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DLL MAC Protocols

The document discusses different medium access control techniques used in computer networks including ALOHA, CSMA, token ring, scheduling based access and more. It provides details on how these protocols work and compares their performance.

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RajBhan
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
59 views

DLL MAC Protocols

The document discusses different medium access control techniques used in computer networks including ALOHA, CSMA, token ring, scheduling based access and more. It provides details on how these protocols work and compares their performance.

Uploaded by

RajBhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

MAC (Medium Access Control)

sublayer
MAC sublayer covers Medium Access
techniques and framing

OPM

Types of MAC
Control:
Distributed.
Centralized.
How they coordinate medium access:
Round-robin.
Scheduled-access.
Contention-based.

OPM

MAC Protocols
Contention-based
ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA.
CSMA.
CSMA/CD.

Round-robin : token-based protocols.


Token bus.
Token ring.

Scheduled Access Based:


Centralized or distributed scheduling based MAC
Ex. GSM, WIMAX, LTE, WiFi networks.
3

OPM

The ALOHA Protocols


Developed at University of Hawaii in early 70s.
Packet radio networks.
Free for all: whenever station has a frame to send, it does
so.
Station listens for maximum RTT (Round Trip Time) for an ACK.
If no ACK, re-sends frame for a number of times and then gives up.
Receivers check FCS (Frame Check Sequence) and destination address
to ACK.

OPM

Pure ALOHA
In pure ALOHA, frames are transmitted at completely
arbitrary times.

OPM

Collisions
Invalid frames may be caused by channel noise or

Because other station(s) transmitted at the same time:


collision.
Collision happens even when the last bit of a frame
overlaps with the first bit of the next frame.

OPM

Pure ALOHA: Performance


Vulnerable period for the shaded frame.

OPM

ALOHAs Performance (Contd)


S = G e-2G, where S is the throughput (rate of successful
transmissions) and G is the mean offered load per frame
duration.
S = Smax = 1/2e = 0.184 for G=0.5.

OPM

Slotted Aloha
Time divided in uniform slots
Need central clock (or other sync mechanism)
Frames can only be transmitted at beginning of slot: discrete
ALOHA.
Frames either miss or overlap totally
Vulnerable period is half of pure ALOHA.
S = G e-G.
S = Smax = 1/e = 0.368 for G = 1.
Doubles performance of pure ALOHA.

OPM

ALOHA Protocols: Performance


Throughput versus offered traffic for ALOHA
systems.

10

OPM

ALOHA Protocols: Summary


Simple.
poor utilization (network efficiency)
Applicable only in the network having very low user
density

11

OPM

CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS


(CSMA)
CSMA protocol was developed to overcome the problem found in ALOHA
i.e. to minimize the chances of collision, so as to improve the performance.

CSMA protocol is based on the principle of carrier sense.


The chances of collision can be reduce to great extent if a station senses the
channel before trying to use it.
Although CSMA can reduce the possibility of collision, but it cannot eliminate
it completely.
The chances of collision still exist because of propagation delay.
OPM

12

CSMA Protocol
1-Persistent CSMA
Continuous sensing
Transmits packet with probability 1 in immediate idle time slot
Collision rate is high

Non-Persistent CSMA
Senses carrier at random time
Network efficiency is comparatively high
Collision rate is also comparatively low

P-Persistent CSMA

Time divided into slots


if idle time sensed Transmits packet with probability p
Network efficiency is comparatively high
Collision rate is low
OPM

13

CSMA /CD protocol


Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection
Used in Ethernet LAN
Transmitting device transmits packets and continuously detects
collision
If collision detected, differs transmission for random time
For Random time delay Binary exponential back off algorithm
is used.

OPM

14

Throughput comparison of contention


based MAC protocols

OPM

15

Collision Free Protocols


Reservation protocol
Like token base access

Bit Mapped Protocol using contention period


transmit time is divided in to contention and Frame time
In contention period one bit is reserved (0 nothing to transmit, 1 to
transmit)
Contention period followed by number of frames = No. of 1 in
contention period

Binary count down Protocol using contention period


Instead reserving one bit for all users in contention period user devices
transmits their binary addresses

OPM

16

Binary Count down contention protocol


In contention period user nodes transmits their binary address (only those who wants
to transmit)

OPM

17

Limited-Contention Protocol
Contention Protocol are more suitable for low load
As load increases contention delay also increases
As load increases packet collision probability also increases
Collision free protocols are more suitable for heavy load
As load increases channel efficiency also improves at the cost of
additional overhead
Limited-Contention Protocol combines the best properties of
contention and collision free protocols
At low load uses contention Protocol due to less delay
At high load uses collision free protocol due to good channel efficiency

OPM

18

Limited-Contention Protocol Cont.


Adaptive Tree walk Protocol
Low load
Every body contends
Collision
Reduces number of stations

OPM

19

Adaptive Tree walk algorithm

First contention all stations are permitted to contend


If collision then in next slot only stations under node 2 contends
If success then in next slot stations under node 3 contends
If collision then in next slot stations under node 4 contends
If success then in next slot stations under node 5 contends
OPM

20

IEEE Communications standards*


(widely used & popular)
Standard

Also known as

Medium Access

Topology /frequency band

IEEE 802.3

LAN/Eathernet (Metcalfe /Xerox)

CSMA/CD

Star topology

IEEE 802.4

LAN (developed by General motors)

Token Bus

Bus topology

IEEE 802.5

LAN (developed by IBM)

Token Ring

Ring topology

IEEE 802.11 b/g/n

WLAN/WiFi

CSMA/CA

ISM bands 2.4 GHz & 5.8 GHz

IEEE 802.15.1

PAN/Bluetooth (developed by
Ericsson)
PAN/ZigBee/WSN (Wireless Sensor
Networks)

--

ISM band at 2.4GHz

IEEE 802.16d
IEEE 802.16e
IEEE 802.16j
IEEE 802.16m

BWA/Fixed WiMAX
BWA/Mobile WiMAX
BWA/Relay WiMAX
BWA/Very high data rate

OFDM
OFDMA
OFDMA
OFDMA

2 GHz to 66 GHz (initially 10 GHz


to 66 GHz was allocated for LOS
but to support NLoS 2 GHz to 11
GHz was allocated later)

IEEE 802.20

MBWA/Mobile-Fi ( Will support


connectivity up to 250 km/h mobile
speed)

--

Licensed Bands (below 3.5 GHz)

IEEE 802.15.4

ISM bands** RF & 2.4GHz


--

*IEEE provides communication standards for Physical &OPM


MAC layer only
21
** ZigBee operating frequencies 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, and 2.4 GHz rest of the world

Binary exponential back-off algorithm

Used for randomization


The contention slot is decided as 2 power n
Where n= 0,1,2,.N
For first time collision n=1, station transmits in slot 0 or 1.
For second time collision n=2, station transmits in any one slot
from 0 to 3.
For third time collision n=3, station transmits in any one slot from
0 to 7.
And so on.

OPM

22

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