (D1) at the CALMET height, z. Eqn.
(2-16) is applied with the same h = 200 m and D(h) with z equal to the anemometer height of the
observational station to obtain the turning angle from the ground to the anemometer height (D2). The
wind direction correction at CALMET height z from the anemometer height is then applied (i.e.,
correction angle = D1 > D2).
The wind speed profile calculations are based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the surface
layer as described by van Ulden and Holtslag (1985). Depending on the stability, Eqns. (2-23) or (2-24)
are used to determine the stability function based on height and Monin-Obukhov length. The stability
function, the measurement height, the layer center height, and the roughness length in the grid cell in
which the station is located are then used in Eqn.(2-21) to obtain the wind speed at the layer center
height. The altered wind speed and direction are then converted back to u and v wind components for
use in the interpolation routines. After calculating the turning angle, it is added to the wind direction in
the Northern hemisphere (winds veer clockwise), and subtracted in the Southern hemisphere (winds back
counterclockwise).
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2-12

Table 2-1
Turning of the Wind with Height, D(h), in Degrees Clockwise, at a
Reference Height (h) of 200m, as Observed at Cabauw, Netherlands.
(from van Ulden and Holtslag, 1985)

Monin-Obukhov
length (m)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

Turning Angle, D(h)(deg.)

-30

-100

-370

104

350

130

2-13

Eqn. (2-22) gives the similarity theory equation used to calculate the wind speed profile:

ln
U z U z1
ln

z
zo
z1
zo

M
M

z
L
z1

(2-22)

where U(z) is the wind speed at the center of the CALMET layer, U(z1) is the wind speed at the
anemometer height, zo is the roughness length, z1 is the anemometer height, and M is the stability
function.
Eqn. (2-23) gives the stability function for unstable conditions:
M 2 ln

1x
2

1x 2
2 tan 1 (x) /2
2

x (116 z/L)1/4

(2-23)

(2-24)

For stable conditions, the stability function is given by Eqn. (2-25):

M 17[1 exp(0.29z/L)]

(2-25)

Lake/Sea Breeze Option

The user can define a lake or sea breeze region within which the surface winds are calculated separately
and replace the original winds. In order to obtain good results from this option, there must be a complete
(in time and space) observing network within the defined region. The user defines the boundaries of up
to ten lake breeze regions and specifies the end points of the coastline (specified as a line segment)
within each one. The winds at each grid point within the region are calculated by using an inverse
distance squared interpolation, but the distances are defined as the difference between the distances of
the grid point to the coastline and the station to the coastline if the station and grid point are on the same
side of the coastline and the sum if they are on opposite sides. With this method, the actual distance
between the grid point and the station is not important, only their relative distances from the coastline.
Only stations within the region are considered.

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2-14

Smoothing
The intermediate Step 2 wind field resulting from the addition of observational data into the Step 1 wind
field is subject to smoothing in order to reduce resulting discontinuities in the wind field. The
smoothing formula used in CALMET is:
ui, j l 0.5 ui, j 0.125 ui1, j ui1, j ui, j1 ui, j1
2

where (ui,j)l
(ui,j)

(2-26)

is the u wind component at grid point (i,j) after smoothing, and

is the u wind component before smoothing, as determined by Eqn. (2-18)

A similar equation is applied for the v component of the wind.

The use of the smoother is controlled by the input parameter array, NSMTH, contained in Input Group 5
of the control file. This variable represents the maximum number of passes of the smoother which are
used in each layer. Surface layer winds are subject to a recommended default maximum of two passes of
the smoother but more passes can be specified. Application of the smoother can be eliminated in all
layers by setting NSMTH to zero. If the lake breeze option is being used, winds within the lake breeze
regions are not smoothed.
Computation of Vertical Velocities
Two options are available for computing vertical velocities in CALMET. With the first method the
vertical velocities are computed directly from the incompressible conservation of mass equation using the
smoothed horizontal wind field components. The second method adjusts the vertical velocity profile so
that the values at the top of the model domain are zero. The horizontal wind components are then
readjusted to be mass consistent with the new vertical velocity field.
The initial vertical velocity is determined from the incompressible mass conservation equation:
dw1
dul
dvl
0

dz
dx
dy
where w1
ul,vl

(2-27)

is the vertical velocity in terrain-following coordinates, and

are the horizontal wind field components after smoothing.

This mass-consistent vertical velocity is used as the final vertical velocity (i.e., w = w1) if Method 1 is
selected.

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2-15

Also, with this method, no further adjustment is made to the horizontal wind components. The final
horizontal winds are the smoothed winds resulting from Eqn. (2-26).
Godden and Lurmann (1983) suggest that this procedure may sometimes lead to unrealistically large
vertical velocities in the top layers of the grid. In order to avoid this problem, an option is provided to
use a procedure suggested by O'Brien (1970) to adjust w1.
w2(z) w1(z) z/ztop w1 z ztop

(2-28)

The O'Brien procedure forces the vertical velocity at the top of the model domain to be zero. Because the
horizontal winds are not mass consistent with the adjusted vertical velocities, the horizontal winds are
subject to adjustment by the divergence minimization scheme described in Section 2.3.4. The divergence
minimization procedure iteratively adjusts the u and v components to within a user-specified divergence
threshold while holding the vertical velocity field (w = w2) constant.
There are situations where the use of the O'Brien procedure is not warranted. For example, if the top of
the modeling grid is within a sea-breeze convergence zone, the large vertical velocities resulting from
application of Eqn. (2-27) may be realistic. Therefore, the use of the O'Brien procedure is an optional
feature of CALMET.
Divergence Minimization Procedure
Three-dimensional divergence in the wind field is minimized by a procedure described by Goodin et al.
(1980). This procedure iteratively adjusts the horizontal wind components (u,v) for a fixed vertical
velocity field so that at each grid point, the divergence is less than a user-specified maximum value.

du
dv
dw

<
dx
dy
dz
where u,v
w

(2-29)

are the horizontal wind components,

is the vertical velocity in terrain following coordinates, and
is the maximum allowable divergence.

In CALMET, the horizontal wind components are defined at the grid points. Vertical velocities are
defined at the vertical grid cell faces. Therefore, the divergence, D, at grid point (i,j,k) is:
Dijk

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

wi,j, k1/2 wi,j, k1/2

zk1/2 zk1/2

ui1, j,k ui1, j,k

2-16

vi,j1, k vi,j1, k
2y

(2-30)

where x and y are the sizes of the grid cell in the x and y directions, respectively.
For each grid point, divergence is computed. The u and v wind components at the surrounding cells are
adjusted so that the divergence at the grid point is zero. The adjustments are:

unew

i1,j, k

ui1,j, k uadj

(2-31)

unew

i1,j, k

ui1,j, k uadj

(2-32)

vnew

i, j1,k

vi, j1,k vadj

(2-33)

vnew

i, j1,k

vi, j1,k vadj

(2-34)

where the adjustment velocities (uadj,vadj) are:

uadj

vadj

Dijk x
2
Dijk y
2

(2-35)

(2-36)

Each time the divergence is eliminated at a particular grid point, divergence is created at surrounding
points. However, by applying the procedure iteratively, the divergence is gradually reduced below the
threshold value, , throughout the grid.
2.2.3

Incorporation of Prognostic Model Output

The CALMET model contains an option to allow the initial guess field or the Step 1 wind field used by
CALMET to be replaced by gridded wind fields generated by the MM4 or MM5 prognostic
meteorological models, or the CSUMM version of the prognostic Colorado State University Mesoscale
Model. The procedure allows for the prognostic model to be run with a significantly larger grid spacing
and different vertical grid resolution than that used in the diagnostic model. This option allows certain
features of the flow field, such as the lake breeze circulation with a return flow aloft, which may not be
captured in the surface observational data base, to be introduced into the diagnostic wind field results.
The prognostic model (MM4/MM5/CSUMM) output can also be introduced into CALMET as pseudo
observations.
I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-17

The first step is to interpolate the gridded prognostic model winds to the CALMET horizontal and
vertical levels. The linear interpolation is performed to convert winds at the prognostic model's vertical
levels to the CALMET levels. An inverse distance squared (1/R2) weighting procedure is used in the
horizontal to interpolate the prognostic model winds to the CALMET grid points. Once the prognostic
winds have been defined at the CALMET grid points, the Step 2 wind field is generated and computed in
the following way.

(u,v)prog
(u,v)2k

uobs,vobs

prog

1
R 2prog

2
Rk

(2-37)

where (u,v)prog are the wind components generated by the prognostic wind field model, and
Rprog is a user-specified weighting parameter for the prognostic wind field data.
The other variables were defined in Section 2.2.2.
The CALMET model contains three options for treating gridded prognostic wind fields such as MM4FDDA fields as input:
]
]
]

as the initial guess field,

as the Step 1 wind field, or
as "observations."

When used as the initial guess field, the prognostic winds are first interpolated to the fine-scale
CALMET grid. The normal diagnostic adjustments for the fine-scale terrain are then made. This
produces a Step 1 field which is then subject to an objective analysis procedure using the observed wind
data. Thus, in this mode, the prognostic winds are adjusted for the fine-scale terrain effects and
observations.
In the second option, the prognostic winds are interpolated to the CALMET grid and then are used as the
Step 1 field. Thus, the prognostic winds are not adjusted for the fine-scale terrain effects, but rather they
are assumed to already contain the most significant terrain effects. The Step 1 winds are combined with
observations using an objective analysis procedure to produce the final Step 2 winds.

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2-18

In the third case, the prognostic winds are treated in exactly the same manner as the observations. If the
diagnostic wind option is used in CALMET, a Step 1 wind field is produced by adjusting the domainscale wind for the fine-scale terrain effects. The actual observations and MM4-FDDA "pseudoobservations" are then used to modify the Step 1 fields using the objective analysis procedure. If the
"objective-analysis-only" option is selected in CALMET, the computation of the Step 1 wind field is
eliminated, and the final winds are based on the objective analysis of the MM4-FDDA winds and the
actual observational data. Note that in this case, both the observations and MM4-FDDA winds are given
a high weight in the analysis procedure.
The potential drawback to this approach is that no distinction is made in the relative confidence we may
have in the MM4-FDDA simulations and the observed wind data. For example, when winds are
interpolated to the modeling grid, nearby wind observations are treated in the same way as nearby MM4FDDA winds, even though local circulations embodied in the observed winds may be "missed" by the
coarser resolution of the MM4-FDDA simulation.
The representativeness on a fine-scale grid of the observed point-value winds as compared with winds
derived from the MM4-FDDA on a coarse grid is expected to depend on such factors as the height above
the surface, subgrid-scale terrain variations, and the ratio of the coarse-grid to fine-grid size. For
example, a coarse grid of MM4-FDDA winds will not reflect potentially important local features of the
surface flow field induced by terrain variations which can not be resolved by this coarse MM4-FDDA
grid. On the other hand, the point-value "snapshot" observations in such areas do not necessarily
represent larger-scale flow fields as well as the MM4-FDDA fields. Therefore, a weighting factor based
on the subgrid-scale terrain variations within each grid cell must be derived.
2.2.3.1 Terrain Weighting Factor
Although the use of MM4-FDDA winds are expected in many circumstances to improve the diagnostic
model's wind fields, MM4-FDDA may not produce winds "near" the surface that are representative if
much terrain is poorly resolved by the scale of the grid used for the MM4-FDDA simulations. When this
is the case, local observations might be given more weight than the MM4-FDDA winds in interpolating
winds to the grid used for the diagnostic models. The method employed for altering weights involves (1)
computing t, the standard deviation of the departure of the "actual" terrain elevations from the gridaverage terrain elevation, (2) defining a weight Wo that is a function of t, and (3) weighting observed
wind by Wo, and MM4-FDDA winds by (1 - Wo) when performing the interpolation process.
To derive the weights, first quantify the differences between the terrain as represented by a "coarse" grid
used in the MM4-FDDA simulations and the terrain as represented on the "fine-grid". Then, calculate
the root-mean-square (RMS) of the difference between the original terrain and the "coarse-grid" terrain
I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-19

elevations within a region about each point in the "coarse" grid. The difference in elevation, (hori - hcrs),
should be calculated with a resolution equal to that of the original gridded terrain data, where hori is the
elevation of a point contained in the original terrain file and bilinear interpolation is used to find hcrs at
the same location. A similar procedure should also be used to calculate RMS(hfin - hcrs), where hfin
denotes elevations in the "fine-grid" used by the diagnostic models. The difference in elevation (hfin hcrs) can be found at the same locations used for (hori - hcrs), using bilinear interpolation within both the
fine and coarse grids. Therefore, RMS(hfin - hcrs) is zero if the same grid is used by both the MM4-FDDA
and the diagnostic models.
A simple formulation that allows near-surface adjustments to the MM4-FDDA winds is a product
relationship:
Wo W z Ws

(2-38)

where Ws is the weighting factor near the surface, and Wz is a height-dependent modifier. Wz tends
toward zero if the model-layer being processed is well above the terrain, or if there are no sub-grid
variations in the terrain (e.g., if the terrain is flat). Using the mean elevation of the layer above the
surface, denoted as zi, and the RMS(hfin - hcrs), denoted simply as RMSfin,
Wzi MIN RMSfin / 2zi , 1.0

(2-39)

has the desired properties. The MIN function refers to the minimum of the two arguments (i.e.,
RMSfin/2zi and 1.0). When the terrain resolved by the fine-scale grid used by the diagnostic model has a
characteristic departure from the coarse-grid terrain (quantified as RMSfin) that is less than the height of
the layer, Wzi will be less than 1, which will reduce the magnitude of Wo, indicating that the subgrid
terrain is less important for this layer than for any closer to the surface. As higher layers are processed,
Wzi approaches zero, which emphasizes the use of the MM4-FDDA winds in the diagnostic model. If the
fine-scale grid should have the same resolution as the coarse grid, RMSfin = 0 and Wz = 0, so that the
MM4-FDDA winds are used in preference to the observed winds at all levels.
The near-surface factor, Ws, makes use of both RMSfin and RMSori, where
RMSori RMS hori hcrs

(2-40)

The scale of the departure of the original terrain from that resolved by the coarse-grid, RMSori, is used to
scale the departure of the terrain resolved by the fine grid from that resolved by the coarse grid. The
ratio RMSfin/RMSori has a range of 0 to 1.0, provided that RMSori is not zero. When RMSfin is zero, or
when RMSfin/RMSori is nearly zero, Ws should be nearly zero, thereby indicating that the MM4-FDDA
winds should be preferred over any observed winds (the observed winds have already been "used" within

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-20

MM4-FDDA). On the contrary, when RMSfin/RMSori approaches 1.0, local subgrid terrain could be
important, and local observations or diagnostic wind estimates near the surface should be emphasized.
Hence, Ws can be given by
Ws RMSfin / RMSori RMS o

(2-41)

For n > 1, smaller values of Ws will be produced, thereby making it more "difficult" to ignore the MM4FDDA winds in favor of observed winds. For n < 1, the opposite trait is favored.
RMSo is added to RMSori in the denominator to avoid a problem that arises if terrain variations are
"small". Ws may be nearly 1.0 (which emphasizes the observed winds) in some cases in which terrain
variations are small enough that the MM4-FDDA winds are indeed representative in the surface-based
layer, in spite of Ws. To address this case, a condition that the terrain variations be "significant" is
added. That is, the denominator is never allowed to fall below some specified length-scale, RMSo.
Because the center of the surface-based layer is 10 m in these applications, a length scale of 10 m has
been adopted for "significance". All cells in the coarse grid that are so characterized as having
insignificant terrain variation from that resolved by the fine grid will thereby promote the use of MM4FDDA winds in preference to observed winds at nearby grid-points.
In the sensitivity analyses (Scire et al., 1994), all three methods of incorporating the MM4-FDDA field
into CALMET were examined. The weighing factor, Wo, discussed above, was applied as follows:

MM4-FDDA wind as initial guess wind

- no weighting by Wo

MM4-FDDA used as Step 1 winds

- Wo is used to weight observations
- Step 1 winds are weighted by factor (1.0 - Wo)

MM4-FDDA used as "observations"

- Wo is used to weight actual observed data
- MM4-FDDA data are weighted by factor (1.0 - Wo)

In the first case, the terrain-weighting factor is not used because the MM4-FDDA coarse-grid winds are
subject to the full adjustment for the fine-scale terrain data by the diagnostic model, whereas in the other
two cases, the MM4-FDDA winds are not adjusted for the effects of the fine-scale terrain.

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2-21

2.3

Micrometeorological Model

2.3.1

Surface Heat and Momentum Flux Parameters

A number of significant advances have been made in recent years in our understanding and
characterization of the structure of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) (e.g., see Weil, 1985; Briggs,
1985). As noted by van Ulden and Holtslag (1985) and others, the use of the appropriate boundary layer
scaling parameters can improve the quality of dispersion predictions. The principal parameters needed to
describe the boundary layer structure are the surface heat flux (Qh), surface momentum flux ( u*2), and
the boundary layer height (h). Several additional parameters, including the friction velocity (u*),
convective velocity scale (w*), and the Monin-Obukhov length (L), are derived from these.
As part of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Advanced Plume project, Hanna et al. (1986)
have evaluated several models for the prediction of these boundary layer parameters from "routinely"1
available meteorological observations. Two basic methods are commonly used to estimate the surface
heat and momentum fluxes. The first method is referred to as the profile method. It requires at a
minimum the measurement of the wind speed at one height and the temperature difference between two
heights in the surface layer, as well as knowledge of the air temperature and roughness characteristics of
the surface. Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is then used to solve for the surface fluxes by iteration.
The second approach, called the energy budget method, computes the surface heat flux by parameterizing
the unknown terms of the surface energy budget equation.
Hanna et al. (1986) tested the following four energy budget models and two profile schemes:
Energy Budget Models
]
]
]
]

Holtslag and van Ulden (1983)

Weil and Brower (1983)
Berkowicz and Prahm (1982)
Briggs (1982)

Profile Schemes
]
]

Two-level tower method

Four-level tower method

The major conclusion drawn from the comparison of the six schemes was that the energy budget methods
were superior because of the sensitivity of the profile method to small errors in the measured temperature
1

Temperature difference is not routinely reported at NWS meteorological stations. However, it typically is available at the many
non-NWS sites with meteorological towers.
I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-22

difference. However, as discussed below, this conclusion does not apply to the marine boundary layer,
where a profile method based on the air-sea temperature difference is recommended. The relative
performance of all of the energy budget methods was similar. An intercomparison of the u* predictions
of each of the energy budget methods showed a very high correlation with the other energy budget
schemes (r2 from 0.98 to 0.99 and RMS errors from 0.027 to 0.055 m/s). The correlation coefficient of
the energy budget schemes with observed u* ranged from 0.63 to 0.65 and RMS errors from 0.20 to 0.21
m/s.
Overland Boundary Layer
An energy budget method, based primarily on Holtslag and van Ulden (1983), is used over land surfaces
in the CALMET micrometeorological model. The energy balance at the surface can be written as:
Q Qf QH Qe Qg

(2-42)

where, Q* is the net radiation (W/m2),

Qf is the anthropogenic heat flux (W/m2),
Qh is the sensible heat flux (W/m2),
Qe is the latent heat flux (W/m2), and,
Qg is the storage/soil heat flux term (W/m2).
The ratio of the sensible heat flux to the latent heat flux is defined as the Bowen ratio.
B

(2-43)

The model will require gridded values of the Bowen ratio. Seasonal default values, based on land use
categories, will be provided. The Bowen ratio is important in determining the degree of convective
turbulence because it reflects the partitioning of the available energy into sensible and latent heat flux.
Typical values of B range from 0.1 over water bodies to A 10 for deserts. In the summertime over parts
of Australia, values of B 5-10 are expected.
The flux of heat into the soil or building materials, Qg, is usually parameterized during the daytime in
terms of the net radiation (e.g., Oke, 1978; Holtslag and van Ulden, 1983):
Qg cg Q

(2-44)

where the constant cg is a function of the properties of the surface. Oke (1982) suggests values for cg of
0.05-0.25 for rural areas and 0.25-0.30 for urban areas. The larger values for urban areas reflect the

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2-23

greater thermal conductivity and heat capacity of building materials. Holtslag and van Ulden (1983) use
a value of 0.1 for a grass covered surface.
The anthropogenic heat flux, Qf, is a function of the population density and per capita energy usage. Oke
(1978) summarizes annual and seasonally- averaged Qf values for several urban areas. Although the Qf
term has been retained for generality, it is usually small compared to the other terms.
The net radiation, Q*, is the residual of incoming (short-wave plus long-wave) radiation and outgoing
(long-wave) radiation. Q* can be expressed (Holtslag and van Ulden, 1983; Lansberg, 1981) as:
Q Qsw (1 A) Q1wd Q1wu
where, Qsw
A
Q1w-d
Q1w-u

(2-45)

is the incoming short-wave radiation (W/m2), consisting of a direct solar

radiation term (Qsw-s) plus a diffuse radiation term (Qsw-d),
is the albedo of the surface,
is the incoming long-wave atmospheric radiation (W/m2), and
is the long-wave radiation (W/m2) emitted by the surface.

The method of Holtslag and van Ulden (1983) is used to estimate Q*. The result of their parameterization
of each of the terms in Eqn. (2-44) is:

1 A Qsw c1T 6 T 4 c2N

1 c3

Qsw a1 sin a2 1 b1N

(2-46)

(2-47)

where, T is the measured air temperature (deg. K),

is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2/deg. K4),
N is the fraction of the sky covered by clouds, and
is the solar elevation angle (deg.).
The last term in Eqn. (2-47) accounts for the reduction of incoming solar radiation due to the presence of
clouds. The values for the empirical constants c1, c2, c3, a1, a2, b1, and b2 suggested by Holtslag and van
Ulden (1983) are used (see Table 2-2). The solar elevation angle is computed at the midpoint of each
hour using equations described by Scire et al. (1984).

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2-24

Table 2-2
Net Radiation Constants (Holtslag and van Ulden, 1983)

Constant

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

Value

5.31 x 10-13 W/m2/deg K6

60 W/m2

0.12

990 W/m2

-30 W/m2

-0.75

3.4

2-25

Using Eqns. (2-42) to (2-47), the daytime sensible heat flux can be expressed in terms of only known
quantities:
Qh

B
Q 1 c g Qf
1 B

(2-48)

Once the sensible heat flux is known, the Monin-Obukhov length and surface friction velocity are
computed by iteration.
u k u / ln z / zo m z / L m zo / L

where, zo
m
k
u

(2-49)

is the surface roughness length (m),

is a stability correction function [e.g., see Dyer and Hicks (1970)],
is the von Karman constant (0.4), and
is the wind speed (m/s) at height z.

The Monin-Obukhov length is defined as:

where, T
cp

cp T u
k g Qh

(2-50)

is the temperature (NK),

is the specific heat of air at constant pressure (996 m2/(s2bK)),
is the density of air (kg/m3), and
is the acceleration due to gravity (m/s2).

Eqn. (2-49) is used to obtain an initial guess for u* assuming neutral conditions (L = Q). This value of u*
is used in Eqn. (2-50) to estimate L. A new value for u* is then computed with Eqn. (2-49) and L. The
procedure is repeated until convergence is obtained. Holtslag and van Ulden (1983) report that three
iterations are usually sufficient.
During stable conditions, Weil and Brower (1983) compute u* with the following method based on
Venkatram (1980a):
u

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

CDN u
2

1 C 1/2

2-26

(2-51)

C 1

4uo

(2-52)

zm g

uo
where, CDN

(C A 0)

CDN u 2

(2-53)

is the neutral drag coefficient [k/ln(zm/zo)],

is a constant ( 4.7), and
is the measurement height (m) of the wind speed, u.

The temperature scale, *, is computed as the minimum of two estimates:

min 1, 2

(2-54)

The estimate of * is based on Holtslag and van Ulden (1982):

1 0.09 1 0.5 N 2

(2-55)

and *2 is:
2

T CDN u 2

(2-56)

4 zm g

The heat flux is related to u* and * by:

Qh cp u

(2-57)

and L is computed from Eqn. (2-50).

The daytime mixing height is computed using a modified Carson (1973) method based on Maul (1980).
Knowing the hourly variation in the surface heat flux from Eqn. (2-57) and the vertical temperature
profile from the twice-daily sounding data, the convective mixing height at time t + dt can be estimated
from its value at time t in a stepwise manner:
htdt

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2
ht

2 Qh 1 E dt
1 c p

2 dt ht

2-27

1/2

dtdt
1

(2-58)

dtdt

where, 1
d
E

2 1 E Q h d t

1/2

(2-59)

is the potential temperature lapse rate in the layer above ht,

is the temperature jump at the top of the mixed layer (NK), and
is a constant ( 0.15).

The potential temperature lapse rate is determined through a layer above the previous hour's convective
mixing height. If only routinely available, twice-daily sounding data are available, the morning (1200
GMT) sounding at the nearest upper air station is used to determine 1 up to 2300 GMT. After 2300
GMT, the afternoon sounding (0000 GMT) is used. If more frequent sounding data are available at nonstandard sounding times, the latest sounding (day or night) is used to determine 1.
The neutral (mechanical) boundary layer height is estimated by Venkatram (1980b) as:
h

where, f
B
NB

B u
f NB 1/2

(2-60)

is the Coriolis parameter ( 10-4 s-1)

is a constant ( 21/2), and
is the Brunt-Visl frequency in the stable layer aloft.

The daytime mixing height could then be taken as the maximum of the convective and mechanical values
predicted by Eqns. (2-58) and (2-60), however, such a procedure could cause the resulting x-y field of
mixing heights to have unreasonably large cell-to-cell variations, as each grid cell's values of ht and h are
computed independently. Such an independent, cell-by-cell computation would also not include
important advective effects on the mixing depths, such as the significant reduction of inland mixing
depths during sea or lake breeze conditions.
Several researchers (e.g., Wheeler, 1990; Tesche et al., 1988; Steyn and Oke, 1982) have suggested
various upwind-looking mixing depth averaging schemes involving estimation of back trajectories or
computation of lateral advection of heat fluxes. As CALMET is explicitly marched in time, a rather
simple scheme has been incorporated which approximates the back trajectory methodology. For a given
grid cell (i,j), the most upwind grid cell which could directly impact cell (i,j) during the time step, dt, is
computed as (iu = i - u`dt, ju = j - v`dt), where (u,v) are the wind components at cell (i,j). An
upwind-looking cone, originating at (i,j) and having a user-selected, half-opening-angle of HAFANG
(i.e., a full cone opening angle of twice HAFANG), is then generated such that grid point (iu,ju) sits at the

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-28

middle of the base of the triangular cone. For each grid cell (ik,jk) lying within or on the boundaries of
the triangular region, upwind and crosswind distances, du and dc, respectively, are computed in units of
number of grid cells, and a weighting factor,
2

wk 1 / d u 1 dc 2 ,

(2-61)

is computed. Normalized weights are then computed as,

wkk

wk
wn

(2-62)

where the sum on n extends over all the grid points encompassed by the triangle. In addition, weights
computed via Eqn. (2-61) are also computed for a square box of user-defined half-width of MNMDAV
grid cells and centered on cell (i,j). The purpose of including this supplementary square box region is to
allow some intercell averaging to occur even when the mean advective wind goes to zero. Hence, a
reasonable value for MNMDAV would be of order v`dtDdx, which is usually of order unity in many
mesoscale applications. For those cells which are actually downwind, such that du < 0, the quantity du in
the Eqn. (2-61) weight is replaced by the quantity duk = - du, where is the Courant number or the height
of the triangle from its base at (iu,ju) to the vertex at (i,j). This ensures that downwind cells receive rather
small weighting but ensures complete azimuthal symmetry as the wind speed (and ) goes to zero.
The weights, wik, appropriately normalized via Eqn. (2-62) for all points lying in the triangular or square
box regions, are then applied to the fields of convective and effective daytime (i.e., the maximum of ht
and h) mixing depths to produce smoothed equivalents, and these fields are stored for use in the current
hour. In addition, it is the spatially smoothed convective ht which is used for the next hour's computation
using Eqn. (2-58). Thus, there is a cumulative effect on the convective ht calculation, comparable to the
effect of computing a multiple time step, back trajectory.
The user may switch the spatial averaging option on or off via the control file variable IAVEZI (see Input
Group 6 variables). Also specified are the half-width of the square box for averaging (MNMDAV), the
half-opening-angle of the upwind sector (HAFANG), and the layer of winds to use for the advection
calculation (ILEVZI).
In the stable boundary layer, mechanical turbulence production determines the vertical extent of
dispersion. Venkatram (1980a) provides the following empirical relationship to estimate the stable
mixing height:
3/2

h1 B2 u

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-29

(2-63)

where B2 is a constant ( 2400).

The stable boundary layer height is estimated by Zilitinkevich (1972) as:
h2 0.4

(2-64)

CALMET defines the stable overland boundary layer height as the minimum of h1 and h2.
In the convective boundary layer, the appropriate velocity scale is w*, which can be computed directly
from its definition using the results of Eqns. (2-48) and (2-58).
w g Qh h t / T cp

1/3

(2-65)

where ht is the convective mixing height.

Overwater Boundary Layer

Over water, the aerodynamic and thermal properties of the surface require that different methods be used
in the calculation of the boundary layer parameters. One of the most important differences between the
marine and continental boundary layers is the absence of a large sensible heat flux driven by solar
radiation. A profile technique, using the air-sea temperature difference and overwater wind speed, is
used in CALMET to compute the micrometeorological parameters in the marine boundary layer.
However, this method is sensitive to the accuracy of the sensors measuring the temperature difference.
Therefore, it should be used with caution in areas where reliable temperature data are not available.
The neutral momentum drag coefficient over water, CuN, can be expressed in terms of the 10-m wind
speed (Garratt, 1977):
CuN 0.75 0.067 u 103

(2-66)

The friction velocity can then be determined from the definition of the drag coefficient:
1/2

u u CuN

(2-67)

Because of the importance of the latent heat flux over water, virtual potential temperatures are used in the
definition of the Monin-Obukhov length. Hanna et al. (1985) express L as:

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-30

3/2

v Cun u 2
E2 v vs

(2-68)

where, v, vs are the virtual potential temperatures (NK) of the air and water,
u
is the 10-m wind speed (m/s), and
is a constant (5.096 x 10-3).
E2
Over water, due to the effect of the wind on wave height, the surface roughness length varies. CALMET
employs a relationship derived by Hosker (1974) to express the surface roughness (m) in terms of the 10
m wind speed (m/s):
z0 2.0 x 106 u 2.5

(2-69)

Hosker's result is based on the analysis of Kitaigorodskii (1973) showing zo B u*2 and the logarithmic
wind speed profile relating wind speed and u*.
The overwater mixing height can be specified by the user in the mixing height field of the SEA.DAT
files (see Section 4.2.5) or computed internally using the neutral barotropic scaling relationship
(Blackadar and Tennekes, 1968):
hwater
where cw
u*
f

c w . u

(2-70)

is a constant (J0.16),
is the friction velocity (m/s), and
is the Coroilis parameter (J 10-4 s-1).

The values of cw and f can be changed by the user from their default values (see the variables CONSTW
and FCORIOL in Input Group 6).
If the overwater mising heights are specified in the SEA.DAT files, the gridded overwater mixing height
field is calculated using a 1/r2 weighting of all non-missing mixing heights specified in the files.
2.3.2

Three-dimensional Temperature Field

When the CALMET model is run with the CALGRID output flag set (i.e., LCALGRD = .TRUE.), a
module is called which simulates a three-dimensional temperature field based on upper air and surface
I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-31

temperature data and on an estimate of the local convective mixing depth, previously determined using
the energy balance method. Additionally, overwater temperatures optionally can be treated separately
(see Section 2.3.2.1). The principal steps involved in generating the temperature field include the
following:
1)

linear spatial interpolation of the upper air temperature data from each sounding onto the desired
vertical mesh;

linear time interpolation between consecutive soundings to yield appropriate temperatures at

each z level for the given hour;

computation of the 1/r2 relative weights of each upper air station to the (i,j)th grid column in
question. (The distance is formulated in dimensionless units of grid cells with a maximum
weight of 1.0 equivalent to an upper air station in the adjacent grid cell.);

use of these 1/r2 weights to compute a spatially-averaged temperature field in each column (i,j)
and at all vertical levels, k. (This 3-D temperature field Tijk is based solely on upper air data.);

replacement of the surface level temperatures, Tijk, with a spatially weighted average of surface
station temperature observations for the current hour. (The dimensionless weighting factors, are
based on the distance, r, from the (i,j)th grid cell to the various surface meteorological stations
and can be defined to be 1/r or 1/r2 through the IRAD input variable . A maximum weight of 1.0
is allowed.); and

recomputation of the temperatures above the surface and up to and including the layer containing
the convective mixing height by assuming an adiabatic lapse rate, , of -0.0098 bC/m between
the surface and the convective layer height. (It should be noted that temperatures in the level
containing the convective mixing lid are computed as a layer-thickness-weighted, 3-point average
involving the two cell-face temperatures and the temperature at the lid height.)

The resulting 3-D temperature field thus incorporates:

all available upper air station data for the most current soundings straddling the current
time,

ii)

all available hourly surface temperature data, and

iii)

supplemental adiabatic modeling of temperatures below the convective mixing height.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-32

The user optionally can apply the spatial averaging method described in Section 2.3.1 to the threedimensional temperature field (through input variable IAVET), using the MNMDAV and HAFANG
values specified for mixing heights.
2.3.2.1 Overwater Temperatures
Because of the important effect of water bodies on temperature and the strong temperature gradients that
can exist at coastal boundaries, CALMET can calculate overwater temperatures separately by use of
overwater data (e.g., buoy data in the SEA.DAT files). Over land, temperatures still are calculated as
described above, with the exception that overwater stations are not included in the surface-level
interpolation. Spatial averaging optionally can be applied to the entire temperature field through use of
IAVET options (see Input Group 6). Such averaging may be desirable to moderate the temperatures
along the coastline.
The overwater interpolation of temperatures is user-controlled by the selection of the land use categories
for which the overwater data in the SEA.DAT file is applied (see JWAT1, JWAT2 in Input Group 6).
For example, the default values of JWAT1 and JWAT2 are set so that the SEA.DAT temperature
interpolation scheme is applied only to oceans and seas, rather than smaller water bodies, such as lakes or
ponds. To disable the overwater temperature interpolation scheme, JWAT1 and JWAT2 can be set to
large values, outside the range of the land use data in the GEO.DAT file (e.g., 9999).
For the specified water body, surface temperatures (CALMET Layer 1) are based only on the overwater
station observations found in the SEAn.DAT input files. Temperatures in the remaining vertical layers
over water are based on user-specified, time-varying lapse rates (from the SEAn.DAT files) or constant
default lapse rates. Separate lapse rates are specified below and above the overwater mixing height. The
default values for the lapse rates are >0.0098 K/m below the mixing height (dry adiabatic lapse rate) and
>0.0045 K/m above the mixing height (moist adiabatic lapse rates). Spatially-weighted averaging can be
based on either 1/r or 1/r2, depending on the IRAD switch.
2.3.3

Precipitation Interpolation

CALMET uses observations of hourly precipitation amounts to produce gridded precipitation fields.
There are three options available for computing the precipitation fields:
1/d interpolation
1/d2 interpolation
1/d2-exponential interpolation function

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-33

The selection of the interpolation method is controlled by the NFLAGP variable in Input Group 6 of the
CALMET control file. The default method in CALMET is the 1/d2 technique (NFLAGP = 2), based on
the recommendations of Dean and Snydor (1977), Wei and McGuinness (1973).
In the 1/d and 1/d2 methods, the precipitation at grid point (i,j) is given by:
n

R k /dk

Ri, j

(2-71)

1 /dk
K

where Rk is the observed hourly precipitation rate (mm/hr) at station k

dk is the distance from grid point (i,j) to station k
n is the exponent of the weighting function (n = 1 if NFLAGP = 1, n = 2 if NFLAGP = 2
Only stations within the user-specified radius of influence (SIGMAP) are included in the summation in
Eqn. (2-71). The default value of SIGMAP in CALMET is 100 km. If no precipitation station with valid
(non-missing) data are within the radius of influence, CALMET will use the precipitation rate at the
nearest station with valid data for the grid point. If the computed precipitation rate using Eqn. (2-71) is
less than a user-specified minimum precipitation rate (CUTP), the precipitation rates at the grid point will
be set to zero. The default value of CUTP is 0.01 mm/hr. A minimum value for dk of 0.01 km is used in
CALMET to avoid computational problems associated with division by zero when the observation
station is located at a grid point.
If there are no precipitation stations with valid data for a particular hour, CALMET sets the precipitation
rate to zero and prints a warning message to the output list file (CALMET.LST). It is recommended that
the user resolve periods with no valid data by the acquisition of additional observational data or by a
case-by-case analysis of other meteorological records to confirm that no precipitation occurred during the
period.
The third option in CALMET for interpolation of precipitation data is to use a combined 1/d2-exponential
weighting function, i.e.,

Ri,j

Rk ] e

(2-72)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

d k /2

d k /2
2

2-34

where is a distance weighting factor (km), and the other variables are as defined above.
The 1/d2-exponential weighting option is selected by setting NFLAG = 3 in the CALMET control file. In
this instance, the "radius of influence" concept is replaced by the exponential weighting factor. The
variable SIGMAP in the control file is used to specify the value of . The minimum values of d and ri,j
discussed above also apply if Eqn. (2-72) is used.
The user has the option to internally compute the distance weighting factor, , dynamically by setting the
value of SIGMAP to zero in the control file. CALMET will compute each hour as one-half the
minimum distance between any two observational stations with non-zero precipitation rates.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect2.wpd

2-35

3. CALMET MODEL STRUCTURE

3.1

Memory Management

A flexible memory management system is used in CALMET which facilitates the user's ability to alter
the dimension of the major arrays within the code. Arrays dealing with the number of horizontal or
vertical grid cells, meteorological stations, barriers, land use types, and several other internal parameters
are dimensioned throughout the code with parameter statements. The declaration of the values of the
parameters are stored in a file called "PARAMS.MET." This file is automatically inserted into any
CALMET subroutine or function requiring one of its parameters via FORTRAN "include" statements.
Thus, a global redimensioning of all of the model arrays dealing with the number of vertical layers, for
example, can be accomplished simply by modifying the PARAMS.MET file and recompiling the
program.
The parameter file contains variables which set the array dimensions or the maximum allowed number of
vertical layers, or horizontal grid cells, etc. The actual value of the variables for a particular run is set
within the user input file (i.e., the control file), and can be less than or equal to the maximum value set by
the parameter file.
A sample parameter file is shown in Table 3-1. In addition to the parameters specifying the maximum
array dimensions of the major model arrays, the parameter file also contains variables determining the
Fortran I/O unit numbers associated with each input and output file. For example, the input control file
(IO5) and output list file (IO6) are usually associated with unit numbers 5 and 6. However, if these units
are reserved on a particular computer system, these files can be redirected to other non-reserved units by
setting IO5 and IO6 equal to 15 and 16, for example, in the PARAMS.MET file.
It is important to note that the unit numbers associated with the upper air data files and the overwater
station files require a range of values, starting at IO30 and IO80, respectively. For example, in a run with
10 upper air stations and IO30 = 30, unit numbers 30 through 39 would be assigned to the UP.DAT files.
If the user redefines the maximum number of upper air stations (MXUS) or overwater stations
(MXOWS), it may be necessary to also redefine some of the unit number parameters to avoid conflicts
involving overlapping unit numbers.
3.2

Structure of the CALMET Modules

Execution of the CALMET model is divided into three major phases: setup, computational, and
termination (see Figure 3-1). In the setup phase of the model execution, a variety of initialization and
one-time I/O and computational operations are performed, including the following:

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-1

Table 3-1
Sample CALMET Parameter File
c---------------------------------------------------------------------c --- PARAMETER statements -- CALMET model
c---------------------------------------------------------------------c
c --- Specify model version
character*8 mver,mlevel
parameter(mver='5.1',mlevel='991104')
c
c --- Specify parameters
parameter(mxnx=110,mxny=110,mxnz=12)
parameter(mxss=25,mxus=20,mxps=60,mxows=15)
parameter(mxlev=79,mxlu=52)
parameter(mxbar=20,mxbox=5,mxwb = 1)
parameter(mxsg=9,mxvar=60,mxcol=132)
parameter(mxnxp=40,mxnyp=40,mxnzp=30)
parameter(io5=15,io6=16)
parameter(io2=2,io7=7,io8=8,io10=10,io12=12)
parameter(io19=19,io20=20)
parameter(io21=21,io22=22,io23=23,io24=24,io25=25,io26=26)
parameter(io30=30)
parameter(io80=80)
parameter(io98=98)
c
c --- Compute derived parameters
parameter(mxwnd=mxss+mxows+mxus)
parameter(mxtmp=mxss+mxows)
parameter(mxnzp1=mxnz+1)
parameter(mxnzm1=mxnz-1)
parameter(mxxy=mxnx*mxny)
parameter(mxbxwnd=mxwnd*mxbox)
parameter(mxxyz=mxnx*mxny*mxnz)
parameter(mxadd=mxlev+mxnzp1)
parameter(mxwk3=mxwnd+2*mxnz+3)
c
c --- GENERAL GRID and MET. definitions:
c
MXNX
- Maximum number of X grid cells
c
MXNY
- Maximum number of Y grid cells
c
MXNZ
- Maximum number of layers
c
MXSS
- Maximum number of surface meteorological stations
c
MXUS
- Maximum number of upper air stations
c
MXPS
- Maximum number of precipitation stations
c
MXOWS
- Maximum number of overwater stations
c
MXBAR
- Maximum number of barriers allowed
c
MXBOX
- Maximum number of seabreeze regions allowed
c
MXWB
- Maximum number of water bodies that will be treated
c
separately in the temperature interpolation
c
(currently must be 1!)
c
MXLEV
- Maximum number of vertical levels in upper air
c
data input files
c
MXLU
- Maximum number of land use categories
c
MXNXP
- Maximum number of X grid cells in the prognostic
c
wind model's grid
c
MXNYP
- Maximum number of Y grid cells in the prognostic
c
wind model's grid
c
MXNZP
- Maximum number of layers in the prognostic
c
wind model's grid
c
c --- CONTROL FILE READER definitions:
c
MXSG
- Maximum number of input groups in control file
c
MXVAR
- Maximum number of variables in each input group
c
MXCOL
- Maximum length (bytes) of a control file input record
c
c --- FORTRAN I/O unit numbers:
c
IO5
- Control file (CALMET.INP)
- input - formatted
c
c
IO6
- List file (CALMET.LST)
- output - formatted
c
c
IO2
- Preprocessed met. data for
- input - formatted
c
diagnostic wind module
c
(DIAG.DAT)
I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-2

Table 3-1 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Parameter File
c
c
IO7
- Gridded wind & met. fields
- output - unformatted
c
produced by CALMET
c
(CALMET.DAT or PACOUT.DAT)
c
c
IO8
- Geophysical data fields
- input - formatted
c
(GEO.DAT)
c
c
IO10
- Hourly surface observations
- input - formatted or
c
(SURF.DAT)
unformatted
c
c
IO12
- Hourly precipitation data
- input - formatted
c
(PRECIP.DAT)
c
c
IO19
- Gridded weighting factors
- input - formatted
c
for surface station data vs MM4 data
c
(WT.DAT)
c
c
IO20
- Gridded fields of prognostic - input - unformatted
c
wind fields to use as input
c
to the diagnostic model
c
(PROG.DAT or MM4.DAT)
c
c
IO30
- Upper air data observations
- input - formatted
c
for upper air station #1
c
(UP1.DAT)
c
IO30+1 - Same as IO30 except for upper
c
air station #2
c
(UP2.DAT)
c
...
c
(Repeated for each of "NUSTA" upper air station, i.e., Fortran
c
units IO30 to IO30+NUSTA-1 are used for upper air data files)
c
(Upper air file names are UP1.DAT, UP2.DAT, ... UP(# of stns).DAT)
c
c --- WIND FIELD MODEL TESTING AND DEBUG OUTPUT FILES
c
IO21
- Intermediate winds and misc. - output - formatted
c
input and internal variables
c
(TEST.PRT)
c
IO22
- Final wind fields
- output - formatted
c
(TEST.OUT)
c
IO23
- Winds after kinematic effects - output - formatted
c
(TEST.KIN)
c
IO24
- Winds after Froude number
- output - formatted
c
effects (TEST.FRD)
c
IO25
- Winds after slope flow
- output - formatted
c
effects (TEST.SLP)
c
c
IO26
- Gridded cloud field file
- input - unformatted
c
(CLOUD.DAT)
or
c
output
c
c
IO80
- Overwater meteorological data - input - formatted
c
for station #1
c
(SEA1.DAT)
c
IO80+1 - Same as IO80 except for
c
overwater station #2
c
(SEA2.DAT)
c
...
c
(Repeated for each of "NOWSTA" overwater station, i.e., Fortran
c
units IO80 to IO80+NOWSTA-1 are used for overwater data files)
c
(Overwater file names are SEA1.DAT, SEA2.DAT,...SEA(# of stns).DAT)
c
c
IO98
- Scratch file for use in READCF to replace internal
c
read to allow wider compatibility with compilers
c

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-3

Start

SETUP

Setup phase - Initialization and program setup operations.

