Audit Practice Manual

1. USING THE AUDIT PRACTICE MANUAL

1.1 Introduction
This Audit Practice Manual (APM) is a stand-alone system, with complete audit
documentation available for use as required.
APM incorporates all the documentation needed to enable compliance with Bangladesh
Standards on Auditing (BSA).
The manual is very flexible, allowing you, through the planning, to decide the best approach
to auditing each of the relevant sections. This enables you to comply with all the relevant
standards as efficiently and effectively as possible. The main programmes for the use on an
audit can be found within section 3. This section also includes a series of optional
programmes which can be used when required.

1.2 Referencing system

All working papers generated during the course of the audit or documents filed on the audit
working paper file should be referenced and cross-referenced to facilitate review.
The system contains detailed indices for all sections.

1.3 Forms
The forms in the APM have been designed to facilitate and encourage review and
conclusions.
Where a form requires a formal conclusion, this will always be found at the bottom of the
form, where space is provided for originator and reviewer to sign. Many of the forms may be
signed by staff other than the audit principal, hence the use of the terms prepared by and
reviewed by. Where, however, a signature is required by a senior/manager and/or partner
specifically, the forms specify this.
Where forms do not require a formal conclusion, the prepared by and reviewed by
sections are to be found at the head of the form or schedule. Staff of appropriate seniority
should complete these forms, with reviewers, in particular, being trained to carry out their
review task. There is also a box at the top of the page to indicate that the form has been
tailored at the planning stage by a particular individual, and allowing for review of the
tailoring. This is essential to allow for the overall review of the planning by the audit
principal.
The term partner or principal has been used to denote the responsible individual
engagement partner on the audit, who may be a sole practitioner. In certain circumstances,
second partner may refer to another firm, sole practitioner or other external agency with
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whom consultation has taken place. Incorporated practices should interpret these terms
accordingly.

1.4 Photocopying
The forms in APM have been designed to be photocopied. All forms are reproduced on
single-sided paper to facilitate ease of copying.

2. CONTROL
This section provides detailed guidance on the use of the documentation, including the way in
which the forms should be completed for the preparation of a well-documented audit file.

2.1 Accounts
The A section should contain the final draft of the accounts and all subsequent journals, up to
the final accounts.
The self-assessment tax return is only likely to be prepared when the accounts are near
completion. Copies of the computations should be kept in this section.
The signed letter of representation and a copy of the letter of comment should also be filed on
this section as they are an essential part of the audit evidence and they will often contain
issues of significance for future years.
BSA 580: Management representations make it clear that a letter of representation should be
obtained from the client. Remember, however, that it is not acceptable to use the letter as an
excuse for not carrying out the necessary audit work. The letter of representation is not an
audit substitute.
Care must, therefore, be taken not to place excessive assurance on management
representations. Although the client will confirm responsibility for the accounts, make sure
that during this confirmation the client fully understands what is being signed.
A7 Disclosure checklist
With the increasing sophistication of accounts preparation packages it is not essential that a
checklist be completed each year. However, an annual review for proper preparation of the
accounts in accordance with the Companies Act 1994, IFRS and IAS should take place and
will form part of the critical review of the accounts.
It is suggested that a full checklist should be completed as necessary on very small companies
and more frequently for larger or more complex companies. It will generally be necessary to
complete a new checklist following any major change in disclosure requirements or in the
size/operating characteristics of the client in question.

2.2 Partner completion

The partner completion is dealt with in two stages on the file, to reflect the way that the
completion process is dealt with within a practice.
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Final (Section A)
The final partner completion should be completed when the client has returned the signed
accounts. It provides a checklist to ensure all necessary procedures have been undertaken
before the audit report is signed. It also contains procedures to ensure that the accounts filed
to Registrar of Joint Stock Companies are in accordance with all the regulations.
Where considered necessary or where required by the firm's procedures, an independent
partner should review the file and complete the relevant clearance section on this schedule.
This is a requirement in respect of listed clients, other public interest clients or clients of
higher audit risk. In the case of a sole practitioner seeking consultation with another
practitioner or other external agency, it would be appropriate for the other practitioner to
complete that section although the audit firm would retain the ultimate responsibility.
Initial (Section B)
The initial partner completion should be signed off before the accounts are sent to the client
for approval. The form allows the manager or partner to detail any work that needs to be
undertaken before the audit report is signed.
At this stage all significant audit work should have been undertaken but you may still be
waiting for some answers to queries or direct confirmations.

2.3 Completion
B2 Audit standards questionnaire
This should be the final form to be completed before the initial partner completion.
The purpose of the form is to ensure compliance with the Bangladesh Standards on Auditing
(BSA), it can be a useful aid when completing a review of the file, particularly where the
reviewer is a little uncertain about the quality of the evidence on the file or is relatively
inexperienced.
The form contains one or more questions relating to each of the BSAs. It provides a final
check to ensure that full consideration has been given to compliance with all of the BSAs.
B3 File completion questionnaires
A senior member of staff on the audit should complete the completion questionnaires.
The first section (B3.1) should be completed before the initial partner review. The second
section (B3.2) should be completed before the partner authorises the issue of accounts to the
client for approval.
B4 Critical review of accounts questionnaire
A final critical review of the accounts should be performed in conjunction with the updating
of the annual summary of statistics on the Permanent audit file or within your accounts
preparation package. The ratios and trends noted on the permanent file should be specific and
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appropriate to the client. They should not just be ratios for ratios sake.
This final critical review is not, of itself, a sufficient basis for the expression of an audit
opinion on the accounts, but it should hopefully support the conclusions drawn from other
audit work or else indicate areas in need of further enquiry.
The form requires consideration of a number of factors in addition to ratio analysis. For this
review to be effective, it must be carried out by someone with adequate skill and experience
and with sufficient knowledge of the business to appreciate the expected trends, results and
ratios as well as to prepare any free-form report highlighting the significance of apparent
inconsistencies.
B5 Audit highlights report
There is no standard form for this; however, it is still an essential document. The senior
member of staff should use this schedule to highlight the major issues that have arisen during
the audit, the key risk areas, any contentious issues and how they were resolved. It is useful
also to summarise the extent of audit coverage in each audit area, and each major balance
within that area. This will help the partner to structure the review to ensure that adequate
consideration is given to areas of importance.
Preparation of an audit highlights report is a good discipline for the senior and manager as it
helps ensure that all key areas identified at the planning stage have been addressed. If the
audit highlights report is properly drafted it will save partner time at the review stage as the
partner will be able to review the file selectively concentrating on key and problem areas.
B6 Justification of audit report
The purpose of this form is to ensure that there is adequate evidence that the suitability of the
audit report has been considered. Any problems encountered should be scheduled and their
effect on the audit report considered.
The form specifically directs the auditor to consider any problems resulting from issues such
as:

a qualification in the previous year;

inadequate books and records;
difficulties obtaining adequate information from the directors or from branches not
visited;
a refusal by the directors to confirm certain representations in writing; and
doubts over going concern.

The final question asks about other problems which could impact on the audit report. This
would include, for example, the need to report under s. 213(6) CA 1994 in respect of a
special, general order by the Government.
B7 Summary of unadjusted errors
All errors should be recorded, so that their cumulative impact on the accounts may be
assessed, and so that their disposal may be documented.
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Extrapolated errors and actual errors should be disclosed separately on this form. Errors
should not be netted off or judged not material before being carried forward to this form. Any
unaudited balances (for example where petty cash expenditure is immaterial and hence has
not been audited) should be recorded as potential errors. At the end of the job the total of the
unadjusted errors should be compared with materiality and adjustment should be made where
necessary. It should be noted that no adjustment should be made in respect of extrapolated
errors until such time as further work has been undertaken to determine the extent of the
actual error with reasonable certainty.
The form includes a column to indicate whether or not errors are considered 'clearly trivial'. It
is essential that this column is completed and concluded upon in order to demonstrate
compliance with BSA 260. In particular, where the client has not adjusted for misstatements
drawn to their attention the form prompts for the letter of representation to include the
directors' reasons for not adjusting as required by BSA 260.11.19.
B8 Points for Partner
This is another free-form schedule to record specific matters which need to be communicated
to the partner and which will often require a decision or judgment to be made.
B9 Final analytical review form
Where a preliminary analytical review has been carried out and documented on C7, possibly
in conjunction with extensive analytical review during the course of the audit, final analytical
review should confirm that any points arising at early stages of the audit have been
satisfactorily thought through and that the ratios in the final accounts are consistent with
those originally calculated. Any differences should be adequately explained, documented and
considered in the light of the audit work performed.
The main purpose of this final review is to consider whether the accounts make sense in view
of the audit evidence obtained and your knowledge of the client. Of central importance here
are those trends and ratios of direct relevance to the client. It is far more important to analyse,
comment and conclude upon these than merely to file a schedule of standard ratios from the
accounts preparation package.
B1O Points forward to next year
It is essential that all points forward of relevance to next year's audit are identified and
recorded on a free-form schedule. This should not be restricted to issues such as a proposed
capital purchase but should be used to comment on any points that would ensure the subsequent year's audit will be as effective and efficient as possible.
B11 Cleared audit queries
A record of audit queries and their resolution, where retained, should be filed here. It is
essential that the working papers are updated to reflect the answer to the original query and
that the answer is not just recorded on the review schedule as this will lead to a loss of audit
evidence. This is all the more important if the audit queries themselves are not retained.
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2.4 Planning
C1 Planning summary
This schedule is effectively a sign-off sheet to evidence:
approval of the planning by the engagement partner;
reading of the audit plan by the engagement team, and
final review of the planning at the completion stage.
C1.1 Acceptance procedures
This form is designed to demonstrate that adequate consideration has been given to
independence in accepting appointment/reappointment for the audit. It also demonstrates that
the firm has adequate resources and the appropriate technical knowledge necessary to carry
out the audit properly.
The form must be completed and signed by the partner prior to any detailed work being
commenced on the audit. This includes the completion of the detailed planning.
Where any of the questions have been answered with a 'yes', the partner must specify
precisely what action is to be taken to safeguard independence or overcome the problems
with available resources or technical knowledge.
Any 'yes' answer will create either an ethical or practical issue, which may require
consultation. As a result, the form may have to be signed off by a second partner who is
independent from the audit. This is a mandatory requirement in the case of listed or other
public interest audits and those of higher audit risk. If this is not possible, the form may have
to be signed by the firm or organisation with which consultation takes place. However, the
audit firm retains ultimate responsibility for the audit.
Where a 'yes' answer is given to question 11 'rotation of audit engagement partner' it may not
be necessary to have a second partner review. However, there must be evidence to show that
the engagement partner has carefully considered any long relationship with the client as this
could affect auditor independence. A second partner or other independent agency will normally corroborate this decision. There will normally be an undertaking that the file will be
subjected to a second review where any contentious issues, such as a potential or actual
qualification, have arisen.
Where there are any fees outstanding IFAC Ethical Standards require the responsible
individual to consider whether the fees outstanding taken together with the fees for the
current audit could constitute a significant loan. Significance should be measured in respect
of the individual partner and the practice fees and not in respect of materiality for the client.
If the decision is that the work can commence this should be corroborated by a second
partner. This is not necessary if you are a sole practitioner.
At the end of each audit, consideration should be given to whether or not it is appropriate to
be reappointed/ continue in office for the following year. This is undertaken on the B3.2 final
file completion questionnaire.
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C2 Audit planning checklist

This checklist should be completed as a control over the planning of the audit. It will ensure
that all initial steps are properly taken. In particular it will guide users through completion of
the risk assessment and internal control evaluation forms.
The planning checklist (C2) is set out in the order that the various tasks should be completed.
It therefore starts with preliminary engagement activities including agreement of engagement
terms and then moves onto planning activities: firstly at a strategic level, and then in greater
detail.
In addition, a free-form planning memorandum should be prepared dealing with such matters
as:
introduction: an outline of the background of the business, the markets it serves, its
major customers and suppliers, its principal business risks and ownership structure;
developments in the business: an outline of changes in key market suppliers, customers
or altered business strategy;
risk and materiality overview: an assessment of the overall engagement risk and a
commentary of the major risks perceived within the assignment;
audit timetable; and
planned staffing and budget.
An example form (C3) provides an outline for such a memorandum. It should be stressed that
the form at C3 is an example showing the sort of headings that should be included. This form
should not be used as a record of the planning memorandum!
A well-planned audit will save considerable time, particularly in the final stages. Where you
are looking to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the audit through reliance on
internal controls and/or the use of extensive analytical review it is absolutely essential that
thought and time is put into the planning of the audit to determine the most appropriate
approach. Proper planning will also help ensure compliance with auditing standards.

C2.1 Points forward from last year

A copy of the points forward from last year's audit should be filed on the current working
paper file and actioned accordingly.
Care must be taken to ensure that all the points have been properly addressed and dealt with.
These should be recorded in the relevant part of the file and cross-referenced on the form
itself.

C4 Record of planning meeting

BSA 240: The auditors responsibility to consider fraud in an audit of financial statements
and BSA 315: Understanding the entity and its environment and assessing the risks of
material misstatement both require the audit engagement team to have a meeting to
brainstorm ideas on the susceptibility of the company's financial statements to material
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misstatement due to fraud or error. The purpose of C4 is to provide a convenient layout to

record the results of that meeting.
It is not essential to use the form provided at C4. The relevant matters could easily be
recorded in the detailed planning memorandum. Where that is the case the C4 slot should be
used to file notes used to brief staff at the planning meeting.

C5 Systems and internal controls summary

BSA 315: Understanding the entity and its environment and assessing the risks of material
misstatement requires a much deeper understanding of the client's procedures and systems of
internal control than was the case previously. The purpose of C5 is therefore twofold:
to guide users through the completion of the relevant forms to document that deeper
understanding, and
to record the conclusions in relation to internal controls at the planning and completion
stages.
The approach to systems and internal control required by the APM is set out below.
Understanding of the company
BSA 315.20 requires the auditor to obtain an understanding of the company and the
environment in which it operates. This includes:
industry, regulatory, and other external factors, including the applicable financial
reporting framework;
nature of the entity, including the entity's selection and application of accounting
policies;
objectives and strategies and the related business risks that may result in a material
misstatement of the financial statements;
measurement and review of the entity's financial performance; and
internal controls.
The following paragraphs (see BSA 315.41) makes it clear that a much more detailed
understanding and level of documentation is required than was previously the case.
A 'Know your client' checklist (PAF Schedule 3) has been provided in the permanent file to
assist firms in recording the necessary detail. A proforma register of laws and regulations is
also provided (PAF05).
System of internal control (last point above) has a wide definition under BSA 315 and
includes:
the control environment;
the entity's risk assessment process;
the information system, including the related business processes relevant to financial
reporting and communication;
control activities; and
monitoring of controls.
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Controls relevant to the audit

BSA 315.41 states that as part of obtaining an understanding of the company and its environment
the auditor should obtain an understanding of the internal control environment relevant to the
audit. Again this in itself does not sound onerous; however, BSA 315.54 states:

'Obtaining an understanding of internal control involves evaluating the design of a control

and determining whether it has been implemented. Evaluating the design of a control
involves considering whether the control, individually or in combination with other controls,
is capable of effectively preventing, or detecting and correcting, material misstatements'.
An Internal Control Questionnaire (S4) has been provided to assist with the identification of
controls relevant to the audit.

C5.1 Review of design and implementation of internal controls

As noted above BSA 315.54 requires the auditor to obtain an understanding of the design and
implementation of controls relevant to the audit. This is required regardless of whether any
reliance will be placed on those controls. Testing the operational effectiveness of controls
(traditional compliance testing) is a different issue. BSA 315.56 makes this clear: 'Obtaining
an understanding of an entity's controls is not sufficient to serve as testing the operating
effectiveness of controls'.
The review of the design and implementation of controls relevant to the audit should be
documented on C5.1. This form must be completed on every audit as a review of the design
and implementation of controls relevant to the audit is required on every audit.
Testing the operational effectiveness of internal controls so as to reduce the amount of
substantive testing should be considered where this approach is expected to be more
effective. However, there are two occasions where testing the operational effectiveness of
controls is a requirement.
1. When the auditor's assessment of risks of material misstatement at the assertion level
includes an expectation that controls are operating effectively, the auditor should perform
tests of controls to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence that the controls were
operating effectively at relevant times during the period under audit. (BSA 330.23)
2. When the auditor has determined that it is not possible or practicable to reduce the risks
of material misstatement at the assertion level to an acceptably low level with audit
evidence obtained only from substantive procedures, the auditor should perform tests of
relevant controls to obtain audit evidence about their operating effectiveness. (BSA
330.25)
Testing the operational effectiveness of controls is dealt with in Section S.
Completing C5.1
The purpose of C5.1 is to document the review of the design and implementation of controls
that are relevant to the audit. As the precise nature of controls and their relevance to the audit
will vary from one company to another the form is of necessity mainly blank boxes.
Guidance is given below on completion of this form. There is also a partially completed
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example included in the case study.

Where this is completed manually it is likely that some of the boxes will not be big enough!
If this is the case the schedule should be blown-up to A3 on a photocopier or use made of
continuation sheets.
Heading
Outline of
information
system and
controls
Comment on
design and
effectiveness
of controls

Guidance on completion
A brief outline of the systems and controls relevant to each business area
should be given. It is not necessary to reproduce the system notes from
the permanent file here! The description should be sufficient to identify
the controls being evaluated.
Comment on the design and potential effectiveness of a control by
considering whether the control, individually or in combination with
other controls, is capable of effectively preventing, or detecting and
correcting, material misstatements.
Inquiry alone is not sufficient to evaluate the design of a control: further
work such as inspecting documents or tracing transactions through the
system is required. Comments made on the design should include the
nature of the work undertaken.
Any weaknesses in design should be flagged and recorded on the draft
letter of comment to the client.

Comment on
Comment on the implementation of the control: did the control exist and
implementation was the company using it as intended?
of controls
Again inquiry alone is not sufficient to evaluate the implementation of a
control: further work such as inspecting documents or tracing
transactions through the system is required. Comments made on the
implementation should include the nature of the work undertaken.
And again, any weaknesses in implementation should be also be flagged
and recorded on the draft letter of comment to the client.
Is this a key
control? Y/N

Further testing
required? Y/N

Not all controls relevant to the audit will be key controls. If a control
could be relied upon to reduce the level of substantive testing in a
particular area then it is a key control.
This is only relevant if tests of the operational effectiveness of controls
are to be undertaken. Clearly there will be little value in testing the
operational effectiveness of controls that are not key controls.
Testing of the operational effectiveness of internal controls must be
undertaken where:
the risk assessment includes an expectation that controls are operating
effectively, or
substantive tests alone do not provide sufficient evidence of operation.
If either of these circumstances applies the question should be answered
yes and a compliance test of the operational effectiveness designed on S2
and S3.
In addition, where testing the operational effectiveness of controls is
more effective than relying solely on substantive procedures this question
should be answered yes and a suitable test designed.

Ref to ICE

This is simply a cross-reference to one of the schedules referred to above.

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Heading
(S3)

Guidance on completion

C6 Audit Risk Summary

BSAs 315 and 330 require the auditor to document:
the identified and assessed risks of material misstatement at the financial statement level
and at the assertion level, and
the overall responses to address the assessed risks of material misstatement at the
financial statement level and the nature, timing, and extent of the further audit
procedures, the linkage of those procedures with the assessed risks at the assertion level,
and the results of the audit procedures.
C6 is a summary sheet that confirms that the necessary procedures have been undertaken at the
planning stage and reviewed as part of the audit completion. It also summarises the response to
financial statement level risks that do not have a direct impact at the assertion level.

C6.1 Audit risk checklist

The audit risk checklist at C6.1 serves two purposes:
firstly it acts as a guide through the various stages in assessing risk and determining the
responses to those risks, and
secondly it is a checklist to help ensure that all those stages are followed.
The approach to risk assessment under the APM is set out below.
Risk assessment
As noted above in relation to controls, BSA 315.20 requires the auditor to obtain an
understanding of the company and the environment in which it operates. This is the starting
point, as this process should gather sufficient information that will enable identification of the
various risks facing the company.
BSA 315.100 states that:
'The auditor should identify and assess the risks of material misstatement at the financial
statement level, and at the assertion level for classes of transactions, account balances, and
disclosures. For this purpose, the auditor:
identifies risks throughout the process of obtaining an understanding of the entity and its
environment, including relevant controls that relate to the risks, and by considering the
classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures in the financial statements;
relates the identified risks to what can go wrong at the assertion level;
considers whether the risks are of a magnitude that could result in a material
misstatement of the financial statements, and
considers the likelihood that the risks could result in a material misstatement of the
financial statements.'
The detailed risk assessment at C6.4 should be completed as a means of identifying the risks
applying to the company. This assessment is also used to determine the overall risk at the
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financial statement level attaching to the assignment, which plays an important part in
determining sample sizes.
Response to risk
Once risks have been identified BSA 330.4 requires the auditor to determine overall
responses to address the risks of material misstatement at the financial statement level, and
BSA 330.7 requires the design and performance of further audit procedures whose nature,
timing, and extent are responsive to the assessed risks of material misstatement at the
assertion level.
Documenting the response to risk at the assertion level is considered on the C6.3 Specific
Risk Action Plan and C6.2 Risk Response Summary which pulls together the work in respect
of specific risks with the approach to testing in other areas. This is a key schedule as it
documents in respect of each area:
Whether any testing at all is required.
If testing is required, whether the standard programme is sufficient.
Additional or alternative procedures to be undertaken.
The response to risk at the financial statement level to the extent that it is not already
addressed on C6.3 is summarised on C6.
Guidance on the completion of these forms is given below.

C6.2 Risk response summary

The purpose of the risk response summary is to summarise the responses to risks and set out
the audit approach section by section. Risks on this schedule are therefore considered in
summary and are categorised by financial statement area rather than by the nature of the risk
or the order they were recorded.
The risk response summary relates to the individual financial statement areas. For example,
the audit could be generally high risk, because there are outside shareholders, and the
company is being sold based on balance sheet values. That said, fixed assets may specifically
be a low risk area, because there is little or no danger of misstatement within this area of the
audit. Conversely, it is quite feasible for areas of the audit to be identified as a specific high
risk, even where the general risk is low. The risk response summary sets out the approach by
financial statement area in such circumstances.
In addition to summarising risks by financial statement area the risk response summary plays
an important part in determining sample sizes through the setting of a risk level for each
financial statement area.
Completing C6.2
Where this is completed manually it is likely that some of the boxes will not be big enough!
If this is the case use should be made of continuation sheets.
Heading
Major Risk

Guidance on completion
The major risk factors affecting the financial statement area that have been

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Factors
identified
Heading
Other risks H,
M or L?

identified should be noted. These need not be in any great detail as this will
be set out on C6.3. The purpose here is to give an overview of main risks.
Guidance on completion
The assessment here is effectively the residual risk. If there is a major risk
factor, the existence of stock for example, but other areas in stock such as
valuation are well controlled then the assessment of the other risks will be
low. Specific procedures will be documented on C6.3 in relation to the risks
affecting existence; these do not affect valuation so the conclusion in this
area can be low risk.
It will also be possible to conclude that the risk in a particular area is
medium or high even though there are no specific risk factors. This may be
because of value - perhaps say trade debtors are the largest item in the
balance sheet and whilst there are no indications of problems and the
controls are good, if there is going to be a material error in the accounts this
is where it would be!

Justification for
other Risks

Audit Approach

This approach allows the audit work to be increased in areas where the risk
is higher and reduced where the risk is lower since the risk assessments made
for each section affect the sample size for that area.
This column provides space for an explanation of the risk assessed as
discussed above. In particular, an explanation should be given where the
assessment is other than low, or where the assessment is apparently low but
there are factors that suggest that this may not be the case.
A summary of the approach to this financial statement area should be given.
This will often be completion of the standard programme as amended by
additional tests identified on C6.3.
Where a decision is taken to use a bespoke programme then this should be
explained. It would also be appropriate to opt out of using the standard audit
programme in the following instances:
for an immaterial area of the audit, or
where a more efficient or effective audit approach can be performed, eg,
proof in total, or
where it is a specialist area, such as some types of work in progress, and
the standard audit programme is not judged appropriate.
Where the standard programme is not used, explain what work is to be
carried out on that section or cross-reference it to a tailored audit
programme.