Computational phase - basic time loop with time-dependent I/O and all
scientific modules.

Termination phase - program termination functions.

COMP

FIN

STOP

Figure 3-1.

Flow diagram showing the subroutine calling sequence in the CALMET MAIN
program.

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-4

Processing of the command line argument.

Opening of input and output files.
Reading and processing the control file inputs which includes model option flags and run
control variables.
Reading and processing the header records of data files of the model's input data bases (i.e.,
surface, upper air, precipitation, and over water meteorological data files, optional prognostic
model wind fields, geophysical data file).
Performing consistency checks of the input data base information versus the control file
inputs.
Performing initialization and setup operations for the diagnostic wind field module and
boundary layer modules.
Writing the header records to the model's output file.
The computational phase of the model includes the basic time loop within which the hourly gridded wind
fields and micrometeorological variables are computed. The functions performed in the computation
phase include the following:
Retrieving and processing of the surface, upper air, precipitation, and overwater
meteorological data and optional prognostic wind field data from the appropriate input files.
Computing the Step 1 wind field either by (a) adjusting a domain-mean wind field for slope
flow effects, kinematic terrain effects, terrain blocking influences, and divergence reduction,
or (b) interpolating an input gridded prognostic wind field to the CALMET grid system.
Computing the final (Step 2) wind field by executing an objective analysis procedure
combining observational data with the Step 1 wind field.
Computing the micrometeorological parameters at grid points over water with the overwater
(profile method) boundary layer model.
Computing the micrometeorological parameters at grid points overland with the overland
(energy balance method) boundary layer model.

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3-5

If appropriate, computing the gridded precipitation data field.

If appropriate, computing the three-dimensional temperature field.
Printing and/or writing of gridded hourly wind fields to the output list file and the
unformatted output file.
The final phase of the model execution deals with run termination functions. The termination phase
includes the closing of any active data files, computing model run time, and printing of summary or
normal termination messages.
A flow diagram for the setup module is provided in Figure 3-2. The flow diagram contains the name of
each subroutine or function called by the setup module along with a brief description of the routine's
purpose. Figure 3-3 is a flow diagram for the main computational routine, subroutine COMP, which
contains the basic time loop and calls to the wind field module.
The main routine for the wind field module is subroutine DIAGNO. A flow diagram for DIAGNO is
shown in Figure 3-4.

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-6

Enter SETUP

DATETM

- Get date and time from the system clock.

READCF

- Read the control file inputs.

WRFILES

- Write file names to list file.

OPENOT

- Open all other input and output files.

READGE

- Read the geophysical data file (GEO.DAT).

SETCOM

- Set miscellaneous common block parameters.

READHD

MICROI

- Read the header records of the input meteorological data files and
perform consistency checks with the control file inputs.
- Perform setup computations for the boundary layer models.

DIAGI

- Perform setup computations for the diagnostic wind field module.

OUTHD

- Write the header records to the unformatted CALMET output file.

OUTPC1

- Write the header records to the unformatted MESOPAC II output file.

RDWT

- Read sigma weighting factors if using MM4-FDDA prognostic data as

Step 1 field "observations"; otherwise fill with default factors.

Return to MAIN PROGRAM

Figure 3-2.

Flow diagram showing the subroutine/function calling sequence in the subroutine SETUP
(Setup Phase).

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-7

Enter COMP

+)))
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Begin Loop Over Days

GRDAY

- Convert the Julian date to a Gregorian date.

SOLAR

+))))
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Figure 3-3.

- Compute solar elevation angle at the surface meteorological stations for

midpoint of each hour of the day.

Begin Loop Over Hours

RDS

Read surface meteorological data at all stations for the

current hour.

Replace missing surface data.

Read gridded cloud data for the current hour

(if ICLOUD = 2).

Write cloud data to the output list file.

Read precipitation data at all stations for the current hour.

Update overwater data for each appropriate station for

the current hour.

Perform setup computations for overwater stations for the

diagnostic wind field module.

Convert the current date/hour from local time to GMT.

MISSFC

RDCLD

OUT

RDP

RDOW

DIAG2

INDECR

+))))
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.))))

Begin Loop Over Upper Air Stations

RDUP

- At appropriate time, read a new sounding.

DEDAT

DELTT

VERTAV

FACET

- Convert the upper air date/time to a single coded

integer.
- Compute the time separation of the two upper air
soundings.
- If new sounding is read, perform vertical
averaging of winds through depth of CALMET
layers.
- If computing 3-d temperature fields, calculate the
temperatures at the grid cell faces at the upper air
station sites.

End Loop Over Upper Air Stations

Flow diagram showing the subroutine/function calling sequence in the subroutine COMP
(Computational Phase).

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-8

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PREPDI

Perform time-interpolation of upper air wind data or read

hourly preprocessed meteorological inputs.

Compute gridded wind fields using diagnostic wind field model.

Write the gridded wind fields to the output list file

(CALMET.LST).

Compute all boundary layer parameters and stability class at

grid points over water using profile method.

Compute PGT stability class at grid points over land.

Write the gridded PGT stability class field to the output list file
(CALMET.LST).

Compute the sensible heat flux at grid points over land using
the energy balance method.

Compute the air density at surface meteorological stations.

Compute the friction velocity and Monin-Obukhov length at

grid points over land.

Write the gridded fields of sensible heat flux, friction velocity,

and Monin-Obukhov length to the output list file
(CALMET.LST).

Compute the mixing height at grid points over land.

DIAGNO

OUT

WATER

PGTSTB

OUT

HEATFX

AIRDEN

ELUSTR

OUT

MIXHT

AVEMIX -

Compute spatially averaged mixing heights (if IAVEZI=1).

OUT

WSTARR -

Write the gridded fields of mixing height and convective mixing

height to the output list file (CALMET.LST).
Compute the convective velocity scale at grid cells over land.

OUT

Write the gridded field of convective velocity scale to the output

list file (CALMET.LST).

Compute a gridded field of precipitation rates (all grid cells).

Write the gridded field of precipitation rates to the output list

file (CALMET.LST).

GRIDE

OUT

(Figure 3-3 Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-9

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TEMP3D

Compute the 3-D temperature field (if LCALGRD=T).

Write the 3-D temperature field to the output list file

(CALMET.LST).

Output the meteorological fields to the output disk file

(CALMET.DAT).

OUT

OUTHR
OR

PACAVE -

Vertically average winds into MESOPAC II layers

OUTPC

OUTCLD

Output the meteorological fields to the output disk file

(PACOUT.DAT).
Compute and print out gridded cloud data
(if ICLOUD = 1).

End Hour Loop

End Day Loop

Return to MAIN PROGRAM

(Figure 3-3 Concluded)

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-10

Enter DIAGNO

XMIT

- Initialize u,v arrays.

If using objective analysis only (IWFCOD=1), go to A.

Set up initial guess field as one of the following:

(1) uniform or spatially varying initial guess field based on upper air stations
(2) PROGRD
- Read and interpolate CSUMM prognostic model winds to CALMET
grid system (if IWFCOD=1 and IPROG=2)
(3) RDMM4
- Read and interpolate MM4-FDDA prognostic model winds to
CALMET grid system (if IWFCOD=1 and IPROG=4)
CGAMMAZ - Compute temperature lapse rate using MM4 data
(4) RDMM5
- Read and interpolate MM5 prognostic model winds to CALMET grid
system (if IWFCOD = 1 and IPROG = 14)
CGAMMAZ - Compute temperature lapse rate using MM5 data
(5) WIND1
- Compute spatially-varying initial guess field with observed data
(6) use preprocessed values from the DIAG.DAT file as the uniform initial guess field

+)))
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Begin Loop Over Layers

WINDBC - Set boundary conditions.

End Loop Over Layers

XMIT

- Initialize the vertical velocities.

TOPOF2

MINIM

- Compute vertical velocities due to kinematic terrain effects (if

IKINE=1).
- Minimize divergence (if IKINE=1).

WINDPR

OUTFIL

- Print gridded maps of U,V,W wind fields after kinematic effects to

the output file TEST.PRT (if IPR5=1).
- Write gridded U,V, W wind fields to the output file TEST.KIN
(if IPR5=1 and IOUTD1).

(Continued)

Figure 3-4.

Flow diagram showing the subroutine calling sequence in the major wind field computational routine
(subroutine DIAGNO).

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-11

FRADJ

WINDPR2

OUTFIL

HEATFX

- Apply the Froude number adjustment procedure to evaluate terrain blocking

effects (if IFRADJ=1).
- Print a gridded map of U,V fields after Froude number effects to the output file
TEST.PRT (if IPR6=1).
- Write gridded U,V wind fields in F7.2 format and W winds in E8.2 format to the
output file TEST.FRD (if IPR6=1 and IOUTD=1).
- Compute daytime heat flux (over land).

AIRDEN

- Compute air density.

ELUSTR

- Compute nighttime heat flux (over land).

SLOPE

- Compute slope flows.

Add slope flow components to the horizontal winds.

WINDPR2

OUTFIL

WINDBC

- Print a gridded map of U,V wind fields after slope flow effects to
the output file TEST.PRT (if IPR7=1).
- Write gridded U,V fields in F7.2 format and W fields in E8.2 format to the
output file TEST.SLP (if IPR7=1 and IOUTD=1).
- Recompute boundary conditions (Final diagnostic Step 1 wind field).

Extrapolate surface data to higher layers (if IEXTRP1).

PROGRD

- Read and interpolate the CSUMM prognostic model results to CALMET grid
system (Final prognostic Step 1 wind field) (if IPROG=1 and IWFCOD=0).

RDMM4

- Read and interpolate the MM4-FDDA prognostic model results to CALMET

grid system (if IPROG=3 and IWFCOD=0 or if IPROG=5).

(Figure 3-4 Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-12

OR
RDMM5

INTER2

INTERP

LLBREEZ

- Read and interpolate the MM5 prognostic model results to CALMET

grid system (if IPROG=13 and IWFCOD=0 or if IPROG=15).
- Perform objective analysis procedure if Step 1 winds were derived from the
diagnostic module.
- Perform objective analysis procedure if Step 1 winds were derived from gridded
prognostic model results.
- Lake breeze region calculations.

WNDPR2

- Print gridded maps of interpolated U,V wind fields (if IPRO > 0).

ADJUST

- Adjust surface layer winds for terrain effects.

WINDBC

- Recompute the boundary conditions.

WNDPR2

- Print gridded maps of the adjusted U,V wind fields (if IPR1 > 0).

SMOOTH

- Perform smoothing of the wind fields.

DIVCEL

- Compute the 3-D divergence fields and vertical velocities.

WINDBC

- Recompute the boundary conditions.

Apply the O'Brien procedure to adjust the vertical velocity field (if IOBR=1).

WINDPR

DIVPR

- Print gridded maps of the U,V,W wind fields to the output file TEST.PRT
(if IPR2>0).
- Print the divergence fields to the output file TEST.PRT (if IPR2>0).

MINIM

- Minimize divergence (if IOBR=1).

WINDPR

- Print gridded maps of the final U,V,W wind fields to the output file TEST.PRT
(if IPR8>0).

(Figure 3-4 Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-13

DIVPR

RTHETA

OUTFIL

- Print the final divergence fields to the output file TEST.PRT

(if IPR4>0).
- Output the final wind speed and wind direction fields to the output file
TEST.PRT (if IPR3>0).
- Write the final U,V fields in F7.2 format and W fields in E8.1 format to the
output file TEST.OUT (if IPR8>0 and IOUTD>0).

Return to COMP

Figure 3-4. Concluded.

I:\calmet\nov99\SECT3.wpd

3-14

4. USER INSTRUCTIONS
4.1 Meteorological Preprocessor Programs
4.1.1 READ62 Upper Air Preprocessor
READ62 is a preprocessing program that extract and process upper air wind and temperature data from
standard NCDC data formats into a form required by the CALMET meteorological model. READ62
processes data in TD-6201 format or the NCDC CD-ROM FSL rawinsonde data format. Note that the
user must specifically request the TD-6201 format when ordering upper air data from NCDC, if this
format is desired.
User options are specified in a control file. In the control file, the user selects the starting and ending
dates of the data to be extracted, the top pressure level, the type of input data, and the format of the
output file. Also selected are processing options determining how missing data are treated. The
programs will either flag or eliminate sounding levels with missing data.
If the user selects the option to flag (rather than eliminate) levels with missing data, the data field of the
missing variables are flagged with a series of nines. If the option to eliminate levels with missing data is
chosen, only sounding levels with all values valid will be included in the output data file. It is generally
recommended that the levels with missing data be retained in order to avoid eliminating levels that might
have some valid data.
Although CALMET allows missing values of wind speed, wind direction, and temperature at
intermediate levels (i.e., levels other than the surface and model top), the user is cautioned against using
soundings with significant gaps due to missing data. For example, adequate vertical resolution of the
morning temperature structure near the surface is especially important to the model for predicting
daytime mixing heights. It should be kept in mind that the model will fill in missing data by assuming
that a straight-line interpolation between valid levels is appropriate. If this assumption is questionable,
the sounding should not be used with the model.
Two input files are required by the preprocessor: a user input control file and the NCDC upper air data
file. Two output files are produced. A list file summarizes the options selected, provides a summary of
the soundings processed, and contains informational messages indicating problems in the data set. The
second output file contains the processed upper air data in a CALMET-ready format. Table 4-1 contains
a listing of the input and output files for READ62.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-1

The READ62 control file includes two records of data entered in FORTRAN free format, followed by
three lines containing file names in character format. A description of each input variable is shown in
Table 4-2. A sample input file is shown in Table 4-3. The output list file is shown in Table 4-4.
The output data file (UP.DAT) produced by READ62 is a formatted file containing the pressure,
elevation, temperature, wind speed, and wind direction at each sounding level. The first level of each
sounding is assumed to represent surface-level observations. If the surface level is missing from the
sounding, it must be filled in before running CALMET.
READ62 allows the user to select either a slash (/) delimiter format (the original format), or a comma
delimiter format for the UP.DAT file. The comma-delimited form of the UP.DAT file facilitates the use
by CALMET of non-NCDC data sources, such as SODAR data. In CALMET, a slash-delimited file is
read using Fortran format statements, while the comma-delimited file is read using Fortran free read
statements. READ62 can be bypassed, and a comma-delimited UP.DAT file can be easily prepared from
non-NCDC data by following the format discussed in Section 4.3.3. Sample UP.DAT files in both formats
are shown in Table 4-5.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-2

Table 4-1
READ62 Input and Output Files

Unit

File Name

Type

Format

Description

READ62.INP

input

formatted

Control file containing user inputs

READ62.LST*

output

formatted

List file (line printer output file)

TD6201.DAT*
or
NCDC_U.DAT*

input

formatted

input

formatted

Upper air data in NCDC

TD-6201 format
Upper air data in NCDC CD-ROM
format

UP.DAT*

output

formatted

Output file containing processed

upper air data in format required by
CALMET

Default file names. Actual file names are specified by the user in the control file (READ62.INP). Note that
the control file must be called READ62.INP.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-3

Table 4-2
READ62 Control File Inputs

RECORD 1

Starting and ending date/hour, top pressure level to extract.

Columns

Variable

Type

Description

Input file format.

JDAT = 1: TD-6201 format.
JDAT = 2: NCDC CD-ROM format.

IFMT

integer

Delimiter used in the output UP.DAT data

file.
IFMT = 1: output data is slash (/)
delimited (original format).
IFMT = 2: output data is comma (,)
delimited (read using free format).

Entered in FORTRAN free format

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-4

Table 4-2 (Continued)

READ62 Control File Inputs

RECORD 2.

Missing data control variables.

Columns

Variable

Type

Description

LHT

logical

Height field control variable. If LHT = T, a

sounding level is eliminated if the height
field is missing. IF LHT = F, the sounding
level is included in the output file but the
height field is flagged with a "9999", if
missing.

LTEMP

logical

Temperature field control variable. If

LTEMP = T, a sounding level is eliminated
if the temperature field is missing. If
LTEMP = F, the sounding level is included
in the output file but the temperature field is
flagged with a "999.9", if missing.

LWD

logical

Wind direction field control variable. If

LWD = T, a sounding level is eliminated if
the wind direction field is missing. If LWD
= F, the sounding level is included in the
output file but the wind direction field is
flagged with a "999", if missing.

LWS

logical

Wind speed field control variable. If LWS

= T, a sounding level is eliminated if the
wind speed is missing. If LWS = F, the
sounding level is included in the output file
but the wind speed field is flagged with a
"999", if missing.

Entered in FORTRAN free format

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-5

Table 4-2 (Concluded)

READ62 Control File Inputs

RECORDS 3,4, and 5.

Record
3

File names.

Variable

Default

Type*

Description

INDATFIL

td6201.dat
or
ncdc_u.dat

a70
a70

Name of the input TD-6201 upper air file

(used if JDAT=1).
Name of the input NCDC CD-ROM upper
air file
(used if JDAT=2).

UPDATFIL

up.dat

a70

Name of the output upper air file.

LSTFIL

read62.lst

a70

Name of the READ62 output list file.

READ62 constructs the file name from the first 70 characters in each record. Leading blanks are stripped
from the file name, and characters within the 70-character field after the end of the file name (defined by the first
blank character after the file name) are ignored. Thus, comments within the 70-character field are allowed. Records
3, 4, and 5 must be present in the control file. However, if they contain blank fields, READ62 will assign the
default file names.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-6

Table 4-3
Sample READ62 Control File (READ62.INP)

93,7,0,93,8,0,500,1,1 - Beg. YR,DAY,HR(GMT), End. YR,DAY,HR, Top pres., INPUT(1=TD6201,2=CD-ROM),

OUTPUT(1=/, 2=,)
F, F, F, F

- Eliminate level if HEIGHT, TEMP., WIND DIR., WIND SPEED missing ?

td6201.dat

- Input upper air file name

up.dat

- Output upper air file name

read62.lst

- Output READ62 list file

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-7

Table 4-4
Sample READ62 Output List file
READ62

STARTING DATE:

VERSION 4.0

LEVEL 961113

ENDING DATE:

YEAR =
JULIAN DAY =
HOUR =

93
7
0 (GMT)

YEAR =
JULIAN DAY =
HOUR =

93
8
0 (GMT)

PRESSURE LEVELS EXTRACTED:

SURFACE TO

500. MB

INPUT FILE FORMAT (1=TD6201,2=NCDC CD-ROM):

1
OUTPUT FILE FORMAT (1=/ DELIMITED,2=COMMA DELIMITED):
DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF HEIGHT MISSING ?

DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF TEMPERATURE MISSING ?

DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF WIND DIRECTION MISSING ? F

DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF WIND SPEED MISSING ?

DATA FILENAMES:
Input upper air file: td6201.dat
Output upper air file: up.dat
Output list file:
read62.lst
THE FOLLOWING SOUNDINGS HAVE BEEN PROCESSED:
YEAR

MONTH

93
93
93

1
1
1

DAY
7
7
8

JULIAN DAY
7
7
8

EOF ON INPUT
LAST YR,DAY READ =

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

HOUR (GMT)
0
12
0
93,

NO. LEVELS EXTRACTED

4
4
4

4-8

Table 4-5
Sample UP.DAT files

(a)

UP.DAT - Slash-delimited format

93
7
0
93
8
0 500.
1
1
F
F
F
F
6201
01
93 1 7 0
40
917.0/1350./269.0/160/ 2
850.0/1650./266.0/160/
500.0/5510./264.0/210/ 8
6201
01
93 1 712
72
917.0/1350./263.0/160/ 0
850.0/1650./264.0/160/
6201
01
93 1 8 0
79
917.0/1350./269.0/160/ 2
850.0/1650./266.0/160/

(b)

5
800.0/1850./264.0/160/

2
0

4
800.0/1850./264.0/160/
4
800.0/1850./264.0/160/

790.0/1870./263.9/165/

500.0/5510./264.0/210/

UP.DAT - Comma-delimited format

95
32
0
95 292
F
F
F
F
9999
00005
95 2
826.0,1695.,281.5, 0,
784.0,2130.,280.2,125,
676.0,3327.,273.3,307,
600.0,4277.,267.8,323,
520.0,5393.,261.6,316,

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

23 500.
1 0
0.2
1.1
18.5
29.3
26.2

57
824.0,1720.,280.9, 0,
750.0,2492.,277.7,309,
650.0,3644.,271.0,315,
595.0,4345.,267.8,323,
500.0,5685.,259.6,310,

1.1
3.2
20.7
29.6
27.3

18
816.0,1795.,281.3,318, 1.4
715.0,2876.,276.6,308, 10.1
626.0,3939.,268.9,320, 24.2
550.0,4955.,263.6,322, 30.2

4-9

800.0,1962.,280.7,220, 1.2
700.0,3052.,275.3,306, 13.2
605.0,4206.,267.8,322, 28.5
549.0,4969.,263.4,322, 29.6

4.1.2

METSCAN Surface Data QA Program

METSCAN is a meteorological preprocessing program which screens a data file containing hourly
surface observations for missing, duplicate, or invalid data. METSCAN operates on a data file in the
NCDC 80-Column format (CD-144) or the NCDC CD-ROM (SAMSON) surface data format. The
program performs quality assurance checks on the wind speed, wind direction, temperature, opaque cloud
cover, ceiling height and relative humidity fields. The value of each variable is compared to an allowed
range (e.g., wind direction in tens of degrees must be within the range from 0-36). Consistency checks
are performed between the cloud cover and ceiling height variables (e.g., only an "unlimited" ceiling
height is allowed under clear conditions). In addition, large hourly changes in temperature and relative
humidity are flagged.
METSCAN flags records if any meteorological variable checked is outside its "normal" range. A
warning message is written indicating which variable is triggering the flag, followed by the CD144 data
record read from the file.
Two input files are required by METSCAN: a user input control file (METSCAN.INP) and the NCDC
80-column surface data file (CD144.DAT). The program writes the warning messages to an output file
(METSCAN.LST). The contents and format of the METSCAN input and output files are summarized in
Table 4-6.
The METSCAN control file uses the FORTRAN Namelist input format. The variables in the control file
allow the user to set the variable ranges so that excessive spurious warning messages can be avoided. A
description of each METSCAN input variable is contained in Table 4-7. A sample input file is shown in
Table 4-8.
The user should check each warning message written to the output list file (METSCAN.LST) to see if the
data flagged are valid. A sample output file containing typical warning messages is shown in Table 4-9.
It should be noted that an error in the date/hour field of a data record, indicating a missing or duplicate
record, will produce a fatal error resulting in the termination of the METSCAN run. Validity of
barometric pressure is not checked by METSCAN, and should be verified by the user.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-10

Table 4-6
METSCAN Input and Output Files
Unit

File Name

Type

Format

Description

Maximum wind speed (knots) allowed**

JCMX

integer

Maximum ceiling height allowed** (hundreds of feet)

350

MINCC

integer

Maximum opaque sky cover (tenths) allowed** for

unlimited ceiling conditions

JRHMIN

integer

Minimum relative humidity (percent) allowed**

IHROP(0:23)

integer array

Hours of operation for the station (0=not operating,

1=operating)

24*1

JDAT

integer

Input data file format (1 = CD144,

2 = NCDC CD-ROM)

*
**

Indicates that no default value is provided.

A warning message is issued when variable is outside the "allowed" range. The user must determine if
the flagged data are actually invalid, and if so, correct the CD144 file.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-12

Table 4-8
Sample METSCAN Control File (METSCAN.INP)

&OPTS ID=23023, IYR=89, IEXPHR=0, JTOLD=35, JTMX=105, JRHMIN=5, &END

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-13

Table 4-9
Sample METSCAN Output List File (METSCAN.LST)
RUNTIME CALL NO.:

DATE: 04/01/94

data checked for station: 23023

TIME: 12:55:38.59

year: 89

&OPTS ID=23023,IYR=89,IEXPMO=1,IEXPDY=1,IEXPHR=0,JWSMN=2,JWSMX=40,
JTMX=105,JTMIN=0,JDELT=15,JTOLD=35,MINCC=3,JCMX=350,IHROP=1,1,1,1,1,1,
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,JRHMIN=5 &END
delta temp. flag -- jtemp =
2302389 1 610---

delta temp. flag -- jtemp =

2302389 11510250

jtold = 39
28 4

jdelt = 15
55
40

jtold = 32
28 4

jdelt = 15
47
34

last time period processed: jyr = 89

jmo =

RUNTIME CALL NO.:

2
DATE: 04/01/94
DELTA TIME:
0.98 (SEC)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

jday = 16

jhr =

TIME: 12:55:39.57

4-14

4.1.3

SMERGE Surface Data Meteorological Preprocessor

SMERGE processes and reformats hourly surface observations, and creates either a formatted or an
unformatted file which is used as input by the CALMET model. It is assumed that the observations have
been validated by METSCAN or similar utility. SMERGE reads "N" data files containing surface data in
either NCDC 80-column format (CD144 format), NCDC Solar and Meteorological Surface Observational
Network (SAMSON) CD-ROM format, or NCDC Hourly U.S. Weather Observations (HUSWO) CDROM format. Note that all parameters need to be extracted from the CD-ROM datasets, and if the
HUSWO CD-ROM data are used, they must be extracted using the English units options.
The output file (e.g., SURF.DAT) contains the processed hourly data for all the stations. SMERGE can
also add stations to an existing formatted or unformatted output file. A free-formatted SURF.DAT file
can be created by the user and read by CALMET. This option relieves the user of the need to run the
preprocessor for short CALMET runs for which the surface data can easily be input manually, or when
non-standard data sources (e.g., site-specific meteorological observations) are used.
SMERGE extracts the following variables from the NCDC surface data files: wind speed, wind
direction, air temperature, ceiling height, cloud cover, surface pressure, relative humidity, and
precipitation type code.
An option is provided to allow the surface data stored in the unformatted output file to be "packed."
Packing reduces the size of the data file by storing more than one variable in each word. If the packing
option is used, the eight hourly meteorological variables for each station are stored in three words:
Word 1:

TTTTPCRRR --

TTTT
PC
RRR

= temp. (XXX.X deg. K)

= precipitation code (XX)
= relative humidity (XXX. %)

Word 2:

pPPPPCCWWW --

pPPPP

= station pressure (pXXX.X mb,

with p = 0 or 1 only)
= opaque sky cover (XX tenths)
= wind direction (XXX. deg.)

CC
WWW
Word 3:

HHHHSSSS --

HHHH
SSSS

For example, the following variables,

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-15

= ceiling height (XXXX. hundreds

of feet)
= wind speed (XX.XX m/s)

Temperature
Precipitation code
Relative humidity
Station pressure
Opaque sky cover
Wind direction
Ceiling height
Wind speed

= 273.5 deg. K
= 12
= 88 percent
= 1012.4 mb
= 8 tenths
= 160 degrees
= 120 hundreds of ft
= 5.65 m/s

are stored as the following three integer words:

273512088, 1012408160, 01200565
All of the packing and unpacking operations are performed internally by SMERGE and CALMET, and
are transparent to the user. The header records of the data file contain information flagging the file to
CALMET as a packed or unpacked file. If the user selects the unpacked format, eight full 4-byte words
are used to store the data for each station.
The input files used by SMERGE consist of a control file (SMERGE.INP) containing user inputs, up to
150 surface data files (one per surface station), and an optional SMERGE data file (formatted or
unformatted) created in a previous run of SMERGE. The data from the formatted surface station files are
combined with the data in the existing SMERGE data file. A new SMERGE output file (formatted or
unformatted) containing all the data is created by the program. In addition, SMERGE creates an output
list file (SMERGE.LST) which summarizes the user options and run time statistics. Table 4-10 contains
a listing of the input and output files used by SMERGE.
The SMERGE control file specifies the number and type of input data files, time zone of output data,
packing flag, station data (two lines per station), and the starting and ending dates of the period to
extract. A sample SMERGE control file is shown in Table 4-11. The format and contents of the
SMERGE control file are explained in Table 4-12.
The SMERGE output list file (SMERGE.LST) contains a summary of the control file inputs,
characteristics of the output data file, and routine statistics. A sample output list file is shown in Table 413, and a sample SURF.DAT output data file is shown in Table 4-14.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-16

Table 4-10
SMERGE Input and Output Files

Unit

File Name

Type

Format

Description

user input file name

input

unformatted
or
formatted

Previous SMERGE data file to

which stations are to be added
(Used only if CFLAG=y)

user input file name

output

unformatted
or
formatted

Output data file created by

SMERGE containing the processed
hourly surface data (this file is the
SURF.DAT input file to
CALMET)

SMERGE. INP

input

formatted

Control file containing user inputs

SMERGE.LST

output

formatted

List file (line printer output file)

user input file name

input

formatted

Surface data in one of three NCDC

formats for station #1

user input file name

input

formatted

Surface data in one of three NCDC

formats for station #2

.
.
.
(Up to 150 new surface data files are allowed by SMERGE, although this may be limited by the number of files
an operating system will allow open at one time. Multiple runs of SMERGE may be necessary.)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-17

Table 4-11
Sample SMERGE Control File Inputs
(SMERGE.INP)
(a)

Single run (no previous SMERGE output used as input)

7
2
0
1
93 01 07 00 93 01 07 05
firstrun.dat
N
3
cd144.in1
00001 7
cd144.in2
00002 7
cd144.in3
00003 7

(b)

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Base time zone,output format(1=unformatted,2=formatted), pack(0=no,1=yes),input data(1=CD144,2=SAMSON,3=HUSWO)

Starting yr, month, day, hour, ending yr, month, day, hour
-- (8(I2,1x))
Output data file name (a70)
Continuation run flag (Y=yes, N=no)
Previous SMERGE output file name (a70) used as input
Number of formatted data files
Input file name (a70)
Station ID, station time zone
Input file name (a70)
Station ID, station time zone
Input file name (a70)
Station ID, station time zone

Continuation run - Data added to previous SMERGE output data

7
2
0
1
93 01 07 00 93 01 07 05
surf.dat
Y
firstrun.dat
1
cd144.in4
00004 7
2 -999

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Base time zone,output format(1=unformatted,2=formatted), pack(0=no,1=yes),input data(1=CD144,2=SAMSON,3=HUSWO)

Starting yr, month, day, hour, ending yr, month, day, hour
-- (8(I2,1x))
Output data file name (a70)
Continuation run flag (Y=yes, N=no)
Previous SMERGE output file name (a70) used as input
Number of formatted data files
Input file name (a70)
Station ID, station time zone
Format of Previous data file (1=unformatted, 2=formatted), No. stn to use from prev.file

4-18

Table 4-12
SMERGE Control File Inputs (SMERGE.INP)
Line

Variable

Type

only if it is a continuation run)

NFF

integer

Number of formatted input data files to be

processed

CFFILES

character*70

Input file pathname for formatted data files

IFSTN

integer

Station ID number

ISTZ

integer

Time zone of station (5=EST, 6=CST,

7=MST, 8=PST)

next 2* NFF lines

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-19

Table 4-12 (Concluded)

SMERGE Control File Inputs (SMERGE.INP)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The next records are read only if using input data from a previous SMERGE surface data file
(CFLAG=y)
Line

Variable

Type

Description

INFORM

integer

Format of previous SMERGE surface data

file (1 = unformatted, 2 = formatted)

NBSTN

integer

Number of station requested from previous

SMERGE output data file (-999=use all
stations in file)

NEXT RECORDS.

Included only if (CFLAG=y and NBSTN -999) (Record repeated NBSTN

times)

Line

Variable

Type

Description

IBSTN

integer

Station ID number for stations requested

from previous SMERGE output data file

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-20

Table 4-13
Sample SMERGE Output List File
(SMERGE.LST)

SMERGE OUTPUT SUMMARY

VERSION: 4.0
LEVEL: 991223

Output file name:

surf.dat
Continuation Run? Y
Previous SMERGE output data file:
firstrun.dat

Station
ID

Time Zone

14764

SAMSON Surface Data

Input Files
portlnd.cdr

Period to Extract (in time zone 5):

No. Missing Values for

WS
0

1/ 8/90

WD ICEIL
0
0

1:00

ICC TEMPK
0
0

1/15/90

IRH
0

PRES
0

0:00

********************
Data Read from Existing Surface Data Input File:
Time Zone:
5
File Format (1=unformatted,2=formatted):
Packing Code: 0
Period (in time zone 5):

1/ 8/90

1:00

1/15/90

Stations Available in Existing Surface Data Input File:

No.
ID
No.
ID
No.
ID
1

14606

14611

14745

0:00
No.
4

ID
14742

********************

Characteristics of SMERGE Output (SURF.DAT) File:

Time Zone:
5
File Format (1=unformatted, 2=formatted):
Surface Stations in Output File:
No.
ID
No.
ID
1
2

14606
14611

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

14745

2
No.
4

4-21

ID
14742

No.
5

ID
14764

Table 4-14
Sample SURF.DAT Output Data File
(SURF.DAT)
90
8
14606
90
8
0.000
5.144
2.572
5.144
4.100
90
8
2.572
3.087
3.601
0.000
4.100
90
8
0.000
0.000
0.000
3.087
4.100
90
8
0.000
0.000
0.000
5.144
2.600
90
8
0.000
0.000
0.000
4.630
2.600
90
8
2.572
0.000
0.000
4.116
1.500

1 90
8
6
5
5
14611
14745
14742
14764
1
0.000
50
10 270.928
85
220.000 999 9999 273.150
61
190.000 999
0 268.706
85
190.000
37
10 275.372
62
220.000 129
8 272.550
69
2
190.000
50
9 270.928
85
250.000 999 9999 272.594
67
180.000 999
0 269.261
85
0.000
37
10 274.817
67
230.000 129
9 272.550
69
3
0.000
50
10 271.483
85
0.000 999 9999 272.039
66
0.000 999
0 264.817
96
240.000
37
10 275.372
64
220.000 999
3 272.550
69
4
0.000
50
10 271.483
85
0.000 999 9999 272.039
66
0.000 999
0 265.372
96
250.000
43
10 275.372
64
230.000 999
0 272.050
75
5
0.000
50
9 271.483
85
0.000 999 9999 272.039
66
0.000 999
0 264.261
92
210.000
50
10 275.928
62
320.000 999
0 270.950
82
6
220.000 999
2 272.039
89
0.000 999 9999 270.928
69
0.000 999
0 263.706
92
210.000
50
10 275.928
59
200.000 999
0 269.850
85

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

1001.358
1005.083
997.295
996.956
1007.000

0
0
0
0
0

1001.020
1005.422
997.295
997.295
1007.000

0
0
0
0
0

1001.358
1005.761
997.972
998.311
1008.000

0
0
0
0
0

1001.697
1006.099
998.311
998.649
1008.000

0
0
0
0
0

1001.697
1006.777
998.988
998.988
1009.000

0
0
0
0
0

1002.036
1007.454
1000.004
999.665
1009.000

0
0
0
0
0

4-22

4.1.4

PXTRACT Precipitation Data Extract Program

PXTRACT is a preprocessor program which extracts precipitation data for stations and time periods of
interest from a fixed length, formatted precipitation data file in NCDC TD-3240 format. The TD-3240
data used by PXTRACT must be in fixed record length format (as opposed to the variable record length
format, which is also available from NCDC). The hourly precipitation data usually come in large blocks
of data sorted by station. For example, a typical TD-3240 file for California may contain data from over
100 stations statewide in blocks of time of 30 years or more. Modeling applications require the data
sorted by time rather than station, and usually involve limited spatial domains of tens of kilometers or
less and time periods from less than one year up to five years. PXTRACT allows data for a particular
model run to be extracted from the larger data file and creates a set of station files that are used as input
files by the second-stage precipitation preprocessor, PMERGE (see Section 4.1.5).
NOTE: If wet removal is not to be considered by the CALPUFF or MESOPUFF II dispersion models, no
precipitation processing needs to be done. PXTRACT (and PMERGE) are required only if wet removal
is an important removal mechanism for the modeling application of interest. In addition, if wet removal
is a factor, the user has the option of creating a free-formatted precipitation data file that can be read by
CALMET. This option eliminates the need to run the precipitation preprocessing programs for short
CALMET runs (e.g., screening runs) for which the data can easily be input manually.
The input files used by PXTRACT include a control file (PXTRACT.INP) containing user inputs, and a
data file (TD3240.DAT) containing the NCDC data in TD-3240 format. The precipitation data for
stations selected by the user are extracted from the TD3240.DAT file and stored in separate output files
(one file per station) called xxxxxx.DAT, where xxxxxx is the station identification code. PXTRACT
also creates an output list file (PXTRACT.LST) which contains the user options and summarizes the
station data extracted. Table 4-15 contains a summary of PXTRACT's input and output files.
The PXTRACT control file contains the user-specified variables which determine the method used to
extract precipitation data from the input data file (i.e., by state, by station, or all stations), the appropriate
state or station codes, and the time period to be extracted. A sample PXTRACT control file is shown in
Table 4-16. The format and contents of the file are described in Table 4-17.
The PXTRACT output list file (PXTRACT.LST) contains a listing of the control file inputs and options.
It also summarizes the station data extracted from the input TD-3240 data file, including the starting and
ending date of the data for each station and the number of data records found. Since the TD-3240 data
are not hourly, PXTRACT will extract the records that cover the period requested by the user.
Therefore, the dates of the data extracted from different stations may be different although the same time
period was requested by the user. If the starting (or ending) record has a data flag, the previous (or next)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-23

record will also be extracted to complete the information necessary for PMERGE to interpret the data
correctly. A sample output list file is shown in Table 4-18. The PXTRACT output data files consist of
precipitation data in TD-3240 format for the time period selected by the user. Each output data file
contains the data for one station. A sample output file is shown in Table 4-19.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-24

Table 4-15
PXTRACT Input and Output Files
Unit

File Name

Type

Format

Description

PXTRACT.INP

input

formatted

Control file containing user inputs

TD3240.DAT

input

formatted

Precipitation data in NCDC TD3240 format

PXTRACT.LST

output

formatted

List file (line printer output file)

id1.DAT
(id1 is the
6-digit station
code for station
#1, e.g., 040001)

output

formatted

Precipitation data (in TD-3240)

format for station #1 for the time
period selected by the user

id2.DAT
(id2 is the
6-digit station
code for station
#2, e.g., 040002)

output

formatted

Precipitation data (in TD-3240)

format for station #2 for the time
period selected by the user

.
.
.
(Up to 200 new precipitation data files are allowed by PXTRACT).

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-25

Table 4-16
Sample PXTRACT Control File (PXTRACT.INP)

2
17
412360
417943
417945
412797
415890
410174
411492
412679
412811
415048
415596
416104
416736
416792
418023
418252
419270
89 01 01 01 89 01 15 24

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-26

Table 4-17
PXTRACT Control File Inputs (PXTRACT.INP)

RECORD 1.

Data selection code.

Columns

Variable

Type

Description

ICODE

integer

Selection code:

Entered in FORTRAN free format

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-27

extract all stations within state

or states requested

input a list of station codes of

stations to extract

extract all stations in input file

with data for time period of
interest

Table 4-17 (Continued)

PXTRACT Control File Inputs (PXTRACT.INP)

RECORD 2.

Number of state or station codes.

(This record is included only if ICODE = 1 or 2)

Columns

Variable

Type

Description

integer

If ICODE = 1:
Number of state codes to follow
If ICODE = 2:
Number of station codes to
follow

Entered in FORTRAN free format

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-28

Table 4-17 (Continued)

PXTRACT Control File Inputs (PXTRACT.INP)

RECORD 3, 4, ... 2+N.

State or station codes of data to be extracted.

(Each record has the following format)

Columns

Format

Variable

Description

1-6

IDAT

If ICODE = 1:
State code (two digits)
If ICODE = 2:
Station code (six digits)
consisting of state code (two
digits) followed by station ID
(four digits)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-29

Table 4-17 (Concluded)

PXTRACT Control File Inputs (PXTRACT.INP)

NEXT RECORD.

Starting/ending dates and times.

Columns

Format*

Variable

Description

1-2

IBYR

Beginning year of data to process (two

digits)

4-5

IBMO

Beginning month

7-8

IBDAY

Beginning day

10-11

IBHR

Beginning hour (01-24 LST)

13-14

IEYR

Ending year of data to process (two

digits)

16-17

IEMO

Ending month

19-20

IEDAY

Ending day

22-23

IEHR

Ending hour (01-24 LST)

Record format is (8(i2,1x))

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-30

Table 4-18
Sample PXTRACT Output List File (PXTRACT.LST)
PXTRACT OUTPUT SUMMARY
VERSION: 1.0
LEVEL: 901130
RUNTIME CALL NO.:

DATE: 04/04/94

TIME: 13:35:33.67

Data Requested by Station ID

Period to Extract:

1/ 1/89

1:00

1/15/89

24:00

Requested Precipitation Station ID Numbers -- (sorted):

No.

1
2
3
4
5

410174
411492
412360
412679
412797

6
7
8
9

412811
415048
415596
415890

10
11
12
13

416104
416736
416792
417943

14
15
16
17

417945
418023
418252
419270

Station
Code

Starting
Date

Ending
Date

410174
411492
412360
412679
412797
412811
415048
415596
415890
416736
417943
417945
418023
418252

1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89
12/10/88
1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89
1/ 1/89

1/19/89
1/19/89
1/19/89
1/19/89
1/27/89
1/26/89
1/19/89
1/19/89
1/27/89
1/19/89
1/26/89
1/19/89
1/19/89
1/19/89

No. of
Records
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
10
7
3
9
23
3
3

The following stations were not found in the precipitation data file
for the requested time period:
416104
416792
419270

RUNTIME CALL NO.:

2
DATE: 04/04/94
DELTA TIME:
68.49 (SEC)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

TIME: 13:36:42.16

4-31

Table 4-19
Sample TD-3240 Format Precipitation Data File (415596.DAT)

HPD41559600HPCPHT19881200100011200000010
HPD41559600HPCPHT19890100010010100099999D
HPD41559600HPCPHT19890100050011800099999D
HPD41559600HPCPHT19890100050011900099999M
HPD41559600HPCPHT19890100100011600099999M
HPD41559600HPCPHT19890100190011300000010

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4-32

4.1.5 PMERGE Precipitation Data Preprocessor

PMERGE reads, processes and reformats the precipitation data files created by the PXTRACT program,
and creates an unformatted data file for input into the CALMET meteorological model. The output file
(e.g., PRECIP.DAT) contains the precipitation data sorted by hour, as required by CALMET, rather than
by station. The program can also read an existing unformatted output file and add stations to it, creating
a new output file. PMERGE also resolves "accumulation periods" and flags missing or suspicious data.
Accumulation periods are intervals during which only the total amount of precipitation is known. The time
history of precipitation within the accumulation period is not available. For example, it may be known that
within a six-hour accumulation period, a total of a half inch of precipitation fell, but information on the
hourly precipitation rates within the period is unavailable. PMERGE resolves accumulation periods such
as this by assuming a constant precipitation rate during the accumulation period. For modeling purposes,
this assumption is suitable as long as the accumulation time period is short (e.g., a few hours). However,
for longer accumulation periods, the use of the poorly time-resolved precipitation data is not
recommended. PMERGE will eliminate and flag as missing any accumulate periods longer than a userdefined maximum length.
PMERGE provides an option to "pack" the precipitation data in the unformatted output in order to reduce
the size of the file. A "zero packing" method is used to pack the precipitation data. Because many of the
precipitation values are zero, strings of zeros are replaced with a coded integer identifying the number of
consecutive zeros that are being represented. For example, the following record with data from 20
stations requires 20 unpacked words:
0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.2, 3.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.7, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
These data in packed form would be represented in six words:
-5., 1.2, 3.5, -6., 0.7, -6.
where five zero values are replaced by -5., six zero values are replaced by -6., etc. With many stations
and a high frequency of zeros, very high packing ratios can be obtained with this simple method. All of
the packing and unpacking operations are performed internally by PMERGE and CALMET, and are
transparent to the user. The header records of the data file contain information flagging the file to
CALMET as a packed or unpacked file. If the user selects the unpacked format, each precipitation value
is assigned one full word.

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4-33

The input files used by PMERGE include a control file (PMERGE.INP), an optional unformatted data
file created in a previous run of PMERGE, and up to 150 TD-3240 precipitation station files (e.g., as
created by PXTRACT). The output file consists of a list file and a new unformatted or formatted data
file in CALMET format with the data for all stations sorted by hour. Table 4-20 lists the name, type,
format, and contents of PMERGE's input and output data files.
The PMERGE control file (PMERGE.INP) contains the user-specified input variables indicating the number
of stations to be processed, a flag indicating if data are to be added to an existing, unformatted data file, the
maximum length of an accumulation period, packing options, station data, and time zone data. PMERGE
allows data from different time zones to be merged by time-shifting the data to a user-specified base time
zone. Sample PMERGE control files are shown in Table 4-21. Sample 1 shows an input file to merge data
from 10 precipitation stations into one unformatted output file. The unformatted output file can then be used
to merge data from 4 more precipitation stations to the 10 already processed (Sample 2). The combination
of station data in multiple runs of PMERGE is sometimes necessary because the number of files which can
be opened at one time is limited under some operating systems (e.g., DOS). The output file from Sample 2
is a formatted file containing data from 14 precipitation stations. This formatted file can be directly input to
CALMET. The format and contents of the PMERGE control file are described in Table 4-22.
The PMERGE output list file (PMERGE.LST) contains a listing of the control file inputs and options. It
also summarizes the number of valid and invalid hours for each station including information on the
number of hours with zero or non-zero precipitation rates and the number of accumulation period hours.
Additional statistics provide information by station on the frequency and type of missing data in the file
(i.e., data flagged as missing in the original data file, data which are part of an excessively long
accumulation period, or data missing from the input files before (after) the first (last) valid record. A
sample output file is shown in Table 4-23.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-34

Table 4-20
PMERGE Input and Output Files

Unit

File Name

Type

Format

Description

user input file

name

input

unformatted

Previous PMERGE data file to

which stations are to be added
(Used only if CFLAG=Y)

user input file

name

output

unformatted
or
formatted

Output data file created by

PMERGE (this file is an input
file to CALMET)

PMERGE.INP

input

formatted

Control file containing user

inputs

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-35

Table 4-21
Sample PMERGE Control File (PMERGE.INP)

Sample 1
12
6
1
1
89 01 01 01 89 01 15 24
firstrun.dat
N
10
../precip/412360.dat
412360 6
../precip/417943.dat
417943 6
../precip/417945.dat
417945 6
../precip/412797.dat
412797 7
../precip/415890.dat
415890 6
../precip/410174.dat
410174 6
../precip/411492.dat
411492 6
../precip/412679.dat
412679 6
../precip/412811.dat
412811 6
../precip/415048.dat
415048 6

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

max. accum. period,base time zone,ioform(1=binary,2=formatted),pack(0=no, 1=yes)

Starting yr, month, day, hour (01-24), ending yr, month, day, hour (01-24)
Output data file name (a70)
Continuation run flag (Y=yes, N=no)
Previous PMERGE output file name (a70) used as input
Number of formatted input data files (TD-3240)
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone

4-36

Table 4-21 (Concluded)

Sample PMERGE Control File (PMERGE.INP)

Sample 2
12
6
2
0
89 01 01 01 89 01 15 24
precip.dat
Y
firstrun.dat
4
../precip/415596.dat
415596 6
../precip/416736.dat
416736 6
../precip/418023.dat
418023 6
../precip/418252.dat
418252 6
-999

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

max. accum. period,base time zone,ioform(1=binary,2=formatted),pack(0=no, 1=yes)

Starting yr, month, day, hour (01-24), ending yr, month, day, hour (01-24)
Output data file name (a70)
Continuation run flag (Y=yes, N=no)
Previous PMERGE output file name (a70) used as input
Number of formatted input data files (TD-3240)
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Input file name (a70)
Stn ID, time zone
Number of stations to use from previous file (-999 = all)

4-37

Table 4-22
PMERGE Control File Inputs (PMERGE.INP)
Line

Variable

Type

IBDAY

integer

Beginning day

IBHR

integer

Beginning hour (01-24 LST)

IEYR

integer

Ending year of data to process (two

digits)

IEMO

integer

Ending month

IEDAY

integer

Ending day

IEHR

integer

Ending hour (01-24 LST)

OUTFIL

character*70

Output data filename

CFLAG

character*1

Continuation run flag (Y=yes, N=no)

PREVFIL

character*70

Previous PMERGE output data file

(used only if it is a continuation run)

NFF

integer

Number of formatted TD3240 data files

to process

CFFILES

character*70

Input file pathname for formatted data

files

IFSTN

integer

Six digit station id number (SSIIII),

where SS=two digit state code, IIII is
the station id

ISTZ

integer

Time zone of station (5=EST, 6=CST,

7=MST, 8=PST)

next 2* NFF lines

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-38

Table 4-22 (Concluded)

PMERGE Control File Inputs (PMERGE.INP)

The next records are ncessary only if CFLAG=y, i.e., reading data from a previous PMERGE
binary output file.
Line

Variable

Type

Description

NBSTN

integer

Number of stations requested from

previous PMERGE binary output
file (-999 = use all stations in binary
file).

NEXT RECORDS.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

IBSTN

(Necessary only if CFLAG=y and NBSTN -999, one record for each
binary station requested, i.e., NBSTN lines.)
integer

6-digit station ids requested from

binary input file (1 station id per
record)

4-39

Table 4-23
Sample PMERGE Output List File (PMERGE.LST)
PMERGE OUTPUT SUMMARY
VERSION: 4.0
LEVEL: 961113
Output file name:
precip.dat
Continuation Run? Y
Previous PMERGE output data file:
firstrun.dat
Time Zone

Station ID

6
6
6
6

Formatted TD3240 Precipitation

Input Files

415596
416736
418023
418252

../precip/415596.dat
../precip/416736.dat
../precip/418023.dat
../precip/418252.dat

Period to Extract (in time zone 6):

1/ 1/89

1:00

1/15/89

24:00

********************
Data Read from Binary Input File:
Time Zone:
Packing Code:

6
1

Period (in time zone 6):

1/ 1/89

1:00

Stations Available in Binary Input File:

No.
ID
No.
ID
1
2
3

412360
417943
417945

4
5
6

412797
415890
410174

1/15/89

No.

7
8

411492
412679

No.

24:00
No.
9
10

ID
412811
415048

********************
PMERGE Stations in Output File:
No.
ID
No.
ID
1
2
3
4

412360
417943
417945
412797

5
6
7
8

415890
410174
411492
412679

9
10
11

412811
415048
415596

No.
12
13
14

ID
416736
418023
418252

Summary of Data from Formatted TD3240 Precipitation Files:

Valid Hours:
Station
IDs

Zero

415596
416736
418023
418252

128
360
360
360

Nonzero

Accum
Period

0
0
0
0

Total
Valid
Hours
128
360
360
360

%
Valid
Hours
35.6
100.0
100.0
100.0

Invalid Hours:
Station
IDs
415596
416736
418023
418252

Flagged
Missing
232
0
0
0

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

Excessive
Accum
Period
0
0
0
0

Missing Data
Before First
Valid Record
0
0
0
0

Missing Data
After Last
Valid Record
0
0
0
0

4-40

Total
Invalid
Hours
232
0
0
0

%
Invalid
Hours
64.4
0.0
0.0
0.0

4.1.6

CALMM5 Program

Optionally, CALMET can process prognostic wind data and incorporate them in the computation of its
own wind fields. Prognostic data can be read by CALMET in either of two formats: MM4.DAT and
MM5.DAT, referring to the most likely origin of these data sets, i.e. the PSU/NCAR Mesoscale
Modeling System 4 (MM4) or the PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Modeling System 5 (MM5). An interface
between MM5 (Version 2) and CALMET has been developed to extract and reformat the output of
MM5 in either the MM4.DAT or the MM5.DAT form. That preprocessor is called CALMM5.
4.1.6.1 CALMM5 preprocessor
CALMM5 contains options to output the following MM5 variables in a format CALMET can access:
horizontal and vertical velocity components, pressure, temperature, relative humidity, and vapor, cloud,
rain, snow, ice and graupel mixing ratios (if available in MM5). The number of variables in the output is
selected by the user but CALMM5 internally checks the availability of these data in the MM5 file.
CALMM5 reads and interprets all information contained in the MM5 header (physical options, dates,
grid size and location, etc.). Note that the MM5 header is read only once, for the first MM5 record in the
MM5 file. MM5 grid specifications (latitude, longitude) are therefore saved at that time and assumed
valid for all subsequent times. This assumption fails if MM5 grid has moved during the MM5
simulation.
As MM5 and CALMET use an Arakawa B-grid and a non-staggered grid respectively (see Figures 4-1
and 4-2), MM5 scalar variables are interpolated to gridpoints where horizontal velocities are defined
(dot points). A four-point average is used to that effect. MM5 horizontal velocities are unaffected
during that process. In the vertical, MM5 vertical velocities (present only in non-hydrostatic runs) are
computed at full sigma levels while all other variables are defined at half sigma levels (see Figure 4-3). In
CALMM5, vertical velocities are interpolated to half sigma levels (two-point average) and then from
cross points to dot points where horizontal velocities are defined. In CALMET, along the vertical,
vertical velocities are defined on cell faces, while the other variables are defined in the middle of the
cells.
Owing to the sigma-p coordinates (Equation 4-1), all MM5 variables are scaled by the reference pressure
(P*= PSurface-PTop) defined in MM5. CALMM5 divides all variables by P* to output in Cartesian units
(e.g., m/s, K,...):

(PPTop)/P

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-41

(4-1)

Figure 4-1.

MM5 horizontal grid (Arakawa B-grid) showing the staggering of the dot (.) and cross
(x) grid points. The smaller inner box is a representative mesh staggering for a 3:1
coarse-grid distance to fine-grid distance ratio (from NCAR, 1998).

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-42

GRID CELL

1
DGRIDKM

DGRIDKM

Y GRID CELL INDEX

GRID POINT

X GRID CELL INDEX

(XORIGKM, YORIGKM)

Figure 4-2.

CALMET non-staggered horizontal grid system. All variables are defined at the grid
points located in the center of each grid cell. The grid origin (Xo, Yo) is also shown
(from Scire et al., 1998).

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-43

Figure 4-3.

Schematic representation of the vertical structure used in MM5. The example is for 15
vertical layers. Dashed lines denote half-sigma levels, solid lines denote full-sigma
levels (from NCAR, 1998).

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-44

CALMM5 must be run on the platform where MM5 was initially run or a system with compatible binary
formats. This constraint arises from the fact that MM5 output is binary and therefore machine-dependent.
Compilation options (Fortran) for CALMM5 are also machine-dependent (e.g., on a Cray: cf77
calmm5.f; on a Dec Alpha: f77 -convert big_endian calmm5.f ). The CALMM5 output file (MM5.DAT)
is itself machine-independent (currently only in ASCII format). Note that a switch can be set in
CALMM5.INP to output the MM5 prognostic winds in a MM4.DAT format.
Detailed information about the MM5 run is included in the log file (CALMM5.LST). Information
needed for consistency in CALMET are included in the MM5.DAT header records as well. In particular,
the type of map projection used in MM5 is listed. Note that CALMET does not handle polar
stereographic projection and, in that case, CALMM5 simply converts (U,V) to wind speed and wind
direction without further processing of the wind direction. For Lambert conformal projection however,
CALMM5 converts the MM5 (U,V) to wind speed and wind direction with respect to true North.
CALMM5 requires one user-input file (CALMM5.INP, hard-wired filename), and produces two output
files (CALMM5.LST and MM5.DAT, filenames selected by user). An include file specifying the
maximum array sizes , CALMM5.INC, is required to compile the code.
4.1.6.2 CALMM5 input
MM5 binary output file
Standard MM5 binary output file of the type : MMOUT_DOMAIN#.
CALMM5.INP
In CALMM5.INP, the user can specify the input and output file names, the period and the boundaries of
the subdomain to extract, the output format (currently only ASCII: MM5.DAT or MM4.DAT), and the
variables to output.
There are 5 sets of variables a user can request, in addition to the default output variables (pressure,
elevation, temperature, wind speed and wind direction):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Vertical velocity
Relative humidity and vapor mixing ratio
Cloud and rain mixing ratios (only combined with option 2)
Ice and snow mixing ratios (only combined with options 2+3)
Graupel mixing ratio (only combined with options 2+3+4)

If the user requests output variables unavailable in MM5, CALMM5 issues a warning in the log file
(CALMM5.LST or user-defined filename) and stops. For example, vertical velocity is only available in
non-hydrostatic MM5 runs.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-45

A sample CALMM5.INP is shown in Table 4-24 and a description of each input variable is provided in
Table 4-25.
4.1.6.3 CALMM5 output
CALMM5 generates 2 output files. A data file, in either MM4.DAT or MM5.DAT formats depending on
the user choice, and a log file.
MM5.DAT
A sample MM5.DAT file is shown in Table 4-26 and each variable is described in Table 4-27.
MM4.DAT
A sample MM4.DAT file is shown in Table 4-28 and each variable is described in Table 4-29.
CALMM5.LST
The log file contains information about the MM5 file and reports on CALMM5 processing, including
warnings and error messages.
A sample log file is shown in Table 4-30.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-46

Table 4-24
CALMM5 Sample Control File
(CALMM5.INP)
MM5 for Alberta and British Columbia, Canada
mm5_dmn2.950301 ! MM5 data input file name (no space before or within filename)
samp.mm5
! CALMM5 output file name (no space before or within filename)
calmm5.lst
! CALMM5 list file name
(no space before or within filename)
2
! Options for selecting a region (1: use lat/long; 2: use J/I)
11
! Minimum cell index (Y direction) or Southernmost N. latitude(positive for Northern Hemisphere)
14
! Maximum cell index (Y direction) or Northernmost N. latitude (in degrees - decimals)
37
! Minimum cell index (X direction) or Westernmost E. longitude (negative for Western Hemisphere)
39
! Maximum cell index (X direction) or Easternmost E. longitude (in degrees - decimals)
95030100
! Starting date (year-month-day-UTC hour)(yymmddhh)
95030101
! Ending date
1
! Output format (1-5, for MM5 format)
Keep this line - The following lines vary depending on the output format selected
1 1 1 1 1
! Output W, RH, cloud and rain, ice and snow, graupel

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-47

Table 4-25
CALMM5 Control File Inputs (CALMM5.INP)

Line

Variable

Type

Description

HEADER

character*128

Header of the output data file (OUTFILE)

INFILE

character*128

Name of MM5 binary output file (input)

OUTFILE

character*128

Name of output data file (output)

LOGFILE

character*128

CALMM5 Control File Inputs (CALMM5.INP)

Line

Variable

Type

Description

IOUTW
IOUTQ

integer
integer

IOUTC*
IOUTI*
IOUTG*

integer
integer
integer

Flag to output vertical velocity

Flag to output relative humidity and vapor
mixing ratio
Flag to output cloud and rain mixing ratios
Flag to output ice and snow mixing ratios
Flag to output graupel mixing ratio

IOUTC=1 only if IOUTQ=1

IOUTI=1 only if IOUTC=IOUTQ=1
IOUTG=1 only if IOUTI=IOUTC=IOUTQ=1

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-49

Table 4-26
Sample MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File (MM5.DAT)

MM5 for Alberta and British Columbia, Canada

1 1 1 1 1
LC CLAT: 54.12 CLON: -119.85 LAT1:
60.0 LAT2:
30.0
1 6 3 2 2 1 1 0
95030100
2
3
4 17
37 11 39 14 -125.89 -125.26
49.16
49.74
0.995
0.985
0.970
0.945
0.910
0.870
0.825
0.775
0.725
0.675
0.625
0.550
0.450
0.350
0.250
0.150
0.050
37 11 49.160-125.830
52 5 49.260-125.700
38 11 49.170-125.550 193 5 49.270-125.410
39 11 49.180-125.260 305 5 49.280-125.130
37 12 49.340-125.850 273 5 49.440-125.720
38 12 49.360-125.570 456 5 49.460-125.430
39 12 49.370-125.280 470 5 49.470-125.150
37 13 49.530-125.870 604 5 49.630-125.740
38 13 49.540-125.590 760 5 49.640-125.450
39 13 49.550-125.300 622 5 49.650-125.170
37 14 49.710-125.890 797 5 49.810-125.760
38 14 49.730-125.610 863 5 49.830-125.470
39 14 49.740-125.320 608 5 49.840-125.190
95030100 37 11 1023.8 0.00 0
1013
88 282.0 49 1.1 -0.01 45 3.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1004
161 281.5 53 2.9 -0.01 41 2.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
991
271 280.8 54 3.5 -0.02 37 2.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
968
458 280.0 57 3.0 -0.02 35 2.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
937
725 278.8 50 2.2 -0.02 33 1.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
902 1040 277.4 26 2.1 -0.03 29 1.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
862 1407 275.0 13 2.9 -0.02 27 1.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
817 1831 271.7
4 4.4 -0.02 25 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
773 2276 268.6 352 5.8 -0.01 22 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
728 2743 265.8 342 7.7 -0.01 19 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
683 3234 262.6 330 9.8 0.00 25 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
616 4023 256.4 319 13.4 0.00 35 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-50

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Table 4-26 (Concluded)

Sample MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File (MM5.DAT)

525 5196 247.7 312 19.7 0.01

434 6547 237.4 302 25.7 0.00
343 8150 225.4 292 34.0 -0.01
252 10142 217.6 297 27.1 -0.02
166 12820 219.4 306 19.9 0.00
95030100 38 11 1023.9 0.00 0
996
229 281.3 58 3.8 -0.01
987
302 280.8 59 3.6 -0.02
974
411 280.1 62 3.3 -0.03
952
597 279.2 67 2.8 -0.03
922
863 277.9 47 2.0 -0.04
887 1176 276.2 28 2.4 -0.04
848 1541 273.7 16 3.4 -0.04
804 1963 270.4
7 4.9 -0.04
760 2405 267.5 352 6.2 -0.03
716 2869 264.7 342 8.1 -0.03
672 3357 261.4 328 10.3 -0.02
606 4142 255.3 318 14.2 -0.02
517 5306 246.8 311 20.4 -0.01
428 6647 236.5 301 26.3 0.00
338 8236 224.8 292 33.9 -0.01
249 10208 217.8 297 27.1 -0.01
165 12851 219.6 306 20.2 0.00

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

39
41
28
12
10

0.36
0.17
0.04
0.01
0.01

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

42
40
37
35
32
29
27
25
22
19
28
36
41
43
27
12
10

2.88
2.65
2.37
2.17
1.86
1.54
1.25
0.98
0.72
0.54
0.64
0.57
0.35
0.17
0.04
0.01
0.02

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

4-51

Table 4-27
MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #1
Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

HEADER

char

File description
Header Record #2

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

IOUTW

integer

Header Record #3
Variable No.
1

Variable

Type

Description

MAPTXT

char

Comment describing the map projection in MM5"

- Polar Stereographic projection: NOT handled by
CALMET , or
- Mercator Projection, or
LC CLAT: #1 CLON: #2 LAT1:#3 LAT2:#4',
where:
#1 : center latitude
#2 : center longitude
#3 : first true latitude
#4: second true latitude

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-52

Table 4-27 (Continued)

MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #4
Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

INHYD

integer

sigma levels) (same as number of vertical
levels in data records)

format (4i2,i5,3i4)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-54

Table 4-27 (Continued)

MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #6

Variable No.

Variable

Type

RYMIN

real

Southernmost N. latitude (degrees) in the subdomain

RYMAX

real

Northernmost N. latitude (degrees) in the subdomain

format (4i2,4f8.2)

Next NZP Records

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

SIGMA

real array

Sigma-p values used by MM5 to define each of

the NZP layers (half-sigma levels)
Read as:
do 10 I=1,NZP
10
READ (iomm4,20) SIGMA(I)
20
FORMAT (F6.3)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-55

Table 4-27 (Continued)

MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)
HEADER RECORDS

Next NXP*NYP Records

Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

IINDEX

integer

I-index (X direction) of the grid point in the extraction

subdomain

JINDEX

integer

J-index (Y direction) of the grid point in the extraction

subdomain

XLATDOT

real array

N. Latitude (degrees) of the grid point in the extraction

subdomain (positive for the Northern Hemisphere,
negative for Southern Hemisphere)

XLONGDOT

real array

E. Longitude (degrees) of the grid point in the

extraction subdomain (N.B., the MM4/MM5
convention is different than the CALMET convention:
MM4/MM5 uses negative values for Western
Hemisphere and positive values for Eastern
Hemisphere. CALMET internally converts the
longitudes in the MM5.DAT file, so the MM4/MM5
convention must be used in the MM5.DAT file)

IELEVDOT

integer array

Terrain elevation of the grid point in the extraction

subdomain (m MSL)

ILAND

integer array

MM5 landuse categories at cross points

XLATCRS

real array

Same as XLATDOT but at cross point

XLATCRS

real array

Same as XLATDOT but at cross point

format (2i3, f7.3, f8.3, i5, i3, 1x, f7.3, f8.3)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-56

Table 4-27 (Continued)

MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)

DATA RECORDS (repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain)

Data Record
Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

MYR

integer

Year of MM5 wind data

MMO

integer

Month of MM5 wind data

MDAY

integer

Day of MM5 wind data

MHR

integer

Hour (GMT) of MM5 wind data

Table 4-27 (Concluded)

MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)

DATA RECORDS (repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain)

NZP*Data Records
Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

PRES

integer

Pressure (in millibars)

integer

Elevation (meters above m.s.l.)

TEMPK

integer

Temperature (o K)

integer

Wind direction (degrees)

real

Wind speed (m/s)

real

Vertical velocity (m/s)

integer

Relative humidity (%)

VAPMR

real

Variable present in the record only if IOUTW = 1

Variable present in the record only if IOUTQ = 1

Variable present in the record only if IOUTC = 1 (possible only if IOUTQ=1)

Variable present in the record only if IOUTI = 1 (possible only if IOUTQ = IOUTC = 1)

Variable present in the record only if IOUTG = 1 (possible only if IOUTQ = IOUTC =
IOUTI=1)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-58

Table 4-28
Sample MM4 Derived Gridded Wind Data File (MM4.DAT)
THIS FILE CREATED 17:17:33 04-21-92
88071500 744 60 45 15 100.0
35 16
5
5
0.0500
0.1500
0.2500
0.3500
0.4500
0.5500
0.6500
0.7400
0.8100
0.8650
0.9100
0.9450
0.9700
0.9850
0.9950
35 16 34.756 -85.988 0272 02
36 16 34.715 -85.098 0321 06
37 16 34.666 -84.210 0386 04
38 16 34.609 -83.323 0406 04
39 16 34.544 -82.438 0319 04
35 17 35.488 -85.943 0277 04
36 17 35.447 -85.043 0343 04
37 17 35.397 -84.145 0464 04
38 17 35.340 -83.248 0581 04
39 17 35.274 -82.353 0539 04
35 18 36.222 -85.897 0252 04
36 18 36.180 -84.987 0323 04
37 18 36.130 -84.078 0443 04
38 18 36.071 -83.172 0609 04
39 18 36.004 -82.266 0670 04
35 19 36.957 -85.849 0217 02
36 19 36.914 -84.929 0282 04
37 19 36.863 -84.010 0365 04
38 19 36.804 -83.093 0504 04
39 19 36.737 -82.178 0639 04
35 20 37.693 -85.801 0192 04
36 20 37.650 -84.870 0244 02
37 20 37.599 -83.941 0293 04
38 20 37.539 -83.013 0373 04
39 20 37.470 -82.087 0509 04
(Continued)

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4-59

Table 4-28 (Concluded)

Sample MM4 Derived Gridded Wind Data File (MM4.DAT)
88071500 35
9849 00272
10000 00136
9250 00831
8500 01571
7000 03218
5000 05943
4000 07655
3000 09747
9805 00313
9716 00394
9584 00517
9362 00724
9053 01021
8654 01414
8168 01914
7548 02586
6752 03518
5867 04668
4982 05971
4097 07475
3212 09262
2327 11485
1442 14523
88071500 36
9796 00321
10000 00136
9250 00831
8500 01571
7000 03217
5000 05940
4000 07654
3000 09746
9752 00361
9664 00442
9532 00565
9312 00772
9004 01068
8608 01461
8124 01960
7509 02630
6717 03559
5838 04706
4958 06006
4078 07508
3199 09290
2319 11505
1440 14530

16 1015.2 0.00 0
30056 24507
30657 00000
25232 26510
19814 29009
10661 03011
04971 07013
17170 05011
32566 05012
29656 24507
28852 24508
27846 25509
26038 26510
23823 27010
21015 28509
17612 30008
14058 00007
09064 03512
02866 05012
05171 07013
15971 05011
28767 05011
46364 05517
66159 02514
16 1015.2 0.00 0
29456 25007
30656 00000
25231 26511
20015 30009
10261 01510
04775 06512
17173 05513
32567 05014
29052 25007
28246 25007
27239 25509
25634 26511
23620 27010
20816 29509
17214 32009
13458 35509
08463 02011
02667 04011
05176 06513
16173 05513
28968 05012
46565 05018
66360 01515

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-60

Table 4-29
MM4 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM4.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #1
Variable No.
1

Variable

Type

Description

CTEXT

char*36

Text date/time stamp for file creation

Header Record #2

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

Table 4-29 (Continued)

MM4 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM4.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #3

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

integer

subdomain
format (4i4)

Next NZP Records

Variable No.
1

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

Variable

Type

Description

SIGMA

real array

Sigma-p values used by MM4/MM5 to define each of

the NZP layers
Read as:
do 10 I=1,NZP
10
READ(iomm4,20)SIGMA(I)
20
FORMAT(F6.4)

4-62

Table 4-29 (Continued)

MM4 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM4.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Next NXP*NYP Records
Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

IINDEX

integer

I-index (X direction) of the grid point in the extraction subdomain

JINDEX

integer

J-index (Y direction) of the grid point in the extraction subdomain

XLATDOT

real array

N. Latitude (degrees) of the grid point in the extraction subdomain

(positive for the Northern Hemisphere, negative for Southern
Hemisphere)

XLONGDOT

real array

E. Longitude (degrees) of the grid point in the extraction

subdomain (N.B., the MM4/MM5 convention is different than the
CALMET convention: MM4/MM5 uses negative values for
Western Hemisphere and positive values for Eastern Hemisphere.
CALMET internally converts the longitudes in the MM4.DAT
file, so the MM4/MM5 convention must be used in the MM4.DAT
file)

IELEVDOT

integer array

Terrain elevation of the grid point in the extraction subdomain (m

MSL)

ILUDOT

integer array

Land use description code of the grid point in the extraction

subdomain
format (2i3,f7.3,f8.3,i5,i3)

DATA RECORDS (repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain)

Data Record
Variable

Type

Description

MYR

integer

Year of MM4/MM5 wind data

MMO

integer

Month of MM4/MM5 wind data

MDAY

integer

Day of MM4/MM5 wind data

MHR

integer

Hour (GMT) of MM4/MM5 wind data

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4-64

Table 4-30
CALMM5 Sample Log File (CALMM5.LST)

CALMM5 - Version: 1.0

Level: 990318

MM5 for Alberta and British Columbia, Canada

Input file:

mm5_dmn2.950301

Output file:

samp.mm5

Log file:

calmm5.lst

Select region based on (1, lat/lon; 2, J/I):

2
Selected I/J range from Input:
37
39
11
14
beginning date:
95030100
ending
date:
95030101
output format:
ioutw:
ioutq:
ioutc:
iouti:
ioutg:

1 -- MM5

1
1
1
1
1

reading first mm5 header

starting date of mm5 output data:

95030100

mm5 options:
non hydrostatic run
reference pressure p0 :
100000.0 pa
reference temperature :
275.0 k
ref. temperature lapse rate : 50.0 k/500mb
lambert conformal map projection
center latitude (degrees):
54.11700
center longitude (degrees):
-119.8540
true latitude 1 (degrees):
60.00000
true latitude 2 (degrees):
30.00000
cone factor
0.7155668
mm5 domain id:
nx in MM5 (east)
:
ny in MM5 (north)
:
nz in MM5 (vertical):
dxy in MM5 (km)
:

2
115
73
17
20.00000

half sigma levels

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4-65

Table 4-30 (Concluded)

CALMM5 Sample Log File (CALMM5.LST)

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:

0.050
0.150
0.250
0.350
0.450
0.550
0.625
0.675
0.725
0.775
0.825
0.870
0.910
0.945
0.970
0.985
0.995

number of 0-1-2-3 d arrays in mm5 output

0-d:
0
1-d:
0
2-d:
13
3-d:
12
check inconsistency between mm5 options and output selections
end check : no incompatibility found. good!
reading mm5 records
Date/hours/selected_hours:
95030100
1
1
Selected domain I:
37
39
J:
11
14
Number of Grids:
3
4
Selected domain SW lat/lon:
49.157
-125.830
X/Y:
-420.001
-520.010
processing :
95030100
from gridpoint x= 37 to
39
from gridpoint y= 11 to
14
latitude range:
49.157 to:
49.740
longitude range:
-125.895 to:
-125.263
Date/hours/selected_hours:
95030101
processing :
95030101
Data Created

---- Successful Calmm5 Run -----

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4-66

4.2

Geophysical Data Processors

The GEO.DAT data file contains the geophysical data inputs required by the CALMET model. These
inputs include land use type, elevation, surface parameters (surface roughness length, albedo, Bowen
ratio, soil heat flux parameter, and vegetation leaf area index) and anthropogenic heat flux. The land use
and elevation data are entered as gridded fields. The surface parameters and anthropogenic heat flux can
be entered either as gridded fields or computed from the land use data at each grid point. A series of
programs have been developed to process the terrain and land use data and produce a GEO.DAT file
containing gridded fields of terrain, land use, and land use weighted fields of surface parameters and heat
flux. Creating the GEO.DAT is a three step process. The first two steps involve processing the relevant
terrain and land use data and then, in the third step, the processed files are combined into a final file
(GEO.DAT) that can be read by CALMET. The following preprocessors are used to generate a
GEO.DAT file:

TERREL

is a terrain preprocessor which coordinates the allocation of

terrain elevation data from several digitized data bases to a
user-specified modeling grid.

CTGCOMP

is a preprocessor used to compress the data file format of a

USGS land use data file in Composite Theme Grid (CTG)
format.

CTGPROC

is a land use preprocessor which reads the compressed CTG

land use data (or the USGS Global Dataset format) and
computes the fractional land use for each grid cell in the userspecified modeling domain.

PRLND1

is a land use preprocessor which reads the ARM3 data base of

land use data and computes fractional land use for each grid
cell in the user-specified modeling domain.

MAKEGEO

is the final preprocessor which reads the fractional land use

data, user inputs which define land use category mapping, and
values relating each of the surface parameters to land use and
optionally, the gridded terrain file, and produces a GEO.DAT
file ready for input to CALMET. Note: if the gridded terrain
data file is not incorporated into MAKEGEO, it must be handedited into the GEO.DAT file before running CALMET.

The complete process is illustrated in Figure 4-4 and further described in the following sections.

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4-67

TERRAIN
GTOPO30
Global Data
900 m (30 sec)

1 Deg DEM
90 m (3 sec)

LAND USE
7.5 minute DEM
(30 m)

USGS Composite Theme Grid

Data (CTG)

ARM3 Data
(GIS.DAT)

PRELND.INP

CTGCOMP.INP

PRELND1

CTGCOMP

Canadian DMDF
Data
(~ 100 m)

ARM3 Data
900 m (30 sec)

Repeat for each file

TERREL.INP

Compressed CTG Data File

TERREL

USGS Global Data File

CTGPROC.INP

CTGPROC
TERREL.LST
List File

Gridded
Terrain
Field
.SAV
.OUT

Plot File
(SURFER
.GRD File)

(Iterative)
Gridded
Output LU Data
(Final run the
output is expressed
as fractional land use)

CTGPROC.LST

(Optional)

MAKEGEO.INP

MAKEGEO

GEO.DAT

I:\CALMET\Nov99\Figure4-4

Figure 4-4. Processing Geophysical Data

MAKEGEO.LST

Gridded LU Data

4.2.1

TERREL Terrain Preprocessor

TERREL is a preprocessing program that extracts and reformats USGS Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
data, ARM3 digital terrain data, and Canadian (Alberta) DEM terrain data according to the options
selected by the user (domain, resolution, etc.). TERREL has the ability to produce gridded fields of
terrain elevations or a polar grid of terrain elevations. For the gridded field option, TERREL averages all
of the terrain data points which fall in the grid cell to obtain the elevation at the center of the userspecified grid cell. When using the polar grid option, TERREL uses the maximum terrain elevation in
the area either from the current ring out to the next ring (user input switch - SCREEN) or halfway
between adjacent rings (user input switch - NORMAL) and halfway between the adjacent radials.
TERREL can produce terrain data files in the formats compatible with the following models: CALMET,
MESOPAC, NUATMOS, and ISC3. TERREL requires at least one input file and produces four output
files. TERREL can first be run without any data files and the program will indicate for the user the
latitude and longitude of the four corners of the area required to cover the user-specified domain. A
message indicates how many terrain data files of each type are required based on the domain parameters
supplied by the user. This is helpful, for example, when only UTM coordinates are known, but not the
latitude and longitude of the corners of the modeling domain. Once the appropriate data files are
obtained, the TERREL input file must be modified to reflect the names and types of the data files and
TERREL must be run again to process the terrain data. This could be done in one run or as an iterative
process, where intermediate results are stored in a binary file (e.g., TERREL.SAV) and incorporated into
the next TERREL run using the next set of digital terrain input data. The .SAV file option is helpful if
the user doesn't have the available disk space to store all of the raw terrain files at once.
TERREL has an input (ITHRES) which is used for quality assurance purposes. ITHRES is a whole
number (%) identifying the acceptable threshold of variance from the average number of data points
('hits') per cell. If a particular grid cell had less than ITHRES percent of the average number of data 'hits'
per cell, a warning message is written to alert the user to check the results. If using a mix of 1-degree
DEM data and 30 meter DEM data, the grid cells using the 30 meter data will have many more 'hits' than
the 1-degree DEM grid cells. The user might want to adjust the value of ITHRES to reduce the number
of warning messages which will be written.
TERREL has the option (variable OUTMAP) to define the gridded fields as either a Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid or using a Lambert Conformal Projection (LCC). The latter should be
used when the modeling domain is large, because a Lambert Conformal grid accounts for the earth's
curvature. If the LCC option is specified, TERREL uses the user-specified standard parallels (latitudes)
and reference longitude to calculate a "cone constant" and the east-west distance from the reference
longitude. The reference longitude is the longitude at which true north and map north are defined to be

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-69

the same. It also defines where x=0 in the Lambert Conformal grid. The reference latitude defines
where y=0 in the Lambert Conformal grid.
TERREL INPUT:
1. Terrain database: Table 4-31 defines the types of terrain databases which can be processed by
TERREL. Six types of terrain data can be read, corresponding to different resolutions and formats: 30
arc-seconds (J900 m spacing, USGS GTOPO30 or ARM3 format), 3 arc-seconds (J90 m spacing, 1
degree DEM, USGS or Rocky Mtn. Communications (3CD) format), 30 meters (7.5 minute DEM, USGS
format), and Canadian Digital Map Data Format (DMDF) data (~100 m resolution). The terrain data
ordered from the USGS can be obtained through file transfer protocol (FTP) access, on CD-ROM or
magnetic tape.
2. Obtaining the Data: 3 arc-second terrain data are available from the USGS with file names
corresponding to the 1:250,000-scale map names followed by -e or -w for the eastern and western
portions respectively. In some regions, 30-m data are also available with the names corresponding to the
1:100,000-scale map names.
The user must first identify the names of the quadrants encompassed by the domain. These names are
listed in a USGS map index as well as on the WWW home page of the USGS. Select FTP via
Graphics in the DEM section to view a map of the US and the names of the quadrants.
3-sec terrain data are available by anonymous FTP from: edcftp.cr.usgs.gov, or can be downloaded from
the WWW site: http://edcftp.cr.usgs.gov/pub/data/DEM/250.30-m terrain data must be ordered from the
USGS.
30 arc-second terrain data for the globe are available from the USGS WWW site:
(http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/gtopo30/gtopo30.html). The GTOPO30 data set is divided into
files (or tiles), where each file covers 40 degrees of longitude and 50 degrees of latitude, except for in the
Antarctica region where each file covers 60 degrees of longitude and 30 degrees of latitude. Figure 4-5
shows the spatial coverage of the data files. Each file is either 57,600,000 (non-Antarctica) or
51,840,000 bytes (Antarctica) in size.