C6.3 Specific risk action plan

BSA 330.73 requires that:
'The auditor should document the overall responses to address the assessed risks of
material misstatement at the financial statement level and the nature, timing, and
extent of the further audit procedures, the linkage of those procedures with the
assessed risks at the assertion level, and the results of the audit procedures'.
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The purpose of C6.3 is to document the responses to specific risks assessed and the
work undertaken in response as required above. Proper completion of this schedule is
therefore crucial to conducting an audit in compliance with Bangladesh Standards on
Auditing (BSA). The schedule provides a link between the risks assessed, the controls
if any in those areas, the audit approach and the outcome of the work.
Completing C6.3
Where this is completed manually it is likely that some of the boxes will not be big enough!
If this is the case the schedule should be blown-up to A3 on a photocopier or use made of
continuation sheets. Users of the Excel version can simply insert additional rows.
When completing the form a summary of the relevant issues in each column should always
be given and not simply a cross-reference. In this way C6.3 will, for each risk, give a
complete picture of the risk itself, the impact, the planned work and the outcome of that
work.
Heading
Specific risk
affecting the
client
H, M or L

Management
response

Guidance on completion
Details of the specific risk affecting the client should be recorded here.
If details of the risk are set out elsewhere (such as C6.4) then the full
explanation need not be repeated here, just sufficient to identify the
issue concerned with a cross reference to where the detail may be found.
The risk should be categorised as 'High', 'Medium' or 'Low'.
A risk should be categorised as high where it is so significant as to
require special audit consideration in accordance with BSA 315.108.
Risks recorded on this schedule would not normally be categorised as
low as specific testing would not normally be undertaken in response to
a low risk. Where a low risk is recorded careful consideration should be
given as to whether any specific testing is necessary or whether the risk
is properly assessed as low.
This column should be used to record the management response to each
risk. This may be in the form of relevant procedures; control activities
such as authorisation or reconciliation; or monitoring controls by
management.
Where it appears that management were not aware of a risk or had
ignored it then careful consideration should be given to the design of the
audit approach.
Any weaknesses in internal controls identified at this stage should be
noted on the draft letter of comment.
Details of any internal controls implemented by management should be
cross-referenced to the review of the design and implementation of
those controls on C5.1. This is a requirement of BSA 315 in respect of
internal controls in areas where:
the risk is classified as high/significant (BSA 315.113), or
it is not expected to be able to reduce the risks of material

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Heading

Financial
reporting areas
and assertions
affected

Guidance on completion
misstatement at the assertion level to an acceptably low level on the
basis of substantive testing alone. (BSA 315.115)
However, all controls identified on C6.3 should be cross-referenced to
C5.1. There is a requirement to review the design and implementation of
all controls relevant to the audit and it hard to see how a control referred
to on C6.4 could not fall into this category.
The financial report area affected is relatively straightforward, for
example 'balance sheet debtors' or profit and loss account sales'.
However, the assertions must be more specific.
The main financial statement assertions are set out in BSA 500.17; but it
is not sufficient to simply reproduce the wording of the relevant
assertion from the BSA. The assertion affected should be expressed in
terms specific to the client so it is clear exactly how the risk will impact.
For example, the assertion relating to completeness (BSA 500.17(a)(ii)
is:
'All transactions and events that should have been recorded have been
recorded'.
But, if the risk is that cash sales at a particular location may not have
been recorded then the assertion should be worded in those terms.

Audit approach

Outcome

Where a general risk relates to all financial areas and assertions such as
the possible sale of the business then 'All should be included in this
column.
The specific work to be undertaken in response to the identified risk
should be recorded. This work will normally be additional bespoke
tests. It is not necessary to specify in detail on C6.3 the work that will be
performed, a summary with a cross-reference to the programme where
the detailed tests may be found is sufficient.
Where the reference is to one or more of the standard tests then an
explanation as to why these are sufficient should be given.
A summary of the outcome of the work referred to above should be
given. The key issue here is to record the overall conclusion on the work
undertaken and whether the risk has been reduced to an acceptably low
level. A cross-reference should be given as to where the detailed results
can be found.

C6.4 Detailed risk assessment

This detailed risk assessment serves three main purposes:
as an aide-memoire for identifying specific risks affecting the client that may require
further action;
a means of formally documenting the approach to issues where the risk is assessed as
low and which may as a result not require specific additional testing, and
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a means of determining an overall risk assessment for the client.

The latter point is important as this has an impact on the sampling approach in the APM but
also has wider implications for quality control issues such as the need for an engagement
quality control review (second partner review) as part of the firm's procedures under ISQC1:
Quality control for firms that perform audits and reviews of historical financial information,
and other assurance and related-services engagements.
It is not expected that this checklist will be completed every year. It will be acceptable only to
complete the checklist afresh every third year. However, the completed checklist should
obviously be reviewed with the client in the intervening years with particular attention paid to
areas assessed as high risk or where further information available to the auditor suggests that
an area should be reassessed as being higher risk.
Completing C6.4
Where this is completed manually it is likely that some of the boxes will not be big enough!
If this is the case use should be made of continuation sheets.
Heading

Guidance on completion

Specific risk
The first column of the checklist identifies general risk questions. The
affecting the client purpose of this column is to translate those general risk questions into a
specific risk affecting the client.
Assessment H, M, The risk should be categorised as 'High', 'Medium' or 'Low'.
L or N/A
A risk should be categorised as high where it is so significant as to
require special audit consideration in accordance with BSA 315.108.
How will the audit Where a risk is assessed as medium or high this will normally be carried
risk be managed? forward to C6.3 and a reference to this effect will be sufficient. Where a
risk is assessed as low then this column should explain how that risk
would be managed.
Once the individual points on the form have been assessed as high, medium or low, the major
risk areas must be identified in the 'conclusion' section, and an overall assessment of risk
given to the audit. It must be stressed that the overall assessment is not an arithmetic average
of the number of high, medium and low points recorded above. Indeed, any one high-risk
item in the section, 'other external factors', may be enough to give an overall high-risk
assessment. Conversely, a number of the detailed points may be identified as high risk, but
the overall general risk may still be set as medium.
This is very much a matter of exercising professional judgment.

C7 Preliminary analytical review

BSA 520.8 states that the auditor should apply analytical procedures as risk assessment
procedures to obtain an understanding of the entity and its environment. This applies even
where there are no draft accounts available for analysis and comparison but there may be, for
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example, management accounts. The main purpose of this procedure is to determine the
overall audit approach by, for example:
identifying abnormal trends, transactions, balances or ratios meriting further enquiry;
highlighting new transactions, balances or areas of increased importance, or
indicating whether extensive analytical review or control reliance might be appropriate.
When undertaking detailed analytical review, it is necessary to set expectations. In setting
these expectations, auditors need to establish plausible and predictable relationships relevant
to the figures being audited. Often, analytical review is confined to a mere comparison of
trends and ratios. This is of limited value as the information is all generated by the client.
For stronger analytical review, procedures involve the reconciliation of non-financial to
financial data. It might also be possible to compare external data with internal data. An
example of the latter is industry statistics (widely available on the web). Where autonomous
divisions are operated, these can also be a subject of good analytical review procedures.
Proof in total' is the strongest form of analytical review. By breaking down a balance, it is
often possible to prove the total of a stratum (for example, purchases from a main supplier)
leaving only the remainder of the population to be substantively sampled.
Having set expectations, it is then necessary to predict the expected outcome. This prediction
must then be compared with the actual figures and any material differences enquired into.
Explanations given as to any variances must be corroborated, fully documented and the
analytical review concluded upon.
For those entities with less formal means of controlling and monitoring performance, it may
be possible to extract relevant financial information from the accounting system (perhaps
from the draft financial statements, VAT returns or bank statements). Discussions with
management, focused on identifying significant changes in the business since the prior
financial period, may also be useful. In this scenario the auditor should look at whatever
records the client has in order to assess if there are any particular changes indicated by the
books and records.
For example, if the auditor can see, on looking at the bank statements, that the company
appears to be trading at or around its overdraft limit, then this could indicate a potential going
concern problem.
Many smaller clients, although not being able to produce full financial accounts for the
auditor to audit, may well prepare certain schedules from which the auditor can prepare the
accounts. A potential example of this would be a sales daybook. The auditor could then
assess whether or not the sales daybook indicated sales on a seasonal basis were consistent
with expectations and previous years.
The client may also have computerised purchase and sales ledgers. These might give the
auditor not only balances owed to suppliers and due from customers but also the level of
activity. From this information basic ratios can be calculated, such as creditors days and
debtors days.
If this is not possible at the outset of the job, then the auditor should be looking to calculate
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key ratios such as stock turnover and debtors days as and when the relevant information
becomes available during accounts preparation work. If the figures and ratios vary
significantly from previous periods and this cannot be adequately explained, then the risk
assessments relating to that particular area need to be revised wherever necessary.
The other form that the analytical review at the planning stage may take is a discussion with
the directors of the business as to how they feel the business has performed over the last
accounting period. The auditor will find among his or her clients that the bulk of them has a
reasonable idea as to how they have fared in the last 12 months. It is, however, important that
the discussion is undertaken close to the year-end so that any relevant events are still fresh in
the minds of the directors and management of the entity.
When conducting this discussion with the directors, the auditor needs to ensure that he or she
collects as much information as possible in respect of significant changes in the business and
the resulting effect on the figures that they would expect to see in this year's accounts.
It may well be sufficient for the auditor to include narrative notes of his or her discussions
with the directors as to what their expectations are and what the accounts will show for the
year in question.
This actually achieves two things, not only does it help the efficiency and effectiveness of the
audit but it will also help client relations if the auditor shows willingness to discuss results
with them before his or her work starts.
However, the preliminary analytical review still needs to be reviewed on an ongoing basis as
detailed audit procedures may result in original ratios being changed as errors are corrected
during the audit and other judgmental adjustments are made.
Once the preliminary analytical review is carried out, it will have to be repeated at the final
analytical review stage if the figures have changed significantly. In other cases, the final
ratios of the current year should be compared to the preliminary ones, with an explanation
being given of changes arising during the course of the audit.
Preliminary analytical review will not always provide audit assurance of itself, but may be
used as an introduction to extensive analytical review, which forms part of substantive audit
testing.
The most important point to note is that a conclusion to the work is required. This will
normally be expressed in terms of whether any particular problems have been identified or
whether there are any particular areas of the clients operations that require more detailed
investigation.

C8 Materiality summary
This is the third of the planning schedules that affects the level of sampling during an audit.
Guidance on the various factors which will determine materiality on an individual audit is
given in Chapter 6 of these Guidance Notes.
Since this is a planning document, figures for the accounts being audited will on occasions
not be available. Where this is the case the anticipated figures for the current year (perhaps
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based on VAT or sales records) and, if appropriate, the figures for the previous years should
be used.
The materiality figure established sets the overall materiality to apply to the audit as a whole.
It must be emphasised that setting the materiality level is ultimately a matter of professional
judgment. The ranges given on C8 are for guidance only and there will be occasions when
materiality is determined to fall outside these ranges. Under no circumstances should the
ranges be treated as a formula or materiality calculated as an average of the three.
BSA 320: Audit Materiality requires the auditor to consider the level of materiality
throughout the audit.
There is a question in each section asking the auditor to consider whether there is any need to
revise the materiality level. At the end of the job you are asked to record the final level on the
C8 form. In the case of materiality being reduced, you should reconsider the adequacy of the
audit work done in earlier sections.

C9 Other planning schedules

A number of optional planning schedules are included for use where appropriate. Many users
prefer to deal with such matters in the detailed planning memorandum.

C9.1 Accountancy work planning

This form allows you to set a level of acceptable accounting differences for use when the
accountancy work is being undertaken by the practice. It should also be used to plan the
analysis work required for audit, tax or other statutory purposes.
The form includes a prompt to consider the ethical implications of providing accounting
services to an audit client.

C9.2 Sample size planning

The form provides a convenient summary of the sample sizes in each area.

C9.3 Assignment planning timetable

This schedule may be useful if there are a number of organisational points arising on the
audit.
It will help to ensure that both the firm and the client are aware of key dates, which may
reduce the risk of misunderstandings or delays.

C9.4 Budget and performance summary

It is increasingly likely that a formal estimate of the cost of the audit work will be agreed with
the client in advance.
Regardless of this, audit quality must never be compromised. If the audit is to be carried out
efficiently, it is necessary to know how best the time should be allocated. It is normally the
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case that the smaller the audit the more precisely the time can be budgeted.
Although not considered compulsory, it is highly recommended that this form be completed.
If time increases over budget, it will be essential to be able to explain to the client where
costs increased and why.
In any debriefing at the end of the audit, the budget to actual comparison can provide
evidence of how the time was spent, whether it was wisely spent, and can provide a basis for
planning next year's audit in terms of staffing and audit focus, in order to minimise the risk of
recurrence.

C9.5 Job progress report

This form allows progress to be tracked of work on the main file sections. Tracking progress
against budget both in terms of timings and time spent is a good way to identify problems
early.

3. AUDIT EVIDENCE
This chapter explains the use of the audit programmes within this Audit Practice Manual.
Particular reference is made to the summary sheets, on which conclusions on individual audit
areas are required.

3.1 Section D - extensive analytical review

Section D is devoted to extensive analytical review which may be carried out on the accounts
as a whole or in respect of particular aspects of the accounts.
Where it is considered that useful audit evidence can be derived from an extensive analytical
review, this approach can be adopted. It is often very cost effective. For extensive analytical
review to be effective it must be targeted, the results must be corroborated with independent
data and it must be undertaken by a suitably senior and experienced individual.
Remember that the extent to which the results of analytical review can be used to reduce the
level of substantive testing will depend on the results of the review work.
It may be, for example, that detailed analytical review leads to the belief that there is a
particular problem in the valuation of stock. It would obviously be wrong to blindly accept
the results of the analytical review in such circumstances. Analytical review may, therefore,
help concentrate the audit on significant aspects of the company's accounts for maximum
audit efficiency.
To continue the stock analogy, it may be that audit tests indicate that stock has been
overvalued, throwing the problem back onto the rate of gross profit, which will have been
affected by the required reduction in stock values. This new area of apparent difficulty would
now need to be investigated.
Analytical review is ongoing throughout the audit. At any stage the results of audit tests may
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cause a rethink of the view apparently presented by preliminary analytical review. This
continuous process of analysis is an essential theme of any audit, where analytical procedures
are being used.
The results of extensive analytical review may indicate that the nature and/or extent of
detailed testing may be reduced or in some cases it may not be necessary to do any further
testing. This should be recorded on the 'sample selection planning form'. This form may be
found useful as a means of linking assessment of risk, materiality and, where appropriate, the
results of extensive analytical review to provide an objective sample size.
Blank 'sample selection planning' forms for the balance sheet and profit and loss account are
included in each section of the file. In addition, there is a form within the planning section
(C9.2) that allows you to record the different methods of obtaining audit evidence and the
anticipated sample sizes for each of the audit sections.

3.2 Summary sheets

Audit objectives
BSA 500.2 requires that the auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to be
able to draw reasonable conclusions on which to base the audit opinion.
BSA 500.16 goes on to state that the auditor should use assertions for classes of transactions,
account balances, and presentation and disclosures in sufficient detail to form a basis for the
assessment of risks of material misstatement and the design and performance of further audit
procedures. The auditor uses assertions in assessing risks by considering the different types of
potential misstatements that may occur, and thereby designing audit procedures that are
responsive to the assessed risks.
The assertions referred to above are set out in BSA 500.17, which is reproduced below.
Assertions used by the auditor fall into the following three categories.
1. Assertions about classes of transactions and events for the period under audit such as:

occurrence - transactions and events that have been recorded have occurred and
pertain to the entity;
completeness - all transactions and events that should have been recorded have been
recorded;
accuracy - amounts and other data relating to recorded transactions and events have
been recorded appropriately;
cut-off- transactions and events have been recorded in the correct accounting period;
and
classification - transactions and events have been recorded in the proper accounts.

2. Assertions about account balances at the period end such as:

existence - assets, liabilities, and equity interests exist;

rights and obligations - the entity holds or controls the rights to assets, and liabilities
are the obligations of the entity;
completeness - all assets, liabilities and equity interests that should have been
recorded have been recorded; and

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valuation and allocation - assets, liabilities and equity interests are included in the
financial statements at appropriate amounts and any resulting valuation or allocation
adjustments are appropriately recorded.

3. Assertions about presentation and disclosure such as:

occurrence and rights and obligations - disclosed events, transactions and other
matters have occurred and pertain to the entity;
completeness - all disclosures that should have been included in the financial
statements have been included;
classification and understandability - financial information is appropriately
presented and described, and disclosures are clearly expressed; and
accuracy and valuation - financial and other information are disclosed fairly and at
appropriate amounts.

Audit objectives are the auditor's method of defining and testing these assertions. Audit tests
must be designed to meet each of these financial statement assertions.
Some of these assertions are often more inherently risky than others. For example, it is often
the case that the 'Completeness' and 'Valuation' assertions are more risky from an auditing
point of view than (say) the 'Existence' assertion. Accordingly, specific risk assessments
should not be restricted to just considering the balance as a whole. The key to an efficient
audit lies in appreciating where the risks truly lie in terms of the underlying assertions within
a particular balance and focusing the audit work accordingly.
At the commencement of each audit programme section there is a summary sheet setting out
the audit objectives for that audit area and how the audit tests meet those objectives. By
keeping specific audit objectives in mind, audit tests can be efficiently directed to meet them.
If any tailoring of the programme is done, the audit objectives should be cross-referenced to
the tailored programme to ensure that they continue to be met by the revised/new programme.
If additional or alternative tests are carried out, these should likewise be cross-referenced to
the audit objectives. This should ensure that these tests also meet the objectives set.
At the planning stage, each summary sheet should be signed off by whoever has planned the
audit programme and also signed off at this stage as reviewed.

Audit conclusion
A conclusion should be drawn for each audit area. This is vitally important. Not only should
the summary sheet be concluded upon, but for each main test within each area, the relevant
working paper should state:

the aim of the tests;

the work performed;
the results obtained, and
the conclusion reached.

The conclusion section provides the following options:

Planning
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Particularly where there has been significant tailoring of the audit approach, it is essential that
there is evidence to show that the partner has approved the approach being taken to the audit
of the particular section before the work is commenced. This will also serve to improve the
efficiency of the audit.

Final completion stage

The conclusion requires confirmation of a number of different things. This includes
confirmation that:
the work detailed in the audit programme has been carried out;
the results have been adequately recorded;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory
accounts, and
subject to any minor matters highlighted on B5 or B8, the objectives have been met.

Alternative conclusion
The summary sheet should state clearly the alternative conclusion reached, with adequate
explanation for the conclusion to be understood. The alternative conclusion must be brought
to the attention of the partner on schedule B5 or B8.
Before reaching an alternative conclusion, consideration should be given to whether or not
there are any additional audit procedures that could be carried out to enable a satisfactory
confirmation of the audit objectives to be given.

3.3 Audit programmes

The audit programmes contain the main tests that would normally need to be undertaken
when carrying out an audit. However, the programmes should always be considered in the
light of the specific needs of the client. The programmes must be amended at the planning
stage to include any additional tests required to meet specific aspects of the client. In many
cases, certain tests may be inappropriate.
The first column asks 'Test required?' This column should be completed at the planning stage
of the audit, by entering a 'Y' against those tests to be undertaken. Conversely, enter 'N' for
those tests which are not required.
Where specific tests are not being performed, ensure that sufficient other audit work is being
performed adequately to satisfy the audit objectives. Cross referencing any amendments to
the audit programme with the objectives on the summary sheet ensures that this occurs.
The second column should state whether the results of the test were satisfactory. A 'no'
answer here means that audit objectives have not been satisfied. This therefore represents an
'audit problem' and should be referred to on schedule B5 or B8, 'Points for partner/Audit
highlights. There should be a note of any alternative procedures that have been applied that
may have helped to demonstrate that the objectives have in fact been met.
If the programmes are completed properly, then it should be relatively straightforward for the
manager or partner to review the programmes and quickly spot any problems.

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Any comments relating to a test can be noted in the fourth column. For example, where a
planned test is not applicable the reason should be noted rather than simply stating that it is
not applicable.

3.4 Permanent audit file index

The permanent audit file index provides a detailed list of various matters that are of ongoing
relevance and that should be maintained on the permanent audit file. Tick the boxes on the
Index to identify what information is actually on the file.
The purpose of the permanent audit file is to maintain documentation and information of
continuing relevance to the audit. The file must be reviewed at least annually, with material
that is no longer of use being removed from the file and archived. The file should not be
considered to be a permanent repository for all documentation that may once have been
pertinent.
Forms have been provided to allow recording of the basic information, which should be
contained on the permanent audit file. These include:

Background information
Details of bankers and professional advisors
Know your client checklist
Register of laws and regulations
Details of related parties
Significant accounting policies

(PAF02).
(PAF03).
(PAF04).
(PAF05).
(PAF06).
(PAF07).

Know your client checklist

The 'know your client checklist' is an aide-memoire of the sort of information that should be
recorded in order to comply with the requirements of BSA 315: Understanding the entity and
its environment and assessing the risks of material misstatement. It should be completed prior
to the planning process.

Register of Laws and Regulations

The Register of Laws and Regulations is, as the name suggests, a form for recording all the
significant laws and regulations which affect the client company. BSA 250: Consideration of
laws and regulations in an audit of financial statements requires the auditor to:

obtain a general understanding of the legal and regulatory framework applicable to the
entity and the industry and how the entity is complying with that framework (BSA
250.15);
obtain a general understanding of the procedures followed by the entity to ensure
compliance with that framework (BSA 250.15.1);
perform further audit procedures to help identify instances of non-compliance with
those laws and regulations where non-compliance should be considered when preparing
financial statements (BSA 250.18).

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The form must therefore be tailored to suit the client: this requires more than a vague note
about the applicability of the Companies Act 1994 and employment legislation. It requires
specific comment on:
the procedures the client has in place to ensure compliance with each requirement, and
the audit approach for determining compliance.
The form has been split to consider those laws and regulations which relate to the accounts,
those which relate to business in general, and those which are specific to the client. Particular
regard should be had to those laws and regulations that provide a framework within which the
entity operates, as well as those whose infringement could threaten the entity's ability to
continue to trade.

4. APM OVERVIEW
4.1 Introduction
Audit Practice Manual is intended for use whenever an audit is carried out in accordance with
International Standards on Auditing (ISA) as well as Bangladesh Standards on Auditing
(BSA).
While this will apply principally to audits of limited companies, it applies equally to audits of
other businesses. However, when dealing with certain specialist audits like banks, NGOs,
Insurance Cos., Educational Institutions, Utility Cos. you may wish to consider using
specific tailored audit programmes which can be used in conjunction with the programmes
contained within this APM.
The APM audit approach may be summarised as follows.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Planning.
Collection of evidence.
Controlling and recording.
Review and opinion.

The APM uses an approach that ensures compliance with BSA in an efficient way.

4.2 Planning
Planning is essential for two reasons.
1. It is a requirement of BSA.
2. It is the key to successful auditing and would be part of the APM approach even if there
was no requirement for it in BSA.
In order to assist in a disciplined approach to planning and to ensure compliance with BSA,
the APM provides documentation enabling a record of planning to be kept, demonstrating the
approach adopted for each audit and the reasons for that approach.
Guidance on APM audit planning is set out in Chapter 2 (above).
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In addition to the standard documentation there should always be a client-specific planning

memorandum setting out:

what the entity does;

how it conducts its business;
where the risks and issues are. and
how these will be audited.

4.3 Assessment of risk and materiality

The assessment of risk and materiality are two of the principal planning procedures. The
assessment of risk in particular is at the core of the approach to audit set out in the BSA. A
more detailed discussion of the assessment of risk and materiality is contained in Chapters 5
and 6 (below) respectively.
In the APM approach audit risk interacts with materiality and population value to determine
sample sizes.

4.4 Analytical review

Analytical review can be a useful source of audit evidence. It may include:
a preliminary analytical review;
an extensive analytical review, and/or
a final analytical review.
These separate stages should not be considered to be mutually exclusive, but part of a
continuous process of review.
It is probably fair to suggest that analytical review is not as widely used as it could be,
particularly in the audits of smaller companies. Some form of final analytical review is
generally carried out but, by that stage, it may be of little use in directing the audit towards
areas of importance.
More detailed guidance on analytical review procedures is set out in Chapter 7.