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4-70

Figure 4.5

Spatial coverage of each GTOPO30 tiles (files). After USGS.

4-71

These DEM data are provided in 16-bit signed integers in a simple binary raster, with no imbedded
header or trailer bytes and no internal indexing. The data are stored in Motorola byte order, which stores
the most significant byte first, i.e., big endian. The Motorola, SUN, HP, and SGI platforms use big
endian; where as the Intel (PC) and DEC platforms use little endian. Therefore, the user must be careful
regarding the intended platform for TERREL. The code uses a logical flag, LBIGENDIAN (set in
subroutine SETGLOB), to define whether the intended platform is big endian or little endian.
LBIGENDIAN=.FALSE. is for little endian, and LBIGENDIAN=.TRUE. is for big endian. The flag
enables the porting of TERREL across different machine platforms.
3. User control file (TERREL.INP): this input file specifies the filenames and type of databases being
processed and the modeling domain related parameters. A sample file is shown in Table 4-32 and a
description of each input variable is provided in Table 4-33.
4. Save file: this input data file contains the binary results from an intermediate run of TERREL. It is
read as input to the current run.
TERREL OUTPUT:
1. list file: echoes the selected options, reports errors and provides a listing of the gridded terrain
elevations and the number of raw data points ('hits') used to compute the terrain elevation for each grid
cell (e.g., TERREL.LST).
2. plot file: can be read directly by a contouring software package such as SURFER (e.g.,
TERREL.GRD).
3. save file: contains the intermediate binary output (e.g., TERREL.SAV).
4. terrain elevation output file: an ASCII file in the format specified by the user. For example,
choosing the model option 'CALMET' produces a gridded terrain file which can be directly read by
MAKEGEO (e.g., TERREL.OUT).

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4-72

Table 4-31
Terrain Databases

Database
Type

Description

Source

File
Format

Reference
System

Spatial
Resolution
(m)

USGS90

1-deg DEM
3 arc-second data

USGS

ASCII

Geographic
(lat/lon)

J90

USGS30

7.5 min USGS

quadrangle

USGS

ASCII

UTM

3CD

1-deg DEM
3 arc-second data

Rocky Mtn
Communications
CD-ROM

Binary

Geographic
(lat/lon)

J90

GTOPO30

30 second DEM
40b lon. by 50blat.
covering world

USGS

Binary

Geographic
(lat/lon)

~900

ARM3

30 second data
4 N-S sheets
covering U.S.
7.5 min Alberta
DEM

CALPUFF CDROM (available

from NTIS)
Alberta Environ.
Protection

ASCII

Geographic
(lat/lon)

J900

ASCII

UTM

~100

DMDF

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4-73

Table 4-32
Sample TERREL Control File Inputs
(TERREL.INP)

testv2.lst
! List-File (a70)
testv2.grd
! Plot-File (a70) [GGS .grd]
testv2.out
! Gridded output file (a70)
testv2.sav
! Save-File created by current run (a70)
y
! Continuation run flag (n=no, y=yes)
firstrun.sav
! Previous save file (a70) (read as input)
UTM
! GRID TYPE:
utm OR lcc
CORNER
! GRID DEF : center OR corner OR polar
CALMET
! Model: NUATMOS,CALMET,MESOPAC,ISCPOLR,ISCCART,GENERIC
1
! No. of USGS 1-deg DEM files (~90m)
..\terrain\canton.e
! filename (a70)
0
! No. of USGS 30-meter DEM files
0
! No. of ARM3 terrain data files (~900m)
0
! No. of 3CD (binary) 1-deg DEM files (~90m)
0
! No. of Canadian DMDF DEM files (~100 m)
0
! No. Of GTOPO30 30-sec DEM files (~900m)
75
! Threshold value for QA (%)
529.0
4464.0
17
! xorgk,yorgk,izone
40 80
.25
! nx,ny,sizek (km)
N
! Hemisphere (N=northern,S=southern)
40.3
80.7
! Reference latitude and longitude of LCC grid
30. 60.
! Standard parallels of latitude used for LCC projection
NORMAL
! NORMAL or SCREEN for polar grid
.2 .4 .6 .8 1. 1.2 1.4 1.6
1.8 2. 2.5 3. 3.5 4. 4.5 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12. 14.
! Enter ring distances (km) for POLAR grid
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320
330 340 350 360
! Radials (degrees) for POLAR grid

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4-74

Table 4-33
TERREL Control File Inputs
Lines

Variable

Type

Description

only if it is a continuation run.

OUTMAP

character*3

Output GRID type; options are: UTM, LCC

(UTM or Lambert conformal).

GRDTYP

character*6

*one filename per line

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4-75

Table 4-33
TERREL Control File Inputs
Lines

Variable

Type

next
NGTOPO
30 lines*

DATAFIL

character*70

Input file pathname for USGS GTOPO30

terrain data (read only if NGTOPO30>0)

ITHRES

integer

Threshold flag in % of the average number of

data 'hits' per cell used for QA.

XORGK,YORGK,

real

IZONE

integer

Reference X and Y coordinates origin (km),

(position of origin in relation to grid specified in
GRDTYP).
UTM zone.

NX, NY,
SIZEK

integer
real

Number of grid cells in X and Y directions (if

GRDTYP=CORNER or CENTER) or number
of rings (NX) and radials (NY) (if
GRDTYP=POLAR). SIZEK is the horizontal
grid spacing (km).

AHEMI

character*1

Hemisphere (N=northern, S=southern).

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4-76

Table 4-33
TERREL Control File Inputs
Lines

Variable

Type

Description

RLAT, RLONG

real

Reference latitude and longitude (degrees) for

Lambert Conformal Coordinate System.
RLONG is where 1) true north is the same as
grid north, 2) x=0 in the Lambert Conformal
grid, RLAT is where y=0 in the Lambert
Conformal grid. Longitude is positive in the
western hemisphere and negative in the eastern
hemisphere.

*one filename per line

XLAT1, XLAT2

real

Two standard parallels of latitudes used for

Lambert Conformal Projection.

DRANGE

character*6

Terrain extraction approach, used for polar grid

only options: NORMAL=Terrain data extracted
from the region extending halfway to previous
ring and halfway to next ring.
SCREEN=Terrain data extracted from the
region extending from the current ring out to the
next ring distance.

DISK

real array

Distance of concentric rings for polar grid (km).

Read only if GRDTYP = POLAR. NX values.

ANG

real array

Polar grid radials (degrees). Read only if

GRDTYP=POLAR. NY values.

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4-77

4.2.2

Land Use Data Preprocessors (CTGCOMP and CTGPROC)

This section explains how to obtain and process Composite Theme Grid (CTG) Land Use and Land
Cover (LULC) data. CTG files are sequential ASCII files which consist of five header records and then
one grid cell per logical record. The land use code is defined at the center point of each cell which are
usually spaced 200 meters apart in both east-west and north-south directions. The points are oriented to
the UTM projection. These files can be quite large (J 38 MB for one quadrant), therefore, the first step
in processing the land use data is to compress the data file (CTGCOMP) and then to work (CTGPROC)
with the much smaller compressed file (J 0.5 MB). Other types of land use data are available, but must
be processed adequately before using in MAKEGEO: for example, ARM3 data can be processed using
PRELND1.
4.2.2.1 Obtaining the Data
Land Use and Land Cover Data are available from the USGS at the 1:250,000-scale with file names
corresponding to the 1:250,000-scale map names. In some regions, land use data are also available at the
1:100,000-scale. Land use and land cover types are divided into 37 categories.
The user must first identify the names of the quadrants encompassed by the domain. These names are
listed in a USGS map index as well as on the WWW home page of the USGS. Select the 250K FTP via
Graphics in the LULC section to view a map of the US and the names of the quadrants.
CTG LULC data are available by anonymous ftp from: edcftp.cr.usgs.gov, or can be downloaded from
the WWW site: http://edcftp.cr.usgs.gov/pub/data/LULC.
4.2.2.2 CTGCOMP - the CTG land use data compression program
CTG LULC data files retrieved from the ftp/web sites are ASCII files which are quite large, and it is
useful to compress the data. CTGCOMP reads an uncompressed CTG file and produces a compressed
CTG file. Both files are in ASCII.
CTGCOMP requires an input file called "CTGCOMP.INP" in which the user specifies the uncompressed
CTG land use data file name and the compressed output file name. A list file (CTGCOMP.LST) is
created which echoes the header records of the land use data file and provides summary information
about the run. CTGCOMP must be run for each CTG data file.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-78

4.2.2.3 CTGPROC - the land use preprocessor

CTGPROC reads a compressed USGS Land Use and Land Cover data in Composite Theme Grid (CTG)
format, or the USGS Global Dataset format. The CTG data is available for the United States, with a
horizontal resolution of approximately 200 m. The global dataset covers the worl with a resolution of
approximately 900 m.
Each run of CTGPROC processes one file (i.e., one quadrant of data processed per run) and determines
the fractional land use for each grid cell in the user-specified gridded domain. If the domain
encompasses several CTG files (quadrants), CTGPROC must be run iteratively and the continuation flag
must be turned on in the input file. The output from a previous run of CTGPROC can be used as an input.
CALMET grid cells are often large enough to include more than one land use data point: CTGPROC
keeps track of the number of process 'hits' of each land use category for each grid cell and in the final run
of an iteration compiles final fractional land use categories for each grid cell. A hit is a landuse datapoint
from the CTG of glabal dataset that falls within a grid cell defined by CTGPROC. If the number of hits
for a given grid cell is less than a user-specified threshold of the domain average number of hits, the
program flags possibly missing data in a list file (or possibly incorrectly specified domain parameters).
Input: a user input control file CTGPROC.INP (grid definition parameters must be compatible with
those used in TERREL), and a compressed CTG data file or a global data file. An example of the input
file and a description of the input variables are shown in Tables 4-35 and 4-36, respectively.
Output: a list file (CTGPROC.LST), and a gridded land use data file. A sample list file is shown in
Table 4-37.

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4-79

Table 4-34
Sample CTGCOMP Control File Inputs
(CTGCOMP.INP)

..\pocatell.ctg
..\pocatell.cmp

! Uncompressed CTG input data file name (a70)

! Compressed CTG output data file name (a70)

Line

Variable

Type

Description

CTGFIL

character*70

Name of uncompressed CTG land use data

file (input)

COMPFIL

character*70

Name of compressed CTG land use data file

(output)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-80

Table 4-35
Sample CTGPROC Control File Inputs
(CTGPROC.INP)

310.0 4820.0 19 1.0 99 99

! xorg,yorg,utm zone,grid spacing,nx,ny
N
! Hemisphere (N=northern, S=southern)
C
! Type of input data file: G - Global; C - CTG
lewiston.cmp
! Compressed CTG or global data file name (input a70)
proc1.dat
! Processed data file name (output a70)
N
! Continuation run flag (N=no, Y=yes)
n/a
! Previous CTGPROC data file name (input a70)
75
! QA Threshold (%)
N
! Last run in series? (N=no, Y=yes)
40.
90.
! Reference lat,lon for Lambert Conformal coords
30.
60.
! Two standard parallels used for Lambert Conformal
The following lines are used to specify Global Lambert Azimuthal(LZ). Ignored if CTG file are used.
13000
13000
! Number of elements in X and Y input ** Data for Eurasia &
1.0
1.0
! Cell size in X and Y input (km)
optimized for Europe
-3000. -4999.
! The input LZ origin X and Y (km)
55.0
20.
! Reference latitude and longitude (degrees)
0
0
! False postion offset

The following information is provided for the various global dataset files. The appropriate information
must be input in the last 5 lines of the file when using the global dataset.
For different regions, the last five lines of this control file should be
different. For the sake of easy use, the numbers to be used in different
regions are listed below. You need to choose one of the groups listed
below to replace the last five effective lines.
----------North America-----------------------------------------------------------------9223
8996
! Number of elements in X and Y input
1.0
1.0
! Cell size in X and Y input (km)
-4487. -4515.
! The input LZ origin X and Y (km)
50.0
-100.
! Reference latitude and longitude (degrees)
0
0
! False postion offset
----------Eurasia (Optimized for Europe)------------------------------------------------13000
13000
! Number of elements in X and Y input
1.0
1.0
! Cell size in X and Y input (km)
-3000. -4999.
! The input LZ origin X and Y (km)
55.0
20.
! Reference latitude and longitude (degrees)
0
0
! False postion offset
----------Eurasia (Optimized for Asia)--------------------------------------------------13000
12000
! Number of elements in X and Y input
1.0
1.0
! Cell size in X and Y input (km)
-8000. -5499.
! The input LZ origin X and Y (km)
45.0
100.
! Reference latitude and longitude (degrees)
0
0
! False postion offset
----------South America-----------------------------------------------------------------6000
8000
! Number of elements in X and Y input
1.0
1.0
! Cell size in X and Y input (km)
-3000. -4899.
! The input LZ origin X and Y (km)
-15.0
-60.
! Reference latitude and longitude (degrees)
0
0
! False postion offset
----------Africa------------------------------------------------------------------------8350
9276
! Number of elements in X and Y input
1.0
1.0
! Cell size in X and Y input (km)
-4458. -4795.
! The input LZ origin X and Y (km)
5.0
20.
! Reference latitude and longitude (degrees)
0
0
! False postion offset
----------Australia Pacific-------------------------------------------------------------9300
8000
! Number of elements in X and Y input
1.0
1.0
! Cell size in X and Y input (km)
-5000. -3944.891
! The input LZ origin X and Y (km)
-15.0
135.
! Reference latitude and longitude (degrees)
0
0
! False postion offset

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4-81

Table 4-36
Control File Inputs (CTGPROC.INP)

Line

Variable

Type

Description

XORG

real

YORG

real

IZONE

integer

DGRID
NX
NY

real
integer
integer

Reference X coordinate (km) of southwest

corner of grid cell (1,1).
Reference Y coordinate (km) of southwest
corner of grid cell (1,1).
UTM zone (1-60), or use negative value to
indicate Lambert Conformal Projection
Horizontal grid spacing (km)
Number of grid cells in the E-W direction
Number of grid cells in the N-S direction

AHEMI

character*1

Hemisphere (N=northern, S=southern)

ATYPE

character*1

Final run flag (N=not a final run, Y=yes, a

final run)

REFLAT

real

REFLON

real

Reference latitude (deg.) used in Lambert

Conformal projection (REFLAT > 0 in
Northern Hemispher, REFLAT < 0 in
Southern Hemisphere)
Reference longitude (deg.) used in Lambert
Conformal projection (REFLON > 0 in
Western Hemisphere, REFLON < 0 in
Eastern Hemisphere)

XLAT1
XLAT2

real
real

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

Latitude (deg.) of two standard parallels

used in the Lambert Conformal projection
(Positive in N. Hemisphere, negative in S.
Hemisphere)

4-82

Table 4-36 (Continued)

Control File Inputs (CTGPROC.INP)

Line

Variable

Type

Description

Comment line. This line must be present in

the file, but it is skipped by CTGPROC. It
is used as a divider in the input file.

NXI

integer

NYI

integer

Number of elements in the X direction in

the global data file
Number of elements in the Y direction in
the global data file

DXI

real

DYI

real

XORG

real

YORG

real

RLAT

real

RLONG

real

NXOFF

integer

NYOFF

integer

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

Size (km) of the cell in the X direction in

the global data file
Size (km) of the cell in the Y direction in
the global data file
Origin X coordinate (km) of the Lambert
azimuthal system of the global data file.
Origin Y coordinate (km) of the Lambert
azimuthal system of the global data file.
Reference latitude (deg.) of the Lambert
azimuthal coordinate system of the global
data file (positive for N. Hemisphere,
negative for S. Hemisphere)
Reference longitude (deg.) of the Lambert
azimuthal coordinate system of the global
data file (positive for W. Hemisphere,
negative for E. Hemisphere)
False Easting offset position (km) of the
global data file
False Northing offset position (km) of the
global data file

4-83

Table 4-37
Sample CTGPROC Output List File
(CTGPROC.LST) - Partial Listing
CTGPROC

Version 1.0

Level 000112

Model Domain Parameters:

ORIGIN (x,y in km) =
310.000 4820.000
UTM ZONE = 19
GRID SPACING (km) =
1.000
DOMAIN SIZE (nx,ny) =
99
99
HEMISPHERE (N=northern, S=southern) = N
Input Data Type:
(G=Global,C=CTGCOMP) = C
Input CTG data file:
lewiston.cmp
Output data file:
proc1.dat
Header of Compressed CTG data file:
575
884064
808
0 200
4
17
1
1 808 575
0 556
21
0 415
13
440000
720000
450000
720000
450000
440000
700000
440000
710000
259500
LEWISTON, ME VT NH 1:250,000 QUAD LU PB CN HU
EOF reached in CTG data
Total number of records
Total number of records
Total number of missing

file.
read:
73689
used to update data:
LU categories:

19
1
809
20
710000
4987100

7874016
802 575
450000
84180

1973
401 373
700000

113094
218

Number of CTG land use cell hits

Multiply all values by 10 **
99 I
I
98 I
I
97 I
I
96 I
I
95 I
I
94 I
I
93 I
I
92 I
I
91 I
I
90 I
I
89 I
I
88 I
I
87 I
I
86 I
I
85 I
I
84 I
I
83 I
I

25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+

0
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+

25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+

.....

Number of land use hits low in

5254 Cells
with fewer than
8 hits per cell.
Land Use Processing Complete.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-84

25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+
25
+

4.2.3

MAKEGEO

MAKEGEO generates a GEO.DAT file that provides the geophysical data inputs required by the
CALMET model1. These inputs include land use types, elevation, surface parameters (surface roughness
length, albedo, Bowen ratio, soil heat flux parameter, vegetation leaf area index), and anthropogenic heat
flux. An extensive description of GEO.DAT is provided in Section 4.3.2.
MAKEGEO requires 3 input files: a gridded elevation file (e.g., produced by TERREL)2, a gridded land
use file (e.g., generated by CTGPROC), and a user input file (MAKEGEO.INP).
MAKEGEO reads gridded fractional land use, calculates dominant land use categories, as well as
weighted surface parameters and remaps to new LULC categories, if desired. In MAKEGEO.INP, the
user can define new LU categories by remapping the USGS LU categories. For example, the USGS land
use category system has 7 types of urban or built-up land and these would all be mapped to one land use
category for urban or built-up land in CALMET if using the 14 category system (see Table 4-27).
A value of each surface parameter is provided by the user for each land use category in the MAKEGEO
control input file. MAKEGEO computes area weighted values for each grid cell based on the amount of
area each land use category covers in the grid cell. For example, a grid cell which is half water and half
forest would have surface parameters that would reflect 50% of the value assigned to water and 50% of
the value assigned to forest categories. An arithmetic weighting is computed for albedo, Bowen ratio,
soil heat flux, vegetation leaf area index and anthropogenic heat flux. For the surface roughness, a
logarithmic weighting is used.
A sample MAKEGEO.INP file is provided in Table 4-38 and the input variables are described in Table
4-39.

MAKEGEO also produces a binary terrain file suitable for input into UAM.

MAKEGEO will run if a gridded elevation file is not supplied, but gridded terrain elevations must then
be manually inserted into GEO.DAT before using as input for CALMET.

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4-85

Table 4-38
Sample MAKEGEO Control File
(MAKEGEO.INP)
..\new\landuse.dat
geo1km.dat
Y
..\..\terrain\ter1km.out
1 1.0
40
30
370.
4730.
1.
12
37
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 22 23 24
.5
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. .25 .25 .25 .25
.18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .15 .15 .15 .15
1. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1. 1. 1. 1.
.2 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .15 .15 .15 .15
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
1. .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 3. 3. 3. 3.
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
54
0.5
5
51 52 53 54 55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
10 20 -20 30 40 51 54 55 60 61 62 70 80 90
51 55
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20
Y
10 4
Y
terrain.bin
IFILE
|TERRAIN
NOTE
|UAM Terrain not used in
idate,begtim
|
88001
0.
jdate,endtim
|
88366
23.
xorg,yorg,utmzone |
0.0
0.0
utm x & y sw cor(m)| 291000.0 4552000.0
delta x & y (m)
|
250.0
250.0
nx, ny, nz
|
40
40
nzlower & nzupper |
2
3
htsur,htlow,htupp |
0.
50.
ix,iy,nxcll,nycll |
0
0

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

31 32 33 41 42
.05 .05 .05 1. 1.
.25 .25 .25 .1 .1
1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
.15 .15 .15 .15 .15
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
.5 .5 .5 7. 7.
1. 1. 1. 1. 1.

| gridded land use data

| output geo.dat file
| Read Terrain file?
| Input terrain data filename
| 1st point read?(0=SW corner,1=NW corner), conversion factor to meters
| number of cells - x dir
| number of cells - y dir
| x origin
(km)
| y origin
(km)
| grid resolution (km)
| UTM zone
| # of input categories
43 51
52
53
54
61 62 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 81 82 83
1. .001 .001 .001 .001
1. .2 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05
.1 .1
.1
.1
.1
.1 .1 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
1. 0.
0.
0.
0.
.5 .1
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
.15 1.
1.
1.
1.
.25 .25 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15
0. 0.
0.
0.
0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
7. 0.
0.
0.
0.
2. 1. .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05
1. 1.
1.
1.
1.
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
| missing landuse value
| CFRACT coverage thres. to define a cell as water
| # of water categories
| values of water categories
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
| # of output categories
| list of output categories
| range of water categories
40 51
51
51
54
61 62 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 80 80 80
| QA Option (Y or N)
| QA cell to write out (I,J)
| create UAM terrain file? (Y or N)
| UAM terrain file

CALMET
18
5
100.
40

4-86

84
.05
.3
1.
.15
0.
.05
1.

85
.05
.3
1.
.15
0.
.05
1.

91
.05
.3
1.
.15
0.
.05
1.

92
.05
.3
1.
.15
0.
.05
1.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

input categories
z0
albedo
bowen ratio
soil heat flux
anthropogenic flux
leaf area index
vegetation factors

90 | input:output mapping

| input redef 0=N,1=Y

Table 4-39
MAKEGEO Control File Inputs
Line

Variable

Type

Description

Terrain elevation multiplier (conversion factor to

meters) (for TERREL output HTFAC=1.0) (used only
if CTER=y)

integer

Number of grid cells in the X direction

integer

IZONE

integer

UTM zone

NINCAT

integer

Number of input land use categories (if USGS LULC

categories: NINCAT=37)

NCAT

real array

List of input categories

Z0LU

real array

Surface roughness (m) for each input land use category

ALBLU

real array

Surface albedo (fraction) for each input land use

Bowen ratio for each input land use category

SOILU

real array

Soil heat flux parameter for each input land use

Anthropogenic heat flux (W/m2) for each input category

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4-87

Table 4-39
MAKEGEO Control File Inputs
Line

Variable

Type

Description

LAILU

real array

Each input category can be redefined by splitting the
corresponding land use type between other land use
types.

The next lines are read only if IREDEF is 1 for one or several categories. For each category to
be redefined, 3 lines must be entered. The sets of 3 lines must follow the same order as the input
categories (e.g. if categories 5 and 20 are redefined, the first set of 3 lines correspond to category 5
and the next set to category 20)
25a

NREC

integer

Number of land use types into which the old input

category is to be split.

25b

IREC

integer array

Category numbers of each new land use.

25c

PREC

integer array

Percentage of the old category to be refined as IREC.

NOUTCAT

integer

Number of output categories (14 for default

CALMET run)

OUTCAT

integer array

List of output LU categories (14 default CALMET; see

sample MAKEGEO.INP)

IWAT1,
IWAT2

integer

New range of water categories

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4-88

Table 4-39
MAKEGEO Control File Inputs
Line

Variable

Type

Description

MAPCAT

integer array

Input to output mapping. For each input LU category,

the new output LU category must be provided. There
should be 'NINCAT' values.

CQA

char*1

Flag to invoke QA option (Y=yes or N=no)

NLX,NLY

integers

I,J, indices of cell to write out for QA check (used only

if CQA=y)

CUAMTE
R

char*1

Flag to generate UAM terrain file (Y=yes, N=no)

The next 12 lines are irrelevant for GEO.DAT (CALMET), and are only read if CUAMTER=Y.
32a

UTERFIL

char*70

Output UAM Terrain file

Each line begins with a 20-character-long message.

32b

IFILE

char*1 array

Output file name

32c

NOTE

char*1 array

Comment line

32d

IDATE,
BEGTIM

integer, real

Begin date and time

32e

JDAT,
ENDTIM

integer, real

End date and time

32f

XOR,YOR
IZN

real, real
integer

Reference origin (X,Y), UTM zone

32g

UTMX,
UTMY

real

UTM coordinates (m) of origin

32h

DX,DY

real

Grid cell size in X and Y direction (m)

32i

MX,MY,
MZ

integer

Number of grid cells in X, Y and Z directions

32j

IZLOW,
IZUP

integer

Number of vertical levels between ground and the

diffusion break, and between the diffusion break and
the top of the modeling domain.

32k

HTSUR,
HTLOW,
HTUPP

real

Height of surface layer (m). Minimum thickness of

vertical layers between ground and diffusion break, and
between diffusion break and the region top.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-89

Table 4-39
MAKEGEO Control File Inputs
Line

Variable

Type

Description

32l

IZ,IY,ICL,
JCL

integer

X and Y location of segment origin (must be 0).

Number of grid cells in segment in X and Y direction
(must = MX and MY).

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-90

4.3

CALMET Model Files

The CALMET model obtains the necessary control information and input meteorological data from a
number of different input files. The control file (CALMET.INP) contains the data that define a particular
model run, such as starting date and time, horizontal and vertical grid data, and model option flags.
Geophysical data, including terrain elevations, land use, and surface characteristics, are read from a
formatted data file called GEO.DAT.
The hourly surface meteorological observations are contained in the surface data file (SURF.DAT). If
overwater temperatures are being calculated separately, this file must contain only land stations. This
file can be either a formatted or an unformatted file generated by the SMERGE preprocessor program or
a free-formatted, user-prepared file, depending on options specified in the control file. Upper air
meteorological data are read from a series of data files called UPn.DAT, where n is the upper air station
number (e.g., n=1,2,3,...). The data for each upper air station are stored in a separate data file.
Hourly precipitation observations are contained in a file called PRECIP.DAT. This file can be a
formatted or an unformatted file generated by the PMERGE preprocessor program or a free-formatted,
user-prepared file. Overwater meteorological data are read from a series of data files called SEAn.DAT,
where n is the overwater station number (e.g., n= 1,2,3,...). The data for each overwater station are stored
in a separate file. If overwater default parameters for temperature, air-sea temperature difference, etc.,
are being used and separate overwater temperatures are not being calculated, then overwater stations can
be placed in the SURF.DAT file.
CALMET contains an option to use gridded prognostic model output from CSUMM, MM4, or MM5 as
model input. If this option is selected, the CSUMM gridded prognostic model wind fields are read from
an unformatted data file called PROG.DAT, the MM4/MM5 prognostic fields are read from a formatted
data file called MM4.DAT, or the MM5 fields may be read from a formatted file called MM5.DAT.
In its default mode, CALMET computes domain-averaged winds, temperature lapse rates and surface
temperatures from the hourly surface observations and twice-daily upper air data contained in the
SURF.DAT, UPn.DAT, and, if present, SEAn.DAT files. However, the model contains an option for the
user to specify pre-computed values for these parameters from an optional file DIAG.DAT.
The main CALMET output files are a list file (CALMET.LST) containing a listing of the model inputs
and user-selected printouts of the output meteorological values and an optional, unformatted disk file
(CALMET.DAT or PACOUT.DAT) containing the hourly gridded meteorological data produced by the
model. In addition, several additional optional list files (TEST.PRT, TEST.OUT, TEST.KIN,
TEST.FRD, and TEST.SLP) can be created. These files, provided primarily for model testing purposes,

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-91

contain intermediate versions of the wind fields at various points in the diagnostic wind field analysis
(e.g., after evaluation of kinematic effects, slope flows, terrain blocking effects, divergence minimization,
etc.).
The CALMET input and output files are listed in Table 4-40. The table shows the FORTRAN unit
numbers associated with each file. These unit numbers are specified in a parameter file, PARAMS.MET,
and can easily be modified to accommodate system-dependent restrictions on allowable unit numbers.
The user should make sure that the beginning and total number of UPn.DAT and SEAn.DAT files are
defined such that there is no overlap among unit numbers.
The name and full path of each of the CALMET input and output files (except one) is assigned in the
control file (CALMET.INP) which is specified on the command line. For example, on a DOS system,
CALMET d:\CALMET\CALMET.INP
will execute the CALMET code (CALMET.EXE) and read the input and output filenames from
d:\CALMET\CALMET.INP. If not specified on the command line, the default name of the control file is
CALMET.INP in the current working directory.
In the following sections, the contents and format of each CALMET input file are described in detail.

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Table 4-40
CALMET Input and Output Files

Unit

Default
File Name

Type

Format

Description

IO2

DIAG.DAT

input

formatted

File containing preprocessed

meteorological data for diagnostic
wind field module. (Used only if
IDIOPT1, IDIOPT2, IDIOPT3,
IDIOPT4, or IDIOPT5 = 1.)

IO5

CALMET.INP

input

formatted

factors used to weight the
observed winds and the MM4
winds in the interpolation process

(CALMET Input and Output Files Continued)

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Table 4-40 (Concluded)

CALMET Input and Output Files
Unit

Default
File Name

IO30
IO30+1
IO30+2
]
]
]
]

UP1.DAT
UP2.DAT
UP3.DAT
] ]
] ]
] ]
UPn.DAT

Type

as input to the diagnostic wind field module.
(Used only if IPROG > 0.)

only if IPR7=1 and IOUTD=1.)

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4.3.1

User Control File (CALMET.INP)

The selection and control of CALMET options are determined by user-specified inputs contained in a file
called the control file. This file, CALMET.INP, contains all the information necessary to define a model
run (e.g., starting date, run length, grid specifications, technical options, output options, etc.).
CALMET.inp may be created/edited directly using a conventional editor, or it may be created/edited
indirectly by means of the PC-based, Windows-compatible Graphical User Interface (GUI) developed for
CALMET.
The CALMET GUI not only prepares the control file, it also executes the model and facilitates file
management functions; and it contains an extensive help system that makes much of the information in
this manual available to the user on-line. Although the model can be set up and run entirely within the
GUI system, the interface is designed to always create the ASCII CALMET.INP file. This allows runs to
be set up on PC-based systems and the control file transferred to a workstation or a mainframe computer
for computationally intensive applications. The ASCII CALMET.INP file should be directly
transportable to virtually any non-PC system.
When CALMET is setup and run entirely on a non-PC system, or if the GUI is not used on a PC, the
control file CALMET.INP may be configured by using a conventional editor. This is facilitated by the
extensive self-documenting statements contained in the standard file. As explained further below, more
comments can be readily added by the user to document specific parameter choices used in the run.
These comments remain in the file, and are reported to the CALMET list file when CALMET is executed
from the command line. Note, however, that the GUI always writes the standard comments to
CALMET.INP, and ignores any additional text. Furthermore, the control file is always updated by the
GUI, even if the GUI is only used to run CALMET without altering the technical content of the control
file. Thus, the user must save the control file to another filename prior to using the GUI if non-standard
comments are to be saved. This feature of the GUI can be used to create a new copy of the standard
control file by merely saving a new file to disk, so a fresh version of the control file is always
available.
The control file is organized into 10 major Input Groups preceded by a three line run title (see Table 441). The Input Groups must appear in order, i.e., Input Group 0 followed by Input Group 1, etc.
However, the variables within an Input Group may appear in any order. Each Input Group must end with
an Input Group terminator consisting of the word END between two delimiters (i.e., !END!). Even a
blank Input Group (i.e., one in which no variables are included) must end with an Input Group terminator
in order to signal the end of that Input Group and the beginning of another. Note that Input Group 0
consists of four subgroups.
A sample control file is shown in Table 4-42. It is designed to be flexible and easy to use. The control
file is read by a set of FORTRAN text processing routines contained within CALMET which allow the

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4-95

user considerable flexibility in designing and customizing the input file. An unlimited amount of
optional descriptive text can be inserted within the control file to make it self-documenting. For
example, the definition, allowed values, units, and default value of each input variable can be included
within the control file.
The control file processor searches for pairs of special delimiter characters (!). All text outside the
delimiters is assumed to be user comment information and is echoed back but otherwise ignored by the
input module. Only data within the delimiter characters are processed. The input data consist of a
leading delimiter followed by the variable name, equals sign, input value or values, and a terminating
delimiter (e.g., !XX = 12.5 !). The variable name can be lower or upper case, or a mixture of both (i.e.,
XX, xx, Xx are all equivalent). The variable can be a real, integer or logical array or scalar. The use of
repetition factors for arrays is allowed (e.g., ! XARRAY = 3 * 1.5 ! instead of ! XARRAY = 1.5, 1.5, 1.5
!). Different values must be separated by commas. Spaces within the delimiter pair are ignored.
Exponential notation (E format) for real numbers is allowed. However, the optional plus sign should be
omitted (e.g., enter +1.5E+10 as 1.5E10). The data may be extended over more than one line. The line
being continued must end with a comma. Each leading delimiter must be paired with a terminating
delimiter. All text between the delimiters is assumed to be data, so no user comment information is
allowed to appear within the delimiters. The inclusion in the control file of any variable that is being
assigned its default value is optional.
The control file reader expects that logical variables will be assigned using only a one character
representation (i.e., `T' or `F'). Input Groups 7-9 are handled differently (making use of FORTRAN free
reads), because they contain Character*4 input data. The data portion of each record in Input Groups 7-9
must start in Column 9 or greater of the record.
Each CALMET control file input variable is described in Table 4-43. The control file module has a list
of the variable names and array dimensions for each Input Group. Checks are performed to ensure that
the proper variable names are entered by the user, and that no array dimensions are exceeded. Error
messages result if an unrecognized variable name is encountered or too many values are entered for a
variable.
Note that if LLCONF=T, then all x,y coordinates in the CALMET.INP file must be specified on the
chosen Lambert Conformal projection grid, rather than in UTM coordinates.
A standard control file is provided along with the CALMET test case run. It is recommended that a copy
of the standard control file be permanently stored as a backup. Working copies of the control file may be
made and then edited and customized by the user for a particular application.

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Table 4-41
CALMET Control File Input Groups

Input Group

Description

Run Title
First three lines of control file (up to 80 characters/line)

Input and Output File Names

General Run Control Parameters

Starting date and hour, run length, base time zone, and run type options

Grid Control Parameters

Grid spacing, number of cells, vertical layer structure, and reference coordinates

Output Options
Printer control variables, and disk output control variables

Meteorological Data Options

Number of surface, upper air, over water, and precipitation stations, input file formats, and
precipitation options

Wind Field Options and Parameters

Model option flags, radius of influence parameters, weighting factors, barrier data, diagnostic
module input flags, and lake breeze information

Mixing Height, Temperature, and Precipitation Parameters

Empirical constants for the mixing height scheme, spatial averaging parameters,
minimum/maximum overland and overwater mixing heights, temperature options, and
precipitation interpolation options

Surface Meteorological Station Parameters

Station name, coordinates, time zone, and anemometer height

Upper Air Station Parameters

Station name, coordinates, and time zone

Precipitation Station Parameters

Station name, station code, and coordinates

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Table 4-42
Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Run Title and Input Group 0
CALMET TEST CASE
17 x 17 20 km meteorological grid -- wind & met model
Met. stations used: 12 surface, 3 upper air, 2 precip., 3 overwater
CALMET MODEL CONTROL FILE
-------------------------INPUT GROUP: 0 -- Input and Output File Names
Subgroup (a)
-----------Default Name Type
File Name
------------ -----------GEO.DAT
input
! GEODAT=C:\PUFMENU\GEO.DAT
!
SURF.DAT
input
! SRFDAT=C:\PUFMENU\SURF.DAT
!
CLOUD.DAT
input
* CLDDAT=
*
PRECIP.DAT
input
! PRCDAT=precip.dat
!
MM4.DAT
input
* MM4DAT=
*
WT.DAT
input
* WTDAT=
*
CALMET.LST
output
* METLST=
*
CALMET.DAT
output
* METDAT=
*
PACOUT.DAT
output
* PACDAT=
*
All file names will be converted to lower case if LCFILES = T
Otherwise, if LCFILES = F, file names will be converted to UPPER CASE
T = lower case
! LCFILES = T !
F = UPPER CASE
NUMBER OF UPPER AIR & OVERWATER STATIONS:
Number of upper air stations (NUSTA) No default
! NUSTA = 3 !
Number of overwater met stations
(NOWSTA) No default
! NOWSTA = 3 !
!END!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Subgroup (b)
Upper air files (one per station)
--------------------------------Default Name Type
File Name
------------ -----------UP1.DAT
input
! UPDAT=c:\pufmenu\up1.dat ! !END!
UP2.DAT
input
! UPDAT=c:\pufmenu\up2.dat ! !END!
UP3.DAT
input
! UPDAT=c:\pufmenu\up3.dat ! !END!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Subgroup (c)
Overwater station files (one per station)
----------------------------------------Default Name Type
File Name
------------ -----------SEA1.DAT
input
! SEADAT=c:\pufmenu\sea1.dat ! !END!
SEA2.DAT
input
! SEADAT=c:\pufmenu\sea2.dat ! !END!
SEA3.DAT
input
! SEADAT=c:\pufmenu\sea3.dat ! !END!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Subgroup (d)
Other file names
---------------Default Name Type
File Name
------------ -----------DIAG.DAT
input
! DIADAT= diag.dat!
PROG.DAT
input
* PRGDAT=
*
TEST.PRT
output
* TSTPRT=
*
TEST.OUT
output
* TSTOUT=
*
TEST.KIN
output
* TSTKIN=
*
TEST.FRD
output
* TSTFRD=
*
TEST.SLP
output
* TSTSLP=
*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------NOTES: (1) File/path names can be up to 70 characters in length
(2) Subgroups (a) and (d) must have ONE "END" (surrounded by
delimiters) at the end of the group
(3) Subgroups (b) and (c) must have an "END" (surrounded by
delimiters) at the end of EACH LINE
!END!

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Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Run Title and Input Group 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------INPUT GROUP: 1 -- General run control parameters
-------------Starting date:

Year
Month
Day
Hour

(IBYR)
(IBMO)
(IBDY)
(IBHR)

-----

No
No
No
No

default
default
default
default

!
!
!
!

IBYR=
IBMO=
IBDY=
IBHR=

88 !
7 !
7 !
0 !

Base time zone

(IBTZ) -- No default
PST = 08, MST = 07
CST = 06, EST = 05

! IBTZ=

Length of run (hours) (IRLG) -- No default

! IRLG=

Run type

! IRTYPE=

0 = Computes
1 = Computes
(u*, w*,
(IRTYPE must

(IRTYPE) -- Default: 1

!
!

wind fields only

wind fields and micrometeorological variables
L, zi, etc.)
be 1 to run CALPUFF or CALGRID)

Compute special data fields required

by CALGRID (i.e., 3-D fields of W wind
components and temperature)
in additional to regular
Default: T
fields ? (LCALGRD)
(LCALGRD must be T to run CALGRID)
Flag to stop run after
SETUP phase (ITEST)
Default: 2
(Used to allow checking
of the model inputs, files, etc.)
ITEST = 1 - STOPS program after SETUP phase
ITEST = 2 - Continues with execution of
COMPUTATIONAL phase after SETUP
!END!

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4-99

! LCALGRD = T !

! ITEST=

Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 2 and Input Group 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------INPUT GROUP: 2 -- Grid control parameters
-------------HORIZONTAL GRID DEFINITION:
No. X grid cells (NX)
No. Y grid cells (NY)
GRID SPACING (DGRIDKM)

No default
No default

! NX =
! NY =

17
17

!
!

No default
Units: km

! DGRIDKM= 20. !

REFERENCE COORDINATES
of SOUTHWEST corner of grid point (1,1)
X coordinate (XORIGKM)
Y coordinate (YORIGKM)
Latitude (XLAT0)
Longitude (XLON0)
UTM ZONE (IUTMZN)

No default
No default
Units: km
No default
No default

! XORIGKM=
! YORIGKM=

No default

! IUTMZN=

! XLAT0 = 36.283 !
! XLON0 = 108.563!

Rotate input winds from true north to

map north using a Lambert conformal
projection? (LLCONF)
Default: F

! LLCONF = F !

Latitude of 1st standard parallel

Default: 30.
Latitude of 2nd standard parallel
Default: 60.
(XLAT1 and XLAT2; + in NH, - in SH)
Longitude (RLON0)
(used only if LLCONF = T)
(Positive = W. Hemisphere;
Negative = E. Hemisphere)
Origin Latitude (RLAT0)
(used only if IPROG > 2)
(Positive = N. Hemisphere;
Negative = S. Hemisphere)

120.000 !
4570.000 !

! XLAT1 = 35.000 !
! XLAT2 = 45.000 !

default = 90.0 ! RLON0 = 74.000 !

default = 40.0 ! RLAT0 = 40.000 !

Vertical grid definition:

No. of vertical layers (NZ)

No default

! NZ =

Cell face heights in arbitrary

vertical grid (ZFACE(NZ+1))
No defaults
Units: m
! ZFACE = 0.,20.,50.,100.,200.,400.,600.,800.,1100.,1400.,1700.,2000.,2400.,2800.,3300. !
!END!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------INPUT GROUP: 3 -- Output Options
-------------DISK OUTPUT OPTION
Save met. fields in an unformatted
output file ?
(LSAVE)
(F = Do not save, T = Save)
Type of unformatted output file:
(IFORMO)

Default: T

Default: 1

1 = CALPUFF/CALGRID type file (CALMET.DAT)

2 = MESOPUFF-II type file
(PACOUT.DAT)

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4-100

! LSAVE = T !

! IFORMO =

Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 3 Continued
LINE PRINTER OUTPUT OPTIONS:
Print met. fields ? (LPRINT)
Default: F
(F = Do not print, T = Print)
(NOTE: parameters below control which
met. variables are printed)
Print interval
(IPRINF) in hours
(Meteorological fields are printed
every 6 hours)

Default: 1

! LPRINT = T !

! IPRINF =

Specify which layers of U, V wind component

to print (IUVOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered
(0=Do not print, 1=Print)
(used only if LPRINT=T)
Defaults: NZ*0
! IUVOUT = 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ,
-----------------------

0 ,

Specify which levels of the 3-D temperature field to print

(ITOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered
(0=Do not print, 1=Print)
(used only if LPRINT=T & LCALGRD=T)
----------------------------------Defaults: NZ*0
! ITOUT = 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ,

0 ,

Specify which levels of the W wind component to print

(NOTE: W defined at TOP cell face -- 14 values)
(IWOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered
(0=Do not print, 1=Print)
(used only if LPRINT=T & LCALGRD=T)
----------------------------------Defaults: NZ*0
! IWOUT = 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ,

Specify which meteorological fields

to print
(used only if LPRINT=T)
Defaults: 0 (all variables)
----------------------Variable

Print ?
(0 = do not print,
1 = print)
------------------

-------!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

STABILITY
USTAR
MONIN
MIXHT
WSTAR
PRECIP
SENSHEAT
CONVZI

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

PGT stability class

Friction velocity
Monin-Obukhov length
Mixing height
Convective velocity scale
Precipitation rate
Sensible heat flux
Convective mixing ht.

Testing and debug print options for micrometeorological module

Print input meteorological data and
internal variables (LDB)
Default: F
! LDB = F !
(F = Do not print, T = print)
(NOTE: this option produces large amounts of output)
First time step for which debug data
are printed (NN1)
Default: 1

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4-101

! NN1 =

Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 3 Continued
Last time step for which debug data
are printed (NN2)
Default: 1

! NN2 =

Testing and debug print options for wind field module

(all of the following print options control output to
wind field module's output files: TEST.PRT, TEST.OUT,
TEST.KIN, TEST.FRD, and TEST.SLP)
Control variable for writing the test/debug
wind fields to disk files (IOUTD)
(0=Do not write, 1=write)
Default: 0

! IOUTD =

Number of levels, starting at the surface,

to print (NZPRN2)
Default: 1

! NZPRN2 =

Print the INTERPOLATED wind components ?

(IPR0) (0=no, 1=yes)
Default: 0

IPR0 =

Print the TERRAIN ADJUSTED surface wind

components ?
(IPR1) (0=no, 1=yes)
Default: 0

IPR1 =

Print the SMOOTHED wind components and

the INITIAL DIVERGENCE fields ?
(IPR2) (0=no, 1=yes)
Default: 0

IPR2 =

Print the FINAL wind speed and direction

fields ?
(IPR3) (0=no, 1=yes)
Default: 0

IPR3 =

Print the FINAL DIVERGENCE fields ?

(IPR4) (0=no, 1=yes)
Default: 0

IPR4 =

Print the winds after KINEMATIC effects

are added ?
(IPR5) (0=no, 1=yes)
Default: 0

IPR5 =

Print the winds after the FROUDE NUMBER

adjustment is made ?
(IPR6) (0=no, 1=yes)
Default: 0

IPR6 =

Print the winds after SLOPE FLOWS

are added ?
(IPR7) (0=no, 1=yes)
Default: 0

IPR7 =

Print the FINAL wind field components ?

(IPR8) (0=no, 1=yes)
Default: 0

IPR8 =

!END!

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0
0

!
!

Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 4 and Input Group 5
------------------------------------------------------------------------------INPUT GROUP: 4 -- Meteorological data options
-------------NUMBER OF SURFACE & PRECIP. METEOROLOGICAL STATION
Number of surface stations
(NSSTA)
Number of precipitation stations
(NPSTA)

No default

! NSSTA =

No default

! NPSTA =

!
!

CLOUD DATA OPTIONS

Griddid cloud fields:
(ICLOUD) Default: 0
ICLOUD = 0 - Gridded clouds not used
ICLOUD = 1 - Gridded CLOUD.DAT generated as OUTPUT
ICLOUD = 2 - Gridded CLOUD.DAT read as INPUT

! ICLOUD =

! IFORMS =

! IFORMP =

(IFORMC) Default: 2
! IFORMC =
(1 = unformatted - CALMET unformatted output)
(2 = formatted
- free-formatted CALMET output or user input)

FILE FORMATS
Surface meteorological data file format
(IFORMS) Default: 2
(1 = unformatted (e.g., SMERGE output))
(2 = formatted
(free-formatted user input))
Precipitation data file format
(IFORMP) Default: 2
(1 = unformatted (e.g., PMERGE output))
(2 = formatted
(free-formatted user input))
Cloud data file format

!END!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------INPUT GROUP: 5 -- Wind Field Options and Parameters
-------------WIND FIELD MODEL OPTIONS
Model selection variable (IWFCOD)
0 = Objective analysis only
1 = Diagnostic wind module
Compute Froude number adjustment
effects ? (IFRADJ)
(0 = NO, 1 = YES)
Compute kinematic effects ? (IKINE)
(0 = NO, 1 = YES)
Use O'Brien procedure for adjustment
of the vertical velocity ? (IOBR)
(0 = NO, 1 = YES)
Compute slope flows?
(0 = NO, 1 = YES)

Default: 1

! IWFCOD =

Default: 1

! IFRADJ =

Default: 0

! IKINE

= 0

Default: 0

! IOBR =

Default: 1

! ISLOPE = 1 !

Extrapolate surface wind observations

to upper layers ? (IEXTRP)
Default: -4
(1 = no extrapolation is done,
2 = power law extrapolation used,
3 = user input multiplicative factors
for layers 2 - NZ used (see FEXTRP array)
4 = similarity theory used
-1, -2, -3, -4 = same as above except layer 1 data
at upper air stations are ignored

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! IEXTRP =

Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 5 Continued
Extrapolate calm winds aloft? (ICALM)

Default : 0

! ICALM = 0!

Layer-dependent biases modifying the weights of

surface and upper air stations (BIAS(NZ))
-1<=BIAS<=1
Negative BIAS reduces the weight of upper air stations
(e.g. BIAS=-0.1 reduces the weight of upper air stations
by 10%; BIAS= -1, reduces their weight by 100 %)
Positive BIAS reduces the weight of surface stations
(e.g. BIAS= 0.2 reduces the weight of surface stations
by 20%; BIAS=1 reduces their weight by 100%)
Zero BIAS leaves weights unchanged (1/R**2 interpolation)
Default: NZ*0
! BIAS = -1 , -0.8 , .5 , 1 , 1. ,
Minimum distance from nearest upper air station
to surface station for which extrapolation
of surface winds at surface station will be allowed
(RMIN2: Set to -1 for IEXTRP = 4 or other situations
where all surface stations should be extrapolated)
Default: 4.

1. ,

1 ,

! RMIN2 = -1

Use gridded prognostic wind field model

output fields as input to the diagnostic
wind field model (IPROG)
Default: 0
! IPROG = 0 !
0 = No, (IWFCOD = 0 or 1)
1 = Yes, use CSUMM prog. winds as Step 1 field, (IWFCOD = 0)
2 = Yes, use CSUMM prog. winds as initial guess field (IWFCOD = 1)
3 = Yes, use winds from MM4.DAT file as Step 1 field (IWFCOD = 0)
4 = Yes, use winds from MM4.DAT file as initial guess field (IWFCOD
5 = Yes, use winds from MM4.DAT file as observations (IWFCOD = 0 or
13 = Yes, use winds from MM5.DAT file as Step 1 field (IWFCOD = 0)
14 = Yes, use winds from MM5.DAT file as initial guess field (IWFCOD
15 = Yes, use winds from MM5.DAT file as observations (IWFCOD = 0 or

= 1)
1)
= 1)
1)

RADIUS OF INFLUENCE PARAMETERS

Use varying radius of influence
Default: F
(if no stations are found within RMAX1,RMAX2,
or RMAX3, then the closest station will be used)
Maximum radius of influence over land
in the surface layer (RMAX1)
No default
Units: km
Maximum radius of influence over land
aloft (RMAX2)
No default
Units: km
Maximum radius of influence over water
(RMAX3)
No default
Units: km

! LVARY =

! RMAX1 = 100. !
! RMAX2 = 500. !
! RMAX3 = 500. !

OTHER WIND FIELD INPUT PARAMETERS

Minimum radius of influence used in
the wind field interpolation (RMIN)
Radius of influence of terrain
features (TERRAD)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

Default: 0.1
Units: km

! RMIN = 2. !

No default
Units: km

! TERRAD = 10. !

4-104

1 ,

Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 5 Continued
Relative weighting of the first
guess field and observations in the
SURFACE layer (R1)
No default
(R1 is the distance from an
Units: km
observational station at which the
observation and first guess field are
equally weighted)
Relative weighting of the first
guess field and observations in the
layers ALOFT (R2)
(R2 is applied in the upper layers
in the same manner as R1 is used in
the surface layer).
Relative weighting parameter of the
prognostic wind field data (RPROG)
(Used only if IPROG = 1)
-----------------------Maximum acceptable divergence in the
divergence minimization procedure
(DIVLIM)
Maximum number of iterations in the
divergence min. procedure (NITER)

2 ,

99 ,

Number of passes in the smoothing

procedure (NSMTH(NZ))
NOTE: NZ values must be entered
Default: 2,(mxnz-1)*4 ! NSMTH =
8 , 8 , 12 , 12 , 12 , 20 , 20 ,

! R1 = 100. !

No default
Units: km

! R2 = 500. !

No default
Units: km

! RPROG = 54. !

Default: 5.E-6

! DIVLIM= 5.0E-06 !

Default: 50

! NITER =

20 ,

40 ,

Maximum number of stations used in

each layer for the interpolation of
data to a grid point (NINTR2(NZ))
NOTE: NZ values must be entered
No defaults
99 , 99 , 99 , 99 , 99 , 99 , 99 , 99 , 99 ,

! NINTR2 =
99 , 99 ,

Critical Froude number (CRITFN)

Default: 1.0

! CRITFN = 1. !

Empirical factor controlling the

influence of kinematic effects
(ALPHA)

Default: 0.1

! ALPHA = 0.1 !

99 ,

Multiplicative scaling factor for

extrapolation of surface observations
to upper layers (FEXTR2(NZ))
Default: NZ*0.0
! FEXTR2 = 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0. !
(Used only if IEXTRP = 3 or -3)
BARRIER INFORMATION
Number of barriers to interpolation
of the wind fields (NBAR)

Default: 0

THE FOLLOWING 4 VARIABLES ARE INCLUDED

ONLY IF NBAR > 0
NOTE: NBAR values must be entered
No defaults
for each variable
Units: km
X coordinate of
of each barrier
Y coordinate of
of each barrier

BEGINNING
(XBBAR(NBAR))
BEGINNING
(YBBAR(NBAR))

X coordinate of
of each barrier
Y coordinate of
of each barrier

ENDING
(XEBAR(NBAR))
ENDING
(YEBAR(NBAR))

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

! XBBAR = 0. !
! YBBAR = 0. !
! XEBAR = 0. !
! YEBAR = 0. !

4-105

! NBAR =

Table 4-4s (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 5 Continued
DIAGNOSTIC MODULE DATA INPUT OPTIONS
Surface temperature (IDIOPT1)
0 = Compute internally from
hourly surface observations
1 = Read preprocessed values from
a data file (DIAG.DAT)
Surface met. station to
the surface temperature
(Must be a value from 1
(Used only if IDIOPT1 =

use for
(ISURFT)
to NSSTA)
0)

Default: 0

No default

Domain-averaged temperature lapse

rate (IDIOPT2)
Default: 0
0 = Compute internally from
twice-daily upper air observations
1 = Read hourly preprocessed values
from a data file (DIAG.DAT)
Upper air station to use for
the domain-scale lapse rate (IUPT) No default
(Must be a value from 1 to NUSTA)
(Used only if IDIOPT2 = 0)
-------------------------Depth through which the domain-scale
lapse rate is computed (ZUPT)
Default: 200.
(Used only if IDIOPT2 = 0)
Units: meters
-------------------------Initial Guess Field wind components
(IDIOPT3)
Default: 0
0 = Compute internally from
twice-daily upper air observations
1 = Read hourly preprocessed values
a data file (DIAG.DAT)
Upper air station to use for
the domain-scale winds (IUPWND)
Default: -1
(Must be a value from -1 to NUSTA)
(-1 indicates 1/R**2 interpolation of
all stations)
(Used only if IDIOPT3 = 0)
--------------------------

! IDIOPT1 =

! ISURFT =

! IDIOPT2 =

! IUPT

! ZUPT = 200. !

! IDIOPT3 =

! IUPWND = -1

Bottom and top of layer through

which the initial guess winds
are computed
(ZUPWND(1), ZUPWND(2))
Defaults: 1., 1000. ! ZUPWND= 1., 500. !
(Used only if IDIOPT3 = 0)
Units: meters
--------------------------

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4-106

Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 5 Continued
Observed surface wind components
for wind field module (IDIOPT4) Default: 0
0 = Read WS, WD from a surface
data file (SURF.DAT)
1 = Read hourly preprocessed U, V from
a data file (DIAG.DAT)
Observed upper air wind components
for wind field module (IDIOPT5) Default: 0
0 = Read WS, WD from an upper
air data file (UP1.DAT, UP2.DAT, etc.)
1 = Read hourly preprocessed U, V from
a data file (DIAG.DAT)

! IDIOPT4 =

! IDIOPT5 =

LAKE BREEZE INFORMATION

Use Lake Breeze Module

(LLBREZE)
Default: F

! LLBREZE = F !

Number of lake breeze regions (NBOX)

! NBOX =

X Grid line 1 defining the region of interest

! XG1 = 0. !
X Grid line 2 defining the region of interest
! XG2 = 0. !
Y Grid line 1 defining the region of interest
! YG1 = 0. !
Y Grid line 2 defining the region of interest
! YG2 = 0. !
X Point defining the coastline (Straight line)
(XBCST) (KM)
Default: none
! XBCST = 0. !
Y Point defining the coastline (Straight line)
(YBCST) (KM)
Default: none
! YBCST = 0. !
X Point defining the coastline (Straight line)
(XECST) (KM)
Default: none
! XECST = 0. !
Y Point defining the coastline (Straight line)
(YECST) (KM)
Default: none
! YECST = 0. !
Number of stations in the region
No default
(Surface stations + upper air stations)

NLB = *1 *

Station ID's in the region

(METBXID(NLB))
(Surface stations first, then upper air stations)
METBXID = *0 *
!END!

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-107

Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 6
INPUT GROUP: 6 -- Mixing Height, Temperature and Precipitation Parameters
-------------EMPIRICAL MIXING HEIGHT CONSTANTS
Neutral, mechanical equation
(CONSTB)
Convective mixing ht. equation
(CONSTE)
Stable mixing ht. equation
(CONSTN)
Overwater mixing ht. equation
(CONSTW)
Absolute value of Coriolis
parameter (FCORIOL)

Default: 1.41

! CONSTB = 1.41 !

Default: 0.15

! CONSTE = 0.15 !

Default: 2400.

! CONSTN = 2400.!

Default: 0.16

! CONSTW = 0.16 !

Default: 1.E-4
Units: (1/s)

! FCORIOL = 1.0E-04!

Default: 1

! IAVEZI =

Default: 1
Units: Grid
cells

! MNMDAV =

Default: 30.
Units: deg.

! HAFANG = 30. !

No default

! ILEVZI =

SPATIAL AVERAGING OF MIXING HEIGHTS

Conduct spatial averaging
(IAVEZI) (0=no, 1=yes)
Max. search radius in averaging
process (MNMDAV)
Half-angle of upwind looking cone
for averaging (HAFANG)
Layer of winds used in upwind
averaging (ILEVZI)
(must be between 1 and NZ)

OTHER MIXING HEIGHT VARIABLES

Minimum potential temperature lapse
rate in the stable layer above the
current convective mixing ht.
(DPTMIN)
Depth of layer above current conv.
mixing height through which lapse
rate is computed (DZZI)
Minimum overland mixing height
(ZIMIN)
Maximum overland mixing height
(ZIMAX)
Minimum overwater mixing height
(ZIMINW) -- (Not used if observed
overwater mixing hts. are used)
Maximum overwater mixing height
(ZIMAXW) -- (Not used if observed
overwater mixing hts. are used)

Default: 0.001 ! DPTMIN = 0.001 !

Units: deg. K/m
Default: 200.
Units: meters

! DZZI = 200. !

Default:
50.
Units: meters
Default: 3000.
Units: meters
Default:
50.
Units: meters

! ZIMIN = 100. !

Default: 3000.
Units: meters

! ZIMAX = 3200. !
! ZIMINW = 100. !
! ZIMAXW = 3200. !

TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS
Interpolation type
(1 = 1/R ; 2 = 1/R**2)
Radius of influence for temperature
interpolation (TRADKM)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

Default:1

! IRAD =

Default: 500
Units: km

! TRADKM = 100. !

4-108

Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 6 Continued
Maximum Number of stations to include
in temperature interpolation (NUMTS) Default: 5
Conduct spatial averaging of temperatures (IAVET) (0=no, 1=yes)
(will use mixing ht MNMDAV,HAFANG
so make sure they are correct)

Default: 1

! NUMTS = 5
! IAVET =

!
!

Default temperature gradient

below the mixing height over
water (K/m) (TGDEFB)

Default: -.0098 ! TGDEFB = -0.0098 !

Default temperature gradient

above the mixing height over
water (K/m) (TGDEFA)

Default: -.0045 ! TGDEFA = -0.0035 !

Beginning (JWAT1) and ending (JWAT2)

land use categories for temperature
interpolation over water -- Make
bigger than largest land use to disable

! JWAT1 =
! JWAT2 =

55
55

!
!

Default = 2

! NFLAGP =

Default = 100.0

! SIGMAP = 1. !

Default = 0.01

! CUTP = 1. !

PRECIP INTERPOLATION PARAMETERS

Method of interpolation (NFLAGP)
(1=1/R,2=1/R**2,3=EXP/R**2)
Radius of Influence (km) (SIGMAP)
(0.0 => use half dist. btwn
nearest stns w & w/out
precip when NFLAGP = 3)
Minimum Precip. Rate Cutoff (mm/hr)
(values < CUTP = 0.0 mm/hr)
!END!

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4-109

Table 4-42 (Continued)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 7 and 8
------------------------------------------------------------------------------INPUT GROUP: 7 -- Surface meteorological station parameters
-------------SURFACE STATION VARIABLES
(One record per station -1
Name

records in all)

2
ID

X coord.
Y coord.
Time Anem.
(km)
(km)
zone Ht.(m)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------! SS1 ='ORH '
94746
263.540
4683.190
5.
10. !
! SS2 ='HYA '
94720
393.190
4613.390
5.
10. !
! SS3 ='PVD '
14765
297.650
4622.780
5.
10. !
! SS4 ='BOS '
14739
332.600
4692.310
5.
10. !
! SS5 ='CON '
14745
296.880
4785.840
5.
10. !
! SS6 ='LEB '
94765
232.410
4836.240
5.
10. !
! SS7 ='GFL '
14750
125.790
4809.830
5.
10. !
! SS8 ='ALB '
14735
107.130
4744.020
5.
10. !
! SS9 ='BDL '
14740
194.630
4648.690
5.
10. !
! SS10 ='BDR '
94702
153.240
4565.320
5.
10. !
! SS11 ='BTV '
14742
169.880
4931.910
5.
10. !
! SS12 ='PWM '
14764
393.550
4833.630
5.
10. !
------------------1
Four character string for station name
(MUST START IN COLUMN 9)
2
Five digit integer for station ID
!END!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------INPUT GROUP: 8 -- Upper air meteorological station parameters
-------------UPPER AIR STATION VARIABLES
(One record per station -- 3
1
Name

records in all)

2
ID

X coord.
Y coord.
Time zone
(km)
(km)
-----------------------------------------------------------------! US1 ='ALB '
14735
108.638
4741.709
5. !
! US2 ='PWM '
14764
395.124
4831.385
5. !
! US3 ='CHH '
14684
420.891
4611.141
5. !
------------------1
Four character string for station name
(MUST START IN COLUMN 9)
2
Five digit integer for station ID
!END!

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-110

Table 4-42 (Concluded)

Sample CALMET Control File (CALMET.INP)
Input Group 9
------------------------------------------------------------------------------INPUT GROUP: 9 -- Precipitation station parameters
-------------PRECIPITATION STATION VARIABLES
(One record per station -- 0 records in all)
(NOT INCLUDED IF NPSTA = 0)
1
Name

2
Station
X coord. Y coord.
Code
(km)
(km)
-----------------------------------! PS1 = 'DELR', 412360,
103.6,
4680.0
! PS2 = 'SANG', 417943,
167.3,
4705.5

!
!

------------------1
Four character string for station name
(MUST START IN COLUMN 9)
2
Six digit station code composed of state
code (first 2 digits) and station ID (last
4 digits)
!END!

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-111

Table 4-43
CALMET Control File Inputs
Run Title
Variable

Type

Description

Default
Value

TITLE(3)

char*80 array

Run title (first three lines of CALMET control file). Read with
FORTRAN A80 format.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-112

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 0
Variable

Type

Description

(CALMET format)

CALMET.DAT

Output meteorological data file

(MESOPAC/MESOPUFF format)

PACOUT.DAT

Subgroup (a)

NUSTA

integer

Number of upper air stations

NOWSTA

integer

Number of overwater stations

LCFILES

logical

Convert files names to lower case

(T = yes, F = no)

C*70

effects

TEST.FRD

TSTSLP

C*70

Test file containing winds after slope flow effects

TEST.SLP

Subgroup (b)
UPDAT
Subgroup (c)
SEADAT
Subgroup (d)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-113

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 1
Variable

Type

Description

Default
Value

Length of the run (hours)

IRTYPE

integer

Run type
0=compute wind fields only
1=compute wind fields and
micrometeorological variables
(IRTYPE must be 1 to run CALPUFF or
CALGRID)

LCALGRD

logical

Store extra data fields required by special modules in

CALPUFF and in CALGRID
(enter T or F)
T=3-D fields of vertical velocity and
temperature stored in output file
F=these data fields are not stored in the
output file
(LCALGRD must be T to run CALGRID or
to use the subgrid scale complex terrain
option in CALPUFF)

ITEST

integer

Flag to stop run after setup phase

(1 = stops run after SETUP, 2 = run continues)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-114

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 2 - Grid Control Parameters
Variable

Type

Description

Default
Value

integer

Number of grid cells in the X direction

integer

Number of grid cells in the Y direction

integer

Number of vertical layers

DGRIDKM

real

rotation of input winds (Use only if IPROG > 2)

40bN

* UTM coordinate if LLCONF=F, Lambert conformal coordinate if LLCONF=T.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-115

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 3 - Output Options
Variable

Type

Description

Default
Value

LSAVE

logical

Disk output control variable. If LSAVE=T, the

gridded wind fields are stored in an output disk file
(CALMET.DAT).

IFORMO

integer

Unformatted output file type variable. If

IFORMO=1, a file suitable for input to CALPUFF or
CALGRID is generated. If IFORMO=2, a file
suitable for input to MESOPUFF II is generated.
(Used only if LSAVE=T.)

LPRINT

logical

Printer output control variable. If LPRINT=T, the

gridded wind fields are printed every "IPRINF"
hours to the output list file (CALMET.LST).

IPRINF

integer

temperature fields are printed. NZ values must be
entered, corresponding to cell face heights 2 to
NZ+1. (0=do not print layer, 1=print layer.) (Used
only if LPRINT=T and LCALGRD=T.)

NZ*0

(Input Group 3 Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-116

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 3 - Output Options
Variable

Type

Description

convective mixing heights are printed. (0=do not
print, 1=print.) (Used only if LPRINT=T.)

(Input Group 3 Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-117

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 3 - Output Options
Variable

Type

Description

files the interpolated wind components. (0=do
not print, 1=print.)

Testing and debugging print options.

(Input Group 3 Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-118

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 3 - Output Options
Variable

Type

Description

Cloud data file options

(0 = Gridded clouds not used
1 = Gridded CLOUD.DAT generated as output
2 = Gridded CLOUD.DAT read as input)

IFORMS

integer

Control variable determining the format of the input

surface meteorological data
(1=unformatted, i.e., SMERGE output)
(2=formatted, i.e., free-formatted user input or
formatted SMERGE output)

IFORMP

integer

Control variable determining the format of the input

precipitation data
(1=unformatted, i.e., PMERGE output)
(2=formatted, i.e., free-formatted user input or
formatted PMERGE output)

IFORMC

integer

Control variable determining the format of the

CLOUD.DAT file
(1 = unformatted - CALMET unformatted output)
2 = free formatted CALMET output or user input)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-120

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 5 - Wind Field Options and Parameters
Variable

Type

Description

vertical extrapolation from the surface wind data takes place. If
ABS(IEXTRP)=2, extrapolation is done using a power law profile. If
ABS(IEXTRP) = 3, extrapolation is done using the values provided in
the FEXTRP array for each layer. If ABS(IEXTRP) = 4 similarity
theory is used. If IEXTRP < 0, Layer 1 data at the upper air stations
are ignored. Layer 1 at an upper air station is also ignored if the fourcharacter station name of the upper air station matches that of a surface
station.

-4

ICALM

integer

Control variable for extrapolation of calm surface winds to layers aloft.

(0 = do not extrapolate calms, 1 = extrapolate calms)

BIAS

real array

Layer-dependent biases modifying the weights of surface and upper air

stations. NZ values must be entered. (-1 @ BIAS @ +1) Negative BIAS
reduces the weight of upper air stations (e.g., BIAS = -0.1 reduces their
weight by 10%). Positive BIAS reduces the weight of surface stations
(e.g., BIAS = 0.2 reduces their weight by 20%). Zero BIAS leaves
weights unchanged.

NZ*0

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-121

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 5 - Wind Field Options and Parameters
Variable

Type

Description

Default
Value

IPROG

integer

Control variable determining if gridded prognostic model field winds are

used as input.
0 = No, (IWFCOD = 0 or 1)
1 = Yes, use CSUMM winds as Step 1 field, (IWFCOD=0)
2 = Yes, use CSUMM winds as initial guess field (IWFCOD=1)
3 = Yes, use winds from MM4.DAT file as Step 1 field (IWFCOD=0)
4 = Yes, use winds from MM4.DAT file as initial guess field
(IWFCOD=1)
5 = Yes, use winds from MM4.DAT file as observations (IWFCOD=0
or 1)
13 = Yes, use winds from MM5.DAT file as Step 1 field (IWFCOD=0)
14 = Yes, use winds from MM5.DAT file as initial guess field
(IWFCOD=1)
15 = Yes, use winds from MM5.DAT file as observations
(IWFCOD=0 or 1)

LVARY

logical

Control variable for use of varying radius of influence. If no stations with

valid data are found within the specified radius of influence, then the
closest station with valid data will be used. (T=use, F=do not use.)

RMAX1

real

Maximum radius of influence over land in the surface layer (km). This
parameter should reflect the limiting influence of terrain features on the
interpolation at this level.

RMAX2

real

Maximum radius of influence over land in layers aloft (km). RMAX2 is

generally larger than RMAX1 because the effects of terrain decrease with
height.

RMAX3

real

(Input Group 5 Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-122

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 5 - Wind Field Options and Parameters
Variable

Type

Description

Default
Value

real

procedure

5.0E-6

NITER

integer

Maximum number of iterations for the divergence

minimization procedure

NSMTH

integer array

Number of smoothing passes in each layer

NZ values must be entered.

2,(MXNZ-1)*4

NINTR2

integer array

Maximum number of stations used in the interpolation

of data to a grid point for each layer 1-NZ. This
allows only the "NINTR2" closest stations to be
included in the interpolation. The effect of increasing
NINTR2 is similar to smoothing. NZ values must be
entered.

CRITFN

real

Critical Froude number used in the evaluation of

terrain blocking effects

1.0

ALPHA

real

Empirical parameter controlling the influence of

kinematic effects

0.1

(Input Group 5 Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-123

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 5 - Wind Field Options and Parameters
Variable

Type

Description

Default
Value

FEXTR2

integer array

Extrapolation values for layers 2 through NZ

(FEXTR2(1) must be entered but is not used). Used only
if ABS(IEXTRP) A 3.

NZ*0.0

NBAR

integer

to compute the domain-scale temperature lapse rate for
the diagnostic wind field module

ZUPT

real

Depth (m) through which the domain-scale temperature

lapse rate is computed

200.

(Input Group 5 Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-124

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 5 - Wind Field Options and Parameters
Variable

Type

Description

IDIOPT3

integer

Control variable for initial-guess wind components. (0=compute

internally from upper air, 1=read preprocessed values from the file
DIAG.DAT.)

Upper air station number used to compute the initial-guess wind

components for the diagnostic wind field module. Either specify one
station from 1 to nusta or specify -1 indicating the use of 1/r2
interpolation to generate a spatially-variable initial guess field.

-1

IUPWND

integer

Default
Value

ZUPWND

real
array

Bottom and top of layer through which the initial-guess winds are
computed. Units: meters. (Used only if IDIOPT3=0.) Note: Two
values must be entered (e.g., ! ZUPWND=1.0, 2000. !).

1.0
1000.

IDIOPT4

integer

Control variable for surface wind components. (0=compute

internally from surface data, 1=read preprocessed values from the file
DIAG.DAT.)

Control variable for upper air wind components. (0=compute

internally from upper air data, 1=read preprocessed values from the
file DIAG.DAT.)

Control variable for lake breeze region option. LLBREZE=T, region

interpolation is performed. LLBREZE=F, no region interpolation is
performed.

IDIOPT5

LLBREZE

integer

logical

NBOX

integer

Number of boxes defining region (used only if LLBREZE=T)

XG1

real
array

1st x-grid line to define box. (Used only if LLBREZE=T.) (One for
each box.)

XG2

real
array

2nd x-grid line to define box. (Used only if LLBREZE=T.) (One for
each box.)

Beiginning y coordinate (km) of user defined coastline

(straight line). (Used only if LLBREZE=T.) (One for
each box.)

XECST

real array

Beginning x coordinate (km) of user defined coastline

(straight line). (Used only if LLBREZE=T.) (One for
each box.)

YECST

real array

Beginning y coordinate (km) of user defined coastline

(straight line). (Used only if LLBREZE=T.) (One for
each box.)

NLB

integer

Number of meteorological stations (surface and upper

air stations) in a box. (Used only if LLBREZE=T.)
(One for each box.)

METBXID

integer

Station ids of the meteorological stations within each

box (surface stations first, then upper air stations).
(Used only if LLBREZE=T.) (One set per box.)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-126

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 6 - Mixing Height, Temperature, and Precipitation Parameters
Variable

Type

Description

3000.

ZIMIN

real

Minimum overland mixing height (m)

50.

ZIMAXW

real

Maximum overwater mixing height (m) (Not used if

observed overwater mixing heights are used)

3000.

ZIMINW

real

Minimum overwater mixing height (m) (Not used if

observed overwater mixing heights are used)

50.

IAVEZI

integer

Conduct spatial averaging of mixing heights (0=no,

1=yes)

MNMDAV

integer

Maximum search distance (in grid cells) in the spatial

averaging process. The square box of cells averaged is 2
x MNMDAV in length.

HAFANG

real

Half-angle of upwind-looking cone for spatial

averaging (deg.)

30.

ILEVZI

integer

Layer of winds used in upwind averaging of mixing

heights. (Must be between 1 and NZ.)

(Input Group 6 Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-127

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 6 - Mixing Height, Temperature, and Precipitation Parameters
Variable

Type

Description

Default temperature lapse rate (K/m) above mixing height

over water

-0.0045

JWAT1,
JWAT2

integers

Beginning land use category for temperature interpolation

overwater. Range of land use categories associated with
major water bodies. Used for overwater temperature
interpolation

999,
999

NFLAGP

integer

Method of precipitation interpolation

(1 = 1/radius interpolation)
(2 = 1/radius2 interpolation)
(3 = 1/radius2 * exponential function)
Method 3 is based on a Thiessen method for non-continuous
fields where the exponential function = exponent [radius2/SIGMAP2] and SIGMAP is defined below

SIGMAP

real

If NFLAGP=1 or 2, SIGMAP is the radius of influence for

precipitation (km); if NFLAGP=3, SIGMAP is the sigma
weighting factor (km); if NFLAGP=3 and SIGMAP=0.0,
SIGMAP will be computed internally as half of the minimum
distance between any non-zero precipitation station and any
zero precipitation station.

100.0

CUTP

real

Cutoff precipitation rate (mm/hr);

values < CUTP are set to 0.0 mm/hr

0.01

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-128

Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 7 - Surface Meteorological Station Parameters
One line of data is entered for each surface station. If separate land/water interpolation is desired, this
group must include only land stations. Overwater data will be in SEAn.DAT files. Each line contains the following
parameters read in free format: CSNAM, IDSSTA, XSSTA, YSSTA, XSTZ, ZANEM. The data for each station
are preceded by ! SSn=..., where n is the station number (e.g., ! SS1=... for station #1, ! SS2=... for station #2, etc.).
The station variables (SS1, SS2, etc.) must start in Column 3. The data must start in Column 9 or greater of each
record. See the sample control file for an example.
(Repeated for each of "NSSTA" Stations)
Variable

Type

Description

CSNAM

char*4

Four-character station name. Must be enclosed

within single quotation marks (e.g., `STA1', `STA2',
etc.). The opening quotation mark must be in
Column 9 or greater of each record.

IDSSTA

integer

Station identification number

XSSTA

real

X coordinate* (km) of surface station

YSSTA

real

Y coordinate* (km) of surface station

XSTZ

real

Time zone of the station (e.g., 05=EST, 06=CST,

07=MST, 08=PST.)

ZANEM

real

Anemometer height (m)

* Coordinates are UTM coordinates if LLCONF=F, or Lambert conformal coordinates if

LLCONF=T (see Input Group 2).

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Table 4-43 (Continued)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 8 - Upper Air Station Parameters
One line of data is entered for each upper air station. Each line contains the following parameters read in
free format: CUNAM, IDUSTA, XUSTA, YUSTA, XUTZ. The data for each station are preceded by ! USn=...,
where n is the upper air station number (e.g., ! US1=... for station #1, ! US2=... for station #2, etc.). The station
variables (US1, US2, etc.) must start in Column 3. The data must start in Column 9 or greater of each record. See
the sample control file for an example.
(Repeated for each of "NUSTA" Stations)
Variable

Type

Description

CUNAM

char*4

Four-character upper air station name. Must be enclosed

within single quotation marks (e.g., `STA1', `STA2', etc.).
The opening quotation mark must be in Column 9 or greater
of each record.

IDUSTA

integer

Station identification number

XUSTA

real

X coordinate* (km) of upper air station

YUSTA

real

Y coordinate* (km) of upper air station

XUTZ

real

Time zone of the station (e.g., 05=EST, 06=CST, 07=MST,

08=PST.)

* Coordinates are UTM coordinates if LLCONF=F, or Lambert conformal coordinates if

LLCONF=T (see Input Group 2).

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Table 4-43 (Concluded)

CALMET Control File Inputs
Input Group 9 - Precipitation Station Parameters
One line of data is entered for each precipitation station. Each line contains the following parameters read
in free format: CPNAM, IDPSTA, XPSTA, and YPSTA. The data for each station are preceded by ! PSn=...,
where n is the station number (e.g., ! PS1=... for station #1, ! PS2=... for station #2, etc.). The station variables
(PS1, PS2, etc.) must start in Column 3. The data must start in Column 9 or greater of each record. See the sample
control file for an example.
(Repeated for each of "NPSTA" Stations)
Variable

Type

Description

CPNAM

char*4

Four-character station name. Must be enclosed within single

quotation marks (e.g., `PS1', `PS2', etc.). The opening
quotation mark must be in Column 9 or greater of each
record.

IDPSTA

integer

Station identification number

XPSTA

real

X coordinate* (km) of surface station

YPSTA

real

Y coordinate* (km) of surface station

* Coordinates are UTM coordinates if LLCONF=F, or Lambert conformal coordinates if

LLCONF=T (see Input Group 2).

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4.3.2

Geophysical Data File (GEO.DAT)

The GEO.DAT data file contains the geophysical data inputs required by the CALMET model. These
inputs include land use type, elevation, surface parameters (surface roughness, length, albedo, Bowen
ratio, soil heat flux parameter, and vegetation leaf area index) and anthropogenic heat flux. The land use
and elevation data are entered as gridded fields. The surface parameters and anthropogenic heat flux can
be entered either as gridded fields or computed from the land use data at each grid point. Default values
relating each of these parameters to land use are provided in the model.
A sample GEO.DAT file is shown in Table 4-44. The first line of the file contains a character string of
up to 80 characters in length which can be used to identify the data set. The second line contains grid
information such as the number of grid cells, grid spacing, reference coordinates and reference UTM
zone. These variables are checked by CALMET for consistency and compatibility with the CALMET
control file inputs. Eight sets of flags and data records follow for the land use, elevation, surface
parameters, and anthropogenic heat flux data.
The default CALMET land use scheme is based on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) land use
classification system. The USGS primary land use categories are shown in Table 4-45. Two Level I
USGS categories (water and wetlands) are subdivided into subcategories. Along with the default
CALMET land use, the default values of the other geophysical parameters for each land use type are also
shown. The default land use classification scheme contains 14 land use types. Note that a negative value
of land use by CALMET is used as a flag to indicate irrigated land. Irrigated land may be assigned a
different Bowen ratio than unirrigated land, and the CALPUFF dry deposition module uses the irrigated
land use flag in computing the effect of moisture stress on stomatal resistance. (If the land is irrigated, it
is assumed that the vegetation is not moisture stressed.)
CALMET allows a more detailed breakdown of land use or a totally different classification scheme to be
used by providing the option for user-defined land use categories. Currently, up to 52 user-specified land
use categories are allowed. An extended 52-class land use scheme based on the USGS Level I and Level
II land use categories is shown in Table 4-46. The user can specify up to "MXLU" land use categories
along with new values of the other geophysical parameters for each land use type. The parameter MXLU
is specified in the CALMET parameter file (PARAMS.MET).
CALMET contains an option, in which temperatures over water bodies such as the ocean or large lakes
are calculated by using data from only those observation stations (SEA.DAT files, usually buoys) located
in it, while only land stations (SURF.DAT file) will be used to calculate temperatures over the rest of the
grid. The variables JWAT1 and JWAT2 in CALMET.INP Input Group #6 specify the range of land use
categories defining the water body for which this land/water temperature scheme will be implemented. A

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range is specified to allow inclusion of multiple categories, for example "bay" and "ocean," in the
definition of the water body. To disable the overwater option, JWAT1 and JWAT2 are set to values
greater than the highest land use category listed in the GEO.DAT file. The default values of JWAT1 and
JWAT2 are both 999, indicating the overwater interpolation scheme is not applied in default mode.
Because the temperature of any grid cell whose land use is included in the range defined by JWAT1 and
JWAT2 will be determined by a weighting of all overwater data (SEA#.DAT files), it is recommended
that smaller or distant water bodies be assigned land use categories that are distinct from those used in
JWAT1 and JWAT2, to avoid use of inappropriate data in determining their surface temperatures. Thus
a small reservoir will have its temperature determined by surrounding land stations, rather than by ocean
buoy data. After viewing the initial temperature field that results from the CALMET run, the user may
wish to "fine tune" the fields using the extended, 52-class land use system in Table 4-46 and by altering
the land use assignments of particular grid cells or changing the land uses included in the JWAT1JWAT2 range. For instance, by limiting the range to "ocean" only and then changing which near-shore
cells are considered to be "bay" and which are "ocean" the user can control the appearance of the
temperature field in the vicinity of the coastline.
The values of IWAT1 and IWAT2 (GEO.DAT Input File) are used to determine whether the overland or
overwater method will be used to produce a mixing height value for a particular grid cell. The default
values of IWAT1 and IWAT2 are both 55, restricting the overwater mixing height scheme to "large"
bodies of water. The user may change the values of IWAT1 and IWAT2 on a case-by-case basis to
include or exclude other water bodies from being considered as overwater. For instance, the user's
domain may have a bay where the mixing height should be determined using the overwater method but a
series of small lakes where the overland method would be more appropriate, so the "lake" category would
be excluded from the IWAT range. Alternatively, if one has a large lake that should be considered to be
"overwater" and a smaller lake that should be considered to be "overland", then the land use category for
the smaller lake could be changed to reflect some other category not in the IWAT range, such as forest or
wetland. It is recommended that if the user creates his or her own GEO.DAT fields for roughness length,
albedo, etc., they be weighted by the actual percentage of each land use in a given cell. That method is
more accurate and, if one subsequently changes the dominant land use category, the variables used to
calculate mixing height will still reflect the fact that there is water present in the grid cell.
The surface elevation data field is entered in "user units" along with a scaling factor to convert user units
to meters. The sample GEO.DAT file shown in Table 4-44 contains elevations in meters.
The gridded fields are entered with the `NXM' values on a line. NXM is the number of grid cells in the
X direction. The data from left to right correspond to X=1 through NXM. The top line of a gridded field
correspond to Y=NYM, the next line to Y=NYM-1, etc. All of the GEO.DAT inputs are read in
FORTRAN free format. A detailed description of the GEO.DAT variables is contained in Table 4-47.