4.5 Tests of controls

Bangladesh Standards on Auditing (BSA) require a much greater consideration of the client's
system of internal control than was the case under the old standards. Under the old regime the
testing of internal controls was entirely optional. This is not the case under BSA.
As part of understanding the entity and its environment it is a requirement to evaluate
the design and implementation of all controls relevant to the audit.
Evaluating the design and implementation of controls requires more than just enquiry;
further work such as inspecting documents or tracing transactions through the system is
required.
Testing of the operational effectiveness of internal controls (compliance testing) is
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mandatory where: the risk assessment includes an expectation that controls are
operating effectively, or substantive tests alone do not provide sufficient evidence of
their operation.
In addition, as before, the auditor may choose to test the effectiveness of controls where this
is more effective than relying solely on substantive procedures.
Review of the design and implementation of controls is considered as part of the planning
process (C5.1). Testing the effectiveness of controls is dealt with in Section S.
The initial stage is to complete the Internal Control Questionnaire (S4) in order to determine
the controls that operate over the main business processes. Where controls have been
identified these should be recorded on C5.1 to evaluate the design and implementation of
those controls.
Where there is a requirement to test controls or where a decision is made to do so the Internal
Control Evaluation (S3) allows you to record how operation of the controls will be tested.
The results and consideration of the impact that the results will have on the reliance on the
controls should also be recorded here.
Where reliance is placed on testing the effectiveness of internal controls, it is still necessary
to undertake some substantive testing.
'Irrespective of the assessed risk of material misstatement, the auditor should design
and perform substantive procedures for each material class of transactions, account
balance, and disclosure. This requirement reflects the fact that the auditor's
assessment of risk is judgmental and may not be sufficiently precise to identify all
risks of material misstatement. Further, there are inherent limitations to internal
control including management override. Accordingly, while the auditor may
determine that the risk of material misstatement may be reduced to an acceptably low
level by performing only tests of controls for a particular assertion related to a class
of transactions, account balance or disclosure, the auditor always performs
substantive procedures for each material class of transactions, account balance, and
disclosure. (BSA 330.49)'
Therefore, whilst it is not appropriate to abandon substantive testing completely, where an
effective control has been identified, the nature of the substantive tests can be altered or the
sample size can be reduced in line with the guidance on the sample selection planning form.
The greater the reliance that can be placed on controls, the lower the level of substantive
work that is needed.

Operation of controls implicit in a low risk assessment

BSA 330.23 states that when the auditor's assessment of risks of material misstatement at the
assertion level includes an expectation that controls are operating effectively, the auditor
should perform tests of controls to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence that the
controls were operating effectively at relevant times during the period under audit.
When calculating the sample size in these circumstances it will be appropriate, based on
knowledge of the client and the review of the design and implementation of controls, to assume
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that the risk will be low and that internal controls are operating when calculating any relevant
sample size. Clearly if the controls prove not to be operating effectively and/or the risk
assessment is revised, then it will be necessary to consider increasing the relevant sample sizes.

However, users should note that it is not compulsory to test controls. It is perfectly acceptable
to conclude that it is more effective to follow a substantive approach and accept a higher level
of risk. It is also possible that, based on our past experience of the client's systems and the
fact that those systems appear to be unchanged, we may conclude that risk can be reduced
from high to medium. Our samples for substantive testing would be reduced accordingly.
In some areas of the audit that are material, but not critical, it may be possible to argue that
the risk assessment is low without any need for reliance on controls. However this is unlikely
to be true for any of the main transaction cycles.

4.6 Collection of audit evidence

The APM audit programmes are comprehensive and designed to deal with most eventualities.
However, it is crucial that the programmes are tailored to meet particular circumstances of
the client.
Detailed guidance on their use is set out in Chapter 3 above.

4.7 Audit sampling

The question of how many items to test has always been a debatable subject. It is far better to
design tests directly relevant to the client rather than to merely 'fill in the forms'. Tailoring or
drafting of programmes using the APM as an aide-memoire is therefore encouraged. Clearly,
any sample must be representative of the whole population and it must be sufficiently large to
enable credible conclusions to be formed.
The exercise of judgment must ultimately determine the sufficiency of sample sizes. The use
of inherent risk factors, materiality and population characteristics may give a useful
theoretical starting point but ultimately judgment must prevail. The standard risk model does
at least provide a benchmark against which to assess the reasonableness of your judgment.
More detailed guidance on audit sampling is set out in Chapter 8 below.

4.8 Evaluation of errors

Errors found in the performance of audit tests must be evaluated to determine their impact on
the population being tested and on the accounts as a whole.
Evidence suggests that, at times, auditors have difficulty in making this evaluation.
More detailed guidance on the evaluation of errors is set out in Chapter 9 below.

5. ASSESSMENT OF RISK
5.1 Introduction
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The biggest impact of the change to Bangladesh Standards on Auditing (BSA) is in the
approach to risk. There are two risk BSAs:
BSA 315: Understanding the entity and its environment and assessing the risks of
material misstatement; and
BSA 330: The auditor's procedures in response to assessed risks.
These BSAs are significantly more demanding than the previous standards in the depth of
understanding of the client's systems and operations that is required and also the extent of the
linkage of the actual work undertaken to the assessed risks.

The nature of risk

Audit risk is present in the giving of any audit opinion on financial statements. Elements of
audit risk include those arising:
from the business environment in which the entity operates;
from the operation of the entity's control systems; or
from the failure of audit procedures, including 'sampling risk'.
The third component can only rarely be eliminated completely. It is almost certain that some
risk will remain. The purpose of this manual is to ensure that the risk is minimised and that,
even in the event of auditing procedures failing to detect misstatements in the accounts, the
auditors can nevertheless be shown to have undertaken adequate audit procedures.
For these reasons, an assessment of audit risk is essential on all audits, no matter how small
the company may be.
Even in a small company audit, it is necessary to consider the business environment in which
the company operates. An assessment of audit risk will cover a companys regulatory
environment, the markets it serves, the risks it faces, its strategic objectives, the threats to
those objectives and any related pressures on management. Consideration should also be
given, for example, to whether or not the view presented by the company's accounts is
consistent with the life-style of its directors and shareholders. To a large extent, this is why it
is considered necessary in any audit to see the company at its own premises. If the company
operates from the director's home, then go and see him at home. It is not easy to satisfactorily
assess audit risk from a completely office-bound perspective. It is impossible get a 'feel' for a
company by sitting behind a desk!

Business risk
The idea of business risk has been around for some time and many audit firms already
incorporate this into their audit systems. However, this is now a requirement of BSA 315.76
which states:
'The auditor should obtain an understanding of the entity's process for identifying
business risks relevant to financial reporting objectives and deciding about actions to
address those risks, and the results thereof.
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The detailed risk assessment (C6.4) includes a section on business objectives to assist firms
in identifying such risks.

Audit risk
Audit risk is defined as the risk that the auditors will give an inappropriate audit opinion. This
can arise by either:
an audit report being qualified when it should not have been; or
an unqualified audit opinion being issued when a qualification was appropriate.
One way to look at Audit risk is to express it as the combination of inherent risk (IHR),
control risk (CR) and detection risk (DR), as follows:
Audit risk = IHR x CR x DR
Detection risk can be further subdivided between sampling risk (SR) and other substantive
procedures risk (OSPR) to give the following:
Audit Risk = IHR x CR x SR x OSPR
This relationship between the various components of risk gives the basis of the sampling
approach. This is because, for given levels of audit risk and inherent risk, it follows from the
above that:
the greater the reliance that can be placed on compliance tests (ie, the lower control
risk), and
the greater the reliance that can be placed on other substantive procedures, such as
analytical procedures (ie, the lower the OSPR risk) then
the greater the risk the auditor can afford to take in respect of sampling to maintain a
given level of audit risk (ie the lower the sample size).
Inherent risk - the risk that errors will arise - needs to be considered, firstly, at two levels.
1. At the level of the engagement itself (the higher the risk of the engagement, the lower the
audit risk the auditor should be willing to accept).
2. At the level of a particular balance, or class of transactions.
In addition, it is possible to take the analysis further and to consider the risks inherent in each
financial assertion within an account balance. Typically, the completeness and valuation
assertions will be more risky than (say) the existence assertion.

Inherent risk
This is the susceptibility of an account balance or class of transactions to material
misstatement, either individually or when aggregated with misstatements in other balances or
classes, irrespective of related internal controls. In the APM, inherent risk is considered first
at the engagement level (general risk) (C6.4) and second at the account balance level
(specific risk) (C6.2).
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Control risk
Control risk is the risk that a misstatement that could occur in an account balance or class of
transactions that could be material (either individually or when aggregated with
misstatements in other balances or classes) and might not be prevented, or detected and
corrected on a timely basis, by the accounting and internal control systems. This definition
blurs the distinction between inherent risk and control risk. As a result, they are often
assessed together.
BSA 315 requires the auditor to review the design and implementation of all controls relevant
to the audit. This review should be documented on C5.1. When completed it will allow the
auditor to identify where there are controls within the accounting systems that can be relied
on and the impact that this will have on the audit approach being adopted.

Detection risk
Detection risk is the risk that auditors' substantive procedures do not detect a misstatement
that exists in an account balance or class of transactions that could be material, either
individually or when aggregated with misstatements in other balances or classes. As noted
above, the substantive audit procedures applied through the APM system serve to minimise,
but cannot eliminate, detection risk.

Audit testing
The extent to which substantive test of detail can be reduced by reliance upon controls and
analytical procedures will depend upon the auditor's assessment of the reliability of those
procedures and, in particular, the risk that they may fail to detect a material misstatement.

5.2 General risk assessment

General risk relates to the commercial and regulatory environment in which the audit client
operates. It is also affected by the business risks the entity faces and an assessment of the
integrity of management.
This assessment should assist in determining the riskiness of the engagement as a whole. The
higher the perceived risk, the lower the audit risk that the auditor is willing to take and the
greater the audit assurance that is needed.
The overall assessment of risk for a client is determined after completion of the detailed risk
assessment at C6.4.

5.3 Specific risk assessment

The assessment of specific risk achieves two objectives:
it may be used in the context of the very small company to assess the extent to which the
full audit programme approach can be foregone in the particular circumstances of the
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audit in question. This approach must always be documented and justified, not simply
applied without reason; and
it may be used to pull together the various risks identified on C6.4 and C6.3 and
consider their overall impact on a particular area of the financial statements.
This helps to concentrate the audit work on areas of audit significance, ensuring that the
bigger picture is not lost through concentration on individual risks identified on C6.3.

5.4 Reliability factors

The standard model used in this manual can be expressed as:

Sample size =

Population value minus Items above Tolerable error minus Key items

Tolerable Error

i.e.
Adjusted Population Value

Tolerable Error
By using the normal distribution it is possible to express confidence in sampling results in the
form of risk factors. The reciprocal of a risk factor is a reliability factor and these form the
basis of the sampling method.
Sample size =

A table of reliability factors can be found on schedule C6.2 Risk Response Summary. When
sampling is undertaken, the factor relevant to the particular audit test should be recorded on
the relevant sample selection planning form. The reliability factor will then be multiplied by a
quotient dependent upon whether tests of detail only or tests of detail plus analytical review
and/or compliance tests are to be undertaken. The multiple is also different for balance sheet
and profit and loss account testing. Details of the multiplier that affects the reliability factor
are given on the sample selection planning forms.

5.5 Vouching the total population

It may be that a total population is tested in the audit of very small companies. For example,
it may be that a very small company has 12 invoices a year and that it has been decided to
examine all 12.
The inherent risk assessment will not be applied, and would make no difference, in these
circumstances.
The general risk assessment must still be considered because the vouching of all 12 invoices
cannot, on its own, provide all the audit evidence that we require to form a reasonable
conclusion that all income has been completely and accurately recorded in the company's
accounting records.

5.6 Accountancy work and audit testing

Assuming that the ethical issues have been properly addressed, it may be possible to use audit
evidence derived from work carried out in the preparation of the accounts.
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Such accountancy work must have been properly planned with specific audit objectives in
mind, be properly controlled and recorded and subject to adequate review.
In such circumstances it may be that sufficient audit evidence can, in respect of certain
assertions, be obtained to obviate the need for further detailed testing.
Remember, however, that such audit evidence will not provide evidence of, for example,
completeness, continued existence or title, thus still requiring top up audit work to be done.

5.7 Conclusion
The assessment of risk and the response to those risks is the central plank of the audit
approach implicit within ISA/ BSA. The response to assessed risks affects all parts of the
audit so it must therefore be an integral part of the audit planning. This will enable the auditor
to direct resources to key areas of the audit.

6. MATERIALITY
6.1 Introduction
BA 320.3 reiterates the following definition of materiality which is taken from the IASB
'Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements'.
'Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic
decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements. Materiality depends on the
size of the item or error judged in the particular circumstances of its omission or
misstatement. Thus, materiality provides a threshold or cut-off point rather than being a
primary qualitative characteristic which information must have if it is to be useful'.
Materiality affects audit work in two ways.
1.
2.

It is one of the factors which influences the nature and extent of the tests of detail.
It influences decisions as to whether or not an auditor should seek adjustment for actual
and projected errors and for assessing the significance of areas of disagreement on
judgmental matters.

'True and fair' accounts are those free of 'material' misstatement. For this reason above all
others, an assessment of materiality should always be made, even on the very smallest of
companies.

6.2 Basis of determining materiality

Any basis of determining materiality is necessarily judgmental. No basis should be applied
blindly. In general, the level of materiality is relative to the size of the business. However,
some items might be material by their nature, regardless of magnitude (eg, statutory
disclosures such as directors' remuneration).
Apart from profit before taxation, turnover is also used as a yardstick in determining the level
of materiality because it is indicative of the level of business and transactions undertaken in
the year. Total (gross) assets are also indicative of size and, therefore, should also be taken
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into account. A trading entity would usually be audited including turnover-based materiality.
An investment company would normally be audited including asset-based materiality.
Profit before tax on ordinary activities is determined after directors' remuneration. In most
smaller businesses the impact of such remuneration on profit will be significant. Where
exceptional salaries, including bonuses, or other exceptional items have been charged in
arriving at profit before tax, the exceptional element of such costs should be added back when
calculating profit-based materiality to the extent these costs are discretionary.
The following notes are a guide only to determining materiality in particular circumstances.
Wherever the figure of materiality appears to be more appropriately calculated by other
means, an alternative basis should be used, but the reasons for doing so must be documented.

6.3 The smaller company

When the materiality ranges based on the guidelines have been established, the overall
materiality must be determined. This is not a mathematical average but a matter of
professional judgement. In most small businesses it may be close to the turnover parameter.
However, in an asset-based business, such as a property investment company, it may be
closer to the gross asset parameter. This figure should be used to help decide what level is
most appropriate, somewhere between the turnover and gross asset parameters. Once
materiality has been set, it might be appropriate to consider differing levels of tolerable error
within different account balances. For example, auditors could normally be prepared to
tolerate a greater error in stocks than in banks and cash. However, tolerable error should not
exceed materiality.
Where total liabilities are significant, it may be necessary to calculate a parameter for total
liabilities, introducing this into the overall equation. This may be particularly relevant where
the company is making a loss.
Where the company is close to break even, such that a relatively small error could turn a
profit into a loss (or vice versa), greater emphasis should be placed on trends over a period of
years. Remember that materiality should remain broadly constant from year to year (subject
to inflation and significant changes in the level of business carried on). However, many
choose to revise materiality downwards where a company is near break even, either in terms
of its results for the period or in terms of the net assets.

6.4 Determining materiality

A guide for determining the level of materiality is set out below and on C8. It must be
emphasised that the table is guidance only. The level of materiality is a matter for
professional judgment. Under no circumstances should materiality be 'calculated' as an
average of the three parameters!

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TK.

Profit before taxation

parameters

Turnover and total assets

parameters

0-5 Crores

10%

3.0%

5 Crores 1 to 10 Crores

10%

2.5%

10 Crores 1 to 20 Crores

10%

2.0%

20 Crores 1 to 56 Crores

10%

1.5%

Over 56 Crores

10%

1.0%

6.5 Conclusion
The above table is not, however, mandatory. Firms are free to set their own levels, but, in
doing so, should take care not to set levels of materiality which are either too high or too low.
In the very small company audit, experience indicates that there may be a tendency to set
materiality at too low a figure, probably as a result of confusion between audit and
accounting materiality.
Setting materiality too low will affect sample sizes: they will increase. This may cause time
problems without necessarily increasing audit efficiency. Too low a materiality figure could
also pose problems if an audit firm's work is called into question. By defining materiality at
too low a level, the firm is defining 'truth and fairness' in too precise terms. Its work could be
found wanting when judged in terms of too precise a definition of 'truth and fairness'. By
opining that the accounts are 'not materially misstated', auditors do themselves no favours by
setting materiality at too low a level. In general, therefore, it is suggested that the table may
be accepted for use in all but exceptional circumstances.

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7. ANALYTICAL REVIEW
7.1 Introduction
BSA 520.2 states that the auditor should apply analytical review procedures as risk
assessment procedures to obtain an understanding of the entity and its environment and in the
overall review at the end of the audit. This paragraph also states that analytical procedures
may be applied as substantive procedures.
In the context of the smaller company, the extent to which analytical review procedures are
effective or even possible will vary widely. It would, however, be quite wrong to suggest, as
a matter of principle that analytical review need not be carried out for smaller companies.
In many smaller companies, analytical review may form an effective part of substantive
procedures. They can be particularly useful in circumstances in which tests of transactions
cannot provide adequate evidence of completeness.
Extensive analytical review procedures may highlight fluctuations in ratios. These may be
normal fluctuations (business trends, seasonal changes, trade cycles, cost/selling price
relationships) or abnormal fluctuations (exceptional transactions, bad debts, loss of assets by
fire or theft, changes in the bases of valuation of stock and cut-off errors).
In analysing the cause of the fluctuations, there is a tendency in smaller company audits for
the auditor to accept too readily the explanation given by management. Care must be taken to
check that the facts given by management are valid and complete and that their effect is
sufficient to explain the fluctuation. The recording of such explanations and corroborating
their validity in the working papers will be as important as the identification of the fluctuation
itself. Only a corroborated commentary provides valid audit evidence.
This same problem would arise in the audit of, for example, a shop. Audit tests on till rolls
can never provide total audit assurance that all sales have been rung up on the till. Analytical
review may, in such circumstances, provide the only practicable alternative procedures to
verify completeness of sales.
Analytical review in this last example would involve analysis of margins, analysis of stock
records etc. This should provide the additional audit evidence necessary to avoid the
possibility of a qualification on grounds of lack of control over cash income.
It is the importance of this aspect of analytical review procedures that the Audit Practice
Manual hopes to emphasise. Experience indicates that many auditors of smaller companies
do not adequately appreciate the extent to which analytical review procedures can help,
believing erroneously that such procedures are only applicable to larger audits.

7.2 Timing and objectives of analytical review procedures

Analytical review may be relevant to three distinct but interrelated stages of the audit:
the planning stage;
extensive analytical review as a substantive test, and
the final stage as part of the critical review of accounts.
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The planning stage

A preliminary analytical review should be carried out as required by BSA 520.8. This states:
'the auditor should apply analytical procedures as risk assessment procedures to obtain an
understanding of the entity and its environment'.
Where draft accounts are not available, information should be extracted from available
records such as daybooks, copy VAT returns etc., or expected changes from previous years
should be discussed with the directors. If management accounts or draft accounts are
available at an early stage in the audit, it may be appropriate to carry out a more detailed
preliminary analytical review as soon as they are available.
Preliminary analytical review procedures should assist in identifying significant matters that
require consideration during the audit. This suggests that wherever possible, preliminary
analytical review should be carried out before completing the assessment of general and
specific risk. Risk assessments should be reconsidered as further evidence comes to light.
Preliminary analytical review procedures do not, of themselves, provide audit assurance,
although they should contribute to effective auditing by minimising the risk of over- and
under-auditing.
The purpose of preliminary analytical review is to identify areas of the audit where there are
greater risks or areas that may, for other reasons, require more detailed investigation. It is
therefore vital that there is some commentary on the variances and ratios calculated together
with a conclusion identifying any matters that require further investigation, or noting that
there are none.

Extensive analytical review

During the course of the audit, extensive analytical review procedures may be carried out on
specific areas of the accounts, or on the accounts as a whole, as a means of providing formal
audit assurance as already discussed in section 3.1 above.
Care must, however, be taken in the analysis of the results of extensive analytical review
procedures. It would be wrong to assume that extensive analytical review procedures can
result in an automatic reduction in the extent of detailed testing. Only if the results of the
procedures are satisfactory, can the extent of substantive testing be reduced. If, as may often
be the case, extensive analytical review indicates unexpected variations in trends or ratios,
these would require investigation, directing audit attention accordingly. In such
circumstances, it might be inappropriate to reduce the level of substantive testing. Where
exceptionally good quality evidence has been gained, it may be that no further work is
required on an area once the detailed analytical review has been undertaken.
This can be evidenced through the forms in the D section of the working papers.
In other instances, extensive analytical review procedures may bridge the gap in the audit
trail where, for example, detailed stock records are not maintained. This will arise in the retail
trade, where detailed stock movements will tend not to be recorded. If audit tests are based on
copy sales invoices, these may not contain details of all sales. What of the 'sale' that was not
recorded on a sales invoice? Transaction testing will never pick this up. In the above
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example, no transaction test can be fully effective in cases where there is no reliable record
of the complete population of despatches. Extensive analytical review procedures may,
however, provide alternative audit procedures. These may enable appropriate reliable audit
evidence to be derived from a combination of transaction testing and analytical review, from
which it can be concluded that all sales have been properly recorded in the accounting
records, or at least have not been materially understated.

The final stage as part of the critical review of accounts

A final analytical review should always be carried out. The procedures for final analytical
review will be similar to those of preliminary analytical review. Both are mandatory
procedures under BSAs.
BSA 520.13 states: 'The auditor should apply analytical procedures at or near the end of the
audit when forming an overall conclusion as to whether the financial statements as a whole
are consistent with the auditor's understanding of the entity'.
Final analytical review will, therefore, compare current year final figures and trends and
ratios with those of previous years and with the findings of the audit tests. Where preliminary
analytical review has been carried out, it will nevertheless be necessary to re-perform this
work at the final stage unless the figures have not altered significantly.
As with preliminary analytical review it is the commentary and conclusion that are important
rather than the number crunching. In this case the conclusion should be expressed in terms of
the overall truth and fairness of the figures.

7.3 Conclusion
Preliminary analytical review procedures should be performed, with a final review on
completion of the audit, without repetition of any earlier work unless the final figures are
materially different.
Wherever effective, carry out extensive analytical review procedures, corroborate and explain
the findings and rely on the assurance provided to reduce the extent of transaction testing or
to refocus audit work.
Always carry out a final critical review of the accounts including the final analytical review.
This critical review should involve primarily a review of the financial statements but auditors
must also read other information to be issued with the financial statements. The critical
review should help auditors to form a final overall view on the truth and fairness of the
financial statements as well as ensuring that the other information included with the financial
statements is not inconsistent with them.

8. AUDIT SAMPLING
8.1 Introduction
The sampling method in the APM is designed to provide a reasonable guide to the level of
testing that should be applied to individual populations. However, always consider whether
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the sample size produced is appropriate. The sample size must ultimately be a matter of
reasoned professional judgment. Accordingly, the suggested sample size may be adjusted, but
the reasons for the adjustment must be given on the relevant audit working papers and must
be justifiable.

8.2 Determining sample sizes

The proposed basis of determining sample sizes uses the following figures:

the monetary value of the population;

the overall level of materiality set for the audit;
the calculated reliability factor (i.e., a converse measure of risk), and
the identification of high value and key items.