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Table 4-44
Sample GEO.DAT Geophysical Data File

GEO.DAT -- 54 km grid -- 10x10 subset from ll corner

10, 10, 54.0, -54.0, -621.0, 16 - NX, NY, DGRIDKM, XORIGRKM, YORIGRKM, IUTMZN
0
- LAND USE DATA -- 0=default lu categories, 1=new categories
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
1.0
- TERRAIN HEIGHTS - HTFAC - conversion to meters
185.078
147.205
146.924
156.446
139.487
138.010
173.812
203.405
232.758
222.710
221.813
144.507
142.191
136.302
123.083
133.693
158.348
192.281
224.074
247.634
316.083
189.884
139.814
144.073
122.189
123.002
146.333
195.571
215.208
263.082
253.774
157.182
121.245
121.407
137.051
144.876
152.340
200.471
246.724
318.109
182.808
98.6778
91.7038
129.091
138.407
165.023
190.390
225.489
253.910
314.988
114.193
77.9254
93.2705
115.583
141.910
190.386
187.382
204.256
306.503
448.922
78.3998
71.2785
95.3602
129.989
148.870
208.477
227.053
260.169
393.913
421.927
64.1938
79.1642
117.264
139.864
158.785
253.950
254.195
324.301
434.496
277.916
53.5650
84.5807
134.072
148.030
162.781
185.386
203.171
281.656
288.990
312.717
42.8075
71.3265
111.239
96.0823
122.349
189.143
181.916
249.689
271.627
278.849
0
- z0 --(0=default z0-lu table, 1=new z0-lu table, 2=gridded z0 field
0
- albedo --(0=default albedo-lu table,1=new albedo-lu table,2=gridded albedo field
0
- Bowen ratio --(0=default Bowen-lu table,1=new Bowen-lu table,2=gridded Bowen field
0
- soil heat flux param (HCG) --(0=default HCG-lu table,1=new HCG-lu table,2=gridded field
0
- anthropogenic heat flux (QF) --(0=default QF-lu table,1=new QF-lu table,2=gridded field
0
- leaf area index (XLAI) --(0=default XLAI-lu table,1=new XLAI-lu table,2=gridded field

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Table 4-45
Default CALMET Land Use Categories and Associated Geophysical Parameters
Based on the U.S. Geological Survey Land Use Classification System
(14-Category System)

0.001

0.10

0.0

1.0

0.0

Bays and Estuaries

0.001

0.10

0.0

1.0

0.0

Large Water Body

0.001

0.10

0.0

1.0

0.0

Wetland

1.0

0.10

0.5

.25

0.0

2.0

Forested Wetland

1.0

0.1

0.5

0.25

0.0

2.0

Nonforested Wetland

0.2

0.1

0.25

0.0

1.0

Barren Land

0.05

0.30

1.0

.15

0.0

0.05

Tundra

.20

0.30

0.5

.15

0.0

Perennial Snow or Ice

.20

0.70

0.5

.15

0.0

Land Use Type

10
20
-20

Description

Negative values indicate "irrigated" land use

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Table 4-46*
Extended CALMET Land Use Categories Based on the U.S. Geological Survey Land Use and Land
Cover Classification System (52-Category System)

Level I

Level II

Urban or Built-up Land

11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Residential
Commercial and Services
Industrial
Transportation, Communications and Utilities
Industrial and Commercial Complexes
Mixed Urban or Built-up Land
Other Urban or Built-up Land

Agricultural Land
Unirrigated

21
22

Cropland and Pasture

Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, and
Ornamental Horticultural Areas
Confined Feeding Operations
Other Agricultural Land

23
24
>20

Agricultural Land
Irrigated

>21
>22
>23
>24

Cropland and Pasture

Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, and
Ornamental Horticultural Areas
Confined Feeding Operations
Other Agricultural Land

Rangeland

31
32
33

Herbaceous Rangeland
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Mixed Rangeland

Forest Land

41
42
43

Deciduous Forest Land

Evergreen Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land

Water

51
52
53
54
55

Streams and Canals

Lakes
Reservoirs
Bays and Estuaries
Oceans and Seas

Wetland

61
62

Forested Wetland
Nonforested Wetland

Barren Land

71
72
73
74
75
76
77

Dry Salt Flats

Beaches
Sandy Areas Other than Beaches
Bare Exposed Rock
Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits
Transitional Areas
Mixed Barren Land

Tundra

81
82
83
84
85

Shrub and Brush Tundra

Herbaceous Tundra
Bare Ground
Wet Tundra
Mixed Tundra

Perennial Snow or Ice

91
92

Perennial Snowfields
Glaciers

Note: Negative values indicate irrigated land use.

* Values used for JWAT (Input Group 6) or IWAT (GEO.DAT Input File)

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Table 4-47
GEO.DATA File Format
Record

Variable

Type

Description

Reference Y coordinate** (km) of southwest corner of

grid cell (1,1)

IUTMG

integer

UTM zone of reference coordinates (used only if using

UTM projection)

IOPT1

integer

Option flag for land use categories

(0=to use default land use categories)
(1=to specify new land use categories)

NLU

integer

Number of land use categories

IWAT1

integer

IWAT2

integer

Range of land use categories associated with water (i.e.,

land use categories IWAT1 to IWAT2, inclusive, are
assumed to represent water surfaces)

ILUCAT

integer array

Array of "NLU" new user specified land use categories

NEXT
NY
lines

ILANDU

integer array

Land use types for cell grid point (NX values per line).
The following statements are used to read the data:
do 20 J=NY,1,-1
20
READ (iogeo,*)(ILANDU(n,j), n=1, nx)

NEXT
line

HTFAC

real

Multiplicative scaling factor to convert terrain heights

from user units to meters (e.g., HTFAC = 0.3048 for user
units of ft, 1.0 for user units of meters)

* Included only if IOPT1 = 1

** Coordinates are UTM coordinates if using a UTM projection, or Lambert conformal coordinates
if using Lambert conformal projection.

(GEO.DAT File Format Continued)

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Table 4-47 (Continued)

GEO.DAT File Format
Record

Variable

Type

Description

NEXT NY
lines

ELEV

real array

Terrain elevations (user units) for each grid point (NX

values for line). The following statements are used to
read the data:
do 30 J=NY,1,-1
30
READ(iogeo,*)(ELEV(n,j),n=1,NX)

NEXT line

IOPT2

integer

Option flag for input of surface roughness lengths (z0)

0=compute gridded z0 values from land use
types using default z0 land use table
1=compute gridded z0 values from land use
types using new, user-specified z0 land use
table
2=input a gridded z0 field

ILU

integer

ZOLU

real array

Land use type and associated surface roughness lengths

(m). Two variables per line read as:
do 120 I=1,NLU
120
READ(iogeo,*)ILU,ZOLU(I)

NEXT**
NLU lines

NEXT***
NY lines

**
***

real array

Surface roughness length (m) at each grid point (NX

values per line). The following statements are used to
read the data:
do 150 J=NY,1,-1
150
READ(iogeo,*)(ZO(n,j),n=1,NX)

Included only if IOPT2 = 1

Included only if IOPT2 = 2

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Table 4-47 (Continued)

GEO.DAT File Format
Record

Variable

Type

Description

NEXT line

IOPT3

integer

Option flat for input of albedo

0=compute gridded albedo values from land
use types using the default albedo-land use
table
1=compute gridded albedo values from land
use types using a new, user-specified
albedo-land use table
2=input a gridded albedo field

ILU

integer

ALBLU

real array

Land use type and associated albedo. Two variables per line
read as:
do 120 I=1,NLU
120
READ(iogeo,*)ILU,ALBLU(I)

NEXT**
NLU lines

NEXT***
NY lines

**
***

ALBEDO

real array

Albedo at each grid point (NX values per line). The

following statements are used to read the data:
do 150 J=NY,1,-1
150
READ(iogeo,*)(ALBEDO(n,j),n=1,NX)

Included only if IOPT3 = 1

Included only if IOPT3 = 2

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Table 4-47 (Continued)

GEO.DAT File Format
Record

Variable

Type

Description

NEXT line

IOPT4

integer

Option flag for input of Bowen ratio

0=compute gridded Bowen ratio values from
land use types using default Bowen
ratio-land use table
1=compute gridded Bowen ratio values from
land use types using new, user-specified
Bowen ratio-land use table
2=input a gridded Bowen ratio field

ILU

integer

BOWLU

real array

Land use type and associated Bowen ratio. Two

variables per line read as:
do 120 I=1,NLU
120
READ(iogeo,*)ILU,BOWLU(I)

NEXT**
NLU lines

NEXT***
NY lines

**
***

BOWEN

real array

Bowen ratio at each grid point (NX values per line).

The following statements are used to read the data:
do 150 J=NY,1,-1
150
READ(iogeo,*)(BOWEN(n,j),n=1,NX)

Included only if IOPT4 = 1

Included only if IOPT4 = 2

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Table 4-47 (Continued)

GEO.DAT File Format
Record

Variable

Type

Description

NEXT line

IOPT5

integer

Option flag for input of soil heat flux constant

0=compute gridded soil heat flux constant
values from land use types using the
default soil heat flux constant-land use
table
1=compute gridded soil heat flux constant
values from land use types using new,
user-specified soil heat flux constant-land
use table
2=input a gridded soil heat flux constant field

ILU

integer

HCGLU

real array

Land use type and associated soil heat flux constant.

Two variables per line read as:
do 120 I=1,NLU
120
READ(iogeo,*)ILU,HCGLU(I)

NEXT**
NLU lines

NEXT***
NY lines

**
***

HCG

real array

Soil heat flux constant at each grid point (NX values

per line). The following statements are used to read
the data:
do 150 J=NY,1,-1
150
READ(iogeo,*)(HCG(n,j),n=1,NX)

Included only if IOPT5 = 1

Included only if IOPT5 = 2

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Table 4-47 (Continued)

GEO.DAT File Format
Record

Variable

Type

Description

NEXT line

IOPT6

integer

Option flag for input of anthropogenic heat flux

(W/m2)
0=compute gridded anthropogenic heat flux
values from land use types using default
anthropogenic heat flux-land use table
1=compute gridded anthropogenic heat flux
values from land use types using new,
user-specified anthropogenic heat flux-land
use table
2=input a gridded anthropogenic heat flux
field

ILU

integer

QFLU

real array

Land use type and associated anthropogenic heat

flux (W/m2). Two variables per line read as:
do 120 I=1,NLU
120
READ(iogeo,*)ILU,QFLU(I)

NEXT**
NLU lines

NEXT***
NY lines

**
***

real array

Anthropogenic heat flux (W/m2) at each grid

point (NX values per line). The following
statements are used to read the data:
do 150 J=NY,1,-1
150
READ(iogeo,*)(QF(n,j),n=1,NX)

Included only if IOPT6 = 1

Included only if IOPT6 = 2

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Table 4-47 (Concluded)

GEO.DAT File Format
Record

Variable

Type

Description

NEXT line

IOPT7

integer

Option flag for input of leaf area index

0=compute gridded leaf area index values
from land use types using default leaf
area index-land use table
1=compute gridded leaf area index values
from land use types using new,
user-specified leaf area index-land use table
2=input a gridded leaf area index field

ILU

integer

XLAILU

real array

Land use type and associated leaf area index values.

Two variables per line read as:
do 120 I=1,NLU
120
READ(iogeo,*)ILU,XLAILU(I)

NEXT**
NLU lines

NEXT***
NY lines

XLAI

**
***

real array

Leaf area index value at each grid point (NX values

per line). The following statements are used to read
the data:
do 150 J=NY,1,-1
150
READ(iogeo,*)(XLAI(n,j),n=1,NX)

Included only if IOPT7 = 1

Included only if IOPT7 = 2

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4.3.3

Upper Air Data Files (UP1.DAT, UP2.DAT,...)

The upper air data used by CALMET are read from upper air data files called UPn.dat, where n is the
upper air station number (n=1,2,3, etc.). The upper air data files can be created by the READ56 or
READ62 preprocessor programs from standard NCDC upper air data formats or by application-specific
reformatting programs. Observations made at non-standard sounding times can be used by CALMET.
The UPn.DAT files are formatted, user-editable files containing two header records followed by groups
of data records. A sample upper air data file generated by READ62 and hand-edited to remove
informational messages and to fill in missing soundings is shown in Table 4-48. The first header record
contains the starting and ending dates of data contained in the file and the top pressure level of the
sounding data. The second header record contains the READ56/READ62 data processing options used
in the creation of the file.
The data records consist of a one-record header listing the origin of the data (5600 or 6201 NCDC data or
9999 for non-NCDC data), station ID number, date and time, and information on the number of sounding
levels. Following this are the pressure, elevation, temperature, wind direction, and wind speed for each
sounding level. The format of the UPn.dat file is shown in Table 4-49.
As discussed in Section 4.1.5, the model allows missing values of wind speed, wind direction, and
temperature in the UP.DAT files at intermediate levels. The model will linearly interpolate between
valid levels to fill in the missing data. The user is cautioned against using soundings for which this
interpolation would be inappropriate. Missing soundings should be replaced with soundings for the same
time period from a representative substitute station. Each data set must be processed on a case-by-case
basis with careful consideration given to how to deal with missing data.

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Table 4-48
Sample READ56/READ62 Output Data File
(UPn.DAT)
89
1
0
89
4
F
F
F
F
6201
23044
89 1
880.5/1199./283.9/240/
750.0/2512./275.9/268/
608.0/4182./266.7/247/
6201
23044
89 1
881.0/1199./269.9/ 0/
850.0/1489./280.5/ 29/
750.0/2516./277.5/215/
650.0/3662./269.6/210/
500.0/5686./255.0/228/
6201
23044
89 1
879.5/1199./287.6/ 20/
785.0/2145./281.0/131/
676.0/3353./270.7/242/
585.0/4488./264.1/235/
6201
23044
89 1
882.0/1199./277.7/310/
850.0/1503./283.2/ 13/
700.0/3094./273.8/217/
650.0/3686./271.3/230/
550.0/4985./259.9/261/
6201
23044
89 1
882.6/1199./286.5/350/
762.0/2418./279.5/200/
673.0/3425./273.1/238/
550.0/5014./263.0/258/
6201
23044
89 1
888.0/1199./277.7/ 20/
800.0/2065./279.8/227/
750.0/2595./279.6/233/
643.0/3849./273.3/290/
574.0/4745./266.2/232/
6201
23044
89 1
888.7/1199./288.2/ 20/
800.0/2079./281.3/148/
650.0/3778./274.0/228/
553.0/5053./263.3/314/
6201
23044
89 1
887.0/1199./280.0/ 30/
850.0/1554./283.4/130/
750.0/2596./281.1/187/
600.0/4399./268.9/222/
550.0/5079./264.7/227/

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

12 500.
1 0
3
11
12
112
3
2
5
14
15
2 0
2
1
14
25
212
2
1
10
10
9
3 0
2
8
11
26
312
3
7
10
11
7
4 0
2
6
6
6
412
3
4
11
22
22

48
878.0/1223./283.5/242/
700.0/3067./273.3/262/
600.0/4285./265.9/247/
62
878.0/1226./272.3/ 2/
832.0/1665./281.2/ 29/
702.0/3050./273.3/208/
600.0/4291./266.9/223/
60
875.0/1242./287.3/ 25/
750.0/2519./277.7/252/
650.0/3664./269.1/236/
550.0/4964./262.6/246/
51
879.0/1227./279.7/313/
800.0/2005./281.1/212/
692.0/3186./273.1/217/
642.0/3784./270.7/232/
500.0/5706./256.3/257/
49
880.0/1224./286.0/353/
750.0/2548./279.3/199/
650.0/3703./272.2/252/
500.0/5740./257.5/259/
55
882.0/1255./280.7/ 7/
787.0/2199./278.9/228/
735.0/2761./280.8/240/
624.0/4088./271.0/288/
550.0/5077./264.3/244/
50
886.0/1225./287.6/ 25/
750.0/2611./280.3/185/
642.0/3877./273.3/233/
550.0/5095./263.2/314/
39
879.0/1274./281.3/ 49/
817.0/1885./284.1/159/
700.0/3161./277.0/206/
582.0/4638./267.0/224/
510.0/5659./259.2/226/

3
11
13
3
1
11
14

2
1
20
21
2
3
10
11
23
2
10
11
29
2
8
10
10
9
2
9
5
6
3
9
17
21
21

12
850.0/1491./281.4/257/
696.0/3113./273.1/260/
550.0/4956./260.3/248/
17
872.0/1281./273.1/ 6/
800.0/1988./280.1/ 0/
700.0/3073./273.1/207/
596.0/4344./266.6/224/

5
11
15

800.0/1988./278.2/275/ 9
650.0/3657./269.9/250/ 11
500.0/5674./254.1/254/ 13

3
0
12
14

861.0/1384./279.1/ 18/ 2
772.0/2280./279.3/215/ 3
652.0/3638./269.7/210/ 14
550.0/4965./261.3/232/ 14

16
850.0/1485./285.0/ 50/ 2
705.0/3018./273.2/251/ 7
619.0/4048./267.1/229/ 25
520.0/5394./261.2/247/ 25
18
870.0/1311./279.5/324/ 1
775.0/2267./280.3/212/ 6
666.0/3492./270.9/225/ 9
600.0/4316./265.8/234/ 9
14
850.0/1514./284.1/ 4/ 3
742.0/2636./279.1/200/ 11
642.0/3802./271.8/258/ 12
19
866.0/1407./284.2/272/
776.0/2315./279.9/229/
700.0/3161./279.0/263/
600.0/4398./268.4/270/
500.0/5810./260.0/244/
15
850.0/1574./285.2/ 84/
731.0/2823./279.9/187/
600.0/4416./269.2/278/
500.0/5826./259.7/243/
19
871.0/1350./283.6/ 73/
800.0/2060./283.4/164/
650.0/3761./273.7/218/
576.0/4719./265.9/225/
500.0/5809./258.7/226/

4-145

800.0/1989./281.8/110/ 1
700.0/3075./272.8/249/ 8
600.0/4291./265.5/230/ 26
500.0/5692./258.5/243/ 26
857.0/1435./283.6/ 2/ 1
750.0/2536./278.3/214/ 8
655.0/3625./271.6/229/ 10
558.0/4875./260.4/255/ 9

800.0/2017./281.6/207/ 4
700.0/3109./275.1/225/ 12
600.0/4337./268.0/262/ 17

2
10
9
6
13

850.0/1563./284.0/241/ 4
760.0/2486./278.9/231/ 10
650.0/3762./274.1/288/ 11
593.0/4490./267.5/253/ 6

3
10
3
4

805.0/2027./281.6/137/
700.0/3178./277.7/197/
585.0/4615./267.6/305/

2
10
22
21
22

859.0/1466./283.3/100/ 3
759.0/2497./281.8/182/ 10
645.0/3823./273.3/218/ 23
566.0/4856./266.7/226/ 22

6
8
3

Table 4-49
READ56/READ62 Output File Format
(Upn.DAT)
FILE HEADER RECORD #1
Columns

Format

Variable

Description

2-6

IBYR

Starting year of data in the file (two digits)

7-11

IBDAY

Starting Julian day of data in the file

12-16

IBHR

Starting hour (GMT) of data in the file

17-21

IEYR

Ending year of data in the file (two digits)

22-26

IEDAY

Ending Julian day of data in the file

27-31

IEHR

Ending hour (GMT) of data in the file

32-36

F5.0

PSTOP

37-41

JDAT

42-46

IFMT

Top pressure level (mb) of data in the file

(possible values are 850 mb, 700 mb, or 500
mb)
Original data file type (1 = TD-6201 format
2=NCDC CD-ROM format)
Delimiter used in the UP.DAT file
(1 = slash (/) delimiter, 2= comma (,)
delimiter)

FILE HEADER RECORD #2

Columns

Format

Variable

Description

LHT

Sounding level eliminated if height missing ?

(T=yes, F=no)

LTEMP

Sounding level eliminated if temperature

missing ? (T=yes, F=no)

LWD

Sounding level eliminated if wind direction

missing ? (T=yes, F=no)

LWS

Sounding level eliminated if wind speed

missing ? (T=yes, F=no)

(READ56/READ62 Output File Format Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-146

Table 4-49 (Continued)

READ56/READ62 Output File Format
(Upn.DAT)
DATA RECORDS
For each 00 or 12 GMT sounding, a one-record data header is used followed by "N" records of data. Each
record contains up to four sounding levels.

DATA HEADER RECORD

Columns

Format*

Variable

Description

4-7

ITPDK

Label identifying data format of original

data (e.g., 5600 or 6201 for NCDC data or
9999 for non-NCDC data)

13-17

STNID

Station ID number

23-24

YEAR

Year of data

25-26

MONTH

Month of data

27-28

DAY

Day of data

29-30

HOUR

Hour of data (GMT)

36-37

MLEV

Total number of levels in the original

sounding

69-70

ISTOP

Number of levels extracted from the original

sounding and stored below

Record format is (3x,i4,5x,a5,5x,4i2,5x,i2,t69,i2)

(READ56/READ62 Output File Format Continued)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-147

Table 4-49 (Concluded)

READ56/READ62 Output File Format
(UPn.DAT)
DATA RECORDS (Slash-delimited format)
(Up to four levels per record)
Columns

Format*

Variable

Description

4-9
11-15
17-21
23-25
27-29

F6.1
F5.0
F5.1
I3
I3

PRES
HEIGHT
TEMP
WD
WS

Pressure (mb)
Height above sea level (m)
Temperature (deg. K)
Wind direction (degrees)
Wind speed (m/s)

33-38
40-44
46-50
52-54
56-58

F6.1
F5.0
F5.1
I3
I3

PRES
HEIGHT
TEMP
WD
WS

Pressure (mb)
Height above sea level (m)
Temperature (deg. K)
Wind direction (degrees)
Wind speed (m/s)

62-67
69-73
75-79
81-83
85-87

F6.1
F5.0
F5.1
I3
I3

PRES
HEIGHT
TEMP
WD
WS

Pressure (mb)
Height above sea level (m)
Temperature (deg. K)
Wind direction (degrees)
Wind speed (m/s)

91-96
98-102
104-108
110-112
114-116

F6.1
F5.0
F5.1
I3
I3

PRES
HEIGHT
TEMP
WD
WS

Pressure (mb)
Height above sea level (m)
Temperature (deg. K)
Wind direction (degrees)
Wind speed (m/s)

Record format is (4(3x,f6.1,'/',f5.0,'/',f5.1,'/',i3,'/',i3))

Missing value indicators are >99.9 for pressure, 9999. for height, 999.9 for temperature, and
999 for wind speed and direction.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-148

4.3.4

Surface Meteorological Data File (SURF.DAT)

CALMET provides two options for the format of the surface meteorological data input file, SURF.DAT.
The first is to use the unformatted file created by the SMERGE meteorological preprocessor program.
SMERGE processes and reformats hourly surface observations in standard NCDC formats into a form
compatible with CALMET. It is best used for large data sets with many surface stations.
The second format allowed by CALMET for the SURF.DAT file is a free-formatted option. This option
allows the user the flexibility of either running the SMERGE preprocessor to create a formatted data file
or for short CALMET runs, manually entering the data.
The selection of which surface data input format is used by CALMET is made by the user with the
control file variable, IFORMS (see Input Group 4 of the control file in Section 4.3.1).
A sample formatted SURF.DAT file is shown in Table 4-50. A description of each variable in the
formatted surface data file is contained in Table 4-51. The file contains two header records with the
beginning and ending dates and times of data in the file, reference time zone, and number of stations in
the first record and the station ID number in the second record. The data are read in FORTRAN free
format. One data record per hour follows the header records. Each data record contains the date and
time and for each station, the wind speed, wind direction, ceiling height, cloud cover, temperature,
relative humidity, station pressure, and a precipitation code.
Buoy and other overwater data are normally input through the SEAn.DAT files. If the overwater method
is not used, the buoy data can be either the SURF.DAT file or SEAn.DAT files. In any case, buoy data
for a given station should not be in both files.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-149

Table 4-50
Sample SURF.DAT Output Data File
(SURF.DAT)
90
8
14606
90
8
0.000
5.144
2.572
5.144
4.100
90
8
2.572
3.087
3.601
0.000
4.100
90
8
0.000
0.000
0.000
3.087
4.100
90
8
0.000
0.000
0.000
5.144
2.600
90
8
0.000
0.000
0.000
4.630
2.600
90
8
2.572
0.000
0.000
4.116
1.500

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

1001.358
1005.083
997.295
996.956
1007.000

0
0
0
0
0

1001.020
1005.422
997.295
997.295
1007.000

0
0
0
0
0

1001.358
1005.761
997.972
998.311
1008.000

0
0
0
0
0

1001.697
1006.099
998.311
998.649
1008.000

0
0
0
0
0

1001.697
1006.777
998.988
998.988
1009.000

0
0
0
0
0

1002.036
1007.454
1000.004
999.665
1009.000

0
0
0
0
0

4-150

Table 4-51
Formatted SURF.DAT File - Header Records

HEADER RECORD #1
Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

HEADER RECORD #2
Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

IDSTA

integer array

Surface station ID number (NSTA values must be

entered). The following statement is used to read the
record:
READ(io,*)(IDSTA(n),n=1,NSTA)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-151

Table 4-51 (Concluded)

Formatted SURF.DAT File - Data Records*
Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

IYR

integer

Year of data

IJUL

integer

Julian day

IHR

integer

Hour (00-23 LST)

real array

IPCODE

integer array

Precipitation code
(0=no precipitation, 1-18=liquid precipitation, 1945=frozen precipitation)

The data records are read in free format with the following statement:
READ(io,*)IYR,IJUL,IHR,(WS(n),WD(n),ICEIL(n),
1
ICC(n),TEMPK(n),IRH(n),PRES(n),IPCODE(n),
1
n=1,NSTA)

Missing value indicators are 9999. (real variables) and 9999 (integer variables)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-152

4.3.5

Overwater Data Files (SEA1.DAT, SEA2.DAT, ...)

If the modeling application involves overwater transport and dispersion, the CALMET boundary layer
model requires observations of the air-sea temperature difference, air temperature, relative humidity and
overwater mixing height. If the overwater temperature method is used, vertical temperature gradient
information is also necessary, however defaults are specified in the CALMET.INP file. The special
overwater observations, along with wind speed and direction, are contained in a set of files named
SEAn.DAT, where n is a station number (1,2,3,...). If SEAn.DAT files are not used, the overwater
station and its standard surface parameters (e.g., wind speed and direction, etc.) can be treated as a
regular surface station. Additionally, any overwater site that should not be used in the overwater
temperature interpolation scheme should be placed in the SURF.DAT file instead of a SEA.DAT file.
For instance, a user may want to include wind information from a lake buoy but not have the buoy
influence temperatures over the ocean.
The overwater data files are structured to allow the use of data with arbitrary time resolution. For
example, hourly or daily air-sea temperature difference data, if available, can be entered into the files.
Otherwise, monthly or seasonal data can be used. However, any station that is reporting non-missing
wind speed and direction should use hourly data resolution or inaccuracies will be introduced into the
wind field. The inaccuracy results from the fact that the variables retain their current values each hour
until a new observation is encountered, at which time they are updated. Thus, long periods of missing
wind data between valid observations should receive hourly records with the wind data set to missing. A
similar argument applies to temperature and vertical temperature gradient information if the overwater
temperature method is used. All times must match the base time zone of the CALMET run (variable
IBTZ).
The location of the overwater site is specified for each observation. This allows the use of data collected
from ships with time-varying locations. The data for each observation station (fixed or moving) must be
stored in a separate overwater data file.
Table 4-52 contains a sample overwater input file, which contains hourly overwater data. A description
of each input variable and format is provided in Table 4-53.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-153

Table 4-52
Sample Overwater Data File (SEA1.DAT)

'4005',11000
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83
536.07 4721.83

68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560
68.560

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87

226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
227

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0

87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87

226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
227

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0

9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0

290.9
290.9
290.9
290.9
290.9
290.9
290.9
291.5
291.5
291.5
291.5
291.5
291.5
292.0
292.0
292.0
292.0
292.0
292.0
291.5
291.5
291.5
291.5
290.9
291.5

4-154

9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0
9999.0

9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000
9999.0000

4.1
4.1
3.6
4.1
3.6
3.1
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.1
3.6
3.6
4.1
4.6
4.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
4.6
4.6
5.1
7.2
6.2

180.0
180.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
210.0
210.0
200.0
200.0
190.0
190.0
190.0
200.0
190.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
190.0
190.0
180.0
190.0
190.0
210.0
220.0

Table 4-53
Overwater Data File Format* (SEA1.DAT)
HEADER RECORD #1
Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

Default
Value

CHOWSTA

char*4

station name

IDOWSTA

integer

5-digit station ID number

DATA RECORDS
Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

Default
Value

XUTM

real

X coordinate (km) of the observational site

YUTM

real

Y coordinate (km) of the observational site

XOWLON

real

Longitude (degrees) of the observational site. Positive

for Western Hemisphere, negative for Eastern
Hemisphere

ZOWSTA

real

Measurement height (m) above the surface of the

water of the air temperature and air-sea temperature
difference

TGRADB

real

Temperature lapse rate below the mixing height

overwater (K/m)

-0.0098

TGRADA

real

Temperature lapse rate above the mixing height

overwater (K/m)

-0.0045

WSOW

real

Wind speed (m/s)

Table 4-55
Free-Formatted Precipitation Data File Format (PRECIP.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Head Record #1
Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

Number of precipitation stations

Head Record #2

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

IDSTA

integer array

Station codes for each precipitation station. Read

as:
READ(io12,*)(IDSTA(n),n=1,NSTA)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-158

Table 4-55 (Concluded)

Free-Formatted Precipitation Data File Format (PRECIP.DAT)

DATA RECORDS
(Repeated for each hour of data)
Variable

Type

Description

IYR

integer

Year of data

IJUL

integer

Julian day of data

IHR

integer

Hour (01-24 LST) of data

XPREC

real array

Precipitation rates (mm/hr) for each precipitation

station in the station order specified in Header
Record #2. Each data record is read as:
READ(io12,*)iyr,ijul,ihr,(XPREC(n),
n=1,NSTA)

Missing value indicator is 9999.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-159

4.3.7

Preprocessed Diagnostic Model Data File (DIAG.DAT)

The CALMET control file contains variables which determine how the meteorological data required by
the diagnostic wind field module are entered into the program. The variables IDIOPT1 through IDIOPT5
of Input Group 5 in the control file determine whether the hourly station observation and domain-scale
average surface temperature, lapse rate, and wind components are internally computed from the data in
the surface and upper air data files or read directly from a separate file, DIAG.DAT.
The DIAG.DAT file allows the user to bypass the internal CALMET computation involving the
interpolation and spatial averaging of the meteorological inputs to the model by specifying these inputs
directly. This option has been retained in the operational version of the model although it was intended
primarily as a testing tool. The use of the DIAG.DAT file requires that the time interpolation of the
sounding data and routine averaging of upper layer winds through the depth of each vertical layer, as well
as conversion of the wind components from wind speed and direction to U and V components, all be
performed externally.
A sample DIAG.DAT file containing two hours of data is shown in Table 4-56. A description of each
variable in the file and its input format is contained in Table 4-57. The variables included in the
DIAG.DAT file depend on the option selected in the CALMET control file. A value of one for the
following control file parameters is used to flag input of the corresponding meteorological variable via
the DIAG.DAT file. A value of zero indicates the meteorological variable is internally computed by the
model from the data in the SURF.DAT and UPn.DAT files. The default value for each control file
parameter is set to compute the meteorological variables internally.
Control File Parameter

Meteorological Variable

IDIOPT1

Domain-average surface temperature

IDIOPT2

Domain-average vertical temperature lapse rate

IDIOPT3

Domain-average winds (U and V components)

IDIOPT4

Hourly surface station winds (U and V components)

IDIOPT5

Hourly upper air station winds (U and V components)

The wind observations in DIAG.DAT are entered with data for one station per line. The end of the
surface data and upper air data are both flagged by a record with a station name of `LAST'.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-160

Table 4-56
Sample DIAG.DAT Input Data File

TINF:
300.15
GAMMA hr 1 2.5
UM
hr 1 -1.8
VM
hr 1 -0.9
SURFACE WIND 0 PTM1
1.0 -0.6 -0.8
SURFACE WIND 0 PLGN
1.0 3.0 -2.6
SURFACE WIND 0 LAST
UPPER WIND 0 LCMB
1.0999.0999.0 -0.9 0.0 -1.1 0.2 -0.3 0.1 -0.2 -0.3
UPPER WIND 0 OFLT
1.0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.5 -0.3 -0.8 -0.4 -0.5 -2.2 -1.5
UPPER WIND 0 LAST
TINF:
300.15
GAMMA hr 2 3.5
UM
hr 2 -1.8
VM
hr 2 -0.9
SURFACE WIND 1 PTM1
1.0 0.0 0.0
SURFACE WIND 1 PLGN
1.0 4.9 -3.3
SURFACE WIND 1 LAST
UPPER WIND 1 LCMB
1.0999.0999.0 -1.3 -0.2 -0.6 0.3 -0.9 0.8 -0.9 1.1
UPPER WIND 1 OFLT
1.0 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 -0.3 -1.3 -0.2 -0.9 0.3 -0.4
UPPER WIND 1 LAST

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-161

Table 4-57
DIAG.DAT Input File
(Records 1-6 reported for each hour)
Record

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

TINF

real

Domain-average surface temperature (deg. K). Input

format: (10X,F6.2).

GAMMA

real

Domain-average temperature lapse rate (deg. K/km).

Input format: (10X,F5.1).

real

Domain average U wind component (m/s). Input

format: (10X,F5.1).

real

Domain average V wind component (m/s). Input

format: (10X,F5.1).

CNAM

char*4

Four-character surface station name (`LAST' indicates

end of surface data)

real

Data weighting factor (usually set to 1.0)

real

U component of surface wind (m/s)

real

V component of surface wind (m/s)

(Repeated one station per record)

Input format: (15X,A4,1X,3F5.1)

(DIAG.DAT Input File Continued)

Record included only if control file variable IDIOPT1=1

Record included only if control file variable IDIOPT2=1
c
Record included only if control file variable IDIOPT3=1
d
Record included only if control file variable IDIOPT4=1
b

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4-162

Table 4-57 (Concluded)

DIAG.DAT Input File

Record

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

CUNAM

char*4

Four-character upper air station name.

(`LAST' indicates end of upper air data.)

WTU

real

station for CALMET layer 2

]
]
]

Record included only if control file variable IDIOPT5=1

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-163

4.3.8

Prognostic Model Data File (PROG.DAT)

The CALMET model allows the use of gridded prognostic model (CSUMM) winds to be used as the
initial guess field or Step 1 wind field in the diagnostic model analysis procedure as a substitute for the
normal Step 1 analysis. The use of the prognostic wind field option is controlled by the variable IPROG
in Input Group 5 of the CALMET control file. If IPROG is set equal to one or two, the gridded
prognostic model wind fields are read from a file called PROG.DAT. These winds are interpolated from
the prognostic model grid system to the CALMET grid to produce either the initial guess field or the Step
1 wind field.
The PROG.DAT file is an unformatted data file containing the time, grid specifications, vertical layer
structure, and three-dimensional fields of U and V wind fields. Table 4-58 contains a description of the
variables included in each hourly set of winds.
Note that CSUMM does not allow the use of a Lambert conformal projection, so the coordinate system
must be a UTM system when CSUMM data are used (i.e., IPROG = 1 or 2).

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4-164

Table 4-58
Gridded Prognostic Model Wind Field Input File (PROG.DAT)

Record

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

TIMEH

real

If one of the first three methods is chosen, the gridded MM4/MM5 fields are read from a file called
MM4.DAT. If one of the second three methods is chosen, the gridded MM5 fields are read from a file
called MM5.DAT. Note that the MM5.DAt file contains fields provided by MM5 that are not provided
by MM4. Within CALMET these fields are interpolated from the prognostic model grid system to the
CALMET grid.
The MM4.DAT file is a formatted data file containing header records describing the date, time, and
domain of the prognostic model run. The extraction subdomain is defined in terms of (I,J) and latitude
and longitude. Terrain elevation and land use description code are also provided for each grid cell in the
subdomain. The sigma-p values used by MM4/MM5 to define each of the vertical layers are also
contained in the header records of MM4.DAT.
The data records consist of a date and time record, then a data record consisting of elevation (m MSL)
and winds at each grid cell for each vertical level. The surface level is followed by the mandatory levels
of 1000, 925, 850, 700, 500, 400, and 300 mb. All subterranean mandatory levels will have wind
direction and wind speed of 0.
A sample MM4.DAT file is presented in Table 4-59, and a description of each record is presented in
Table 4-60.

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4-166

The MM5.DAT file is also a formatted data file similar to the MM4.DAT file. Header records describe
the prognostic model run and the subdomain and time period extracted to the MM5.DAT file. Data
records for each time period are provided for each grid cell in the extracted subdomain. Sea level
pressure, rainfall, and snow cover are provided for the surface, and pressure, elevation, temperature, wind
speed, and wind direction are always provided at each vertical level. Other variables that may be
provided at each vertical level include the vertical velocity, relative humidity, vapor mixing ratio, cloud
mixing ratio, rain mixing ratio, ice mixing ratio, and grouped mixing ratio.
A sample MM5.DAT file is presented in Table 4-61, and a description of each record is presented in
Table 4-62.

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4-167

Table 4-59
Sample MM4/MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File (MM4.DAT)
THIS FILE CREATED 17:17:33 04-21-92
88071500 744 60 45 15 100.0
35 16
5
5
0.0500
0.1500
0.2500
0.3500
0.4500
0.5500
0.6500
0.7400
0.8100
0.8650
0.9100
0.9450
0.9700
0.9850
0.9950
35 16 34.756 -85.988 0272 02
36 16 34.715 -85.098 0321 06
37 16 34.666 -84.210 0386 04
38 16 34.609 -83.323 0406 04
39 16 34.544 -82.438 0319 04
35 17 35.488 -85.943 0277 04
36 17 35.447 -85.043 0343 04
37 17 35.397 -84.145 0464 04
38 17 35.340 -83.248 0581 04
39 17 35.274 -82.353 0539 04
35 18 36.222 -85.897 0252 04
36 18 36.180 -84.987 0323 04
37 18 36.130 -84.078 0443 04
38 18 36.071 -83.172 0609 04
39 18 36.004 -82.266 0670 04
35 19 36.957 -85.849 0217 02
36 19 36.914 -84.929 0282 04
37 19 36.863 -84.010 0365 04
38 19 36.804 -83.093 0504 04
39 19 36.737 -82.178 0639 04
35 20 37.693 -85.801 0192 04
36 20 37.650 -84.870 0244 02
37 20 37.599 -83.941 0293 04
38 20 37.539 -83.013 0373 04
39 20 37.470 -82.087 0509 04

(Continued)

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4-168

Table 4-59 (Concluded)

Sample MM4/MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File (MM4.DAT)
88071500 35
9849 00272
10000 00136
9250 00831
8500 01571
7000 03218
5000 05943
4000 07655
3000 09747
9805 00313
9716 00394
9584 00517
9362 00724
9053 01021
8654 01414
8168 01914
7548 02586
6752 03518
5867 04668
4982 05971
4097 07475
3212 09262
2327 11485
1442 14523
88071500 36
9796 00321
10000 00136
9250 00831
8500 01571
7000 03217
5000 05940
4000 07654
3000 09746
9752 00361
9664 00442
9532 00565
9312 00772
9004 01068
8608 01461
8124 01960
7509 02630
6717 03559
5838 04706
4958 06006
4078 07508
3199 09290
2319 11505
1440 14530

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-169

Table 4-60
MM4/MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM4.DAT)
HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #1
Variable No.
1

Variable

Type

Description

CTEXT

char*36

Text date/time stamp for file creation

Header Record #2

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

Table 4-60 (Continued)

MM4/MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM4.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #3

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

integer

subdomain
format (4i4)

Next NZP Records

Variable No.
1

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

Variable

Type

Description

SIGMA

real array

Sigma-p values used by MM4/MM5 to define each of

the NZP layers
Read as:
do 10 I=1,NZP
10
READ(iomm4,20)SIGMA(I)
20
FORMAT(F6.4)

4-171

Table 4-60 (Continued)

MM4/MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM4.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Next NXP*NYP Records
Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

IINDEX

integer

I-index (X direction) of the grid point in the extraction subdomain

JINDEX

integer

J-index (Y direction) of the grid point in the extraction subdomain

XLATDOT

real array

N. Latitude (degrees) of the grid point in the extraction subdomain

(positive for the Northern Hemisphere, negative for Southern
Hemisphere)

XLONGDOT

real array

E. Longitude (degrees) of the grid point in the extraction

IELEVDOT

integer array

Terrain elevation of the grid point in the extraction subdomain (m

MSL)

ILUDOT

integer array

Land use description code of the grid point in the extraction

subdomain
format (2i3,f7.3,f8.3,i5,i3)

DATA RECORDS (repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain)

Data Record
Variable

Type

Description

MYR

integer

Year of MM4/MM5 wind data

MMO

integer

Month of MM4/MM5 wind data

MDAY

integer

Day of MM4/MM5 wind data

MHR

integer

Hour (GMT) of MM4/MM5 wind data

The surface level is followed by the mandatory levels of 1000, 925, 850, 700, 500, 400, and 300 mb. All
subterranean mandatory levels will have wind direction and wind speed of 0.