By basing the sample size on a combination of the monetary value of the population,
materiality and risk, the auditor is using the data determined at the planning stage of the audit
in determining the size of the audit sample. The lower the figure of materiality and the lower
the sampling risk the auditor is willing to accept (i.e. the higher the risk factor), the larger the
sample will be. Following the APM sampling method therefore ensures that work undertaken
is responsive to the level of assessed risk in the relevant area.
High value items and key items should be stratified separately for testing. These are
considered sufficiently important to justify selecting all such items. In an overstatement test,
high value items are those transactions or balances that are higher than the figure of tolerable
error (materiality divided by the inherent risk factor). In an understatement test of, say,
creditors, 'high value items' are those balances, of whatever magnitude, with major suppliers.
Key items and other high value balances or transactions are identified as significant in the
particular circumstances of the test being carried out.
Judgment is required in assessing whether or not an item is a 'key' item for these purposes.
For example, in the context of debtors, this might be by reference to ageing or known higher
risk types of debtor balances, suggesting that greater audit attention should be given to such
balances. No absolute definition of key items is suggested or possible. Judgment must be
exercised as necessary.
Once an understatement test has been completed, any balances over materiality remaining
unaudited should be verified.
The value of the population should relate specifically to the test being carried out. For
example, a test designed to verify the provision for obsolete stock should not be based on the
value of the provisions made by the client. The main concern is to ensure that all items of
obsolete stock have been identified. In these circumstances, the population should be the total
value of stock. Of course, it would be in order to concentrate testing on high-risk items, such
as those with no sales over the past few months. The remainder of the population cannot,
however, be ignored. Tests must cover some apparently low risk items and hence the value of
the residual population also forms the basis for testing.

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8.3 Sample selection planning form

Sample selection planning forms may be used to determine sample sizes in all the examples
referred to in 8.2 above and are included in each of the main file sections.
Sample sizes may be determined without using the form, but, in such circumstances, the basis
should be explained.
The form takes you step-by-step through the data determined in the planning stage to provide
an objective means of determining the sample size. Reference to the inherent risk factors
should be made as necessary.
Different risk factors are used for balance sheet sample selection and profit and loss account
sample selection.
Where the sample size has been determined by means of the form, it may, nevertheless, not
be considered appropriate. Be careful: do not simply override the form and select a different
figure; think about whether the information derived from the planning forms is fair in all the
circumstances. If a different sample size is selected, the reason for having done so must be
explained in the working papers. The form is not, therefore, intended to provide an absolutely
rigid approach to sample selection. Judgment must be used.
An example of a difficulty quite commonly encountered in sample selection is the
determination of a very high sample size. While it may be that in circumstances of high-risk
areas of high-risk audits, high sample sizes are selected, the sample selected must be capable
of proper testing in an appropriate time scale. It is generally not efficient, especially in the
smaller company, to test very large samples, suggesting that a rethink of audit strategy may
be necessary. It is likely that alternative audit tests should be considered as a means of
obtaining sufficient audit evidence, reducing the tests of detail accordingly.
Care should also be taken where the calculated sample size is small, say below 10, as such a
sample is unlikely to be representative of the population. A small sample might be because
the population has a low value or because assurance has been gained from tests of control or
detailed analytical review. In these circumstances, an alternative test such as a scrutiny for
material/unusual items or a proof in total may be more suitable.

8.4 Selecting the sample from the population

Various means are available for selecting the chosen sample from the population. High value
and key items will already have been identified. The sample from the residual population
should be selected so as to cover fairly the whole of the population being selected.

This involves the use of random, systematic or judgmental means of selection. Try to avoid
the selection of a block of items as this is prone to bias and fails adequately to consider the
whole population.
If using a random selection, start with a random number (the serial number of a Tk. 5 note,
for example), selecting every nth item thereafter where n equals the residual population value
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divided by the sample size. Again, ignore high value items and key items as these should
already have been selected for testing.
Regardless of the sampling basis used, state the basis and explain why it was chosen.

8.5 Samples for compliance testing

No specific guidance is given on the size of samples for compliance testing, as this is
essentially a judgemental area. The standard sampling approach does not apply, as the
population for many controls will be monthly, weekly or daily. In these circumstances it is a
matter of judgement as to how many should be tested.
Where a control operates at a transaction level then dual purpose testing is normally the most
effective approach. This means that a substantive sample is selected, based on the assumption
that the control is operating, and is tested substantively (for example, that a purchase invoice
exists to support a nominal ledger debit) and also for the operation of the control (perhaps
that the invoice is agreed to a goods received note).

8.6 Conclusion
Sample sizes should feel right, judgmentally. It is not, however, sufficient to determine the
size of a sample without recording the logical thought used in its selection.
The sample selected should be capable of being properly tested. If this cannot be done, it is
nearly certain that the work will not be carried out well.
Finally, once a sample size has been selected, it is essential to stick to it. To test, say, half the
chosen sample is not acceptable.

9. EVALUATION OF ERRORS
9.1 Introduction
The investigation and evaluation of errors encountered during audit tests is a vital part of the
audit. Errors should always be followed up. In no circumstances should they simply be
ignored.

9.2 Extrapolation (estimation) of errors

When an error is encountered, the questions which must be addressed are twofold:
1.
2.

Could other similar errors exist elsewhere within the population?

Is it possible that those errors could be material to the accounts?

If the answers to these questions are both 'yes', then some additional audit work must be
carried out. Remember, the second question is asking whether it is possible, not whether it is
likely. In normal circumstances, therefore, some additional work must be carried out
whenever an error is encountered.
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Having considered the nature of an error, it may well be possible to devise an alternative test
which can more effectively and efficiently identify the likely impact. This may involve
detailed analytical review or some other test altogether. In the absence of this, it will be
appropriate to extend the sample size in order to determine whether the level of error
encountered is found over the population as a whole.
Since the method of sampling has already identified all high value items and tested these
individually, any errors within these items will have already been fully evaluated. Increased
audit work will, therefore, be within the residual population.
Where the increased work identifies a certain level of error within the population, it will
usually be appropriate to extrapolate that level of error over the residual population. This,
combined with the errors found in the high value items tested, will give us the most likely
level of error in the population as a whole. Consideration must be given to whether this level
of error is likely to produce a material misstatement within the accounts.
Errors are not always most effectively dealt with by simply increasing the sample size. The
nature of the error, and why it may have arisen must be considered. For example, if posting
errors arose during the period when a particular member of staff was on holiday, it would
clearly be sensible to extend tests to concentrate on that period of absence, rather than the
year as a whole. Similarly, if errors are occurring in one particular branch or depot, additional
testing should concentrate on this location.

9.3 Projecting the value of errors

Two non-statistical methods of projecting errors in a population are set out below.
The ratio method may be more appropriate where the amount of error in a transaction relates
closely to its size, ie, the bigger the transaction, the bigger the error.
The difference method may be more appropriate where the size of the transaction would
make no difference to the amount of the error, ie, the error is of a constant amount.
Both bases of calculation are able only to project an error in the population as a whole.
The ratio method
Projected error in population = Error found x

Population Value
Sample values

Example
Total value of population

Tk. 250,000

Total value of high value key items

Tk.100,000 (errors - Tk 4,000)

Sample value

Tk. 45,000 (errors - Tk 2,000)

Projected error in the residual population

Tk 2,000 150,000 = Tk 6,667

45,000

Overall projected error

Tk 10,667 (Tk 6,667+ Tk 4,000)

Known error

Tk 6,000 (Tk 4,000 + Tk 2,000)

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The difference method

Projected error in population = Error found in sample x Number of items in population
Number of items in sample
Example
Total number of items in population
300
Number of items examined 100%

20 (errors - Tk 1,000)

Number of items in sample

25 (errors - Tk 1,200)

Projected error in the residual population

Tk 1,200 x 280 = Tk 13,440

25

Overall projected error

Tk 14,440 (Tk 13,440+ Tk 1,000)

Known error

Tk 2,200 (Tk 1,000 + Tk 1,200)

Where information about the nature of errors is not known, the ratio method should normally
be used.

9.4 Errors and materiality

The total value of all projected errors must be accumulated to determine whether or not this
value could give rise to material error in the accounts. Any such errors should be recorded on
the B7 summary of unadjusted errors.
The nature of the errors, their amount and the accounts areas on which they impact will all
affect the auditor's judgment in evaluating their effect on the truth and fairness of the
accounts.

9.5 Conclusion
Where the projected error is not considered likely to reflect the actual error in the population,
the options open are to:

request the client to investigate the errors and the potential for further errors, or
extend the audit tests to gain a more precise conclusion, or
perform alternative procedures (if possible), or
qualify the audit opinion on grounds of uncertainty.

The effect of errors found in audit tests must be resolved. It is not acceptable to leave an error
position uncertain. A conclusion about its impact on the area being tested and the accounts as
a whole must be drawn.

10. PRACTICAL POINTS ON REVIEWING APM FILES

Knowing where to look in an audit file can be a valuable skill when it comes to reviewing files. The top twenty
problems often found on reviewing audit files are set out below in reverse order.

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20. Too much photocopying

There is generally too much photocopying on audit files. Typically a file will contain copies
of all or some of the clients entire nominal ledger, aged debtor and creditor listings, rough
stock sheets, final stock sheets and all invoices and supplier statements examined! If details
from a report are extracted for testing it is not necessary to copy the entire report as well.
Unless the report is short normally only the first and last pages are required to identify the
version of the report tested. Similarly it is not necessary to copy invoices or statements unless
there is something contentious. If it is really felt necessary to copy huge swathes of the
client's records then these should be placed on a separate file so that they do not make the
audit file unmanageable.

19. Analytical review as a substantive test

There is often confusion over use of extensive analytical review in section D. This section is
intended for where analytical review is used as a substantive test to reduce other detailed
testing. This is distinct from analytical review undertaken at the planning (C7) and final (B9)
stages.

18. Completion of programmes

Audit programme tests are completed with 'Yes' or 'OK', but there is no evidence of the work
undertaken to support that result. In these circumstances the only conclusion available is that
there is insufficient audit evidence on the file. At the very least there should be some comment on
the programme as to what was done and a reference to any separate work schedule

17. Post balance sheet events

The post balance sheet events review is signed off at the date the fieldwork was completed
and is not updated to the date of approval of the audit report. In particular there is some
confusion concerning the use of the two post balance sheet events programmes. The
programme T2 is intended to be completed at the fieldwork stage by the senior or manager.
The partner or manager should complete the programme T4 just prior to the approval of the
audit report if there has been a significant delay from the completion of the fieldwork or
where there are indications of material post balance sheet events. If the audit is signed off
very quickly after completion of the fieldwork and there are no indications of any post
balance sheet events it is not necessary to complete T4, a simple note on file to that effect
will suffice.

16. Permanent files

Permanent files are not complete or up to date and often consist only of copies of contracts,
agreements and past accounts. Matters such as the clients accounting system or a register of
relevant laws and regulations are not included. It is difficult to see how the auditor will be
able to demonstrate compliance with BSAs 240 and 315 in such circumstances.

15. Engagement letters

The engagement letter is out of date, particularly in respect of the services being provided!
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14. Disclosure checklists

A disclosure checklist is not completed in the year; there is no annual review of changes or a
copy of a completed disclosure checklist on the permanent file. In these circumstances it is
hard to evidence that the assertions concerning correctness of disclosure have been
considered, particularly when we find disclosure errors in the accounts! It is important to
have a clear policy as to how often a full checklist will be completed and how disclosure will
be considered in the intervening years.

13. Accounting policies

Files rarely include any discussion of key or unusual accounting treatments, the client's policy
being simply accepted. For example, it is common to see the calculation of depreciation
charges being checked but no consideration of whether the rates used are appropriate.
Justification for non-depreciation of buildings is also often accepted without any evidence of
consideration of the reasonableness of the arguments for the building having a high residual
value and or long economic life.

12. Title to properties

There will often be a note to the effect that the company's premises were physically verified
during the audit. However, the issue of ownership will not have been considered. Whilst the
bank letter may refer to the title deeds, this only confirms that the bank holds them, it does
not confirm the beneficial owner.

11. Testing stock

Stock often presents problems with directional testing since it must be tested for both under
and overstatement. We frequently see that stock is only tested for overstatement or where
understatement is considered only half the sample is tested each way. In addition, when
testing the net realisable value it is common to see a stock line checked to a single after date
invoice to confirm that the selling price is higher than cost. No consideration is given to the
quantities in stock and the quantities sold at that price since the year-end.

10. Representations from directors

There is often an over-reliance on representations from directors for matters such as bad debts
or stock provisions without any attempt to substantiate them. However, these representations
are all too often missing from the letter of representation, which is just a standard letter.

9. Cut-off testing
Cut-off testing is either not performed or is performed in a mechanical manner without any
consideration of the materiality of the transactions involved. Where testing is performed, it
appears to be almost standard to test the first and last five sales and purchases. There are two
problems with this approach.

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1. it does not consider receipts or despatches of goods and the last five sales in the year may
not correspond with the last five despatches, similarly for purchases; and
2. it takes no account of the materiality of the transactions involved. As auditors we are
interested in material cut-off errors, but how will testing the last five items at the end of
the year achieve this if they are immaterial? Particularly when any errors that do arise are
likely to be dismissed as isolated even though there are no grounds for doing so! (See 8.)
Surely it is more effective to identify higher value transactions around the year-end and test
these. The period around the year-end that needs to be reviewed will depend on the specific
transaction timescale for the company concerned; however, this will mean that sales and
despatches and purchases and receipts can be considered together.

8. Unadjusted errors
Errors identified during testing are not always recorded on B7 or extrapolated to consider the
overall potential effect; and as noted in point 9, too many are dismissed as being one-offs
when there is little or no justification for doing so. Where errors are recorded on B7, the
requirements of BSA 260 in relation to determining which errors are trivial and requesting
that the client adjusts for all non-trivial errors are not always complied with.

7. Testing completeness
The APM applies directional testing and most audits are planned on this basis. This means
that debits should be tested for overstatement and credits for understatement. Testing for
overstatement is more straightforward as the auditor is checking what is already recorded. As
a result such tests are usually performed well (if not too well - the problem here is often overauditing, and staff find these tests easy so they will do more of them!) Testing for
understatement is not so straightforward as the auditor is looking for what is not already
recorded. Problems arise in two areas: completeness of income and completeness of creditors.
It is common to see that the list of recorded creditors has been checked to supporting invoices
and after date payments. These tests confirm the existence of the recorded balance; they do
not confirm completeness. The best test for completeness is reconciliation of supplier
statements with proper follow-up of reconciling items. If supplier statements are not available
then a review of invoices processed after the year-end should be performed.
Similarly when testing sales; checking recorded sales to despatch notes confirms the
genuineness of the sale, not completeness. To test completeness the test must start outside the
accounting records, for example testing from despatch notes, job numbers or an order file to
the corresponding sales invoice.

6. Existence of fixed assets

The approach to confirming the existence of assets often consists of noting those assets seen
during the fieldwork or stock take. This test does not confirm the existence of recorded assets
since the sample is taken from the assets themselves rather than the nominal ledger or fixed
assets register. Also no consideration is given to the existence of the assets that were not
checked.
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5. Analytical review
BSA 520 requires the auditors to apply analytical review procedures at the planning stage to
assist in understanding the entity's business, in identifying areas of potential audit risk and in
planning the nature, timing and extent of other audit procedures. Most files now include a
schedule entitled preliminary analytical review. However, the work on the schedule is usually
of little value.
As stated above the purpose of preliminary analytical review is to identify areas of the audit
that may require more detailed investigation. It is therefore important that there is some
commentary on the trends, variances and ratios calculated together with a conclusion
identifying any matters that require further investigation, or noting that there are none.
It is also common to see a note to the effect that preliminary analytical review is not possible
as there are no figures available. Such a statement does not comply with BSA and in any
event is not correct. Whilst there may not be management accounts or a trial balance
available there will almost certainly be VAT records and bank statements. A review of the
level of sales, how close the company is to its overdraft facility and a discussion with the
directors may well identify significant changes in the level of activity or cash flow problems
that need to be investigated during the audit.
Similar comments to those for preliminary analytical review apply to final analytical review.
BSA 520 requires the auditor to apply analytical procedures in forming an overall conclusion
as to whether the financial statements as a whole are consistent with their knowledge of the
entity's business. As with preliminary analytical review it is the commentary and conclusion
that are important rather than the number crunching. In this case the conclusion should be
expressed in terms of the overall truth and fairness of the figures.

4. Review of design and implementation of controls

This is often done in a superficial manner without any reference to the client! Comments such
as 'Adequate' or 'Confirmed by substantive testing' do not satisfy the requirement in the ISA.
1. Controls should be recorded in sufficient detail such that individual controls are identified.
'Sales system' is too superficial! Specific controls would be checking that each despatch
note has been invoiced or checking prices used on an invoice.
2. Review of design involves asking whether the control, if it were working as intended,
would be effective. For example, would it ensure that all goods despatched are invoiced or
would it ensure that all invoices are priced correctly.
3. Review of implementation is checking whether the client actually follows the system that
it has described to you!
Parts '1' and '2' of this process could be completed in the office in draft based on prior years
knowledge and then updated at the client.
However, '3' must be completed at the client and at the planning stage. The review of the
design and implementation of controls is part of risk assessment. The purpose is to identify
areas where there may be a risk of misstatement due to error or fraud because of weaknesses
in the systems. This assessment will form part of the assessment of risk and hence will
influence the sample sizes and audit approach. The results of substantive tests can therefore
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not be used as the scope and extent of those tests cannot be determined until the risk
assessment process is complete!

3. Evidence of partner review

There is little or no evidence of partner involvement in the audit. Signatures on the partner
completion schedules alone are unlikely to be sufficient. If a detailed audit highlights
memorandum (see 2) were prepared then comments against the matters discussed would
suffice. However, it will normally best to include a schedule headed partner review. If there
are no review points required then the schedule could be used to compliment the staff on a
good file!

2. Audit highlights memorandum

There is often no audit highlights memorandum or if a memorandum is prepared it will only
list outstanding points that tend to be of an accounting nature. An audit highlights
memorandum is effectively a summary of the audit. It should record the results of the audit
tests in all the key areas identified at the planning stage. In addition, any problems or
outstanding points should also be listed. This will help ensure compliance with BSA 330.73
which requires that:
'The auditor should document the overall responses to address the assessed risks of material
misstatement at the financial statement level and the nature, timing, and extent of the further
audit procedures, the linkage of those procedures with the assessed risks at the assertion level,
and the results of the audit procedures. In addition, if the auditor plans to use audit evidence
about the operating effectiveness of controls obtained in prior audits, the auditor should
document the conclusions reached with regard to relying on such controls that were tested in
a prior audit'.
Preparation of the memorandum is a good discipline for the senior manager as it helps ensure
that all key areas identified at the planning stage have been addressed. If the audit highlights
memorandum is properly drafted it will save partner time at the review stage as the partner
will be able to review the file selectively concentrating on key and problem areas.

1. Planning memorandum
It is common for the planning section to consist only of APM forms that have been completed
in a fairly superficial manner. For example, sometimes the only indication of the business of
the company is the principal activity noted in the directors' report. The permanent file (see
point 15 above) and planning section are often silent on the issue. Other problems commonly
seen with planning include the following.
Insufficient justification of general risk, in particular apparent higher risk factors are
ignored or dismissed without adequate explanation.
All specific risks are assessed as low when there are quite clearly higher risks in some
areas, and in some cases a conclusion to this effect on the general risk assessment!
The example form C3 in the APM manual is included on file, and either left blank, or
filled out, but with nothing of relevance to the client. In fact this form is an example of
the layout of a planning memorandum, and it was not intended that the example itself
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should appear on file.

The planning is signed by the RI at the completion stage.
All programmes are completed in full when not required at all or where only specific
tests on the programmes were needed.
The completion of only the APM forms will not normally be sufficient evidence of planning.
A detailed planning memorandum should be prepared that pulls together the matters
addressed on the planning forms and sets out the key areas for the particular audit and the
detailed tests that will be performed in these areas. This will help ensure that audit work is
directed to the right areas. If this memorandum is word-processed then it can evolve each
year as different issues arise.

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Audit Practice Manual (APM)

11.1 Linkages and Flow of APM Schedules
PERT Chart/ Network

C6.4

C3

C4-C1

C8

C6/C6.3

C7

C1.2
C1.1

Audit
Report
C6.1

C6.2

S1/S23

S3

Substantive

S4

C5.1

C5

Management
Letter

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11.2 List of APM Schedules and linkages on Audit Risk, Internal Control and Materiality:
Sch.
Ref:
C1.1
C1.2
C3
C4
C1
C8

Schedule Title:
Acceptance procedures
Safeguard to be applied
Planning Memo
Notes of Planning Meeting
Approval of Planning
Materiality Summary

C6.4

Detailed risk assessment

C7

Preliminary Analytical Review

What BSA Requires

How to do it through APM

BSA 220.4 The audit firm should implement quality control

policies and procedures designed to ensure that all audits are
conducted in accordance with BSAs or relevant national
standards or practices.
BSA 240: The auditors responsibility to consider fraud in an
audit of financial statements and
BSA 315: Understanding the entity and its environment and
assessing the risks of material misstatement
both require the audit engagement team to have a meeting to
brainstorm ideas on the susceptibility of the company's financial
statements to material misstatement due to fraud or error.

Fill out forms C1.1- Client acceptance, C1.2

Safeguard applied, C2 Planning checklist, C3
Planning Memo, and C4 Notes on Planning
Meeting, and finally form C1 as an approval of
planning.
The purpose of C4 is to provide a convenient
layout to record the results of that meeting.
It is not essential to use the form provided at C4.
The relevant matters could easily be recorded in
the detailed planning memorandum. Where that
is the case the C4 slot should be used to file
notes used to brief staff at the planning meeting.

The detailed risk assessment at C6.4 should be

completed as a means of identifying the risks
applying to the company. This assessment is also
used to determine the overall risk at the financial
statement level attaching to the assignment,
which plays an important part in determining
Once risks have been identified BSA 330.4 requires the auditor sample sizes
to determine overall responses to address the risks of material
misstatement at the financial statement level
A preliminary analytical review should be carried out as Preliminary analytical review procedures should
required by BSA 520.8. This states: 'the auditor should apply assist in identifying significant matters that
analytical procedures as risk assessment procedures to obtain an require consideration during the audit. This
understanding of the entity and its environment'.
suggests that wherever possible, preliminary
analytical review should be carried out before
completing the assessment of general and
BSA330.3 In order to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low
level, the auditor should determine overall responses to assessed
risks at the financial statement level, and should design and
perform further audit procedures to respond to assessed risks at
the assertion level.

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specific risk. Risk assessments should be

reconsidered as further evidence comes to light.
S4
C5.1
C5

C6

C6.3

Internal Control Questionnaire

First schedule on Control
Review of design and
implementation of Internal control
System & Internal control
summary

Risk Summary

Specific risk action plan

BSA 315 requires the auditor to review the design and

implementation of all controls relevant to the audit. This review
should be documented on C5.1. When completed it will allow
the auditor to identify where there are controls within the
accounting systems that can be relied on and the impact that this
will have on the audit approach being adopted.
This is required regardless of whether any reliance will be
placed on those controls.
Testing the operational effectiveness of controls (traditional
compliance testing) is a different issue. BSA 315.56 makes this
clear: 'Obtaining an understanding of an entity's controls is not
sufficient to serve as testing the operating effectiveness of
controls'.
BSA330.3 In order to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low
level, the auditor should determine overall responses to assessed
risks at the financial statement level, and should design and
perform further audit procedures to respond to assessed risks at
the assertion level.
Once risks have been identified BSA 330.4 requires the auditor
to determine overall responses to address the risks of material
misstatement at the financial statement level
BSA 500.16 goes on to state that the auditor should use
assertions for classes of transactions, account balances, and
presentation and disclosures in sufficient detail to form a basis
for the assessment of risks of material misstatement and the
design and performance of further audit procedures.

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The review of the design and implementation of

controls relevant to the audit should be
documented on C5.1. This form must be
completed on every audit as a review of the
design and implementation of controls relevant
to the audit is required on every audit.
The initial stage is to complete the Internal
Control Questionnaire (S4) in order to determine
the controls that operate over the main business
processes. Where controls have been identified
these should be recorded on C5.1 to evaluate the
design and implementation of those controls.
Fill out Form C6 based on the results from C6.4
as a conclusion schedule for the risk at financial
statement level .

Documenting the response to risk at the

assertion level is considered on the C6.3
Specific Risk Action Plan and C6.2 Risk
Response Summary which pulls together the
work in respect of specific risks with the
approach to testing (risk) in other areas. This is
a key schedule as it documents in respect of
each area:

Audit Practice Manual

C6.1

Risk checklist

C6.2

Risk response

S1/S2

Operational effectiveness of
control Program
Internal Control Evaluation Results

S3

End
Audit Report
Result

Whether any testing at all is required.

If testing is required, whether the standard
programme is sufficient.
Additional or alternative procedures to be
undertaken.

It is a checklist to help ensure that all stages of

Risk assessments are followed.
BSA330.3 In order to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low C6.2 Risk response summary
level, the auditor should determine overall responses to assessed
risks at the financial statement level, and should design and The purpose of the risk response summary is to
perform further audit procedures to respond to assessed risks at summarise the responses to risks and set out the
audit approach section by section. Risks on this
the assertion level.
schedule are therefore considered in summary
and are categorised by financial statement area
rather than by the nature of the risk or the order
they were recorded. Here the conclusion is
drawn as Audit approach for the substantive test
to be performed.
BSA 330.23 states that when the auditor's assessment of risks of
material misstatement at the assertion level includes an
expectation that controls are operating effectively, the auditor
should perform tests of controls to obtain sufficient appropriate
audit evidence that the controls were operating effectively at
relevant times during the period under audit.
BSA 500.2 requires that the auditor should obtain sufficient
appropriate audit evidence to be able to draw reasonable
conclusions on which to base the audit opinion.

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It is an audit program for test of control and to

conclude on the Test of Control. S2 is the
Control schedule for test of Control and S3 is a
subsidiary schedule of S2 to perform and
document the procedures and results of Test of
Control. These are summarized in S1.
Obtain sufficient documents through the
performance of Substantive tests as outlined in
the audit programs for different balance sheet
and P & L accounts.

Audit Practice Manual

Sample selection Process in APM:

STEP 1 : C8 Materiality summary is the third of the planning schedules that affects the level of sampling during an audit. Guidance on the various factors which will
determine materiality on an individual audit is given in Chapter 6 of the Guidance Notes.
The materiality figure established sets the overall materiality to apply to the audit as a whole. It must be emphasised that setting the materiality level is a matter of
professional judgment. The ranges given on C8 are for guidance only and there will be occasions when materiality is determined to fall outside these ranges. .
STEP 2: Inherent risk factor to be determined based on schedule C6.2, Risk response, 1.2 for low risk, 1.4 for medium risk and 1.6 for high risk.
STEP 3: In sample selection planning schedule J4.1 for Balance sheet items, the above risk factor will be
For Balance sheet items
For P & L items
multiplied by 1 , if only test of detail is performed
multiplied by , if only test of detail is performed
multiplied by 2/3 if test of detail and analytical review/ or control test is multiplied by 1/3 if test of detail and analytical review/ or control test is
performed
performed
multiplied by if test of detail, analytical review, and control tests are multiplied by if test of detail, analytical review, and control tests are
performed
performed
to determine the sampling risk factor(detection risk factor).
STEP 4: Tolerable error will be determined by dividing the materiality amount with the risk factor as in step 2 above. All individual items in the population
above the tolerable error amount will be selected.
STEP 5: Number of sample from the remaining population to be selected will be determined by dividing the remaining total amount in the population by the
materiality amount and multiplied with the sample risk factor as step 3 above.
STEP 6: Selection of sample from the population could be Random, stratified, haphazard or just biased towards the larger balances, as in the case study
Based on above, sample risk factor/ detection risk factor is lowered and less sample is selected if the inherent and control risk factor is low (step 2) and
the types of test performed is high (step3) and vice versa.

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Client:

Year/Period End:

File No:

Ref: A

A AUDIT FILE INDEX

1. Final accounts
2. Tax computations
3. Final journals
4. Draft accounts, typing instructions
5. Letter of representation
6. Letter to management
7. Company accounts disclosure checklists
8. Management accounts/last year's accounts

B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

AUDIT COMPLETION
AUDIT PLANNING
EXTENSIVE ANALYTICAL REVIEW
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS
INVESTMENTS IN GROUP AND ASSOCIATED UNDERTAKINGS
OTHER INVESTMENTS
STOCK AND WORK IN PROGRESS
DEBTORS AND PREPAYMENTS
BANK BALANCES AND CASH
CREDITORS AND ACCRUALS
LONG TERM LOANS AND DEFERRED INCOME
PROVISIONS FOR LIABILITIES AND CHARGES, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
AND FINANCIAL COMMITMENTS
CAPITAL, RESERVES AND STATUTORY RECORDS
TAXATION
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ANALYSIS FOR TAX PURPOSES
PROFIT AND LOSS
OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROLS
POST BALANCE SHEET EVENTS
VALUE ADDED TAX
CONSOLIDATION
ACCOUNTS WORKING PAPERS
OTHER PRIMARY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
COMPUTER REPORTS AND RECORDS RECEIVED
OBSOLETE WORKING PAPERS

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Client:

Year/Period End:

File No:

Ref: A

PARTNER COMPLETION
Final
Yes/ N/A*
(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
(6)
(7)

(8)
(9)

(10)

(11)
(12)

Initials

Have all outstanding items on the initial partner completion been

adequately dealt with?
Has a signed letter of representation been received stating that
management:
(a) acknowledges its responsibility for the design and
implementation of internal control to prevent and detect fraud;
(b) has disclosed to the firm the results of its assessment of the risk
that the financial statements may be materially misstated as a
result of fraud;
(c) has disclosed to the firm its knowledge of fraud or suspected
fraud affecting the company involving: management;
employees who have significant roles in internal control; or
others where the fraud could have a material effect on the
financial statements;
(d) has disclosed to the firm its knowledge of any allegations of
fraud, or suspected fraud, affecting the entity's financial
statements communicated by employees, former employees,
analysts, regulators or others;
(e) does not wish to adjust misstatements brought to their attention
for the reasons set out in the letter.
Where fraud has been identified or information found that fraud may
exist, has this been communicated to the appropriate level of
management or those charged with governance?
Where the letter of representation is signed by one director on behalf
of the Board, have we seen minutes of a meeting agreeing its
contents?
Are we satisfied that the directors' representations can be relied
upon?
Does the file contain adequate justification of the audit report?
Have we informed the directors in writing of any unadjusted
misstatements, any material weaknesses in the accounting and
internal control systems, or any other relevant matters relating to the
audit as required by BSA 260.11.12?
It Has the final subsequent event programme on T4 been completed?
(Date latest subsequent event completed xx / xx / 20xx)
Does the balance sheet state the name of the director who approves the
accounts on behalf of the Board, together with the date of approval?
Does the copy of the accounts, which is being filed with the
Registrar, contain original signatures on the directors' report, the
auditors' report and the balance sheet?
Do the working papers and the tax computation reflect final
adjustments?
Have all final journals been recorded and processed to produce a
closing trial balance agreeing with the accounts?

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Yes/ N/A*

Initials

(13) Has the final copy of the accounts been referenced to the file to
ensure all lead and Q schedules reflect final adjustments?
(14) On consideration of the file and in particular questions 1 and 2 on
B3.2 are we satisfied that it is appropriate for us to seek reappointment as auditors?
I am satisfied that sufficient appropriate audit evidence has been obtained to support the conclusions
reached and for the auditor's report to be issued.

Signed _________________________ Partner

Date ________

Second Partner (if applicable)

Signed ____________________________Partner
*

Date_________

Delete as appropriate
These questions should be signed by the partner, all other questions may be signed by the
manager or senior and reviewed by the partner.

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Client:

Year/Period End:

File No:

Ref: B

B AUDIT COMPLETION
1

Partner completion

Audit standards review questionnaire

3.1 & 3.2 File completion questionnaires

4

Critical review of accounts questionnaire

Audit highlights

Justification of audit report

Summary of unadjusted errors

Queries for partner

Final analytical review

10

Points forward to next year

11

Commercial observations on client's business

12

Senior/manager review

13

Cleared audit queries

14

Notes of meetings with client

15

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Client:

Year/Period End:

File No:

Ref: B1

PARTNER COMPLETION Initial

Yes/
N/A*

Initials

1 Have we obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence to be able to draw reasonable

conclusions on which to base the audit opinion?
2 Has the Auditing Standards Questionnaire been satisfactorily completed?
3 Have the file completion questionnaires been satisfactorily completed?
4 Has the critical review of accounts questionnaire been satisfactorily completed?
5 Has sufficient work been undertaken to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level
that is consistent with the audit objectives?
6 Have all threats to objectivity and independence been properly addressed in
accordance with IFAC Ethical Standards?**
7 Have any differences of opinion amongst the audit team been resolved in accordance
with the firm's procedures?
8 Has external consultation been undertaken where required by the firm's procedures
and has this been properly documented on file?
9 Has all original work been reviewed, other than that undertaken by the partner
responsible for the audit?
10 Is there sufficient evidence of partner review?
11 Has an engagement quality control review been undertaken where required by BSAs,
ethical standards or the firm's procedures?
12 Have all partner review points been properly cleared?
13 Have all matters been documented that are important in providing audit evidence to:
support the audit opinion, and
confirm that the audit was carried out in accordance with BSAs
14 Have we sent a letter of comment to those charged with governance addressing the
matters required by BSA 260 and, in particular, included a final draft of the proposed
letter of representation?
15 List below any other work that needs to be undertaken before the audit report is
signed:

_________________________________________________________________
I authorise the issue of the accounts for approval.
Signed ___________________________

Date

Second Partner (if applicable)

Signed __________________________

Date

* Delete as appropriate
** If the answer to this question is no then the firm should not report and should resign as auditors.
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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: B2

AUDIT STANDARDS REVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

This questionnaire should be completed, where considered necessary, to enable the reviewer to answer
question 1 on the Initial Partner Completion

Yes/ No
N/A

BSA
200.4
200.4.1

Comments Initials

In conducting the audit, has the firm complied with:

(a) The ICAB Code of Ethics
(b) IFAC Code of Ethics as adopted by ICAB and
(c) IFAC ethical standards as adopted by ICAB?

210.2.1

Do we have an up to date letter of engagement?

210.18

Has the firm been asked to agree to a change to the

terms of engagement where there is no reasonable
justification for doing so?

220.2

Have the firm's quality procedures been properly

applied to this audit client?

220.18

Has any information come to light that would have

caused the firm to decline the audit engagement if that
information had been available earlier?

220.21

Has the audit work been properly directed, supervised

and reviewed?

230

Has audit documentation been prepared that would

enable an experienced auditor, having no previous
connection with the audit, to understand:

230.9

(a) the nature, timing, and extent of the audit

procedures performed to comply with BSAs and
applicable legal and regulatory requirements;

230.9

(b) the results of the audit procedures and the audit

evidence obtained; and

230.9

(c) significant matters arising during the audit and the

conclusions reached thereon;

230.12

(d) the identifying characteristics of the specific items

or matters being tested;

230.16

(e) the content of discussions with management and

others concerning any significant matters;

230.18

(f) how any contradictions or inconsistencies between

the information received and the audit conclusions
reached on significant matters have been
addressed;

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Yes/ No
N/A

BSA
230.21

(g) how alternative audit procedures performed

achieved the objectives of the audit where it was
considered necessary to depart from a basic
principle or an essential procedure;

230.23

(h) who performed the audit work and the date such
work was completed; and

230.23

(i) who reviewed the audit work performed and the

date and extent of such review.

240.3

In planning and performing the audit to reduce audit

risk to an acceptably low level, did we consider the
risks of material misstatements in the financial
statements due to fraud?

240.85

Did analytical procedures undertaken when forming an

overall conclusion as to whether the accounts as a
whole are consistent with our knowledge of the
business indicate a previously unrecognised risk of
material misstatement due to fraud?

240.86

Have we considered the implications for the audit

where one or more of the potential adjustments
listed on B7 gives an indication of fraud?
Where we have concluded that the risk of material
misstatement due to fraud related to revenue
recognition is not applicable in the circumstances of the
engagement, have we documented the reasons for that
conclusion?
Has the audit been planned and performed having
considered the risk of material misstatement arising
from non-compliance with relevant laws and
regulations?
Have we considered the impact of any suspected or
actual non-compliance with laws and regulations,
subject to compliance with legislation-relating to
tipping off, on our reports to the management,
shareholders and any external regulators?
Have we considered the implications of any noncompliance with laws and regulations in relation to
other aspects of the audit, particularly the reliability of
management representations?
Have any matters arisen during the audit that are
required to be reported to an external regulator?
Has the effect on the accounts of any unadjusted errors
been considered?
Unadjusted errors:

240.110

250.2

250.28
250.28.1

250.31

250B.2
260.11.16

260.11.19

Comments Initials

Where the client has refused to adjust for misstatements

drawn to their attention (see B7): does the letter of
representation include the reasons given for not adjusting?

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Yes/ No
N/A

BSA
260.16.1

300.16
315.2

315.122

Comments Initials

Have we communicated in writing all the significant

findings from the audit to those charged with
governance? (See B3.1 Q18)
Has the audit plan been reviewed and updated, where
necessary during the course of the audit?
Do our audit files contain information adequate to
provide an understanding of the company and its
environment, including its internal control, sufficient to
identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of
the financial statements whether due to fraud or error,
and sufficient to design and perform further audit
procedures?
Does the file document:
(a) the discussion among the engagement team regarding
the susceptibility of the company's financial
statements to material misstatement due to error or
fraud, and the significant decisions reached;

(b) key elements of the understanding obtained of the

company's environment, including the components
of internal control, to assess the risks of material
misstatement of the financial statements; the
sources of information from which the
understanding was obtained; and the risk
assessment procedures;
(c) the identified and assessed risks of material
misstatement at the financial statement level and at
the assertion level, and
(d) the risks identified and related controls evaluated.
320.11

Has materiality been reviewed during the course of the

audit?
Preliminary materiality:
Final materiality:

330.66

330.73

Have the risk assessments been reviewed to determine

whether the assessments of the risks of material
misstatement at the assertion level remain appropriate?
The auditor should document:
(a) the overall responses to address the assessed risks
of material misstatement at the financial statement
level and the nature, timing, and extent of the
further audit procedures;
(b) the linkage of those procedures with the assessed
risks at the assertion level;
(c) the results of the audit procedures, and

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Yes/ No
N/A

BSA

Comments Initials

(d) the conclusions reached with regard to relying on

internal controls that were tested in a prior audit.
402.2

501.42

505.25

510.2

520.2

520.13
530.2
540.8
550.2

560.2
570.2
580.2
580.9

600.2

610.2

Where the client uses a service organisation, has

sufficient appropriate audit evidence been obtained to
determine whether the accounts are free from material
misstatement?
Where applicable have we obtained sufficient
appropriate audit evidence regarding the presentation
and disclosure of segment information?
Were satisfactory alternative procedures applied in
instances where management had refused permission
for the use of external confirmations such as
circularisation requests?
Is there sufficient, appropriate evidence that amounts
derived from the previous period are free from material
misstatement and are appropriately incorporated and
presented in the current period's accounts?
Does the file contain sufficient evidence of analytical
review at the planning and overall review stages of the
audit?
Has an adequate overall review of the accounts been
performed?
Has audit sampling been applied in an appropriate
manner?
Does the file contain sufficient, appropriate evidence
concerning the reasonableness of accounting estimates?
Is there sufficient, appropriate evidence that there is
adequate disclosure of related party transactions and
control of the entity in the accounts?
Has an adequate post balance sheet events review been
performed?
Has the appropriateness of the going concern basis
been considered?
Has a letter of representation been drafted covering all
necessary representations?
Have any occasions where representations received
were contradicted by other evidence been fully
investigated?
When using the work of other auditors, is there
sufficient appropriate evidence that the work of the
other auditor is adequate for the purpose?
Where the client has internal auditors, has adequate
consideration been given to the effect this should have
on the audit?

620.2

When using the work of an expert, is there sufficient,

appropriate evidence that the work is adequate for the
purpose?

700.2

Is the audit opinion consistent with the audit evidence

and conclusions?

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Yes/ No
N/A

BSA
700.41

Comments Initials

Has any imposed limitation in scope been dealt with

adequately?

710.18

Where the prior period's financial statements were not

audited does the auditor report state that the
corresponding figures are unaudited?

720.2

Has other information to be issued with the financial

statements been read so as to identify material
inconsistencies?

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: B3.1

FILE COMPLETION QUESTIONNAIRE Pre-partner review

Where work is outstanding prior to review, the outstanding (O/S) column should be ticked in pencil to
highlight work required. As and when work is completed, the final column should be initialed, and the tick
rubbed out.
Yes/None
N/A
1

Does the file contain programmes on all relevant

sections and have they been properly completed?

Has each audit objective on the summary sheets been

addressed and cross-referenced to the working papers?

Have all the queries and problems been properly cleared

or carried forward to schedule B8 (queries for partner)
or B5 (audit highlights)?

Has an audit highlights report (B5) been prepared that

summarises the results of the testing in key audit areas?

Where the client is not VAT registered, is this

appropriate?

Have the budget and actual time summaries been

completed, along with explanations of variances?

Has the Permanent audit file been updated?

Have all unadjusted errors been summarised on B7

and adjusted where necessary?

Where the unadjusted misstatements recorded on B7

are considered to be material and management
refuses to adjust has their effect on the audit opinion
been documented on B6?

O/S

Comments Initials

10 Have we agreed the financial statements to the

underlying accounting records?
11 Have we examined material journal entries and other
adjustments made during the course of preparing the
financial statements?
12 Has the B2 Audit Standards Review Questionnaire
been completed?
13 Has the B6 Justification of Audit Report been completed?
14 Has a review of subsequent events been completed?
15 Have any commercial observations on the client's
business been recorded on B11?

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Yes/None
N/A

O/S

Comments Initials

16 Has the partner responsible for P matters been advised

of any complaints or problems on the job that could give
rise to a complaint.
17 Has a draft letter of representation been prepared that
addresses the following issues:
(a) Management's responsibility for the design and implementation of internal control to prevent and detect fraud.
(b) Disclosure to the firm the results of management's
assessment of the risk that the financial statements maybe
materially misstated as a result of fraud
(c) Disclosure to the firm of any knowledge of fraud or
suspected fraud affecting the company involving: management; employees who have significant roles in internal
control; or others where the fraud could have a material
effect on the financial statements.
(d) Disclosure to the firm of knowledge of any allegations of
fraud, or suspected fraud, affecting the entity's financial
statements communicated by employees, former employees,
analysts, regulators or others.
(e) Confirmation that management are not aware of any
possible or actual instance of non-compliance with those
laws and regulations which provide a legal framework within
which the business operates.
(f) Confirmation that management have no plans or intentions
that may materially alter the carrying value and where
relevant the fair value measurements or classification of
assets and liabilities reflected in the financial statements.
(g) Confirmation that, where appropriate, management have
disclosed all related party transactions relevant to the
business and that they are not aware of further related party
matters that require disclosure other than those already
disclosed in the accounts.
(h) Confirmation from management that, having considered their
expectations and intentions for the next 12 months and the
availability of working capital, the business is a going
concern.
(i) The reasons that management does not wish to adjust for
misstatements brought to their attention.
18. Has a letter of comment been drafted to be sent to the client
prior to their approval of the financial statements that
addresses the following issues arising from the audit:
(a) The firm's views about the qualitative aspects of the entity's
accounting practices and financial reporting.
(b) The final draft of the representation letter, that we are requesting
management and those charged with governance to sign.
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Yes/None
N/A

O/S

Comments Initials

(c) Uncorrected misstatements.

(d) Material adjustments processed arising from the audit
(e) Expected modifications to the auditor's report.
(f) Material weaknesses in internal control identified during the
audit.
(g) Matters specifically required by other BSAs to be
communicated to those charged with governance. (See
Appendix to BSA 260 for guidance.)
(h) Any other audit matters of governance interest,
(i) Where there are no such matters a statement of that fact.

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: B3.2

FILE COMPLETION QUESTIONNAIRE Final

Where work is outstanding prior to review, the outstanding (O/S) column should be ticked in pencil to highlight work
required. As and when work is completed, the final column should be initialled, and the tick rubbed out.

Yes/None
N/A

O/S

Comments

Initials

1 Have you confirmed that there have been no changes to

the firm's independence during the course of the audit,
which would prevent reappointment of the firm as
auditors for the next financial period?
2 Have you considered whether there is any other reason why
the practice would not wish to seek reappointment, for
example, recurrent under recoveries?
3 Has consultation been undertaken in all circumstances,
where it is required by the firm's procedures?
4 Where any fraud, error or breaches in laws and regulations
have been identified, have the implications for the accounts
been fully considered?
5 Have the firm's procedures on money laundering
been complied with?
6 Review Cl to C8. Where there have been adjustments to
the level of materiality, risk or the extent of reliance on
controls; has the impact on the level of work already
undertaken been considered?
7 Has a draft letter to management or points for comment
been prepared that includes :
(a) Material weaknesses identified in the design or implementation of internal controls intended to prevent or
detect fraud?
(b) Any other matters related to the risk of fraud that should
be discussed with those charged with governance?
8 Has the review of post balance sheet events been updated
to reflect the current position?
9 Have all necessary points forward to next year been
recorded on B 10?
10 Has a budget for next year been prepared?
11 Have the following planning forms been reviewed/
completed and signed-off as part of the audit
completion?
(a) C8 - Materiality summary.
(b) Outcome column of C6.3 - Specific risk action plan.
(c) C6.2 - Risk response summary.
(d) C6 - Audit risk summary.
(e) C5 - Systems and internal control summary.
(f) C1 - Audit planning summary.

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Client:

Year End :

File No:

Ref: B4

CRITICAL REVIEW OF ACCOUNTS QUESTIONNAIRE

To evaluate whether the overall presentation of the financial statements, including the related disclosures, is
in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework.
Results
satisfactory
Y/N
1 Review accounting policies to determine
whether they:
(a) comply with applicable accounting
standards;
(b) are consistent with those of the previous
period;
(c) are consistently applied to all like
transactions;
(d) are appropriate to the nature of the client's
business, and
(e) are properly disclosed in accordance with
the requirements of BAS 1, BAS 8.
2 Carry out an overall review of the information
in the accounts and compare it with other
available data, including final analytical
review. Note significant variations and obtain
explanations thereto.
3 Consider whether the accounts adequately
reflect:
(a) the substance of underlying transactions
and balances and not merely their form;
(b) the information and explanations obtained
and conclusions reached on particular
aspects of the audit, and
(c) the objectives contained in BFRS
Framework
(relevance,
reliability,
comparability & understandability).
Schedule points of interest on 'audit highlights'.
4

Comments

Initials

W/P
Ref.

B9

B5

Did the substantive procedures undertaken

include agreeing the financial statements to
the underlying records and a review of
material journal entries?
Consider whether the review reveals any new
factors, which may affect the presentation of
information or disclosures in the accounts.
Review the accounts for proper preparation in
accordance with the Companies Act, SEC,
BFRSs,
BAS
and
other
disclosure
requirements. .State whether or not a
disclosure checklist has been completed in
respect of the current year. If not completed in

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Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Comments

Initials

W/P
Ref.

the current year, state year in which it was last

completed.
7 Consider whether the information contained in
the directors' report and any other document
issued with the accounts is consistent with the
accounting information in the accounts and
has not been unduly influenced by the
directors' desire to present matters in a
favourable or unfavourable light.
Conclusion
1

I have compared the ratios of the final accounts with those of last year*/the budget*/the
preliminary */extensive* analytical review*.

(a) I have obtained, recorded and corroborated explanations for significant fluctuations for
principal areas of the accounts,* or
(b) There were no significant fluctuations requiring explanation.*

The directors' report and other published information is consistent with the accounts.

I am satisfied from this critical review that the accounts appear credible and have been properly
prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 1994 and any other relevant statutory requirements.*

Prepared by ________________________________________ Date __________

Reviewed by________________________________________ Date __________
* Delete as appropriate.

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: B6

JUSTIFICATION OF AUDIT REPORT

This form should be used to schedule any problems encountered during the audit, which could have an
impact on the audit report.
Yes/
No*

If yes give
details

1 Was the audit report qualified in the previous period?

2

Have there been any problems with books and records?

Have you encountered problems obtaining from the directors all

information and explanations necessary for the audit?

Have the directors refused to confirm any representations in writing?

Have you confirmed that, or were you unable to conclude whether, the
financial statements are materially misstated as a result of fraud?

Have you had problems obtaining adequate information concerning

suspected non-compliance with relevant laws or regulations?

Is there evidence of non-compliance with laws or regulations that have

a material effect on the accounts and have not been properly reflected
in the accounts?

Have management refused to give permission

communication with the company's legal advisers?