TTT = bC*10, odd number = negative temperature

even number = positive temperature
Examples: TTT = 202 S 20.2bC
TTT = 203 S >20.3bC
DD < 56 S bC*10
DD A 56 S bC+50
Examples: DD = 55 S 5.5bC
DD = 56 S 6.0bC

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4-173

Table 4-61
Sample MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File (MM5.DAT)

MM5 for Alberta and British Columbia, Canada

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4-174

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Table 4-61 (Concluded)

Sample MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File (MM5.DAT)

525 5196 247.7 312 19.7 0.01

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

39
41
28
12
10

0.36
0.17
0.04
0.01
0.01

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

42
40
37
35
32
29
27
25
22
19
28
36
41
43
27
12
10

2.88
2.65
2.37
2.17
1.86
1.54
1.25
0.98
0.72
0.54
0.64
0.57
0.35
0.17
0.04
0.01
0.02

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

4-175

Table 4-62
MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #1
Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

HEADER

char

File description
Header Record #2

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

IOUTW

integer

Header Record #3
Variable No.
1

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

Variable

Type

Description

MAPTXT

char

Comment describing the map projection in MM5"

4-176

Table 4-62 (Continued)

MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #4
Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

INHYD

integer

sigma levels) (same as number of vertical
levels in data records)

format (4i2,i5,3i4)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-178

Table 4-62 (Continued)

MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #6

Variable No.

Variable

Type

RYMIN

real

Southernmost N. latitude (degrees) in the subdomain

RYMAX

real

Northernmost N. latitude (degrees) in the subdomain

format (4i2,4f8.2)

Next NZP Records

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

SIGMA

real array

Sigma-p values used by MM5 to define each of

the NZP layers (half-sigma levels)
Read as:
do 10 I=1,NZP
10
READ (iomm4,20) SIGMA(I)
20
FORMAT (F6.3)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-179

Table 4-62 (Continued)

MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)
HEADER RECORDS

Next NXP*NYP Records

Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

IINDEX

integer

I-index (X direction) of the grid point in the extraction

subdomain

JINDEX

integer

J-index (Y direction) of the grid point in the extraction

subdomain

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4-180

Table 4-62 (Continued)

MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)

DATA RECORDS (repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain)

Data Record
Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

MYR

integer

Year of MM5 wind data

MMO

integer

Month of MM5 wind data

MDAY

integer

Day of MM5 wind data

MHR

integer

Hour (GMT) of MM5 wind data

Table 4-62 (Concluded)

MM5 Derived Gridded Wind Data File Format (MM5.DAT)

DATA RECORDS (repeated for each grid cell in extraction subdomain)

NZP*Data Records
Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

PRES

integer

Pressure (in millibars)

integer

Elevation (meters above m.s.l.)

TEMPK

integer

Temperature (o K)

integer

Wind direction (degrees)

real

Wind speed (m/s)

real

Vertical velocity (m/s)

integer

Relative humidity (%)

VAPMR

real

GRPMR

real

Graupel mixing ratio (g/kg)

Variable present in the record only if IOUTW = 1

Variable present in the record only if IOUTQ = 1

Variable present in the record only if IOUTC = 1 (possible only if IOUTQ=1)

Variable present in the record only if IOUTI = 1 (possible only if IOUTQ = IOUTC = 1)

Variable present in the record only if IOUTG = 1 (possible only if IOUTQ = IOUTC =
IOUTI=1)

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4-182

4.3.10 Terrain Weighting Factor Data File (WT.DAT)

CALMET contains several options for introducing MM4/MM5 winds into the calculation of the wind
fields. These include the use of the MM4/MM5 winds as:

Step 1 field (IPROG = 3 or 13)

initial guess field (IPROG = 4 or 14)
"observation" (IPROG = 5 or 15)

If the MM4/MM5 fields are used as an initial guess field for CALMET, the MM4/MM5 winds are
subject to a full diagnostic adjustment for terrain effects on the fine-scale (CALMET) grid. But if the
MM4/MM5 winds are used as either a Step 1 field or as "observations," CALMET does not perform
additional terrain adjustment to the MM4/MM5 winds. When combining these MM4/MM5 winds with
observed winds, local near-surface effects captured in the observations may be lost due to the scale of the
terrain used in the MM4/MM5 simulations (e.g., 80 km resolution). To avoid this, CALMET accepts a
three-dimensional grid of terrain weighting factors. The weight Wo is applied to the observation, and its
complement (1-Wo) is applied to the MM4/MM5 wind. The factors used to determine this weighting are
assumed to be a function of the fine-scale terrain unresolved by the MM4/MM5 grid, and height above
the surface.
The WT.DAT file contains the terrain-weighting factor. This file is required only if IPROG = 3, 13 or
IPROG = 5, 15 (i.e., MM4/MM5 data are used as the Step 1 field or as "observations").
Table 4-63 contains a sample WT.DAT file for a 25 23 18-km CALMET grid. A detailed description
of the contents of the WT.DAT file are contained in Table 4-64. The first three lines consist of
descriptive information on the development of the weighting factor. Records 4 and 5 describe the finescale (CALMET) grid system and the coarse-scale (MM4/MM5) grid. These are followed by a set of NZ
groups of records, one for each CALMET layer, which contain the actual weighting factors.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-183

Table 4-63
Sample Terrain Weighting Factor Data File (WT.DAT)
Sensitivity Power for Wz
=
Sensitivity Power for Ws
=
Significant Length-Scale (m) =
Fine-Grid
:
342.0 -135.0
Coarse-Grid :
-80.0 -680.0
Height(m)
i=
1
j= 23 .51
j= 22 .51
j= 21 .49
j= 20 .43
j= 19 .37
j= 18 .31
j= 17 .26
j= 16 .25
j= 15 .26
j= 14 .27
j= 13 .27
j= 12 .28
j= 11 .31
j= 10 .33
j= 9 .35
j= 8 .37
j= 7 .31
j= 6 .26
j= 5 .20
j= 4 .15
j= 3 .15
j= 2 .20
j= 1 .26
i=
1
Height(m)
i=
1
j= 23 .11
j= 22 .11
j= 21 .10
j= 20 .09
j= 19 .07
j= 18 .06
j= 17 .04
j= 16 .06
j= 15 .08
j= 14 .09
j= 13 .11
j= 12 .12
j= 11 .10
j= 10 .08
j= 9 .06
j= 8 .05
j= 7 .04
j= 6 .03
j= 5 .02
j= 4 .01
j= 3 .02
j= 2 .04
j= 1 .06
i=
1

=
2
.56
.56
.54
.48
.41
.35
.29
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.35
.37
.39
.41
.35
.30
.24
.18
.19
.25
.31
2
=
2
.11
.11
.11
.09
.08
.06
.05
.06
.09
.11
.13
.13
.11
.09
.07
.06
.04
.03
.02
.01
.02
.04
.07
2

10.0000
3
4
5
.53 .51 .48
.53 .51 .48
.51 .49 .46
.46 .44 .42
.40 .39 .38
.35 .34 .34
.29 .29 .30
.30 .31 .31
.31 .33 .34
.33 .35 .36
.34 .37 .39
.35 .38 .40
.36 .38 .39
.37 .37 .38
.38 .37 .37
.39 .37 .36
.35 .34 .34
.31 .32 .33
.26 .29 .31
.22 .26 .30
.23 .27 .31
.28 .32 .35
.34 .37 .40
3
4
5
50.0000
3
4
5
.10 .08 .07
.10 .08 .07
.09 .08 .07
.08 .07 .06
.07 .06 .05
.05 .05 .04
.04 .04 .03
.06 .06 .05
.08 .08 .08
.11 .10 .10
.13 .13 .13
.13 .13 .14
.11 .12 .12
.10 .10 .10
.08 .08 .09
.06 .07 .07
.05 .05 .06
.04 .04 .05
.03 .03 .03
.01 .02 .02
.02 .02 .02
.04 .04 .05
.07 .07 .07
3
4
5

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

2.00000
2.00000
10.0000
25
23 18.000
24
21 80.000

6
.45
.45
.44
.40
.37
.33
.30
.32
.35
.38
.41
.42
.40
.38
.36
.34
.34
.34
.33
.33
.35
.39
.42
6

7
.44
.44
.43
.38
.34
.30
.26
.28
.32
.36
.40
.41
.40
.39
.38
.37
.36
.36
.35
.34
.36
.39
.42
7

8
.43
.43
.41
.36
.31
.27
.22
.25
.29
.34
.38
.41
.40
.40
.40
.40
.39
.37
.36
.35
.36
.39
.42
8

9
.42
.42
.40
.34
.29
.23
.18
.21
.27
.32
.37
.40
.41
.41
.42
.43
.41
.39
.38
.36
.37
.39
.42
9

10
.41
.41
.38
.32
.26
.20
.14
.18
.24
.29
.35
.39
.41
.43
.44
.46
.44
.41
.39
.37
.37
.40
.42
10

11
.42
.42
.40
.34
.28
.21
.15
.19
.25
.30
.36
.40
.42
.43
.45
.47
.44
.42
.39
.37
.37
.40
.43
11

12
.45
.45
.43
.38
.32
.26
.21
.24
.29
.33
.38
.41
.43
.44
.46
.47
.44
.42
.39
.36
.37
.41
.45
12

13
.48
.48
.47
.41
.36
.31
.26
.29
.32
.36
.40
.43
.44
.45
.46
.47
.44
.41
.38
.35
.37
.41
.46
13

14
.52
.52
.50
.45
.41
.36
.31
.33
.36
.39
.42
.44
.45
.46
.46
.47
.44
.41
.38
.35
.36
.42
.48
14

15
.52
.52
.51
.47
.43
.39
.35
.37
.39
.41
.43
.45
.45
.45
.46
.46
.43
.41
.38
.35
.37
.43
.49
15

16
.40
.40
.40
.38
.37
.35
.34
.35
.37
.38
.40
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.43
.47
.51
16

17
.28
.28
.28
.29
.31
.32
.33
.34
.34
.35
.36
.36
.36
.36
.36
.35
.38
.41
.44
.46
.49
.51
.53
17

18
.16
.16
.17
.21
.24
.28
.32
.32
.32
.32
.32
.32
.32
.31
.31
.30
.36
.41
.47
.52
.55
.55
.55
18

19
.03
.03
.05
.12
.18
.24
.30
.31
.30
.29
.29
.28
.27
.27
.26
.25
.33
.41
.50
.58
.60
.58
.56
19

20
.00
.00
.02
.09
.16
.22
.29
.30
.30
.30
.29
.29
.29
.29
.29
.29
.37
.45
.53
.61
.63
.61
.58
20

21
.00
.00
.02
.09
.15
.21
.28
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.35
.36
.43
.50
.56
.63
.65
.62
.60
21

22
.00
.00
.02
.08
.14
.20
.26
.29
.30
.32
.34
.36
.38
.40
.42
.44
.49
.55
.60
.65
.66
.64
.61
22

23
.00
.00
.02
.08
.13
.19
.25
.28
.31
.34
.36
.39
.42
.45
.48
.51
.55
.59
.63
.67
.68
.65
.63
23

24
.00
.00
.02
.07
.12
.17
.22
.26
.29
.32
.36
.39
.44
.48
.52
.56
.59
.62
.65
.68
.68
.65
.63
24

25
.00
.00
.01
.05
.09
.13
.17
.20
.22
.25
.27
.31
.37
.43
.49
.55
.57
.58
.60
.62
.62
.61
.60
25

6
.05
.05
.05
.05
.04
.03
.03
.05
.07
.10
.13
.14
.12
.11
.09
.08
.07
.05
.04
.02
.03
.05
.07
6

7
.05
.05
.05
.04
.03
.03
.02
.04
.06
.08
.11
.12
.11
.11
.10
.10
.08
.06
.05
.03
.03
.06
.08
7

8
.04
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.03
.05
.07
.08
.10
.10
.10
.11
.11
.09
.07
.06
.04
.04
.07
.09
8

9
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
.02
.04
.05
.06
.08
.09
.10
.11
.13
.11
.09
.07
.04
.05
.07
.10
9

10
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.06
.08
.10
.12
.14
.12
.10
.07
.05
.06
.08
.11
10

11
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.10
.12
.14
.12
.10
.08
.06
.07
.11
.15
11

12
.04
.04
.04
.03
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.09
.11
.13
.11
.09
.07
.05
.08
.14
.21
12

13
.05
.05
.04
.03
.03
.02
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.09
.11
.12
.11
.09
.07
.05
.09
.18
.27
13

14
.05
.05
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.09
.10
.11
.10
.08
.07
.05
.11
.21
.32
14

15
.06
.06
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
.10
.09
.09
.08
.07
.14
.26
.38
15

16
.04
.04
.04
.04
.03
.02
.02
.02
.03
.04
.04
.05
.06
.07
.07
.08
.11
.13
.16
.19
.25
.34
.42
16

17
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.04
.04
.05
.05
.05
.06
.12
.18
.24
.31
.36
.42
.47
17

18
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.13
.23
.33
.42
.48
.49
.51
18

19
.00
.00
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
.15
.28
.41
.54
.59
.57
.56
19

20
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.14
.27
.39
.51
.56
.56
.55
20

21
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.14
.24
.33
.43
.48
.50
.52
21

22
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.04
.04
.05
.06
.13
.20
.28
.35
.40
.45
.49
22

23
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.08
.13
.17
.22
.27
.33
.39
.46
23

24
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.05
.06
.08
.09
.12
.15
.17
.20
.26
.34
.41
24

25
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.03
.04
.06
.08
.10
.12
.14
.16
.18
.22
.28
.35
25

4-184

Table 4-64 (Continued)

Sample Terrain Weighting Factor Data File (WT.DAT)

Height(m)
i=
1
j= 23 .03
j= 22 .03
j= 21 .03
j= 20 .02
j= 19 .02
j= 18 .01
j= 17 .01
j= 16 .01
j= 15 .02
j= 14 .02
j= 13 .03
j= 12 .03
j= 11 .02
j= 10 .02
j= 9 .02
j= 8 .01
j= 7 .01
j= 6 .01
j= 5 .00
j= 4 .00
j= 3 .00
j= 2 .01
j= 1 .01
i=
1
Height(m)
i=
1
j= 23 .00
j= 22 .00
j= 21 .00
j= 20 .00
j= 19 .00
j= 18 .00
j= 17 .00
j= 16 .00
j= 15 .00
j= 14 .00
j= 13 .00
j= 12 .00
j= 11 .00
j= 10 .00
j= 9 .00
j= 8 .00
j= 7 .00
j= 6 .00
j= 5 .00
j= 4 .00
j= 2 .00
j= 1 .00
i=
1

=
2
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.01
.02
2
=
2
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
2

100.000
3
4
5
.02 .02 .02
.02 .02 .02
.02 .02 .02
.02 .02 .01
.02 .01 .01
.01 .01 .01
.01 .01 .01
.02 .01 .01
.02 .02 .02
.03 .03 .03
.03 .03 .03
.03 .03 .03
.03 .03 .03
.02 .03 .03
.02 .02 .02
.02 .02 .02
.01 .01 .01
.01 .01 .01
.01 .01 .01
.00 .00 .00
.01 .01 .01
.01 .01 .01
.02 .02 .02
3
4
5
400.000
3
4
5
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
3
4
5

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

6
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
6

7
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
7

8
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
8

9
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
9

10
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.03
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.03
10

11
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.03
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03
.04
11

12
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
.02
.04
.06
12

13
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
.02
.05
.07
13

14
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.01
.03
.06
.09
14

15
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.04
.08
.11
15

16
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.04
.05
.08
.12
.17
16

17
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.05
.06
.08
.12
.17
.23
17

18
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.06
.08
.11
.15
.22
.29
18

19
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.04
.07
.10
.14
.19
.27
.35
19

20
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.04
.07
.10
.13
.19
.27
.35
20

21
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.06
.08
.11
.17
.25
.34
21

22
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.05
.07
.09
.14
.23
.32
22

23
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.06
.07
.12
.21
.30
23

24
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.04
.04
.05
.10
.19
.27
24

25
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.04
.04
.08
.15
.22
25

6
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
6

7
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
7

8
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
8

9
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
9

10
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
10

11
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
11

12
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
12

13
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
13

14
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
14

15
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
15

16
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
16

17
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
17

18
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.02
18

19
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.02
.02
19

20
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.02
.02
20

21
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.02
.02
21

22
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.02
22

23
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.02
23

24
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.02
24

25
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
25

4-185

Table 4-63 (Concluded)

Sample Terrain Weighting Factor Data File (WT.DAT)

Height(m)
i=
1
j= 23 .00
j= 22 .00
j= 21 .00
j= 20 .00
j= 19 .00
j= 18 .00
j= 17 .00
j= 16 .00
j= 15 .00
j= 14 .00
j= 13 .00
j= 12 .00
j= 11 .00
j= 10 .00
j= 9 .00
j= 8 .00
j= 7 .00
j= 6 .00
j= 5 .00
j= 4 .00
j= 3 .00
j= 2 .00
j= 1 .00
i=
1

2
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
2

800.000
3
4
5
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
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4-186

Table 4-64
Terrain Weighting Factor Data File Format (WT.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #1
Variable No.
1

Variable

Type

Description

char*42

Documentation for Wzi

Header Record #2

Variable No.
1

Variable

Type

Description

char*42

Documentation for Ws
Header Record #3

Variable No.
1

Variable

Type

Description

char*42

Documentation for RMSo

Header Record #4

Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

X0FIN

real

X coordinate (km) of fine grid origin (i.e., origin of

CALMET grid)

Y0FIN

real

Y coordinate (km) of fine grid origin

NXFIN

integer

Number of columns in the fine grid domain

NYFIN

integer

Number of rows in the fine grid domain

DFIN

real

Horizontal grid spacing (km) of fine grid

format (15x,2f8.1,2i5,f8.3)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-187

Table 4-64 (Continued)

Terrain Weighting Factor Data File Format (WT.DAT)

HEADER RECORDS
Header Record #5
Variable No.

Variable

Type

Description

X0CRS

real

X (km) coordinate of coarse grid origin (i.e., origin of

MM4 grid)

Y0CRS

real

Y coordinate (km) of coarse grid origin

NXCRS

integer

Number of columns in the coarse grid domain

NYCRS

integer

Number of rows in the coarse grid domain

DCRS

real

Horizontal grid spacing (km) of coarse grid

format (15x,2f8.1,2i5,f8.3,//)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-188

Table 4-64 (Concluded)

Terrain Weighting Factor Data File Format (WT.DAT)

DATA RECORDS (repeated for NZ layers)

Record

Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

real

Grid point height (m) of CALMET layers format

(12x,f12.4/)

Line of text containing i indices

Next NY
records

real array

Terrain weighting factors. The following

statements are used to read the WO array:
do 15 JJ=NYFIN,1,-1
15
READ (io99,113) (WO(i,jj,k),i=1,nxfin)
113
FORMAT (6x,150(1x,f3.2)/)

NY+3*

Line of text containing i indices

* Line skipped by CALMET

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-189

4.3.11 CALMET Output Files

4.3.11.1 CALMET.DAT
The CALMET.DAT file contains the meteorological data fields produced by the CALMET model. It
also contains certain geophysical fields, such as terrain elevations, surface roughness lengths, and land
use types, which are used by both the CALMET meteorological model and the CALGRID and
CALPUFF air quality models.
CALGRID requires three-dimensional fields of temperature and vertical velocity which are not required
by CALPUFF for certain simple simulations. Therefore, a switch is provided in the CALMET control
file which allows the user to eliminate these variables from the CALMET.DAT output file if the
generated meteorological fields will be used to drive CALPUFF in a mode where they are not needed.
The larger version of CALMET.DAT with the extra parameters can always also be used with CALPUFF.
The option to exclude the 3-D temperature and vertical velocity fields from the CALMET.DAT file is
provided to reduce the storage requirements of the output file and to a lesser extent to reduce the CPU
requirements of the CALMET model run. However, under most conditions, a full 3-D temperature field
will be required by CALPUFF.
CALMET.DAT File - Header Records
The CALMET.DAT file consists of a set of up to fifteen header records, followed by a set of hourly data
records. The header records contain a descriptive title of the meteorological run, information including
the horizontal and vertical grid systems of the meteorological grid, the number, type, and coordinates of
the meteorological stations included in the CALMET run, gridded fields of surface roughness lengths,
land use, terrain elevations, leaf area indexes, and a pre-computed field of the closest surface
meteorological station number to each grid point.
The actual number of header records may vary because, as explained below, records containing surface,
upper air, and precipitation station coordinates are not included if these stations were not included in the
run. A description of each variable in the header records is provided in Table 4-65.
The following variables stored in the CALMET.DAT header records are checked in the setup phase of
the CALPUFF model run to ensure compatibility with variables specified in the CALPUFF control file:
number of grid cells in the X and Y directions, grid size, reference UTM or Lambert conformal
coordinates of the grid origin, and UTM zone of the grid origin.
Sample FORTRAN write statements for the CALMET.DAT header records are:
c ---

Header record 1 -- Run title

write(iunit)TITLE

c ---

Header records 2 and 3 -- General run and grid information

write(iunit)VER,LEVEL,IBYR,IBMO,IBDY,IBHR,IBTZ,IRLG,IRTYPE,
1
NX,NY,NZ,DGRID,XORIGR,YORIGR,IUTMZN,IWFCOD,NSSTA,

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

write(iunit)CLAB11,IDUM,XLAI

c ---

Header record 15 - Nearest surface station to each grid point

write(iunit)CLAB12,IDUM,NEARS

where the following declarations apply:

real ZFACEM(nz+1),XSSTA(nssta),YSSTA(nssta),XUSTA(nusta),YUSTA(nusta)
real XPSTA(npsta),YPSTA(npsta)
real Z0(nx,ny),ELEV(nx,ny),XLAI(nx,ny)
integer ILANDU(nx,ny),NEARS(nx,ny)
character*80 TITLE(3)
character*8 VER,LEVEL,CLAB1,CLAB2,CLAB3,CLAB4,CLAB5,CLAB6
character*8 CLAB7,CLAB8,CLAB9,CLAB10,CLAB11,CLAB12
logical LCALGRD,LLCONF

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-191

Table 4-65
CALMET.DAT file - Header Records
Variable

Typea

Description

TITLE

char*80 array

Array with three 80-character lines of the user's

title of the CALMET run

Run length (hours)

IRTYPE

integer

Run type (0=wind fields only, 1=wind and

micrometeorological fields). IRTYPE must be run
type 1 to drive CALGRID or options in
CALPUFF that use boundary layer parameters

integer

Number of grid cells in the X direction

integer

Number of grid cells in the Y direction

integer

Number of vertical layers

DGRID

real

Grid spacing (m)

XORIGR

real

X coordinate (m) of southwest corner of grid cell

(1,1)

YORIGR

real

Y coordinate (m) of southwest corner of grid cell

(1,1)

IUTMZN

integer

UTM zone of coordinates (0 if using a Lambert

conformal projection)

IWFCOD

integer

Wind field module used (0=objective analysis,

1=diagnostic model)

NSSTA

integer

Number of surface meteorological stations

NUSTA

integer

Number of upper air stations

Header
Record No.

Variable
No.

char*80 = Character*80
char*8 = Character*8

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-192

Table 4-65 (Continued)

CALMET.DAT file - Header Records

a
b

Variable

Typea

Description

Flag indicating if the full set of meteorological

char*8

Variable label (<YSSTA')

IDUM

integer

Variable not used

YSSTA

real array

Y coordinates (m) of each surface met. station

CLAB4

char*8

Variable label (<XUSTA')

IDUM

integer

Variable not used

XUSTA

real array

X coordinates (m) of each upper air met.

station

CLAB5

char*8

Variable label (<YUSTA')

IDUM

integer

Variable not used

YUSTA

real array

Y coordinate (m) of each upper air met. station

CLAB6

char*8

Variable label (<XPSTA')

IDUM

integer

Variable not used

Header
Record No.

Variable
No.

XPSTA

real array

X coordinate (m) of each precipitation station

CLAB7

char*8

Variable label (<YPSTA')

10d

IDUM

integer

Variable not used

10d

YPSTA

real array

Y coordinate (m) of each precipitation station

CLAB8

char*8

Variable label (<Z0')

IDUM

integer

Variable not used

real array

Gridded field of surface roughness lengths (m)

for each grid cell

char*8 = Character*8
Included only if NSSTA > 0
c
Included only if NUSTA > 0
d
Included only if NPSTA > 0
b

IDUM

integer

Variable not used

NEARS

integer array

Nearest surface meteorological station to

each grid point

Header
Record No.

Variable
No.

char*8 = Character*8

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-195

CALMET.DAT File - Data Records

The CALMET.DAT data records include hourly fields of winds and meteorological variables. In
addition to the regular CALMET output variables, both CALGRID and CALPUFF require additional
three-dimensional fields of air temperature and vertical velocity. The presence of these fields in the
CALMET output file is flagged by the header record logical variable, LCALGRD, having a value of
TRUE.
The data records contain three-dimensional gridded fields of U, V, and W wind components and air
temperature, two-dimensional fields of PGT stability class, surface friction velocity, mixing height,
Monin-Obukhov length, convective velocity scale, and precipitation rate (not used by CALGRID), and
values of the temperature, air density, short-wave solar radiation, relative humidity, and precipitation
type codes (not used by CALGRID) defined at the surface meteorological stations. A description of each
variable in the data records is provided in Table 4-66.
Sample FORTRAN write statements for the CALMET.DAT data records are:
c ---

Write U, V, W wind components

+)))
Loop over vertical layers, k
*
write(iunit)CLABU,NDATHR,((U(i,j,k),i=1,nx),j=1,ny)
*
*
write(iunit)CLABV,NDATHR,((V(i,j,k),i=1,nx),j=1,ny)
*
if(LCALGRD)write(iunit)CLABW,NDATHR((W(i,j,k+1),i=1,nx),j=1,ny)
*
End loop over vertical layers
.)))

Table 4-66
CALMET.DAT file - Data Records

Record
Type

YYYYJJJHH (or YYJJJHH)

real array

W-component (m/s) of the winds at each grid

point

(Record types 1,2,3 repeated NZ times (once per layer) as a set)

CLABT

char*8

Variable label (<T-LEVxxx', where xxx indicates

the layer number)

NDATHR

integer

Year, Julian day and hour in the form

YYYYJJJHH (or YYJJJHH)

ZTEMP

real array

Air temperature (deg. K) at each grid point

(Record type 4 repeated NZM times (once per layer))

a
b

char*8 = Character*8
Record types 3 and 4 are included only if LCALGRD is TRUE

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-198

Table 4-66 (Continued)

CALMET.DAT file - Data Records

Record
Type

Variable
No.

Variable
Name

Typea

Description

CLABSC

char*8

Variable label (<IPGT')

NDATHR

integer

Year, Julian day and hour in the form YYYYJJJHH (or

YYJJJHH)

IPGT

integer
array

PGT stability class at each grid point

CLABUS

char*8

Variable label (<USTAR')

NDATHR

integer

Year, Julian day and hour in the form YYYYJJJHH (or

Year, Julian day and hour in the form YYYYJJJHH (or

YYJJJHH)

WSTAR

real array

Convective velocity scale (m/s)

CLABRMM

char*8

Variable label (<RMM')

NDATHR

integer

Year, Julian day and hour in the form YYYYJJJHH (or

YYJJJHH)

RMM

real array

Precipitation rate (mm/hr). Not used by CALGRID.

char*8 = Character*8

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-199

Table 4-66 (Concluded)

CALMET.DAT file - Data Records

Record
Type

YYJJJHH)

QSW

real array

Short-wave solar radiation (W/m2) at each surface met.

station

CLABRH

char*8

Variable label (<IRH')

NDATHR

integer

Year, Julian day and hour in the form YYYYJJJHH (or

YYJJJHH)

IRH

integer array

Relative humidity (percent) at each surface met. station

CLABPC

char*8

Variable label (<IPCODE')

NDATHR

integer

Year, Julian day and hour in the form YYYYJJJHH (or

YYJJJHH)

IPCODE

integer array

Precipitation type code (not used by CALGRID)

char*8 = Character*8

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-200

Write convective velocity scale

+))) Loop over grid cells
*
*
write(io7)((WSTAR(i,j),i=1,nx,)j=1,ny)
*
.)))
End loop over grid cells

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-202

c ---

Write Monin-Obukhov length

+))) Loop over grid cells
*
*
write(io7)((XMONIN(i,j),i=1,nx,)j=1,ny)
*
.)))
End loop over grid cells

c ---

Write PGT stability class

+))) Loop over grid cells
*
*
write(io7)((IPGT(i,j),i=1,nx,)j=1,ny)
*
.)))
End loop over grid cells

c ---

Write precipitation code

+))) Loop over grid cells
*
*
write(io7)((RMM(i,j),i=1,nx,)j=1,ny)
*
.)))
End loop over grid cells

c ---

Write average surface air density, air temperature, total solar radiation, relative humidity, and precipitation
code
write(io7)AVRHO,TEMPK,SRAD,IRH,IPCODE

where the following declarations apply:

real UL(nx,ny),VL(nx,ny),UUP(nx,ny),VUP(nx,ny)
real HTMIX(nx,ny),USTAR(nx,ny),WSTAR(nx,ny)
real XMONIN(nx,ny),RMM(nx,ny)
real TEMPK(nssta),SRAD(nssta)
integer IPGT(nx,ny)
integer IRH(nssta),IPCODE(nssta)

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-203

Table 4-67
PACOUT.DAT File - Format

HEADER RECORDS - First six records of output file

Header Record
No.

Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

NYR

integer

Starting year

real

von Karman constant

XSCOOR

real array

Surface station X coordinates (grid units)

YSCOOR

real array

Surface station Y coordinates (grid units)

XUCOOR

real array

Upper air station X coordinates (grid units)

YUCOOR

real array

Upper air station Y coordinates (grid units)

real array

Surface roughness lengths (m)

NEARS

integer array

Station number of closest surface station to each grid

point

ILANDU

integer array

Land use categories

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-204

Table 4-67 (Concluded)

PACOUT.DAT File - Format
DATA RECORDS - Repeated for each hour of run
Header Record
No.

Variable
No.

Variable

Type

Description

KYR

integer

Year

KJUL

integer

Julian day

KHR

integer

Hour (00-23)

real array

TEMPK

real array

Air temperature*(K)

SRAD

real array

Total solar radiation*(W/m2)

IRH

integer array

Relative humidity*(%)

IPCODE

integer array

Precipitation code*

* At surface meteorological stations

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-205

4.4

PRTMET Meteorological Display Program

The CALMET meteorological model generates a large, binary meteorological file which includes hourly
gridded wind fields at multiple levels and hourly gridded surface meteorological fields such as PGT
(Pasquill-Gifford-Turner) stability class, friction velocity, Monin-Obukhov length, mixing height,
convective velocity scale, and precipitation rate. For many typical applications, this output file will be
several megabytes or more in volume. The PRTMET program is a postprocessor intended to aid in the
analysis of the CALMET output data base by allowing the user to display selected portions of the
meteorological data.
PRTMET has the following capabilities and options.
]

Option to print or suppress printing of the gridded hourly meteorological fields (wind
fields and surface meteorological variables).

User-selected levels of the wind fields printed.

Option to display wind fields as U, V components or as wind speed and wind direction.

User-selected wind speed conversion factor for changing units (default units: m/s).

Option to print or suppress printing of non-gridded surface meteorological variables (air

temperature, density, short-wave radiation, relative humidity, precipitation type code).

Option to print plot files of all the meteorological variables (horizontal slices), in a
format compatible with SURFER (contour plots and/or vector plots).

Option to produce plot files of snapshots and/or average fields.

Option to print or suppress printing of the gridded geophysical variables (surface

roughness lengths, land use categories, terrain elevations).

Option to print plot files of the gridded geophysical variables.

Option to print or suppress printing of X, Y coordinates of surface stations, upper air

stations, and precipitation stations used in the modeling.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-206

Option to print or suppress printing of the CALMET run control variables stored in the
header records of the CALMET output file.

User-selected portion of horizontal grid printed for all gridded meteorological fields.
Options include printing entire grid, subset of grid, or a single data point.

User-selected time period(s) printed.

User-selected format for display of gridded meteorological fields (self-scaling

exponential format or fixed format).

Two input files are read by PRTMET: a user-input control file and the unformatted meteorological data
file containing the gridded wind and micrometeorological fields generated by CALMET. The output file
PRTMET.LST contains the printed data selected by the user. PRTMET also produces a user defined
number of plot files. Table 4-68 contains a summary of the input files and output file for PRTMET.
The PRTMET control file contains the user's inputs entered in FORTRAN free format. A description of
each input variable is shown in Table 4-69. A sample input file is presented in Table 4-70.
PRTMET extracts and prints the data selected by the user from the CALMET data file. A sample output
file is shown in Table 4-71. A sample contour plot file and a sample vector plot file are shown in Table
4-72 and Table 4-73, respectively.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-207

Table 4-68
PRTMET Input and Output Files

Unit

File Name

Type

Format

Description

PRTMET.INP

input

formatted

Control file containing user inputs

4-209

Table 4-69 (Continued)

PRTMET Control File Inputs (PRTMET.INP)

RECORD 2. Horizontal grid cells to print.

Columns

Variable

Type

Description

NBX

integer

X grid cell of lower left corner of grid to

NBY

integer

Y grid cell of lower left corner of grid to

NEX

integer

X grid cell of upper right corner of grid to

NEY

integer

Y grid cell of upper right corner of grid to

Entered in FORTRAN free format

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-210

Table 4-69 (Continued)

PRTMET Control File Inputs (PRTMET.INP)

RECORDS 3-7. Print control variables for CALMET run variables and station coordinates.
Record1

Columns

Variable

Type

Description

IHDV

integer

Control variable for printing of CALMET

run variables stored in header records of
output file.
(0=do not print, 1=print)

ISUR

integer

Control variable for printing of X,Y

surface station coordinates.
(0=do not print, 1=print)

IUP

Entered in FORTRAN free format

Note: Two variables entered per input record.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-212

Table 4-69 (Continued)

PRTMET Control File Inputs (PRTMET.INP)

NEXT "NZ" RECORDS. Wind field print control variables for each vertical layer.
Record1

Columns

Variable

Type

temperature field.
(0=do not print, 1=print)

(NZ records in all)

Entered in FORTRAN free format

Note: Three variables entered per input record.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-213

Table 4-69 (Continued)

PRTMET Control File Inputs (PRTMET.INP)

NEXT RECORD1.

Wind field format and units.

Columns

Variable

IPWS

XFACT

IFF(4)

Type

Description

integer

Control variable for display of wind

field. (0=U,V components, 1=wind
speed, wind direction)

real

Wind speed units conversion factor.

(1.0 for m/s, 1.944 for knots, 2.237 for
miles/hour)

integer array
element

Output format for wind speeds. (0=selfscaling exponential format, 1=fixed

format)

Entered in FORTRAN free format

Note: Three variables entered on the input record.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-214

Table 4-69 (Continued)

PRTMET Control File Inputs (PRTMET.INP)

NEXT 6 RECORDS.

Record1

Columns

Print control variables and format for gridded surface meteorological variables.

Variable

Type

ONLY IF IMH=1. (0=self-scaling
exponential format, 1=fixed format)

(Continued)

Entered in FORTRAN free format

Note: Two variables entered per input record.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-215

Table 4-69 (Continued)

PRTMET Control File Inputs (PRTMET.INP)
NEXT 6 RECORDS.

Record1

Columns

Print control variables and format for gridded surface meteorological variables.

Variable

Type

ONLY IF IPR=1. (0=self-scaling exponential
format, 1=fixed format)

Entered in FORTRAN free format

Note: Two variables entered per input record.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-216

Table 4-69 (Continued)

PRTMET Control File Inputs (PRTMET.INP)
NEXT RECORD.
Columns
*

Print control variable for non-gridded surface meteorological variables.

Variable

Type

Description

ISURF

integer

Control variable for display of non-gridded

surface meteorological variables (air
temperature, air density, short-wave solar
radiation, relative humidity, precipitation
code). (0=do not print, 1=print)

Entered in FORTRAN free format

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-217

Table 4-69 (Continued)

PRTMET Control File Inputs (PRTMET.INP)
NEXT RECORD.

Number of plot files of gridded geophysical variables.

Columns

Variable

Type

NGEO

integer

NEXT NGEO RECORDS.

Description
Number of plot files of gridded geophysical
variables (0 @ NGEO @ 4)

Keyword, filename format (a2,1x,a12)

Variable

Type

Format

AGEO

character

Keyword for the variable to be plotted.

Options are:
Z0 - roughness length
LU - landuse category
TE - terrain elevation
LI - leaf area index

FILEGEO

character

a12

Output filename. Suggested extension: .GRD.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

Description

4-218

Table 4-69 (Continued)

PRTMET Control File Inputs (PRTMET.INP)
NEXT RECORD.

Number of snapshot plot files

Columns

Variable

Type

NSNAP

integer

NEXT NSNAP RECORDS.

Description
Number of snapshot plot files to be created.

Keyword, vertical slice, home, filename format

(a4,1x,i3,1x,i5,1x,a12)

Variable

Type

Format

ASNAP

character

Keyword for the variable to be plotted. Options

are: UVEL (u), VVEL (v), WVEL (w), TEMP (t),
USTA (u*), WSTA (w*), MONL (L), MIXH (Zi),
PREC,WSPE, WDIR, for contour plots, and
VECT for wind vector plots.

KSNAP

integer

Vertical slice: 1 @ KSNAP @ MS, for the 3-D

fields (u,v,w,T); irrelevant for the other variables.

ISNAP

integer

Time of the snapshot, in hours after the beginning

of the PRTMET output (defined by YR, MO,
DAY, HR - (e.g. if ISNAP=1 a plot file is created
at time IYR, IMO, IDAY, IHR) 1 @ ISNAP @
ITHR.

FILESNAP

character

a12

Output filename. Suggested extension: .DAT for

Ending hour of the averaging period.

IBEGIN @ IEND @ ITHR

NEXT NPLOTAV RECORDS.

Description

Keyword, vertical slice, filename format

(a4, 1x, i3, 1x, a12)

Variable

Type

Format

AMEAN

character

Keyword for the variable to be plotted. Same

options as for snapshots.

KMEAN

integer

Vertical slice to be plotted.

FILENAM

character

a12

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

Description

Name of the output file - Suggested extensions:

.DAT for contour plots: .GRD for vector plots.

4-220

Table 4-70
Sample PRTMET Control File (PRTMET.INP)

z:cmet.dat
- Unformatted CALMET file (a40)
1990, 1, 9, 5, 4,1 - Beg. YR, MO, DAY, HR to print, LENGTH, PRINT INTERVAL
28,48,34,54
- Beg. GRID (I,J) to print, Ending GRID (I,J) to print
1 - Print CALMET RUN VARIABLES ? (e.g., grid parameters, etc.)
0 - Print x-y coordinates of SURFACE STATIONS ?
0 - Print x-y coordinates of UPPER AIR STATIONS ?
0 - Print x-y coordinates of PRECIPITATION STATIONS ?
0 - Print NEAREST SURFACE STATION no. to each grid pt. ?
0, 1 - Print SURFACE ROUGHNESS LENGTHS ?, Fixed format ?
0, 1 - Print LAND USE CATEGORIES ?,
Fixed format ?
1, 1 - Print TERRAIN HEIGHTS ?,
Fixed format ?
0, 1 - Print LEAF AREA INDEX ?,
Fixed format ?
0, 0, 0 - Print U-V, W, TEMP FIELDS ?
(LAYER 1)
0, 0, 0
(LAYER 2)
1, 0, 0
(LAYER 3)
0, 0, 0
(LAYER 4)
0, 0, 0
(LAYER 5)
0, 0, 0
(LAYER 6)
0, 0, 0
(LAYER 7)
0, 0, 0
(LAYER 8)
0, 0, 0
(LAYER 9)
0, 0, 0
(LAYER 10)
1, 1.0, 1 - Convert U,V to WS, WD ?, Units conv., Fixed format ?
0, 1 - Print PGT STABILITY CLASS ?,
Fixed format ?
0, 0 - Print FRICTION VELOCITY ?,
Fixed format ?
1, 1 - Print MIXING HEIGHT ?,
Fixed format ?
0, 0 - Print MONIN-OBUKHOV LENGTH ?, Fixed format ?
0, 0 - Print CONVECTIVE VEL. SCALE ?, Fixed format ?
0, 0 - Print PRECIP. RATE ?,
Fixed format ?
0 - Print SURFACE MET. STATION DATA ?
4
- Number of domain characteristic plot
zo roughnes.grd
- key word, filename - format(i2,1x,a12)
lu landuse.grd
- Possible keywords: ZO,LU,TE,LI
te terrain.grd
- Roughness length (ZO), landuse category (LU)
li leafindx.grd
- terrain elevation (TE), leaf area index (LI)
6
- Number of snapshot plots
MIXH
1
1
mixh1.grd
- Key word,vertical slice,time(hour),filename
VECT
1
1
vector1.dat
Format:a4,1x,i3,1x,i5,1x,a12
TEMP
1
3
temp3.grd
Keywords for contour plots:
MIXH
1
2
mixh2.grd
UVEL,VVEL,WVEL,TEMP,IPGT,USTA,MONL,WSTAR,
MIXH
1
3
mixh3.grd
MIXH,PREC,WDIR,WSPE
MIXH
1
4
mixh4.grd
Keyword for wind vector plots: VECT
1
- Number of average field plots
1
4
- Beginning and ending hour of average
MIXH
1 mixhav4.grd
- Key word, vertical slice, filename
Format: a4,1x,i3,1x,a12

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-221

Table 4-71
Sample PRTMET Output File (PRTMET.LST)

PRTMET INPUT OPTIONS

Version: 3.0
Level: 000120
Beginning year
Beginning month
Beginning day
Beginning Julian day
Beginning hour (00 to 23)
Total number of hours
Print interval (hours)

1990
1
9
9
5
4
1

Subset of grid will be displayed.