Have management refused to give permission for the use of external

confirmation requests such as the circularisation of debtor or creditor
balances or third party stock confirmations?

for

direct

10 Have management not amended the financial statements (adjustment

or disclosure) in circumstances where it is believed that they need to
be amended?
11 Where other auditors are involved in the audit of subsidiary companies
are there any instances where their work cannot be relied upon?
12 Are there any material inconsistencies between the financial
statements and the directors' report or any other information to be
issued with them?
13 Were there problems obtaining adequate returns from branches not
visited?
14 Are there any problems with going concern? (Ref T3)
15 Is there any problem with exemption from preparing group accounts
where claimed by the company?
16 Have any other problems occurred which could have an impact on the
audit report?

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Conclusion
Where there are any 'yes' answers, detail below what effect they will have on the audit report or our ability to
continue the engagement:

I am satisfied that any unqualified report is appropriate.* or

In my opinion, the attached fundamental uncertainty/emphasis of matter and/or qualification is appropriate.*
Prepared by: ______________________________

Date: __________

Reviewed by: _______________________________

Date: ___________

* Delete as appropriate.
.

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Client:
Year end:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

File no:

Date:
Date:

Ref:B7

SUMMARY OF UNADJUSTED ERRORS

Final materiality ________________________

Narrative

Estimated
(extrapolated) errors
DR

CR

Actual errors

DR

Profit and Balance Considered

loss
sheet
Trivial*
Y/N

CR

Total of potential adjustments

Conclusion
1. The client has been asked to adjust for all misstatements noted above other than those that are marked
as clearly trivial*.
2. Where the client has not adjusted for misstatements drawn to their attention the letter of
representation explains the directors' reasons for not adjusting as required by BSA 260.11.19.
3. None of the potential adjustments listed above are considered to be indicative of fraud.
4. The effect of the unadjusted misstatements on our audit report is...

*This is not another expression for 'immaterial'. Matters which are 'clearly trivial' will be of a wholly different
(smaller) order of magnitude than the materiality thresholds used in the audit, and will be matters that are clearly
inconsequential, whether taken individually or in aggregate and whether judged by any quantitative and/or
qualitative criteria. Further, whenever there is any uncertainty about whether one or more items are 'clearly trivial'
(in accordance with this definition), the presumption should be that the matter is not 'clearly trivial'. (BSA
260.11.16, note 6)
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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: B9

FINAL ANALYTICAL REVIEW

The auditor should apply analytical procedures at or near the end of the audit when forming an overall
conclusion as to whether the financial statements as a whole are consistent with the auditor's
understanding of the company. (BSA 520.13)
Y/N

Comments

Ref:

1. Consider comparison of the results for the current period

with:
(a) information for prior periods;
(b) those anticipated in budgets or forecasts;
(c) other companies of comparable size in the same industry,
and
(d) overall industry or sector statistics.
2. Consider relationships between:
(a) elements of financial information that would be expected
to conform to a predictable pattern based on the company's
experience, such as gross margin percentages, and
(b)financial information and relevant non-financial
information, such as payroll costs to number of employees.
3. Consider the reliability of the information used to perform
analytical review procedures and whether this has been verified
as part of the audit process.
4. Where applicable make a final assessment of the
reasonableness of the company's accounting estimates based
on understanding of the company and its environment.
5. Consider whether the accounting estimates are consistent
with other audit evidence obtained during the audit.
Conclusion (truth and fairness of figures and consistency with understanding of the business)

Prepared by: ____________________________________ Date: _______________________

Reviewed by: ____________________________________ Date: _______________________

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: Cl

AUDIT PLANNING SUMMARY

Approval of planning
I confirm that:
1. An overall strategy has been established for the audit.
2. An audit plan has been developed in order to reduce risk to an acceptably low level.
3. In particular the risks of material misstatement in the financial statements due to fraud have been
considered.
4. The overall strategy and audit plan have been properly documented in a planning memorandum.
5. The acceptance procedures set out on C1.1 have been followed.
6. The audit planning checklist at C2 has been properly completed.
7. The audit has been planned with an attitude of professional skepticism recognising that circumstances
may exist that cause the financial statements to be materially misstated!
____________________________________________

____________________

Audit engagement partner

Date

____________________________________________________________________________
Audit team
I confirm that I have read and understood the audit plan
(Section C).

Initials

Date

Partner

__________________________

______________

____________

Manager

__________________________

______________

____________

Senior

__________________________

______________

____________

__________________________

______________

____________

_________________________

______________

____________

_________________________

______________

____________

________________________________________________________________________________
Review of planning at completion stage
I confirm that:
1. The overall strategy and audit plan were updated as necessary during the course of the audit.
2. All issues arising from the audit plan have been addressed on the file.
3. The audit plan has been cross-referenced to where the relevant work was performed.
________________________________
Audit Engagement Partner
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

_____________________
Date
75

Audit Practice Manual

Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: C1.1

ACCEPTANCE PROCEDURES
Companies Act 1994 requires that a Chartered Accountant shall not accept appointment or continue as
auditor if the firm has any interest likely to conflict with carrying out the audit properly and BSA 200.4
requires compliance with ICAB and IFAC Code of Ethics.
This questionnaire assumes a knowledge of ICAB/ IFAC Code of Ethics. It must be completed annually for
all clients to ensure that the standards have been complied with.

1. Undue dependence on an audit client

Yes

No

(a) Do the total fees for this client/group of clients exceed:

(i) 10 per cent of the annual fee income of the audit firm or the part of the firm by
reference to which the audit engagement partner's profit share is calculated?
(ii) 15 per cent of the annual fee income of the audit firm or the part of the firm by
reference to which the audit engagement partner's profit share is calculated?
(b) Is this client/group of clients highly prestigious?
(c) Is this client/group a listed or public interest client or group?
Note:
1. IFAC Ethical Standards require appropriate safeguards e.g. an external independent quality control
review where the regular annual fee income to be a significant part of total fees, depending on the
structure of the firm and whether the firm is well established or newly created. The stated percentages
(10%, 15%) are just as a guideline (rule of thump) and would be 5% and 10% respectively for listed
or public interest entities..
2. A public interest client is one that would attract national attention if a problem were publicised.
2.

Loans to or from a client; guarantees; overdue fees

Yes

(a) Do you or any of your staff have any loans or guarantees to or from the
client?
(b) Are there any overdue fees for any services?
3.

Goods and services: hospitality

Have you or any of your staff accepted any material goods or services on
favourable terms or received undue hospitality from the company?

4.

Litigation
Is there any actual or threatened litigation between yourself and the client in
relation to fees, audit work, or other work?

5.

Family or other personal relationships

Do you or any of your staff have any personal or family connections with the
company and its officers?

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No

Audit Practice Manual

6.

Ex-partners or senior employees

(a) Has any officer of the company been a partner or senior employee in the Yes
practice?
(b) Is the partner or any senior employee on the audit joining or involved in
substantive negotiations with the client?
7.
Mutual business interest
Do you or any of your partners or staff have any mutual business interests with
the client or with an officer or employee of the client?
8.

Beneficial interests and trusteeships

Do you or any of your staff have any financial involvement in the company in
respect of the following:

(a) Any beneficial interest in shares or other investments?

(b) Any beneficial interest in trusts?
(c) Any trustee investments, nominee shareholdings or 'bare trustee' shareholdings?
(d) Any trusteeships in a trust that holds shares in an audit client?
9.

Associated firms
Are you or your staff associated with any other practice or organisation which
has any dealings with the company?

10.

Provision of other services, specialist valuations and advocacy

Note: a network firm is any entity that is:

(i) controlled by the audit firm; or

(ii) under common control, ownership or management; or
(iii) otherwise affiliated or associated with the audit firm through the use of a common name or through the sharing of significant common professional resources.
(a)

Are any services in relation to the management of the company performed by the
firm?

(b)

Are any accounting services performed for the company such as preparation of
the statutory accounts from trial balance, bookkeeping or payroll services?

(c)

Do the accounts include any specialist valuations carried out by the firm or a network firm?

(d)

Are the firm or a network firm currently acting for the client as an advocate in
any adversarial proceeding or situation such as a hearing before the
Commissioners?

(e)

Has the firm or a network firm been involved in the design, provision or implementation of any IT systems?

(f)

Does the firm or a network firm provide advice on taxation matters or undertake
tax compliance work for the client?

(g)

Have any other services been provided to the client that may cause a threat to the
firm's objectivity or independence?

11.

Rotation of audit engagement partner

Have you been acting as the audit engagement partner for more than ten years?

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No

Audit Practice Manual

12.

Adequate resources

Yes

(a) Are there any indications that the engagement team is not competent or does not
have the necessary time and resources?
(b) Are there any indications that the firm or engagement team will not be able to
demonstrate compliance with ethical requirements?
13.

Proper performance

(a) Are there any aspects of the client, or other factors, that will adversely affect the
firm's ability to perform the audit properly?
(b) Are there any issues concerning the integrity of the principal owners, key
management or those charged with governance of the entity?
Safeguards
Where any of the above questions have been answered 'yes', specify what safeguards are proposed to
maintain integrity and independence, and to ensure the availability of resources and the ability to
perform the audit properly.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion
Having regard to any safeguards identified above, I am satisfied that appropriate procedures regarding
the acceptance and continuance of this client relationship and audit engagement have been followed,
and that the conclusions reached in this regard are appropriate and have been properly documented. In
arriving at this conclusion 1 confirm that I have:
(a) obtained all relevant information from the firm (and where applicable network firms) to identify
and evaluate circumstances and relationships that may create a threat to independence;
(b) evaluated information on identified breaches, if any, of the firm's independence policies and
procedures to determine whether they create a threat to independence for this audit engagement;
(c) taken appropriate action to eliminate such threats or reduce them to an acceptable level by
applying safeguards, and
(d) documented the conclusion on independence and any relevant discussions within the firm that
support this view.
(e) informed the client of all significant facts and matters that bear upon the firm's objectivity and
independence.

Partner _____________________________________________

Date _______________

Consultation (to be completed where appropriate)

In my opinion the steps proposed are sufficient to maintain independence and to ensure the
availability of resources and the ability to perform the audit properly.

Second Partner _______________________________________Date _____________

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

78

No

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:
File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref:
C1.2

ETHICAL ISSUES: SAFEGUARDS APPLIED

The purpose of this form is to provide a framework for assessing the extent of any threat to the firm s independence from the
provision of accounting and tax compliance services. The threat posed by other services should be considered on a case by
case basis. It must be emphasised that the form provides only an indication of the severity of any threats and the possible
safeguards that could be applied. The specific safeguards to be applied and their sufficiency is a matter for professional
judgement.

Nature of Threat
Preparation of statutory accounts from management accounts where
little or no adjustment is required and the client approves any
adjustments and narrative in the accounts.
Preparation of statutory accounts from trial balance or management
accounts where significant adjustments are required but where the client
approves those adjustments and narrative in the accounts.
Preparation of statutory accounts from books of prime entry where
significant adjustments are required but where the client approves those
adjustments and narrative in the accounts.
The firm maintains the payroll.
The firm maintains the accounting records and or prepares management
accounts.
The firm completes VAT returns.
The firm prepares the tax computations that are routine with little need
for any judgement.
The firm prepares the tax computations where there are contentious
items whose treatment may be disputed by NBR.

Extent of Threat
High Medium Low

Response to threat
Any threats are insignificant, no action is required.
The file contains evidence that the possible threats have been considered and the treatment

Tick those
applied

of relevant matters have been discussed and agreed in principle with the client.

In addition to file notes, different staff were used to carry out the non-audit work.
In addition to file notes, a different manager/partner was responsible for the non-audit
work.
There will be a second partner review of at least the statutory accounts, planning,
completion and any contentious areas where judgment was required by the auditor.
The file will be subject to external hot review
I approve the safeguards applied in relation to the threats identified and confirm that in my opinion they are sufficient to
safeguard the firm's independence.

Partner_________________________________

Date_______________

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79

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:
File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: C2

AUDIT PLANNING CHECKLIST

The auditor should plan and perform an audit with an attitude of professional skepticism recognising that
circumstances may exist that cause the financial statements to be materially misstated!
Particulars

WP
Ref

Comment

Preliminary Engagement Activities

1. Acceptance procedures
1.1 Confirm that the Acceptance Procedures questionnaire has been
satisfactorily completed.
1.2 Where appropriate, confirm that the firm has communicated with the
previous auditor.
2. Engagement terms
2.1 Confirm that there is an engagement letter on the permanent file.
2.2 Consider whether there is a need to revise the existing terms and issue a
new letter.
2.3 Consider whether there is a need to remind the client of the existing
terms. 2.4 Where appropriate consider whether those charged with
governance have a copy of the engagement letter.
Planning Activities
3. Strategic considerations
3.1 Confirm that key characteristics which determine the scope of the
engagement are identified such as:
(a) the financial reporting framework used;
(b) any industry specific requirements;
(c) geographical location;
(d) group reporting requirements;
(e) the use of service organisations.
3.2 Confirm that the reporting requirements are understood, including third
parties, in terms of the timing and format of reports and to whom they
should be sent.
3.3 Are there any other factors that may have a significant effect on the
overall focus of the audit?
4. Client background
4.1 Confirm that there is a completed copy of the Know your client
checklist on the permanent file (PAF04).
4.2 Where the checklist was completed in an earlier year review its
completion with the client and update the information on the permanent
file as necessary.
4.3 Ensure that the review of significant accounting policies on the
permanent file (PAF07) has been updated.
5. Laws and regulations
5.1 Ensure that in determining our overall audit approach that we consider
the effects of non-compliance with relevant laws and regulations.
5.2 Obtain a general understanding of:
(a) the legal and regulatory framework applicable to the entity and the
industry;
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Audit Practice Manual

Particulars

WP
Ref

Comment

(b) how the entity is complying with that framework, and

(c) the procedures followed by the entity to ensure compliance with that
framework.
5.3 Ensure that the register of significant laws and regulations contained on
the permanent file (PAF05) is up-to-date.
6. Internal Controls
6.1 Complete the systems and internal controls summary (C5).
7
Audit risk
7.1 Complete the audit risk summary (C6).
7.2 Ensure that in determining our overall audit approach that we consider
the risks of material misstatements in the financial statements due to
fraud or error.
7.3 Make inquiries of those charged with governance, management and
others as appropriate to:
(a) obtain the results of its assessment of the risk that the financial
statements may be materially misstated as a result of fraud; and
(b) determine whether they have knowledge of any actual, suspected or
alleged fraud affecting the company or its financial statements.
7.4 Ensure that members of the audit team discuss the susceptibility of the
entitys financial statements to material misstatement and in particular
misstatement due to fraud.
7.5 Ensure that that key issues arising from the above discussion are
communicated to other members of the team who did not attend the
meeting.
7.6 Ensure that we have documented our evaluation of the entitys controls
in all areas where the risk of misstatement due to fraud is assessed as
significant.
7.7 Ensure that where appropriate an element of unpredictability is
incorporated into the testing.
7.8 Where there is a risk of management override of controls plan audit
procedures to:
(a) Test the appropriateness of journal entries recorded in the general ledger
and other adjustments made in the preparation of accounts;
(b) Review accounting estimates for bias that could result in material
misstatement due to fraud, and
(c) Obtain an understanding of the business rationale of significant transactions that are outside of the normal course of business for the entity, or
that otherwise appear to be unusual given our understanding of the entity
and its environment.
7.9 Have we planned substantive procedures for each material class of transactions, account balance, and disclosure irrespective of the assessed risk
of material misstatement?
8. General
8.1 Has an acceptable materiality level been determined for the audit?
8.2 Review points forward from last years schedule (B10 on previous file).
File on current years working paper file.
8.3 Review correspondence file and note relevant points arising during the
year.
8.4 Where stock is material to the financial statements has attendance been
planned at the physical stocktaking?
8.5 Determine whether the use of external confirmations, in addition to those
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Audit Practice Manual

Particulars

8.6

8.7

8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11

8.12

8.13

8.14

8.15

8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19

8.20

8.21
8.22

8.23
8.24

WP
Ref

Comment

for the bank balances, is necessary to obtain sufficient appropriate

audit evidence at the assertion level?
For initial engagements or where an audit was not undertaken in the
previous year complete the Opening balance and comparatives
checklist (C10).
Where the previous periods audit report was qualified or there was a
fundamental uncertainty, consider what impact, if any, it will have on
the current periods report.
Have sample sizes been planned so as to ensure sufficient appropriate
audit evidence will be obtained?
Have we planned to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence
concerning the reasonableness of accounting estimates?
Consider whether any activities undertaken by service organisations are
relevant
Consider whether the valuation of assets at fair values will have a
material impact on the audit: where appropriate complete the optional
programme (Cop)Fair value measurement and disclosure
Consider whether there is a risk that the non-disclosure of related party
transactions will have a material impact on the audit: where
appropriate complete the optional programme Related party
transactions (R2).
Where it will be necessary to place reliance on the work of another
auditor complete the optional programme (Cop) Reliance on the work
of another auditor (Cop13).
Where the work of an expert is to be relied upon concerning: the
valuation of assets; the determination of quantities; the application of
specialised techniques to determine amounts; or the measurement of
work completed, complete the optional program (Cop) Using the work
of an expert (Cop14).
Where other information is expected to be issued with the financial
statements review of this information should be planned so as to allow
sufficient time for resolution of an inconsistencies.
Consider and schedule impact of changes in legislation BFRSs on the
accounts.
Meet/discuss with client current years accounts and timetable.
Consider whether there are any indications that the going concern basis
of accounting may not be appropriate.
Where there may be a requirement to report to an external regulator
have we considered the scope of the clients authorisation and the
effectiveness of its control environment?
If appropriate, prepare a brief file note of matters arising from the
review of the correspondence file and the meetings/discussions with
the client.
Obtain print-out of the firms WIP and prepare fee budget. Agree fee
estimate with client where necessary
Carry out analytical review based on the preliminary figures or other
information available and conclude upon the impact on the audit
approach.
Consider whether extensive analytical review can be used to improve
the efficiency and effectiveness of the audit.
Review/tailor the summary sheets for all relevant sections to ensure

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Particulars

WP
Ref

Comment

adequate tests planned for all objectives.

8.25 Review/tailor/prepare audit programme as directed by C6.2 and C6.3.
8.26 Prepare a formal planning memorandum documenting the overall audit
strategy and the detailed audit plan.
8.27 Where substantive procedures were performed at an interim date have
we planned further substantive procedures (and tests of controls) to
cover the remaining period from the interim date to the period end?
8.28 Having regard to the risks identified and the specialist knowledge
required: allocate and brief staff as appropriate.
9. Quality Control
9.1 Consider whether there is a need under the firm's procedures or ethical
requirements for an engagement quality control review.
9.2 Agree the timing and scope of the review with the partner (or other
external consultants) who will be undertaking it.
9.3 Confirm that the time budget and completion timetable have been
updated
9.4 accordingly. Where applicable, have points raised in a cold review of
the previous year been
Conclusion
I am satisfied that:
(a) the planned audit procedures have been determined having regard to the requirements of
BSAs, relevant professional bodies, legislation, regulations and, where appropriate, the
terms of the audit engagement and reporting requirements;
(b) the engagement team collectively has the appropriate capabilities, competence and time to
perform the audit engagement in accordance with professional standards and regulatory
and legal requirements, and to enable an auditors report that is appropriate in the
circumstances to be issued;
(c) the staff assigned have been adequately briefed;
(d) the audit has been planned effectively, and that it is adequate to meet the financial
statement assertions: existence; rights and obligations; occurrence; completeness;
valuation; measurement and presentation; of disclosure, and
(e) the file does/does not* require second partner external* review.

Senior/Manager: ____________________________________ Date: ___________________

In approving the planning I acknowledge my responsibility for the direction, supervision and
performance of the audit engagement in compliance with professional standards and regulatory and
legal requirements, and for the auditors report that is issued to be appropriate in the circumstances.

Engagement Partner: _________________________________ Date: ___________________

* Delete as appropriate.

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83

Audit Practice Manual

Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: C3

PLANNING MEMORANDUM
A planning memorandum should be used to draw together the planning work performed. The
headings and content are suggestions only. These should be tailored to the requirements of the client.
Background information
For example:
A summary of the nature of the company
A summary of the industry, regulatory and other external factors affecting the company.
What locations does the company trade from?
What are the client's office hours?
Directions to client
Any other useful information
Scope of engagement
Engagement terms
Reporting requirements
Key personnel
Give the names, roles and contact details for key personnel
Timetable
Key risks and responses at financial statement level
For example:
Weak control environment
Going concern worries
Particular factors in determining composition of audit team
Key risks and responses at assertion level
For example:
Inventory cut-off
Completeness of income
Identifying all related party transactions
Outline the audit approach to these areas: how will the risk or problem be addressed?
Describe how the problems will be tackled. Specify the tests and procedures

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84

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

File No.

NOTES OF PLANNING MEETING

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref:
C4

If this form is not used then the appropriate

information should be incorporated into the planning
memorandum

Present at Meeting:
_______________________________________

________________________________________

_______________________________________

________________________________________

_______________________________________

________________________________________

_______________________________________

________________________________________

Date of meeting: __________________________

Susceptibility of the entitys financial statements to material misstatement
Risks

Financial statement assertion

Reference to risk
action plan (C6.3)

Financial statement assertion

Reference to risk
action plan (C6.3)

Susceptibility of the entity to fraud

Risks

Other matters

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85

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

File No.

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref: C5

SYSTEMS AND INTERNAL CONTROLS SUMMARY

Objectives: To obtain an understanding of design and implementation of internal controls relevant
to the audit.
Procedures undertaken
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

(a)
(b)

Yes/ No
N/A

Comments

Complete the basic controls questionnaire (S4) or otherwise identify

the companys system of internal control relevant to the audit.
Document relevant systems and controls on C5.1 sufficient to
demonstrate our understanding of the design of the system.
Perform the procedures set out on C5.1 to evidence review of the
implementation of controls.
Ensure that all weaknesses noted in the review of the design and
implementation of controls are noted in the draft management letter.
Where the assessment of the design and implementation of internal
controls identifies significant weaknesses, have these been taken
account of in the specific risk assessment on C6.3.
Where further testing of internal controls will be undertaken prepare
the necessary internal control evaluation schedules (S3).
Ensure that Internal Control Evaluation forms (S3) are prepared where
specific testing of the operation of controls is expected to be
necessary because:
substantive tests alone are not expected to provide sufficient evidence
of operation, or
our risk assessment includes an expectation that controls will be
operating effectively.

Conclusion at planning stage

I am satisfied that:
(a) the design and implementation of all controls relevant to the audit has been considered;
(b) tests of the effectiveness of controls have been planned where necessary.
____________________________________ _________
Audit engagement partner

_____________
Date

Review of reliance on internal controls at the completion stage

I confirm that:
(a) tests of the effectiveness of controls were completed satisfactorily/and further work undertaken
where necessary, and*
(b) all weaknesses in controls identified have been recorded in a draft letter of comment for the client.
____________________________________ _____________
Audit engagement partner
* Delete as appropriate

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

_____________
Date

86

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

File No:

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref: C5.1

REVIEW OF DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNAL CONTROLS

BSA 315 requires the auditor to obtain an understanding of the clients system of internal control relevant to the audit. It is compulsory to review the
design and implementation of all controls relevant to the audit for all audits irrespective of any decision to place reliance on the effective operation of
those controls. Completion of this schedule does not constitute tests on the effective operation of controls.
Inquiry alone is not sufficient to evaluate the design of a control relevant to the audit and to determine whether it has been implemented. Further
work such as inspecting documents or tracing transactions through the system is required.

Business area

Outline of information
system and controls

Comment on design and

effectiveness of controls

Comment on
implementation of
controls

Fixed assets

Investments

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

87

Ref to
letter of
comment
to client

Ref to
Further
ICE(S3)
testing
required? where
tested
Y/N

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

File No:

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref: C5.1

REVIEW OF DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNAL CONTROLS (cont.)

Business area

Outline of information
system and controls

Comment on design and

effectiveness of controls

Comment on
implementation of
controls

Stocks

Debtors

Bank & Cash

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

88

Ref to letter
of comment
to client

Further
testing
required?
Y/N

Ref to
ICE(S3)
where
tested

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

File No:

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref: C5.1

REVIEW OF DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNAL CONTROLS (cont.)

Business
area

Outline of information
system and controls

Comment on design
and effectiveness of
controls

Comment on
implementation of
controls

Ref to letter of
comment to
client

Creditors

Provisions

Taxation

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

89

Further
testing
required?
Y/N

Ref to
ICE(S3)
where
tested

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

File No:

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref: C5.1

REVIEW OF DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNAL CONTROLS (cont.)