Only a single point was selected
Tables will be generated for the point: ( 28, 20)
Display
Display
Display
Display
Display
Display
Display
Display

X-Y coordinates of surface sta. ?

X-Y coordinates of upper air sta. ?
X-Y coordinates of precip. sta. ?
nearest surface station array ?
surface roughness length ?
land use categories ?
terrain elevations ?
leaf area index ?

1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1

Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed

format
format
format
format

?
?
?
?

1
1
1
1

Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed

format
format
format
format
format
format

?
?
?
?
?
?

1
0
0
0
0
0

Control variables for printing of 3-D fields.

LEVEL
U,V
W
TEMP ?
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
Wind components (U, V) converted to WS, WD ?
Display wind field in fixed format ?

1
0

Multiplicative factor for wind units:

1.0000
(If the factor is 1.0 then units will remain in m/s)
Display
Display
Display
Display
Display
Display

PGT stability class ?

friction velocity ?
Monin-Obukhov length ?
mixing height ?
convective velocity scale ?
precipitation rate ?

Display surface met. station variables ?

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Unformatted CALMET output file: z:cmet.dat

Number of domain characteristic plots
Number of snapshot files:
0
Number of average field files:

0
0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-222

Table 4-71 (Continued)

Sample PRTMET Output File (PRTMET.LST)
Data read from header records of CALMET output file
1 km resolution CALMET simulation for 4 hours from 5AM January 9, 1990
with MM4 data, 5 surface met stations, 1 overwater station,
3 upper air met stations, and 16 precip stations
CALMET Version: 5.1

Level: 991104

IBYR
=
1990
IBMO
=
1
IBDY
=
9
IBHR
=
5
IBTZ
=
5
IRLG
=
4
IRTYPE =
1
LCALGRD = T
NX
=
99
NY
=
99
NZ
=
10
DGRID
=
1000.00
XORIGR =
310000.
YORIGR =
0.482000E+07
IUTMZN =
19
IWFCOD =
1
NSSTA
=
5
NUSTA
=
3
NPSTA
=
16
NOWSTA =
1
NLU
=
14
IWAT1
=
50
IWAT2
=
55
LCALGRD = T
ZFACE =
0.000,
20.000,
1500.000, 2200.000,
3000.000,
XLAT0M =
43.5110
XLON0M =
71.3510
LLCONFM = F
CONECM =
0.715568
XLAT1M =
30.0000
XLAT2M =
60.0000
RLAT0M =
40.0000
RLON0M =
90.0000

40.000,

80.000,

160.000,

300.000,

XSSTA
=
83788.0
YSSTA
=
13627.0

204500.

115022.

-13119.0

-140119.

140533.

39123.0

-34155.8

111872.

XUSTA
YUSTA

83788.0
13627.0

-202870.
-75977.0

109496.
-206621.

=
=

XPSTA
=
-30302.0
-37286.0
-42906.0
YPSTA
=
-20649.9
90779.8
44639.2

127512.
-29275.0
6420.99
-50169.0
85275.9
10817.9
83848.1
102363.

85159.0
21223.0
13434.0

68169.0
-24366.0
-18454.0

31072.0
-23627.0
10412.0

13606.0
140879.
-3410.16

112039.
-4165.04
138336.

57271.0
60668.0
83736.8

600.000,

1000.000,

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-223

Table 4-71 (Continued)

Sample PRTMET Output File (PRTMET.LST)
** -- TABLE FOR ONE POINT -- **
The point selected is ( 28, 20)
Surface Roughness Length (m)
Land Use Category
Terrain Elevation (m)
Leaf area index
Nearest surface sta. to I,J

=
=
=
=
=

SURFACE STATION DATA -- Year: 1990

0.94610
40
180.00
6.52000
5
Month:

Day:

Julian day:

Hour:

STATION
NUMBER

TEMPERATURE
(Deg K)

AIR DENSITY
(kg/m**3)

SHORT-WAVE RADIATION
(W/m**2)

REL. HUMIDITY
(%)

PRECIP. CODE

1
2
3
4
5

269.3
271.5
267.6
273.1
270.9

1.298
1.293
1.300
1.271
1.298

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

88
69
100
72
82

0
0
0
0
0

SURFACE STATION DATA -- Year: 1990

Month:

Day:

Julian day:

Hour:

STATION
NUMBER

TEMPERATURE
(Deg K)

AIR DENSITY
(kg/m**3)

SHORT-WAVE RADIATION
(W/m**2)

REL. HUMIDITY
(%)

PRECIP. CODE

1
2
3
4
5

268.7
271.5
265.9
273.7
270.4

1.302
1.293
1.308
1.269
1.300

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

96
69
92
73
81

0
0
0
0
0

SURFACE STATION DATA -- Year: 1990

Month:

Day:

Julian day:

Hour:

STATION
NUMBER

TEMPERATURE
(Deg K)

AIR DENSITY
(kg/m**3)

SHORT-WAVE RADIATION
(W/m**2)

REL. HUMIDITY
(%)

PRECIP. CODE

1
2
3
4
5

267.6
269.3
265.4
273.7
269.9

1.308
1.305
1.313
1.268
1.304

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

100
88
92
73
88

0
0
0
0
0

SURFACE STATION DATA -- Year: 1990

Month:

Day:

Julian day:

Hour:

STATION
NUMBER

TEMPERATURE
(Deg K)

AIR DENSITY
(kg/m**3)

SHORT-WAVE RADIATION
(W/m**2)

REL. HUMIDITY
(%)

PRECIP. CODE

1
2
3
4
5

267.0
267.6
265.9
273.7
269.3

1.311
1.315
1.310
1.270
1.308

1.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

96
92
96
76
85

0
0
0
0
0

Met. Variables for point (x,y) = ( 28, 20)

YEAR MONTH DAY HOUR
LEVEL
WIND SPEED
(m/s)
1990
1
9
5
1
1.71

WIND DIRECTION
(Deg)
241.4

W-VEL.
(m/s)
0.00179

TEMP
(deg K)
270.6

1990

2.01

241.7

0.00217

269.9

1990

2.01

241.2

0.00205

269.4

1990

1.96

241.4

0.00204

268.9

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

4-224

Table 4-71 (Continued)

Sample PRTMET Output File (PRTMET.LST)
Met. Variables for point (x,y) = ( 28, 20)
YEAR MONTH DAY HOUR
PGT
U*
(m/s)
1990
1
9
5
6
0.145
1990
1
9
6
6
0.227
1990
1
9
7
6
0.230
1990
1
9
8
4
0.219

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

MIX HT
(m)
64.4
80.8
81.9
77.8

4-225

L
(m)
1.99395E+01
3.95424E+01
4.10713E+01
3.82334E+01

W*
(m/s)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

Precip.
(mm/hr)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

Table 4-72
Sample contour plot file
DSAA
5
340.000
4710.00
100.000
101.275
100.678
100.402
100.235
100.137

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

5
349.000
4719.00
104.844
104.844
101.440
100.498
100.234
100.000

100.187
100.574
100.289
100.164
100.000

100.156
100.321
100.200
100.132
100.094

4-226

100.151
100.113
100.179
100.133
100.102

Table 4-73
Sample vector plot file
x
341.000
343.000
345.000
347.000
349.000
341.000
343.000
345.000
347.000
349.000
341.000
343.000
345.000
347.000
349.000
341.000
343.000
345.000
347.000
349.000
341.000
343.000
345.000
347.000
349.000

y
4719.000
4719.000
4719.000
4719.000
4719.000
4717.000
4717.000
4717.000
4717.000
4717.000
4715.000
4715.000
4715.000
4715.000
4715.000
4713.000
4713.000
4713.000
4713.000
4713.000
4711.000
4711.000
4711.000
4711.000
4711.000

I:\calmet\nov99\sect4.wpd

arrow
symbol:175
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angle(-wd)
-151.88
-162.69
-166.83
-173.53
-173.07
-151.82
-160.90
-164.80
-170.83
-169.59
-151.44
-156.37
-160.66
-166.37
-162.93
-150.30
-151.21
-156.01
-163.65
-164.07
-151.51
-149.66
-151.89
-159.34
-160.90

length(ws)
2.12
2.13
2.07
2.08
2.26
2.23
2.10
2.01
2.07
2.22
2.14
1.95
1.83
1.95
2.06
2.00
1.91
1.85
1.97
2.04
2.04
2.03
2.08
2.14
2.15

4-227

5. REFERENCES
Allwine, K.J. and C.D. Whiteman, 1985: MELSAR: A mesoscale air quality model for complex terrain:
Volume 1--Overview, technical description and user's guide. Pacific Northwest Laboratory,
Richland, Washington.
Berkowicz, R. and L.P. Prahm, 1982: Evaluation of the profile method for estimation of surface fluxes
of momentum and heat. Atmospheric Environment, 16, 2809-2819.
Blackadar, A.K. and H. Tennekes, 1968: Asymptotic similarity in neutral, barotropic planetary
boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci, 25, 1015-1020.
Briggs, G.A., 1979: Analytic Modeling of drainage flows, Draft document, Atmospheric Turbulence and
Diffusion Laboratory, NOAA.
Briggs, G.A., 1981: Canopy effects on predicted drainage flow characteristics and comparison with
observations. Proceedings, Fifth AMS Symposium on Turbulence and Diffusion, American
Meteorological Society, Boston, MA.
Briggs, G.A., 1982: Simple substitutes for the Obukhov length. Proceeding, 3rd Joint Conference on
Applic. of Air Poll. Meteor., American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 68-71.
Briggs, G.A., 1985: Analytical parameterizations of diffusion: The convective boundary layer. J. Clim.
and Appl. Meteor., 24, 1167-1186.
Carson, D.J., 1973: The development of a dry, inversion-capped, convectively unstable boundary layer.
Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 450-467.
Douglas, S. and R. Kessler, 1988: User's guide to the diagnostic wind field model (Version 1.0).
Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA, 48 pp.
Dean, J.D., and W.M. Snyder, 1977: Temporally and areally distributed fainfall. J. Irrigation and
Drainage Div., American Society of Civil Engineers, 103, 221-229.
Dyer, A.J. and B.B. Hicks, 1970: Flux-gradient relationships in the constant flux layer. Quart. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 96, 715-721.
EPA, 1993: Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase I report: Interim
recommendations for modeling long range transport and impacts on regional visibility. U.S.
EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect5.wpd

5-1

EPA, 1995: Testing of meteorological and dispersion models for use in regional air quality modeling.
Report prepared for U.S. EPA by Sigma Research/EARTH TECH, Concord, MA.
EPA, 1998: Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 2 Summary Report and
Recommendations for Modeling Long-Range Transport Impacts. EPA Publication No.
EPA-454/R-98-019.
Garratt, J.R., 1977: Review of drag coefficients over oceans and continents. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105,
915-929.
Godden, D. and F. Lurmann, 1983: Development of the PLMSTAR model and its application to ozone
episode conditions in the South Coast Air Basin. Environmental Research and Technology, Inc.,
Westlake Village, CA.
Goodin, W.R., G.J. McRae and J.H. Seinfeld, 1980: An objective analysis technique for constructing
three-dimensional urban scale wind fields. J. Appl. Meteorol., 19, 98-108.
Hanna, S.R., L.L. Schulman, R.J. Paine, J.E. Pleim and M. Baer, 1985: Development and evaluation of
the Offshore and Coastal Dispersion Model. JAPCA, 35, 1039-1047.
Hanna, S.R., J.C. Weil and R.J. Paine, 1986: Plume model development and evaluation. Report Number
D034-500. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.
Holtslag, A.A.M. and A.P. van Ulden, 1982: Simple estimates of nighttime surface fluxes from routine
weather data. KNMI Scientific Report, W.R. 82-4, 11 pp.
Holtslag, A.A.M. and A.P. van Ulden, 1983: A simple scheme for daytime estimates of the surface
fluxes from routine weather data. J. Clim. and Appl. Meteor., 22, 517-529.
Horst, T.W. and J.C. Doran, 1986: Nocturnal drainage flow on simple slopes. Bound. Layer Meteor., 34,
263-286.
Hosker, R.P., 1974: A comparison of estimation procedures for overwater plume dispersion.
Proceedings, Symposium on Atmospheric Diffusion and Air Pollution. American Meteorological
Society, Boston, MA.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect5.wpd

5-2

Kessler, R.C., 1989: User's guide Systems Applications, Inc. version of the Colorado State University
mesoscale model (Version 2.0). Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA, 75 pp.
Kitaigorodskii, S.A., 1973: The physics of air-sea interaction. Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
Jerusalem.
Landsberg, H.E., 1981: The Urban Heat Island. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Liu, M.K. and M. A. Yocke, 1980: Siting of wind turbine generators in complex terrain. J. Energy, 4,
10:16.
Mahrt, L., 1982: Momentum balance of gravity flows. J. of Atmos. Sci., 39, 2701-2711.
Maul, P.R., 1980: Atmospheric transport of sulfur compound pollutants. Central Electricity Generating
Bureau MID/SSD/80/0026/R. Nottingham, England.
O'Brien, J.J., 1970: A note on the vertical structure of the eddy exchange coefficient in the planetary
boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1213-1215.
Oke, T.R., 1978: Boundary Layer Climates. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
Oke, T.R., 1982: The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quart. J.R. Met. Soc., 108, 1-24.
Pearson II, F., 1990: Map Projections: Theory and Applications. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL., 372
pp.
Scire, J.S., D.G. Strimaitis, and R.J. Yamartino, 1999: A user's guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion
Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, MA.
Scire, J.S. and F.R. Robe, 1997: Fine-scale application of the CALMET meteorological model to a
complex terrain site. Paper 97-A1313, AWMA 90th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, June 8-13,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Scire, J.S., D.G. Strimaitis and R.J. Yamartino, 1990a: Model formulation and user's guide for the
CALPUFF dispersion model. Sigma Research Corp., Concord, MA.
Scire, J.S., E.M. Insley and R.J. Yamartino, 1990b: Model formulation and user's guide for the
CALMET meteorological model. Sigma Research Corp., Concord, MA.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect5.wpd

5-3

Scire, J.S., R.J. Yamartino, G.R. Carmichael and Y.S. Chang, 1989: CALGRID: A mesoscale
photochemical grid model. Volume II: User's guide. Sigma Research Corp., Concord, MA.
Scire, J.S., F.W. Lurmann, A. Bass and S.R. Hanna, 1984: User's guide to the MESOPUFF II model and
related processor programs. EPA-600/8-84-013. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC.
Steyn, D.G. and T.R. Oke, 1982: The depth of the daytime mixed layer at two coastal locations: A
model and its validation. Bound. Layer Meteor., 24, 161-180.
Tesche, T.W., J.G. Wilkinson, D.E. McNally, R. Kapahi and W.R. Oliver, 1988: Photochemical
modeling of two SCCCAMP-1984 oxidant episodes. Volume II--Modeling procedures and
evaluation results. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX by
Radian Corporation, Sacramento, CA.
van Ulden, A.P. and A.A.M. Holtslag, 1985: Estimation of atmospheric boundary layer parameters for
diffusion applications. J. Clim. and App. Meteor., 24, 1196-1207.
Venkatram, A., 1980a: Estimating the Monin-Obukhov length in the stable boundary layer for dispersion
calculations. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 19, 481-485.
Venkatram, A., 1980b: Estimation of turbulence velocity scales in the stable and the unstable boundary
layer for dispersion applications. In: Eleventh NATO-CCMS International Technical Meeting on
Air Pollution Modeling and its Application. 54-56.
Wheeler, N., 1990: Modeling of mixing depths during a southern California air quality study ozone
episode. Proceedings of the AWMA International Specialty Conference on Tropospheric Ozone
and the Environment. March 19-22, Los Angeles, CA.
Wei, T.C. and J.L. McGuiness, 1973: Reciprocal Distance Squared Method, A computer technique for
estimating areal precipitation. ARS NC-8, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
Weil, J.C. and R. P. Brower, 1983: Estimating convective boundary layer parameters for diffusion
application. Draft Report Prepared by Environmental Center, Martin Marietta Corp. for
Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources.
Weil, J.C., 1985: Updating applied diffusion models. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 24, 1111-1130.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect5.wpd

5-4

Yamartino, R.J., J.S. Scire, S.R. Hanna, G.R. Carmichael and Y.S. Chang, 1989: CALGRID: A
mesoscale photochemical grid model. Volume I: Model formulation document. Sigma
Research Corp., Concord, MA.
Yamartino, R.J., J.S. Scire, S.R. Hanna, G.R. Carmichael and Y.S. Chang, 1992: The CALGRID
mesoscale photochemical grid model - I. Model formulation. Atmospheric Environment, 26A,
1493-1512.
Zilitinkevich, S.S., 1972: On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer. Boundary
Layer Meteorology, 3, 141-145.

I:\calmet\nov99\sect5.wpd

5-5

APPENDIX A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure

APPENDIX A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure - Tree Diagram
Lev0

Lev1

Lev2 Lev3

Lev4

Lev5

PROGRAM CALMET
.UNDER0
.SETUP
.
.DATETM
.
.
.DATE
.
.
.TIME
.
.
.ETIME
.
.COMLINE
.
.
.GETCL
.
.READCF
.
.
.READFN
.
.
.
.READIN
.
.
.
.
.DEBLNK
.
.
.
.
.ALLCAP
.
.
.
.
.ALTONU
.
.
.
.
.SETVAR
.
.
.
.FILCASE
.
.
.YR4C
.
.
.READIN
.
.
.
.DEBLNK
.
.
.
.ALLCAP
.
.
.
.ALTONU
.
.
.
.SETVAR
.
.
.QAYR4
.
.
.MAPG2L
.
.
.LL2UTM
.
.
.MAPL2G
.
.
.UTM2LL
.
.
.JULDAY
.
.WRFILES
.
.OPENOT
.
.READGE
.
.
.OUT
.
.
.
.WRT
.
.
.
.WRT2
.
.
.FILLGEO
.
.SETCOM
.
.
.OUT
.
.
.
.WRT
.
.
.
.WRT2
.
.READHD
.
.
.RDHD
.
.
.
.DEDAT
.
.
.
.YR4
I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-1

APPENDIX A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure - Tree Diagram
Lev0

Lev1

Lev2 Lev3

Lev4

Lev5

.
.
.DELTT
.
.
.RDS
.
.
.
.UNPCKS
.
.
.
.DEDAT
.
.
.
.YR4
.
.
.RDP
.
.
.
.RDNWD
.
.
.
.UNPACK
.
.
.
.DEDAT
.
.
.
.YR4
.
.
.RDHDU
.
.
.
.YR4
.
.
.RDHD5
.
.
.
.YR4
.
.
.
.JULDAY
.
.
.
.INCR
.
.
.
.LL2UTM
.
.
.INDECR
.
.
.RDHD4
.
.
.
.YR4
.
.
.
.JULDAY
.
.
.
.INCR
.
.
.
.LL2UTM
.
.MICROI
.
.DIAGI
.
.
.TERSET
.
.OUTHD
.
.
.WRTR1D
.
.
.WRTR2D
.
.
.WRTI2D
.
.OUTPC1
.
.
.WPCR2D
.
.
.WPCI2D
.
.
.OUT
.
.
.
.WRT
.
.
.
.WRT2
.
.RDWT
.COMP
.
.GRDAY
.
.SOLAR
.
.RDS
.
.
.UNPCKS
.
.
.DEDAT
.
.MISSFC
I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-2

APPENDIX A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure - Tree Diagram
Lev0

Lev1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Lev2 Lev3

Lev4

Lev5

.
.CMPD2
.
.IREPLAC
.RDCLD
.
.RDR2D
.
.YR4
.OUT
.
.WRT
.
.WRT2
.RDP
.
.RDNWD
.
.UNPACK
.
.DEDAT
.
.YR4
.RDOW
.
.YR4
.DIAG2
.INDECR
.RDUP
.
.YR4
.
.JULDAY
.DEDAT
.DELTT
.VERTAV
.FACET
.
.INTP
.PREPDI
.
.CGAMMA
.
.
.DEDAT
.
.
.DELTT
.
.
.INTP
.
.VERTAV
.
.DEDAT
.
.DELTT
.
.XMIT
.DIAGNO
.
.XMIT
.
.PROGRD
.
.
.XMIT
.
.RDMM4
.
.
.YR4
.
.
.JULDAY
.
.
.INDECR
.
.
.QCKSRT3
.
.
.R2INTERP

I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-3

APPENDIX A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure - Tree Diagram
Lev0

Lev1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Lev2 Lev3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

Lev4

Lev5

.
.ESAT
.CGAMMA2
.RDMM5
.
.YR4
.
.JULDAY
.
.INDECR
.
.R2INTERP
.WIND1
.
.SIMILT
.WINDBC
.TOPOF2
.MINIM
.
.DIVCEL
.
.WINDBC
.WINDPR
.
.WNDLPT
.OUTFIL
.FRADJ
.WNDPR2
.
.WNDLPT
.HEATFX
.AIRDEN
.ELUSTR
.SLOPE
.
.XMIT
.
.WNDLPT
.FMINF
.STHEOR
.
.WATER2
.
.
.ESAT
.
.
.SIMILT
.
.ELUSTR2
.
.
.MIXDT
.
.
.SIMILT
.INTER2
.
.XMIT
.
.BARIER
.
.
.UNIDOT
.
.FMINF
.INTERP
.
.XMIT
.
.BARIER
.
.
.UNIDOT
.
.FMINF
A-4

APPENDIX A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure - Tree Diagram
Lev0

Lev1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Lev2 Lev3

Lev4

Lev5

.
.LLBREEZ
.
.
.BOX
.
.
.INTERB
.
.ADJUST
.
.SMOOTH
.
.
.BOX
.
.DIVCEL
.
.DIVPR
.
.
.WNDLPT
.
.RTHETA
.
.
.WNDLPT
.WATER
.
.ESAT
.PGTSTB
.HEATFX
.AIRDEN
.ELUSTR
.MIXHT
.
.MIXDT
.
.OUT
.
.
.WRT
.
.
.WRT2
.MIXHT2
.AVEMIX
.WSTARR
.GRIDE
.
.CMPD2
.TEMP3D
.
.DEDAT
.
.DELTT
.
.AVETMP
.OUTHR
.
.WRTR2D
.
.WRTI2D
.
.WRTR1D
.
.WRTI1D
.PACAVE
.OUTPC
.
.WPCR2D
.
.WPCI2D
.
.GRDAY
.
.OUT
.
.
.WRT
.
.
.WRT2

I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-5

APPENDIX A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure - Tree Diagram
Lev0

Lev1
.
.
.FIN
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Lev2 Lev3

Lev4

Lev5

.OUTCLD
.
.WRTR2D
.INDECR
.GRDAY
.DATETM
.
.DATE
.
.TIME
.
.ETIME
.YR4C
.JULDAY
.DELTT

I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-6

Appendix A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure Table
(* indicated no routines called)
SUBROUTINE

CALLED BY

CALLS

adjust

diagno

airden

comp

allcap

readin

altonu

readin

avemix

comp

avetmp

comp

barier

interp,inter2

unidot

box

llbreez

unidot

cgamma

prepdi

intp,dedat,deltt

cgamma2

diagno

cmpd2

missfc, gride

comline

setup

getcl

comp

main

rdup,vertav,grday,rds,rdp,rdow,dedat,facet,
solar,water,pgtstb,heatfx,airden,elustr,mixht,
wstarr,out,outhr,deltt,prepdi,diagno,missfc,
temp3d,avemix,pacave,outpc, rdcld, diag2,
indecr, mixht2, gride, outcld

date

datetm

setup,fin

date,time,etime

deblnk

readin

dedat

rdhd,rds,rdp,comp,cgamma,
prepdi,temp3d

deltt

prepdi,cgamma,temp3d,
readhd,comp,fin

diag2

comp

diagi

setup

terset

I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-7

Appendix A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure Table
(* indicated no routines called)
SUBROUTINE

CALLED BY

CALLS

diagno

comp

windbc,xmit,topof2,minim,windpr,outfil,
slope,wndpr2,fradj,fminf,progrd,inter2,
interp,adjust,smooth,divcel,divpr,rtheta,
rdmm4,wind1,llbreez, cgamma2, rdmm5,
heatfx, airden, elustr, stheor

divcel

diagno,minim

divpr

diagno

wndlpt

elustr

comp, diagno

elustr2

stheor

similt, mixdt

esat

water, water2, rdmm4

etime

datetm

facet

comp

intp

filcase

readfn

fillgeo

readge

fin

main

datetm,julday,deltt,grday, indecr, yr4c

fminf

diagno,interp,inter2

fradj

diagno

getcl

comline

grday

comp,fin, outpc

gride

comp

cmpd2

heatfx

comp, diagno

incr

rdhd4, rdhd5

indecr

comp,rdmm4,readhd, rdmm5,
fin

inter2

diagno

xmit,barier,fminf

interb

llbreez

interp

diagno

intp

cgamma,facet

I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-8

Appendix A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure Table
(* indicated no routines called)
SUBROUTINE

CALLED BY

CALLS

ireplac

missfc

julday

fin,rdup,readcf,rdhd4, rdhd5,
rdmm4, rdmm5

ll2utm

readcf, rdhd4, rdhd5

llbreez

diagno

box,interb

mapg2l

readcf

mapl2g

readcf

microi

setup

minim

diagno

divcel,windbc

missfc

comp

cmpd2,ireplac

mixdt

mixht, elustr2

mixht

comp

mixdt,out

mixht2

comp

openot

setup

out

setcom,comp,readge,
outpc1,mixht,outpc

wrt,wrt2

outcld

comp

wrtr2d

outfil

diagno

outhd

setup

wrtr1d,wrtr2d,wrti2d

outhr

comp

wrtr2d,wrti2d,wrtr1d,wrti1d

outpc

comp

wpcr2d,wpci2d,grday,out

outpc1

setup

wpcr2d,wpci2d,out

pacave

comp

pgtstb

comp

prepdi

comp

cgamma,vertav,xmit,deltt,dedat

progrd

diagno

xmit

qayr4

readcf

I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-9

Appendix A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure Table
(* indicated no routines called)
SUBROUTINE

CALLED BY

CALLS

qcksrt3

rdmm4

r2interp

rdmm4

rdcld

comp

rdr2d, yr4

rdhd

readhd

dedat, yr4

comp

yr4

rdp

readhd,comp

rdnwd,unpack,dedat, yr4

rdr2d

rdcld

rds

readhd,comp

unpcks,dedat, yr4

rdup

comp

julday, yr4

rdwt

setup

readcf

setup

readin,julday readfn,mapg2l ll2utm

mapl2g,utm2ll, yr4c, qayr4

readfn

readcf

filcase, readin

readge

setup

out,fillgeo

readhd

setup

rdhd,deltt,rds,rdhdu,rdp,rdhd4,indecr,rdhd5

readin

readcf,readfn

deblnk,allcap,altonu,setvar

rtheta

diagno

wndlpt

setcom

setup

out

setup

main

comline,datetm,readcf,openot,readge,setcom,
readhd,microi,diagi,outhd, outpc1,rdwt,wrfiles

setvar

readin

I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-10

Appendix A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure Table
(* indicated no routines called)
SUBROUTINE

CALLED BY

CALLS

similt

elustr2,water2,wind1

slope

diagno

xmit,wndlpt

smooth

diagno

box

solar

comp

stheor

diagno

elustr2, water2

temp3d

comp

dedat,deltt,avetmp

terset

diagi

time

datetm

topof2

diagno

under0

main

unidot

barier

unpack

rdp

unpcks

rds

utm2ll

readcf

vertav

comp,prepdi

water

comp

esat

water2

stheor

esat, similt

wind1

diagno

similt

windbc

diagno,minim

windlpt

windpr,wndpr2,divpr,
rtheta,slope

windpr

diagno

wndlpt

wndpr2

diagno

wndlpt

wpci2d

outpc1,outpc

wpcr2d

outpc1,outpc

wrfiles

setup

I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-11

Appendix A
Subroutine/Function Calling Structure Table
(* indicated no routines called)
SUBROUTINE

CALLED BY

CALLS

wrt

out

wrti2d

outhr,outhd

wrtr2d

outhd,outhr,outcld

wrt2

out

wrti1d

outhr

wrtr1d

outhd,outhr

wstarr

comp

xmit

prepdi,diagno,slope,progrd,
interp,inter2

yr4

rdcld,rdhd,rdhd4,rdhd5,rdhdu,
rdmm4,rdmm5,rdow,rdp,rds,
rdup

yr4c

fin,readcf

I:\calmet\nov99\APPA.WPD

A-12

APPENDIX B
Description of Each CALMET Subroutine and Function

I:\calmet\nov99\appb.wpd

ROUTINE NAME

TYPE

PURPOSE

ADJUST

Subr.

Main routine for the diagnostic wind field module. Calls

routines for the computation of kinematic effects of terrain,
slope flows, terrain blocking effects, divergence minimization,
objective analysis, and optional input of gridded prognostic wind
field data. Produces 3-D fields of U, V, and W wind
components.

DIVCEL

Subr.

Computes the three-dimensional divergence for a X-Y plane of

grid cells using a central difference technique.

DIVPR

Subr.

Controls printing of "NZPRNT" layers of 3-D divergence fields.

ESAT

Function

Computes the saturation water vapor pressure using the method

of Lowe (1977).

ELUSTR

Subr.

Computes the surface friction velocity and Monin-Obukhov

length at grid points over land using an iterative technique.

TYPE

PURPOSE

FIN

Subr.

Main routine for the termination phase of the CALMET run.

Computes run time, writes termination messages.

value from the closest station with valid data. If all values are
missing, sets variable equal to the default value (IDEFLT).

I:\calmet\nov99\appb.wpd

B-3

ROUTINE NAME

TYPE

PURPOSE

JULDAY

Subr.

Computes the Julian day number from the Gregorian date

(month, day).

LLBREEZ

Subr.

OPENOT

Subr.

OUT

Subr.

Opens all input/output files (other than the control file and list
file), based on the values in the control file inputs.
Prints a gridded 2-D field of real or integer numbers to a
specified number of digits. Internally computes a scaling factor
for printing the field based on the maximum value within the
grid.

OUTFIL

Subr.

Prints 3-D fields of U and V wind components using F7.2 format

and W wind components using E8.1 format.

OUTHD

Subr.

Writes the header records of the CALMET meteorological data

file.

OUTHR

Subr.

Outputs hourly gridded wind fields to the unformatted output

file (CALMET.DAT).

OUTPC

Subr.

Writes the data records in MESOPAC II format.

OUTPC1

Subr.

Writes the header records in MESOPAC II format.

I:\calmet\nov99\appb.wpd

B-4

ROUTINE NAME

TYPE

PURPOSE

PACAVE

Subr.

Calculates the vertically-averaged winds in two layers.

PGTSTB

Subr.

Computes PGT stability class at grid point over land.

PREPDI

Subr.

Fills data arrays with observed wind data for the wind field
module. If the preprocessed wind data option is used, reads U
and V components and/or temperature data directly from the
input file (DIAG.DAT), otherwise, performs time interpolation
of upper air sounding data and converts surface wind
components to U and V components.

PROGRD

Subr.

Reads and interpolates gridded fields of prognostic model wind

fields to the grid system used by the diagnostic wind field
model.

QAYR4

Subr.

RDHDU

Subr.

Reads the two header records from an upper air data file.

RDMM4

Subr.

Reads and interpolates the MM4-FDDA prognostic winds to the

diagnostic model grid.

RDOW

Subr.

Reads a data record from an overwater data file. Date/hour of

data in the current array is compared with model date/hour to
determine if it is time to read the next record.

RDP

Subr.

Reads a data record from a precipitation data file. If data are

packed, RDP unpacks the data before returning to the calling
routine.

RDS

Subr.

Reads a data record from the surface meteorological data file. If

data are packed, RDS unpacks data before returning to calling
routine.

RDUP

Subr.

Reads a sounding from the upper air data file. Reads a set of
data including wind speed, wind direction, pressure, height, and
temperature. Converts wind speed and wind direction to U and
V components.

I:\calmet\nov99\appb.wpd

B-5

ROUTINE NAME

TYPE

PURPOSE

RDWT

Subr.

Reads the weighting factors used for station observations vs. the
MM4-FDDA data used as observations or the Step 1 field.

READCF

Subr.

Controls the reading of the control file. Calls subroutine

READIN for each input group.

READFN

Subr.

Reads the file containing the path and filename of the

model's input and output files.

READGE

Subr.

Reads or calls other routines to read data from the geophysical

data file (GEO.DAT). Prints the data back to the output list file
(CALMET.LST).

READHD

Subr.

Controls the reading of the header records from the

meteorological data files (surface and upper air data). Positions
pointers at correct record for starting date and time. Performs
QA checks to ensure consistency of file data with control file
inputs.

READIN

Subr.

Reads one input group of a free formatted control file data base.

RDNWD

Subr.

initialization and one-time setup routines.

SETVAR

Subr.

Fills a variable or array with the value read from a control file
data record.

SIMILT

Subr.

Performs surface-based wind profile adjustment using

similarity theory.

SLOPE

Subr.

Adjusts the surface wind components for slope flow effects.

I:\calmet\nov99\appb.wpd

B-6

ROUTINE NAME

TYPE

PURPOSE

SMOOTH

Subr.

Applies a smoother to 3-D gridded fields of U and V wind

components.

SOLAR

Subr.

to zero.

UNIDOT

Function

interpolation weighting technique for both the upper air and
surface observations.

I:\calmet\nov99\appb.wpd

B-7

ROUTINE NAME

TYPE

PURPOSE

WINDBC

Subr.

Sets the boundary conditions for a single level of U and V wind

fields using no inflow - no outflow boundary conditions.

WINDLPT

Subr.

Scales a 2-D array of real numbers by an internally-computed

factor for printing purposes. Prints the scaled
2-D array along with the scaling factor.

I:\calmet\nov99\appb.wpd

B-8

ROUTINE NAME

TYPE

PURPOSE

YR4C

Subr.

Converts 2-digit year returned from system (current date) to 4digit year.

I:\calmet\nov99\appb.wpd

B-9

APPENDIX C
Equations Used in Lambert Conformal Conversions

I:\CALMET\aug99\appc.wpd

The following equations are based on Pearson (1990) and can be used before running CALMET to convert
meteorological station locations from latitude/longitude to x/y coordinates when using the two-standard
parallel Lambert conformal projection in CALMET. The equations are incorporated within CALMET to
adjust winds from true north (south) to map coordinates and to convert MM4 grid points to the Lambert
conformal map for use in CALMET, based on the values of RLAT0, RLON0, XLAT1, and XLAT2 entered
by the user. To use CALMET and these equations with a Lambert conformal domain in the Southern
hemisphere, enter all latitudes (standard parallels, origin, and stations) as negative numbers. Regardless of
the hemisphere in which the domain is located, the resulting x/y coordinate system has y increasing from
south to north and the CALMET origin coordinates must be specified at the southwest corner of the domain.
This holds true also if UTM coordinates are used in place of a Lambert conformal projection. The order of
the standard parallels XLAT1 and XLAT2 does not matter but it is conventional to have the latitude closest
to the equator be XLAT1. The reference coordinates input to CALMET should be identical to those used
to derive the x/y coordinates of observation sites. All longitudes are entered as positive in the Western
hemisphere and negative in the Eastern hemisphere, with the exception of the MM4.DAT input file, in which
the opposite convention is used. Lambert conformal projections are best in mid-latitudes (J30-60b latitude).
It is not recommended that a Lambert conformal projection be used in a domain near the equator (@ 30b
latitude) or in polar regions (> 60b latitude).
Equations C-1 and C-2 give the x and y coordinate definitions for the Lambert conformal projection, in
kilometers:
x sin

(C-1)

y ORI cos

(C-2)

where is the polar angle (one of the two coordinates used in describing the projection) and is defined by
Equation C-3:
o sin o

(C-3)

where is the longitude (positive in the Western hemisphere, negative in the Eastern hemisphere) and o is
the reference longitude (RLON0). The sin(o) is known as the cone constant and relates longitude on Earth
to its representation in the mapping system. It is a measure of the rate of change in the polar angle as

I:\CALMET\aug99\appc.wpd

C-1

longitude changes. o is the latitude where the cone is tangent to the sphere (i.e., the standard latitude) in
a one-standard parallel Lambert conformal projection, and is an artifact of the mathematical derivation of
the two-standard parallel case. In the two-standard parallel case its definition is given in Equation C-4:

sin o ln

cos 1
cos 2

90 1

tan

/ln

90 2

tan

(C-4)

where 1 and 2 are the standard reference latitudes (XLAT1 and XLAT2).
Equation C-5 defines the polar radius to the given (positive) latitude , where the polar radius is the second
coordinate used to describe the map projection:

tan

sin o

90
2

(C-5)

Equation C-6 gives the polar radius to the origin latitude (ORI), i.e., the latitude along o at which y equals
zero (RLAT0):

ORI tan

90 ORI

sin o

(C-6)

Note that the MM4 domain to which CALMET defaults uses an origin latitude (RLAT0) of 40b, standard
reference latitudes 1, 2 (i.e., XLAT1, XLAT2) of 30b and 60b, and a reference longitude (o) of 90b W.
Psi () is an auxiliary function that is introduced to simplify the derivation from the one standard
parallel case to the two parallel case and is defined by Equation C-7:

a cos 1/sin o
tan

901

sin o

(C-7)

where a equals 6370 km is Earth's radius.

I:\CALMET\aug99\appc.wpd

C-2

APPENDIX D
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid

I:\CALMET\sept99\APPD.Wpd

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CALMET UsersGuide PDF

Uploaded by

CALMET UsersGuide PDF

Uploaded by

A Users Guide for the

CALMET Meteorological Model

Earth Tech, Inc.

Copyright 1998, 1999,2000 by Earth Tech, Inc.

3. CALMET MODEL STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

Geophysical Data File (GEO.DAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overview of the CALPUFF Modeling System

Overview of the program elements in the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system. Also

PRTMET is a postprocessing program which displays user-selected portions of the

Upper Air Data

Figure 1-2. Meteorological modeling: CALMET modeling flow diagram.

Test and Debug

Figure 1-3. Dispersion Modeling: CALPUFF modeling flow diagram.

One or More Plot

Output List File

Figure 1-4. Postprocessing: CALPOST/PRTMET postprocessing flow diagram.

Output List File

Major Model Algorithms and Options

as a replacement for the initial guess wind field (pathway

Boundary Layer Modules of CALMET

Diagnostic Wind Field Module of CALMET

Prognostic Wind Field Model (CSUMM)

Summary of Data and Computer Requirements

Hourly precipitation data:

Upper Air Data

Hourly gridded wind fields (optional)

Overwater Observations (optional)

air-sea temperature difference

is the terrain-following vertical coordinate (m),

Y GRID CELL INDEX

X GRID CELL INDEX

Schematic illustration of the CALMET horizontal grid system for a 7 x 4

The vertical velocity, W, in the terrain-following coordinate system is defined as:

is the physical vertical wind component (m/s) in Cartesian coordinates, and

Wind Field Module

kinematic effects of terrain

is the domain-mean wind,

The exponential decay coefficient increases with increasing atmospheric stability.

Se = [ h g (/) sin / (CD + k)]

where, Se is the equilibrium speed of the slope flow,

Assuming d/dt = Sd/dx and integrating along the slope, produces:

is the local Froude number,

are the observed wind components at station k,

Radius of influence over land in the surface layer (RMAX1)

do not extrapolate the surface data

extrapolate vertically using a power law equation

extrapolate vertically using user-defined

extrapolate vertically using similarity theory

where i is the CALMET layer number (i = 2, 3, ..., NZ),

FEXTRPi is the user-specified scaling factor for layer i.

Turning Angle, D(h)(deg.)

For stable conditions, the stability function is given by Eqn. (2-25):

Lake/Sea Breeze Option

is the u wind component at grid point (i,j) after smoothing, and

A similar equation is applied for the v component of the wind.

is the vertical velocity in terrain-following coordinates, and

are the horizontal wind components,

wi,j, k1/2  wi,j, k1/2

ui1, j,k  ui1, j,k

 vi, j1,k  vadj

 vi, j1,k  vadj

where the adjustment velocities (uadj,vadj) are:

Incorporation of Prognostic Model Output

as the initial guess field,

MM4-FDDA wind as initial guess wind

MM4-FDDA used as Step 1 winds

MM4-FDDA used as "observations"

Surface Heat and Momentum Flux Parameters

Holtslag and van Ulden (1983)

Two-level tower method

where, Q* is the net radiation (W/m2),

is the incoming short-wave radiation (W/m2), consisting of a direct solar

1  A Qsw  c1T 6  T 4  c2N

Qsw  a1 sin  a2 1  b1N

where, T is the measured air temperature (deg. K),

5.31 x 10-13 W/m2/deg K6

wi,j, k1/2 wi,j, k1/2

ui1, j,k ui1, j,k

vi, j1,k vadj

vi, j1,k vadj

1 A Qsw c1T 6 T 4 c2N

Qsw a1 sin a2 1 b1N