Business
area

Outline of information
system and controls

Comment on design
and effectiveness of
controls

Comment on
implementation of
controls

Ref to letter of
comment to
client

Capital and
reserves

Directors
loan accounts
and
transactions

Income

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

90

Further
testing
required?
Y/N

Ref to
ICE(S3)
where
tested

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

File No:

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref: C5.1

REVIEW OF DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNAL CONTROLS (cont.)

Business
area

Outline of information
system and controls

Comment on design
and effectiveness of
controls

Comment on
implementation of
controls

Ref to letter of
comment to
client

Purchases
and other
expenses

Payroll

Nominal
ledger

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

91

Further
testing
required?
Y/N

Ref to
ICE(S3)
where
tested

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

File No:

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref: C5.1

REVIEW OF DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNAL CONTROLS (cont.)

Business
area

Outline of information
system and controls

Comment on design
and effectiveness of
controls

Comment on
implementation of
controls

Ref to letter of
comment to
client

Accounting
system

Other
relevant IT
systems

Production of
management
accounts

Production of
forecasts and
business
plans

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

92

Further
testing
required?
Y/N

Ref to
ICE(S3)
where
tested

Audit Practice Manual

Client:

Year End:

Ref: C6

File No.

AUDIT RISK SUMMARY

Objectives
To assess the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements whether due to fraud or error in
sufficient depth to design and perform further audit procedures.
To determine the overall responses to assessed risks at the financial statement level and to design and
perform further audit procedures in response to risks at the assertion level to reduce audit risk to an
acceptably low level.
Procedures undertaken

Yes/No
/NA

Comments

1. The Audit risk checklist (C6.1) has been properly completed.

2. Where appropriate the checklist and related information on the
permanent file have been reviewed to ensure they remain upto-date.
3. All risks that may result in a material misstatement at the
assertion level have been recorded on the risk action plan
(C6.3) with the overall approach summarised on C6.2.
4. Financial statement level risks (that are not addressed at the
assertion level (C6.3) are summarised below together with the
response to that risk.
Financial Statement Level Risks
The overall risk assessment at the financial statement level (see C6.4) is: Low*
* Delete as appropriate
Risk at financial statement level

Medium*

High*

Response

Conclusion at planning stage

For all relevant risk factors that have been identified, procedures have been planned that should reduce those
risks to an acceptably low level.

___________ ____________________
Audit engagement partner

_____________________
Date

Review of Audit Risk at Completion Stage

I confirm that:
1. The overall strategy and audit plan were updated as necessary during the course of the audit.
2. All risk factors identified have been addressed on the file and the risk reduced to an acceptably low level.
3. The outcome column on C6.3 has been completed and any additional work as a result of reassessing risk
has been properly documented.
________________________
Audit engagement partner

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

___________________
Date

93

Audit Practice Manual

Client:

Year End:

Ref: C6.1

File No.

AUDIT RISK CHECKLIST

The purpose of this checklist is to act as an aide mmoire in considering the various matters required by
BSAs and also as a guide to the completion of relevant forms within APM.
Yes/No
/NA
1
2

Was a detailed risk assessment (C6.4) performed in previous

years?
If not then complete the detailed risk assessment (C6.4) and
place a copy on the permanent file.

If a checklist was completed in previous years then review

the checklist with the client to ensure it remains up-to-date.

Have all specific risks assessed as medium or high been

recorded on the risk action plan (C6.3)?
Have all other specific risks that may result in a material
misstatement been recorded on the risk action plan (C6.3)?

Comments

Has the design and implementation of the entitys controls,

including relevant control activities, been evaluated for all
risks set out on the risk action plan (C6.3)?
7 Has the overall response to risk been summarised at the
financial statement level (C6.2)?
8 Have additional compliance tests on the operational
effectiveness of controls been planned where:
(a) the specific risk assessment included an expectation that
controls were operating effectively, or
(b) substantive procedures are not expected to provide sufficient
appropriate evidence to reduce risk to an acceptably low
level.
9 Where we plan to rely on the operating effectiveness of
controls to mitigate significant risks at the assertion level;
have we planned to obtain evidence about the operating
effectiveness of those controls from tests of controls to be
performed in the current period?
10 Where we have determined that an assessed risk of material
misstatement at the assertion level is significant have we
planned substantive procedures that are specifically
responsive to that risk?
11 Have we specifically considered the possibility of fraud in
relation to revenue recognition and documented the approach
in this area (C6.3)?

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Client:

Year end:

File no:

Ref: C6.2

RISK RESPONSE SUMMARY

To ensure that the nature and extent of testing undertaken is responsive to the risks assessed.

Audit
programme
reference
E Intangible
assets

Major risk
factors (See
C6.3)

Other Risks
Risk H,
M, L

Justification of risks

Audit approach and reference

to programme

F Tangible
fixed assets
G Investments
in group and
associated
undertakings
H Other
investments

I Stock and
WIP

J Debtors and
prepayments

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Client:

Year end:

File no:

Ref: C6.2

RISK RESPONSE SUMMARY

To ensure that the nature and extent of testing undertaken is responsive to the risks assessed.
Major risk
factors (See
C6.3)

Other Risks
Risk
H, M,
L

Justification of risks

Audit approach and reference

to programme

K Bank and
Cash
L Creditors and
accruals
M Long term
loans and
deferred
income
N Provisions
and
contingencies
O Capital and
reserves
P Taxation

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Client:

Year end:

File no:

Ref: C6.2

RISK RESPONSE SUMMARY

To ensure that the nature and extent of testing undertaken is responsive to the risks assessed.
Major risk
factors (See
C6.3)

Other Risks
Risk
H, M,
L

Justification of risks

Audit approach and reference

to programme

R Profit and
loss Income
--Expenditure

--Wages

--Related party
transactions

--Other

T Post
balance sheet
events

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Client:

Year end:

Ref: C6.2

File no:

RISK RESPONSE SUMMARY

To ensure that the nature and extent of testing undertaken is responsive to the risks assessed.
Major risk
factors (See
C6.3)

Other Risks
Risk
H, M,
L

Justification of risks

Audit approach and reference

to programme

U- Vat
V- Consolidation
Opening balances
and comparatives
Other
Note
Where the specific risk assessment is low for a major transaction cycle you should consider whether this includes an expectation that controls in that area will be
operating effectively. Where this is the case BSA 330.23 requires that tests on the effectiveness of those controls be performed.
TABLE OF INHERENT RISK
ASSESSMENT FACTORS
Test of Detail Only
Highlight level of risk (see above)

Planning conclusion

I am satisfied that the planned audit will produce sufficient appropriate audit evidence.
Prepared by: ________________________ Date: _____________

Financial
Statement risk

Reviewed by: ________________________ Date: _____________

(See C6.2)
Final conclusion
I have reconsidered specific risks and: no changes are needed*/the following changes have been implemented* (specify):

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.4

1.8

2.1

1.6

2.1

2.5

Prepared by: ________________________ Date: _____________

Reviewed by: _______________________ Date: _____________
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Client:

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref: C6.3
Year end:

File No:

SPECIFIC RISK ACTION PLAN

Specific risk affecting

client

H, M or L

Management response

Financial reporting areas

and assertions affected

Audit approach

Outcome

1. A risk should only be categorised as high if it is so significant as to require special audit consideration. (BSA 315.108)
2. A general risk that relates to all financial areas and assertions such as the possible sale of the business should show All in the financial areas and assertions column.

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: C6.4

DETAILED RISK ASSESSMENT

When completing this checklist it is important that an attitude of professional skepticism be maintained throughout,
recognizing the possibility that a material misstatement due to fraud could exist, notwithstanding our past
experience with the entity about the honesty and integrity of management and those charged with governance.
Any risks that have an impact at the assertion level and that are assessed as 'medium' or 'high' should normally be
carried forward to C6.3. Where this is not the case a full explanation should be given as to how the risk will be
managed. Similarly, responses to financial statement level risks should be addressed on C6 to the extent that they
are not already addressed on C6.3.
A risk should be categorised as high where it is considered so significant (significant risk) as to require special
audit consideration. (BSA 315.108)

General risk area

Specific
risk
affecting
client

Risk H,
M or L
or N/A

How will the audit

risk be managed?

1. General
1.1

Do we have any concerns as to the integrity of the

directors / management?

1.2

Are there any untrained or inexperienced staff in

key accounting roles?

1.3

Does the entity have a weak control environment?

1.4

Is the appropriateness of the going concern basis an

issue?

1.5

Would you describe the relationship with the client

as either abrasive or deteriorating?

1.6

Is there any significant external interest in the

companys financial statements?
Are there any other risk factors that may affect the
client at the financial statement level?

1.7

2. Industry Conditions
2.1

Is there a risk of technological obsolescence of

products or services?

2.2

Is the company in a highly competitive or volatile

sector of the economy?

2.3

Is the company's business affected by fashion,

demographic trends or public opinion?

2.4

Is the company affected by cyclical or seasonal

factors?

3. Regulatory Environment
3.1

Is the client authorised by an external regulator?

3.2

Does the regulator require any special reports?

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General risk area

3.3

3.4

Specific
risk
affecting
client

Risk H,
M or L
or N/A

How will the audit

risk be managed?

Are year-end returns or a copy of the accounts

required to be filed with a trade association or
regulator?
Does the client rely on membership of an association
or similar body for a substantial part of its business?

3.5

Does the client operate in a business sector where

there is likely to be additional regulations?

3.6

Are there any issues concerning eligibility for

government grants or other aid programmes?

4. Other External Factors

4.1
4.2

Will the accounts be sent to a third party?

Are there any individually material third-party
creditors?

4.3

Is there any expectation that the business (or part of

it) may be sold in the near future?

4.4

Are there any external factors (e.g. a potential listing

or bank financing) which could influence expected
results?

5. Business Operations
5.1

Is the company reliant on only a few customers or

suppliers?

5.2

Is the company heavily reliant on particular products

or services?

5.3

Are there any significant related parties to the

business?

5.4

Are there a large number of business locations

and/or a wide geographical spread of its activities?

5.5

Are there any complex situations which might

require the use of the work of an expert?

5.6

Is the company involved in electronic commerce

including internet sales?

5.7

Does the company carry out any research or

development activities?

6. Investments
6.1

Were there any acquisitions, mergers or disposals of

business activities in the period or after the yearend?

6.2

Does the company have any investments in

securities or loans?

6.3

Does the company have any investments in nonconsolidated entities, including partnerships, joint
ventures and special-purpose entities?

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Specific
risk
affecting
client

General risk area

Risk H,
M or L
or N/A

How will the audit

risk be managed?

7. Financing
7.1

Does the company have a complex capital structure?

7.2

Are there any issues arising from the company's debt

structure,
including
covenants,
restrictions,
guarantees,
or
off-balance-sheet
financing
arrangements?

7.3

Does the company

instruments?

7.4

Are there any risks of material misstatement at the

assertion level related to the fair value measurements
and disclosures in the financial statements?

use

derivative

financial

8. Financial Reporting
8.1

Have generally accepted accounting principles been

complied with in the past years?

8.2

Are the accounting policies for significant matters

appropriate to the circumstances of the entity?
Consider:
Valuation of fixed assets
Income recognition
Depreciation
Long term contracts
Could the treatment of any areas in the accounts be
disputed by the tax authorities?

8.3
8.4

Are there usually a large number of related party

transactions?

8.5

In terms of related party transactions:

(a) Is the company a member of a group that does not
prepare group accounts?
(b)
Are
any
payment
made
to
the
directors/shareholders other than remuneration or
dividends?
(c) Were there balances due to or from the directors
at any time during the year?

8.6

Is there any indication of risk of misstatement at the

assertion level for classes of transactions, account
balances or disclosures?

9. Objectives, Strategies and Related Business Risks

9.1

Have we reviewed a copy of the company's long

term strategy or business plan?

9.2

Are there any risks arising from the company

attempting to achieve the objectives set out in the
plan?
Is there a risk of failure to meet stock market (or
other shareholder) expectations (which management
may have encouraged) whether or not the
expectations were reasonable?

9.3

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General risk area

9.4

9.5

9.6

Are there legal or regulatory requirements to meet

specific financial thresholds or ratios?

9.8

Is there a need to ensure compliance with loan

covenants or to pacify bankers?

9.9

Are future plans for selling the company dependant

upon achieving specified results?

9.10

Are the amounts for provisions set by management at

the time of finalizing the profit and loss account
rather than being determined by others as part of the
routine accounting system?
Is there a pattern whereby accounting judgements
and estimates made when finalising the accounts are
all biased in the direction management desires?
Are the final figures for the company subject to
significant change as a result of journal adjustments
generated at head office?
Were there any contracts or transactions undertaken,
particularly where this was close to the year end,
where the commercial rationale is unclear?
Do the accounting policies applied by the company
fall comfortably within GAAP or do they push the
boundaries of acceptability in some areas?

9.12

9.13

9.14

9.15

Have the directors brought forward the reporting date

without good reason making it difficult to obtain the
quantity and quality of audit evidence required?

9.16

Are the results of the company out of step with

industry trends with no discernable explanation
available?
Is management keen to manipulate profits (e.g. to
reduce tax or increase bonuses)?

9.17

Risk H,
M or L
or N/A

How will the audit

risk be managed?

Are the directors and/ or managements incomes

highly geared to results either directly, through share
options, or through other possibilities for large
capital gains?
Is there pressure to meet targets to ensure protection
of the jobs of directors, management or other
employees?
Is there a desire to understate profits to reduce tax
liabilities?

9.7

9.11

Specific
risk
affecting
client

10. Measurement and Review of the Entities Financial

Performance
10.1

Have accounting records been reliable in the past?

10.2

Are meaningful management accounts prepared during the

year?

10.3

Has the audit report contained a qualification in either of

the last two years?

10.4

Have there been problems with making adjustments in the

past?

10.5

Is the engagement stable i.e. long standing?

11. Control environment

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General risk area

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

Specific
risk
affecting
client

Risk H,
M or L
or N/A

How will the audit

risk be managed?

Is the extent of management knowledge and experience

sufficient for operating the business?
Do management and administrative controls appear
strong?
Are good management information systems in existence
and used?
Is management in a position to override any controls in
existence?
Do management promote an operating style where
competence and integrity are valued?

12. The Entity's Risk Assessment Process

12.1

Will the company's risk assessment process be use in

identifying relevant risks and the actions taken in response
to them?

13. Information Systems

13.1

Are the accounting records kept up to date?

13.2

Has there been any change to the accounting system?

13.3

Are there any particular issues arising from the use of IT

that give cause for concern?

14. Control Activities and Monitoring Controls

14.1

14.2
14.3

Are there any indications that control activities such

as performance reviews or segregation of duties
have broken down or otherwise failed to operate?
Is there an effective system of monitoring controls
in place?
Are there any indications that the monitoring
controls have broken down or otherwise failed to
operate?

15. Fraud and Error

15.1

15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8

Have there been any previous experiences or

incidents which call into question the integrity or
competence of management?
Are there any unusual financial or reporting
pressures within the business?
Are there any significant weaknesses in the design
or implementation of internal controls?
Is there a history of unusual and/or complex
transactions?
Is there a history of problems in obtaining sufficient
appropriate audit evidence?
Are there inadequate controls over data in the
information system?
Is there a high degree of judgement involved in
determining account balances?
Are there a large number of assets which may be
susceptible to loss or misappropriation?

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General risk area

15.9

Do the results of analytical procedures undertaken

to obtain an understanding of the entity and its
environment show unusual or unexpected
relationships that may indicate risks of material
misstatement due to fraud?

15.10

Are there usually a large number of transactions not

subjected to ordinary processing?
Are the accounting staff well trained and capable of
performing the tasks allocated to them?

15.11
15.12
15.13

Specific
risk
affecting
client

Risk H,
M or L
or N/A

How will the audit

risk be managed?

Are there any attitude or morale problems in the

accounting department?
Is there a high level of turnover of accounting staff?

15.14

Does any other information obtained indicate any

risk of material misstatement due to fraud?

15.15

Is there a business rational for any transactions that

appear out of the ordinary?

Conclusion
(Identify any major risks and mitigating factors to arrive at an overall assessment of financial statement level risk.
Note, assertion level risks that will be addressed on C6.3 should not affect the assessment of risk at the financial
statement level.)

The assessment of risk at the financial statement level is:

Low*

________________________________________
Audit engagement partner
* Delete as appropriate

_______________________________
Date

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

Medium*

High*

105

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref:

C7

PRELIMINARY ANALYTICAL REVIEW

The auditor should apply analytical procedures as risk assessment procedures to obtain an
understanding of the company and its environment (BSA 520.8)
Y/N
1

Consider comparison of the draft results for

the current period with:
(a) information for prior periods;
(b) those anticipated in budgets or forecasts;
(c)other companies of comparable size in the
same industry, and
(d) overall industry of sector statistics.

Consider relationships between:

(a) elements of financial information that
would be expected to conform to a predictable
pattern based on the companys experience,
such as gross margin percentages, and
(b) financial information and relevant nonfinancial information, such as payroll costs to
number of employees.
Consider the reliability of the information
used to perform analytical review procedures
and whether this will be verified as part of the
audit process.

Comments

Ref:

Ensure that the areas of increased risk

identified are recorded on C6.3.

Conclusion (identifying any transactions or balances meriting further enquiry or areas of increased risk)
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by:____________________________

Date: ________________________

Reviewed by: ___________________________

Date: ________________________

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MATERIALITY SUMMARY
The determination of what is material is a matter of professional judgement. The percentage benchmarks set out
below are intended to provide guidance in exercising that judgement. They should not be used as a formula to
'calculate' materiality.

Materiality ranges
Range of turnover or gross assets

% of
Gross Profit
10%

Materiality ranges

Tk. 0 - Tk5 Crores

% of turnover
or gross assets
3.00%

Tk5 Crores 1 - Tk 10 Crores

2.50%

10%

Tk15 lacs 1 -Tk25 lacs

Tk10 Crores 1 20 Crores

2.00%

10%

Tk25 Lacs 1 - Tk40 Lacs

Tk20 Crores 1 - 56 Crores

1.50%

10%

Tk40 Lacs 1 - Tk84 Lacs

over Tk56 Crores

1.00%

10%

over Tk84 Lacs

Tk1 -Tk15 lacs

Application of materiality ranges to business

Initial assessment
Percentage
%

Anticipated Materialitylevel
results Tk
Tk

Final assessment
Percentage
%

Final results Materiality level

Tk
Tk

Turnover
Gross assets
Profit/(loss)
before tax
Adjustments
for unusual
items
Adjusted
profit/(loss)

10%

Overall initial audit materiality set at:

10%

This year: Tk. __________Last year (final): Tk. __________

Comments___________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
Based on the anticipated results, 1 am satisfied that the above figure represents an appropriate initial audit
materiality.
Prepared by: ________________________________________
Date: ____________
Reviewed by: ________________________________________

Date: ____________

Final Audit Materiality:

This year: Tk. _______________
Comments
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
Based on the final results, I am satisfied that the above figure represents an appropriate final audit materiality.
Prepared by: ________________________________________

Date: ________

Reviewed by: ______________________________________

Date: _______

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref:

C9.1

ACCOUNTANCY WORK PLANNING

Before planning to undertake an accountancy work it is essential that the ethical position and the impact on the
audit is considered.
1. Level of acceptable accounting differences
If the accounts are to be prepared by us, specify below the level of accounting differences which do not require
further investigation:
This year
Last year
Overall level of acceptable differences:
Tk__________________ Tk __________________
If different levels are to be set for the different areas of the accounts preparation, specify these below:
Area

Level of acceptable differences

Current year
Prior year
Tk__________________ Tk ________________
Tk__________________ Tk ________________
Tk__________________ Tk ________________
Tk__________________ Tk ________________
Tk__________________ Tk ________________

2 Analysis work required

Analysis will be required at the following levels:
Income:
1 Turnover

NCN/By category*

2 Dividends and interest received/receivable

3 Rents received/receivable

NCN/all items*
NCN/all items*

4 Management charges
5

NCN/all items*
____________________________
____________________________

6
Expenditure:
7 Directors emoluments

NCN/in full*

8 Interest payable
9 Subscriptions and donations
10 Insurance (cover and premiums)
11 Repairs and renewals
12 Legal, professional and audit

NCN/all items over Tk___________*

NCN/all items over Tk___________*
NCN/in full, ensuring all areas covered*
NCN/all items over Tk___________*
NCN/all items over Tk___________*

13 Entertaining
14 Sundry expenses
15
16
17

NCN/all items over Tk___________*

NCN/all items over Tk___________*
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________

18
* Delete as appropriate.
NCN = not considered necessary.

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: C9.2

SAMPLE SIZE PLANNING

Objective

No.

Extensive
analytical
review to
be used?

Tests of
effectiven
ess of
internal
controls to
be used?

Internal
controls
sample
size

Substantive
procedures
to be used?

Substantive
procedures
sample size

Comments

Intangible
assets

Tangible fixed
assets

Investments to
group and
associated
undertakings

Other
investments

Stock
WIP

Debtors and
prepayments

Bank and cash

Creditors and
accruals

Long-term
loans and
deferred income

Profit and loss:

- income

- expenditure

wages

other

Other

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: C9.3

ASSIGNMENT PLANNING TIMETABLE

Objective: To plan and control the timing of the assignment
Planned dates

Actual dates

___________________

__________

(a) ____________________________________

__________to_________

__________

(b) _________________________________

__________to_________

__________

(c) __________________________________

__________to_________

__________

(d) __________________________________

__________to_________

__________

(e) ___________________________________

__________to_________

__________

Stocktake attendance:
(f) __________________________________

__________to_________

__________

(g) ____________________________________

__________to_________

__________

1. Availability of accounting records

2

Staff bookings:

Revised letter of engagement sent

Information requests:

__________
__________

__________

(a) Bank letter

(b) Solicitor's letter

__________

__________

(c) Debtor's circularisation

__________

__________

(d) Creditor's circularisation

__________

__________

(e) Paid cheques

__________

__________

(f)

__________

__________

(e)

__________

__________

Manager review

__________

__________

Partner review

__________

__________

Discussion of accounts with client

__________

__________

Availability of final signed accounts

__________

__________

9
Other details
__________________________________________________ __________________ _______________
__________________________________________________ __________________ _______________
___________________________________

__________________ ___

10 Comments

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref: C9.4

BUDGETED AND PERFORMANCE SUMMARY

Budget (units)

Staff initials or grade

Actual (units)
Total

Total

Completion
Planning
Extensive analytical review
Intangible assets
Tangible fixed assets
Investments in group and
associated undertakings
Other investments
Stock and work in progress
Debtors and prepayments
Bank balances and cash
Creditors and accruals
Long-term loans & deferred
income
Provisions and contingencies
Capital
Taxation
Profit and loss
Post balance sheet events
Value added tax
Consolidation
Accounts working papers
Letter of comment / meetings
Typing/production of accounts
Other*
Total units
Charge out Rate
Cost of units

Partner(s)

_________units at_______

________units at ________

Expenses

Tk

Tk

TOTAL COST

Tk

Tk

Budget approved (Partner) ________________________

Date ________________

Discussed with client ______________________Date ___________ Fee agreed at Tk _____________

Total costs last year

Tk ________________Fee last year Tk_______________________

* Analyse in more detail if required

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref: C9.5

JOB PROGRESS REPORT

Staff name: ___________________________________

Grade: _____________________________

This document should be used to maintain an accurate analysis of the time charged to each client. The time charged to date,
together with the estimate to completion, should provide the best estimate of the total to be incurred. Any significant deviation
from budget should be explained in the comments column.
Budget

b/fwd

Dates

c/fwd

Estima
te to
compl
ete

TOTAL

Completion
Planning
Extensive analytical review
Intangible assets
Tangible fixed assets
Investments in group and
associated undertakings
Other investments
Stock and work in progress
Debtors and prepayments
Bank balances and cash
Creditors and accruals
Long-term loans & deferred
income
Provisions and contingencies
Capital
Taxation
Profit and loss
Post balance sheet events
Value added tax
Consolidation
Accounts working papers
Letter of comment/ meetings
Typing/production of accounts
Other*
TOTAL
* Analyse in more detail if required

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Com
ment
s

Audit Practice Manual

Client:

Prepared by:

Date:

Year end:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref

File no:
CALLING OVER SHEET AND TYPING INSTRUCTIONS
Calling over
(Insert initials & date)
Draft accounts prior to client approval
Called by:

Cast by:

Read by:

Referenced to file by:

Note totals agreed to P & L or B/S by:

Checklist completed by:

Final accounts for signature

Called by:

Cast by:

Read by:

Referenced to file by:

Note totals agreed to P & L or B/S by:

Checklist revised by:

Typing/printing instructions
Copies required

Number of copies
Full accounts

Notes

Abbreviated accounts

Client
ROJSC
Revenue
Bank
Audit File
Other

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref:
C10

OPENING BALANCE AND COMPARATIVES CHECKLIST

This checklist should be used in circumstances where an audit is being undertaken for the first time. This
could either be because the client has been taken over from another firm or because the previous
periods accounts were unaudited.

Y/N

Comments

Ref:

1 Planning
1.1 Was there an audit in the previous period?
1.2 Confirm that the prior periods closing balances have been
correctly brought forward to the current period.
1.3 Summarise the main balance sheet opening balances and the
main accounting policies.
1.4 Consider the risk of material misstatement in the current periods
accounts due to errors in the brought forward figures.
1.5 Detail what steps will be taken to mitigate those risks.
1.6 Detail the steps to be taken to confirm that the comparative
figures are reasonable.

1.7 Have the current periods accounting policies been

correctly applied in respect of the opening balances?
2 Completion
2.1 Have the accounting policies been consistently applied?
2.2 Are the results and ratios consistent and in accordance with the
audit evidence obtained?
2.3 Were the results of the audit work undertaken on opening
balances and comparatives satisfactory?
2.4 Have management been informed where there is a misstatement
of the opening balances that could materially affect the current
periods figures?
2.5 Where corresponding amounts have been adjusted as required by
relevant legislation or accounting standards have the appropriate
disclosures been made?
3 Conclusion
I am / am not satisfied that the opening balances and comparatives are reasonably stated*
Where a no answer has been given detail below the impact this will have on the current periods audit
report, and cross - reference to schedule B6 Justification of Audit Report.*
Prepared by
Date ____________
__________________________________________
Prepared by
Date ____________
__________________________________________
*Delete as appropriate

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D EXTENSIVE ANALYTICAL REVIEW

1 Lead schedule
2 Audit programme

2.1 Extensive analytical review working paper

3
4
5

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: D

SUMMARY SHEET EXTENSIVE ANALYTICAL REVIEW

Planning
Audit objectives

1 To provide additional
assurances on the
completeness, accuracy and
validity of the information
contained in the accounting
records and accounts.
2 To provide assurance on the
validity of any preliminary
analytical review procedures
carried out at the planning
stage.
3 To assist in carrying out final
analytical review procedures.
4 To seek to reduce the extent
of tests of detail, if the
results of our analytical
review are consistent with
expectations/ explanations.

Number of
key tests
which
satisfy
objective*

Reference
to
bespoke
tests to be
carried out

Final
Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Comments

Init
ials

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
Final conclusion
From the analytical review procedures carried out I confirm that *(subject to the matters highlighted on
B5 or B8) in my opinion such procedures provide additional appropriate audit evidence as to the
completeness, accuracy and validity of information in the accounts.
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
* Delete if not applicable.
Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: D2

AUDIT PROGRAMME EXTENSIVE ANALYTICAL REVIEW

Particulars

Test
Required
Y/N

Results
Satisfactory
Y/N

Schedule
Ref

Comments

Initial
and
Date

General
1 Carry out extensive analytical
review procedures, if
(a) efficient in audit time;
(b) this may, where
appropriate, reduce the
extent of detailed testing,
or
(c) necessary to provide
additional audit evidence,
where the audit trail is
otherwise incomplete.

Identify, using the working

paper attached, for which
of the business cycles (and
which objectives
/assertions) extensive
analytical review can be
utilised to reduce or
eliminate additional
audit tests in the area:
sales
purchases
wages and salaries

other overheads
Compare current years
figures, at intervals
consistent with availability
of management
information, against
estimates derived from a
sample of the following:
(a) previous years figures;
(b) budgeted figures (if
available);
(c) industry and other
external statistics;
(d) Inland Revenue
industry notes (if available);
(e) non financial
information (specify),
and

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Particulars

7
8

10

Test
Required
Y/N

Results
Satisfactory
Y/N

Schedule
Ref

Comments

Initial
and
Date

(f) any other relevant

information (specify).
Compare results of
extensive analytical review
with those of preliminary
analytical review.
Investigate normal and
abnormal fluctuations, and
record explanations.
Record details of the
evidence obtained to
substantiate and
corroborate the
explanations received.
Note points on B9 where
relevant to final analytical
review procedures.

Determine whether or
not the results of the
extensive analytical
review are such as to
justify reducing the
nature or extent of
detailed testing, in each
of the business cycles.
Tailor the audit
programmes
accordingly, and crossrefer to relevant sample
selection planning
schedules.
Consider whether there
are any points which
need to be included in a
letter of representation
or letter of comment and
record on A5 or A6 as
appropriate.

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Client:
Year end:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

File no:

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: D2.1

EXTENSIVE ANALYTICAL REVIEW WORKING PAPER

This form should be used to identify analytical procedures to be undertaken on the relevant business
cycle, including the relevant objectives it will help to address.

FOR BUSINESS CYCLE(S):

*Delete as appropriate

Sales*/Purchases*/Payroll*/Overheads*/
Other* (specify)

Test

Planned outcome:
Financial statement assertions addressed within the business cycle(s) (tick all that apply)
The headings below relate to the financial statement assertions, which are detailed within BSA
500 Audit Evidence.

Existence

Rights and
obligations

Occurrence

Completeness

Valuation

Measurement

Presentation
and disclosure

Audit areas affected

Results

Conclusion

Tests of detail which can be reduced

Test reference

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S OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROLS

1 Lead schedule

2 Audit programme

3 Internal Control Evaluation

4 Internal Control Questionnaire

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: S1

SUMMARY SHEET OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROLS

Planning

Audit objectives

To test the effective operation

of key controls where the risk
assessment
includes
an
expectation that they are
operating effectively.
2 To test the effective operation
of
key
controls
where
substantive tests alone do not
provide sufficient evidence of
operation.
3 To seek to reduce the nature or
extent of substantive testing
where reliance on controls is
more effective.
4 To ensure that reliance on the
testing of controls at the
interim stage or in earlier years
is only relied upon where it is
appropriate to do so.
5 To identify weaknesses in
internal controls that should be
brought to the attention of
management.
Planning conclusion

Number
of key
tests
which
satisfy
objective*

Reference
to bespoke
tests to be
carried out

Final
Are you
satisfied that
the objectives
have been
met?

Comments

Initials

1, 2, 3

Yes/No

1, 2, 3

Yes/No

1, 2, 3

Yes/No

4, 5, 6, 7,
8

Yes/No

Yes/No

I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
Final conclusion
From tests of controls carried out I confirm that *(subject to the matters highlighted on B5 or B8) in my
opinion such procedures provide additional appropriate audit evidence as to the completeness, accuracy
and validity of information in the accounts.
Prepared by: ___________________ Date: ________Reviewed by: ______________ Date: __________
Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)
Prepared by: ___________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: ___________________________ Date: ______________
*Delete if not applicable.

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:
S2

AUDIT PROGRAMME OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROLS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1 Testing the operational effectiveness of
internal controls should be undertaken
where:
(a) the risk assessment includes an
expectation that controls are
operating effectively;
(b) substantive tests alone do not
provide sufficient evidence of
operation, or
(c) this is more effective than relying
solely on substantive procedures.
2

Where the assessed risk of material

misstatement at the assertion level is a
significant risk and it is intended to
place reliance on the operating
effectiveness of controls intended to
mitigate that significant risk, confirm
that the testing of the operating
effectiveness of those controls is
performed in the current period.

Document each control to be tested on

the ICE (S3) and reference each to the
working
papers
evidencing
the
compliance test.
Interim testing
4 Where the operating effectiveness of
controls was tested during an interim
period has consideration been given to
what additional audit evidence should
be obtained for the remaining period?
Reliance on testing in prior years
5 Where it is planned to rely on evidence
about the operating effectiveness of
controls obtained in prior audits, has
evidence about whether those specific
controls have subsequently changed
been obtained?
6 Where it is planned to place reliance on
controls that have changed since they
were last tested has the operating
effectiveness of those controls been
tested this year?

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Particulars
7

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

Where it is planned to place reliance on

controls that have not changed since
they were last tested, confirm that those
controls were last tested no more than
two years ago.
Where it is planned to place reliance on
a number of controls that have not
changed since they were last tested,
confirm that some of those controls
were tested this year.
Consider whether:
(a) It is appropriate to place the
planned reliance on the operational
effectiveness of internal controls,
and
(b) There are any points which need to
be included in a letter of
representation or letter of comment
and record on A5 or A6 as
appropriate.

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

INTERNAL CONTROL EVALUATION

Business area

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Key Control

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

Ref: S3

Compliance test

124

Ref. To
detailed
work

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Place
reliance
on
control?
Y/N

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: S4

INTERNAL CONTROL QUESTIONNAIRE

This questionnaire is intended as an aid memoire to assist in the identification of systems and controls
for inclusion on the Review of Design & Implementation of Controls schedule (C5.1). Completion of
this questionnaire in isolation will not pro-vide the evidence concerning the design and implementation
of controls required by BSA 315

Particulars

Relevant
to audit
(Y/N)

Ref to
C5.1

Ref to
A6 C6.3

Fixed assets
1 Are minutes maintained of all board meetings and
management meetings, authorising capital expenditure and
also disposals?
2 Does the company maintain fixed asset purchase order
requisitions, which are pre-numbered, authorised and
controlled?
3 Is there evidence to show that the addition invoices have
been checked for accuracy and that the posting code has
been checked before the items are posted to the nominal
ledger?
4 Is the fixed asset register regularly reconciled to the
nominal ledger account, and also to actual physical assets?
5 Is there independent checking of calculations of profits and
losses on disposal?
6 Is there evidence to show that there have been regular
inspections of the condition and use of assets?
7 Other:
Stock
8

Is there restricted access to stock, and physical security

over the stock?

Is there an independent check on all despatches, including

any made by persons other than those responsible for the
stock?

10 Are regular reconciliations of actual stock to stock records

undertaken?
11 Is there independent matching of goods in and out with
purchase and sales documentation?
12 Is there a system for the reporting of slow, obsolete or
damaged stock to relevant levels of management?
13 Does the client maintain pre-numbered goods received
notes (GRN) and stock
14 Is there a record of an authorization of scrapped/ damaged
goods?
15 Other:
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Particulars

Relevant
to audit
(Y/N)

Ref to
C5.1

Ref to
A6 C6.3

Sales cycle
16 Does the business have some form of control over who they
sell goods to on credit?
17 Is there prior approval by the credit department of all sales
before the goods are actually despatched?
18 Is there prompt billing of all sales?
19 Is effective credit control exercised over outstanding
balances?
20 Are sales ledger control account reconciliation carried out?
21 Does the client use pre-printed and controlled sequentially
numbered invoices?
22 Are invoices only raised when the invoicing department is
given a valid order or despatch note?
23 Is there a periodic separate check of the goods that have
been dispatched to ensure that they agree with the order
details and the invoice details?
24 Are despatch notes independently checked to invoices?
25 Is invoice pricing independently checked and reviewed?
26 Other:
Bank
27 Are the duties of the person writing/posting the cash book
separated from the per-son responsible for the nominal
ledger, making payments or handling receipts and
checking the bank reconciliation?
28 Is there adequate security over blank cheques and
procedures to ensure that under no circumstances should
pre-signed cheques be maintained?
29 Are cash book balances regularly reconciled to the
nominal ledger control account?
30 Are cheques despatched immediately after signature and
not returned to the per-son who has prepared them?
31 Does a senior member of the clients staff independently
check bank reconciliations?
32 Are cash counts undertaken on a regular basis, without the
person in charge of petty cash being aware that they are
going to be undertaken?
33 Other:
Purchases cycle
34

Are all invoices approved prior to payment?

35

Are there controls to ensure that discounts are taken

wherever possible?

36

Are supplier statement reconciliations carried out where

available?

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Relevant
to audit
(Y/N)

Particulars

37

Are purchase ledger and

reconciliations carried out?

38

Are purchase invoices checked to pre-numbered goods

received notes, which in turn are checked to authorised
orders?

39

Are invoices marked when they are being paid to prevent

them being entered into the system again?
Other:

40

VAT

control

Ref to
C5.1

Ref to
A6 C6.3

account

Payroll
41 Is the payroll independently approved for accuracy?
42 Does an independent department keep proper personnel
records?
43 Does the payroll department maintain a formal record of
notification of changes in rates of pay etc?
44
45

Are payroll control account reconciliations carried out?

Other:

Information technology
46

Is there reliance on systems or programs that are

inaccurately processing data, processing inaccurate data, or
both.

47

Are there controls to prevent unauthorized access to data

that may result in destruction of data or improper changes
to data, including the recording of unauthorized or nonexistent transactions, or inaccurate recording of
transactions? (Note Particular risks may arise where
multiple users access a common database.)
Can personnel gain access privileges to systems beyond
those necessary to per-form their assigned duties thereby
breaking down segregation of duties?
Are there controls to prevent unauthorized changes to data
in master files?
Are there controls to prevent unauthorized changes to
systems or programs?
Are all necessary changes to systems or programs made on
a timely basis?
Are there controls to prevent inappropriate manual
intervention?
Are there controls to prevent potential loss of data or
inability to access data as required?
Are appropriate back-up and disaster recovery systems in
place?

48

49
50
51
52
53
54

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Particulars

Relevant
to audit
(Y/N)

Ref to
C5.1

Ref to
A6 C6.3

General
55 Is the culture of the organisation conductive to the
effective operation of internal controls?
56 Does management use their influence in the business to
promote the effective operation of internal controls?
57 Are reliable management accounts produced at least
quarterly and reviewed by management so that significant
errors would be identified and corrected?
58 Other:

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T POST BALANCE SHEET EVENTS

1

Lead schedule

Audit programme post balance sheet events

Going concern checklist

3.1 Going concern conclusion

4

Final programme post balance sheet events

5
6

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SUMMARY SHEET POST BALANCE SHEET EVENTS

Planning

Audit objectives

Number of
key tests
which satisfy
objective*

Reference to
bespoke tests
to be carried
out

Final
Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

To ensure that all material adjusting

and non-adjusting post balance
sheet events are identified and
correctly treated in the accounts.

2, 3

Yes/No

To ensure that the going concern

basis of accounting is appropriate.

4, 5, 6, 7

Yes/No

8, 9

Yes/No

To confirm that all necessary

disclosures
concerning
post
balance sheet events have been
made and that the information is
appropriately
presented
and
described.
Planning conclusion

Comments

Initials

I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by: _______________________ _______ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: _____________
Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts, and
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* post balance sheet events are
fairly stated.
Prepared by: ______________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _____________________________ Date: ______________
Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
* Delete if not applicable.

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: T2

AUDIT PROGRAMME POST BALANCE SHEET EVENTS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1
Assess whether the initial materiality, risk
assessment or extent of reliance on controls
should be revised in view of the audit
evidence obtained. Record details of any
necessary adjustments on B5 or B8. Consider
the impact on the remainder of the audit work
and on any work undertaken to date.
Post balance sheet events
2

Review the following to ensure that nothing

has occurred since the year end which should
be disclosed or provided for:
(a) management accounts;
(b) cash book, invoices and bank statements;
(c) correspondence;
(d) minutes of meetings, and
(e) major contracts.
Discuss with management and ensure that all
material items have been identified. Consider
the following:

(a) the current status of items that were

accounted for on the basis of preliminary
or inconclusive data;
(b) whether new commitments, borrowings
or guarantees have been entered into;
(c) whether sales or acquisition of assets
have occurred or are planned;
(d) whether the issue of new shares or
debentures or an agreement to merge or
liquidate has been made or is planned;
(e) whether any assets have been
appropriated
by
government
or
destroyed, for example, by fire or flood;
(f) whether there have been any developments
regarding risk areas and contingencies, and
(g) whether
any
unusual
accounting
adjustments have been made or are
contemplated.
Going concern
4

Where available obtain copies of cash flow

forecasts and/or budgets and consider:

(a)
(b)

the applicability of the bases and

assumptions used;
whether they provide adequate evidence

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Particulars

(c)

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

of the companys ability to continue as a

going concern, and
where a period of less than 12 months
has been considered, what other
evidence is available to support the
companys ability to continue as a going
concern.

Where no cash flows or budgets are available:

(a)

describe what evidence is available to

sup-port the companys ability to
continue as a going concern, and
(b) record the evidence obtained to
demonstrate that the directors have
considered a period of at least 12
months.
6
Where going concern is an issue complete the
checklist on T3 and consider what effect, if
any, yes answers will have on the
companys ability to continue trading as a
going concern.
7
Seek
written
representations
from
management regarding:
(a) its plans for future action;
(b) its assessment that the company is a
going concern, and
(c) any relevant disclosures in the financial
statements.
Presentation and disclosure
8
Confirm that a disclosure checklist will be
completed for this year. Where that is not the
case explain how the objectives relating to
disclosure will be achieved.
9
Ensure that there is evidence on the file to
sup-port all disclosures made.
Bespoke tests
10 Draft any necessary additional tests such as
those required by C6.3 and cross reference
with the objectives on the summary sheet.
Conclusion
11 Consider whether:
(a) all events up to the date of the auditors
report that may require adjustment of, or
disclosure in, the financial statements
have been identified;
(b) there are any indications that the going
concern basis may not be appropriate;
(c) matters have been properly presented
and disclosed in the accounts, and
(d) there are any points which need to be
included in a letter of representation or
letter of comment and record this on A5
or A6 as appropriate.
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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: T3

GOING CONCERN CHECKLIST

Particulars

YES/NO*

1 Financial
1.1

Does the company have net liabilities or net current liabilities?

1.2

Has the company failed to negotiate finance to cover its borrowing requirements? YES/NO*
(eg is it trading over its overdraft facility or is it having difficulty negotiating a
time extension on its overdraft?)

1.3

Has the company defaulted on any loan agreement or breached any covenant?

YES/NO*

1.4

Does the company have serious liquidity or cash flow problems?

YES/NO*

1.5

Has the company sustained major losses or experienced cash flow problems since YES/NO*
the period end which could threaten the companys continued existence?

1.6

Has the company sold a substantial number of fixed assets which it is not YES/NO*
intending to replace?
Is the company seeking a major restructuring of its debt?
YES/NO*

1.7

YES/NO*

1.8

Has the company experienced problems in obtaining and/or retaining YES/NO*

normal terms of trade credit by suppliers?
1.9
Does the company have major debt repayments which are due or are YES/NO*
about to fall due where refinancing is necessary to meet the obligation?
1.10 Is the company experiencing problems paying debts as they fall due?
YES/NO*
2 Operational
2.1

Have there been any fundamental changes in the market or technology to which YES/NO*
the entity is unable to adapt adequately?

2.2

Have there been any externally forced reductions in operations (for example, as a YES/NO*
result of legislation or regulatory action)?

2.3

Has the company lost any key management or staff?

YES/NO*

2.4

Is the company experiencing any labour difficulties?

YES/NO*

2.5

Is the company relying on a few product lines and operating in a depressed YES/NO*
market?

2.6

Has the company lost any key suppliers or customers or have there been technical YES/NO*
developments which could render a key product obsolete?
3 Other
3.1

Is the company involved in any major litigation in which an adverse judgement YES/NO*
could imperil the entitys continued existence?

3.2

Are there any issues which involve a range of possible outcomes so wide that an YES/NO*
unfavourable result could affect the appropriateness of the going concern basis?
Are there any other factors which could adversely affect the appropriateness of the going YES/NO*

3.3

concern basis? If Yes, specify:

4 Conclusion
4.1 Complete the conclusion schedule on T3.1.
* Delete as appropriate.

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YES/NO*

133

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Client:
Year end:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

File no:

Date:
Date:

Ref: T3.1

GOING CONCERN CONCLUSION

Particulars
1

Where going concern has been reviewed by the directors for a period of less
than 12 months has this been disclosed in the accounts or in the audit report?

Where you have been unable to obtain all the information and evidence
necessary to adequately assess the companys ability to continue as a going
concern, has a suitably worded qualified audit report been drafted?

Where the accounts have not been drawn up on a going concern basis, either:
(a)
(b)

YES/NO*

are you happy that the basis of preparation of the accounts is reasonable
and that there is adequate disclosure in the accounts;* or
has a suitably worded qualified audit report being drafted?*

Where there is a significant level of concern about the companys ability to

continue as a going concern:
(a)

have adequate disclosures been made in the accounts:

a statement that the accounts have been prepared on the going concern
basis;
a statement of the pertinent facts;
the nature of the concern;
a statement of the assumptions adopted by the directors, which should
be clearly distinguishable from the pertinent facts;
(where appropriate and practicable) a statement regarding the directors
plans for resolving the matters giving rise to the concern, and
details of any relevant actions by the directors.

(b)

has a suitably worded qualified audit report been drafted?

Prepared by ________________________________________________Date: __________________

Reviewed by ________________________________________________Date: _________________

*Delete if not applicable.

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: T4

FINAL PROGRAMME POST BALANCE SHEET EVENTS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1

Establish whether the management have

effective procedures to ensure that subsequent
events are identified.

Read the minutes of management meetings

held since the end of the audit and enquire
about matters discussed at meetings for which
minutes are not yet available.

Review any available accounting records and

identify whether anything needs to be
reflected in the accounts.

Enquire with management whether any

subsequent events have occurred which might
affect the accounts. Cover specifically:
the current status of items involving subjective
judgement or which were accounted for on the
basis
of
preliminary
data:
specify:____________________________

__________________________

5
6

a) whether new commitments, borrowings or

guarantees have been entered into;
b) whether sales of assets have occurred or
are planned;
c) whether the issue of new shares or
debentures, or an agreement to merge or
to liquidate, has been made or is planned;
d) whether any assets have been destroyed;
e) whether
there
have
been
any
developments regarding risk areas and
contingencies;
g) whether
any
unusual accounting
adjustments have
been made or
are contemplated, and
h) whether any events have occurred or are
likely to occur which might bring into
question the appropriateness of the
accounting policies.
Consider, where appropriate, the validity of
the going concern basis of accounting.
Confirm that the directors review of the
future of the business still extends to a period
of at least 12 months.

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TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Lead schedule
Audit programme
Additions and disposals
Depreciation basis/calculation
Grants received/receivable

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: F

SUMMARY SHEET TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS

Planning
Audit objectives

1 To establish that tangible fixed assets

exist.
2 To establish that tangible fixed assets are
beneficially owned.
3 To verify that all tangible fixed assets are
recorded and disclosed at cost or
valuation and that the basis is acceptable.
4 To confirm that depreciation is adequately
provided over the estimated useful lives
of the assets.
5 To confirm that all necessary disclosures
concerning fixed assets have been made
and that the information is appropriately
presented and described.

Number
of
key tests
which
satisfy
objective*

Final

Reference
to
bespoke
tests to be
carried
out

Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

8, 9

Yes/No

10

Yes/No

11, 12,
13, 14,
15
16

17, 18,
19

Comments

Initials

Yes/No
Yes/No

Yes/No

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by:
________________________________
Reviewed by:
_______________________________

Date:
______________
Date:
______________

Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
- the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
- the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
- all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts; and
- in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* tangible fixed assets are fairly stated.
Prepared by:
________________________________
Reviewed by:
_______________________________
* Delete if not applicable.

Date:
______________
Date:
______________

Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)

Prepared by:
________________________________
Reviewed by:
_______________________________

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

Date:
______________
Date:
______________

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:
F2

AUDIT PROGRAMME TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1 Agree the opening balances to last
years accounts.
2 Obtain and check, or prepare, a
lead schedule for the current
years figures and reconcile this
to the nominal ledger.
3 Examine any material journal
entries or other adjustments made
during the course of preparing the
financial statements.
4 Carry out analytical procedures
such as:
(a) comparison of the current
figures with those of prior
periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other
performance indicators.
5 Review the planned extent of
reliance on internal controls in
this area and consider whether
this remains appropriate.
6 Assess whether the initial
materiality and/or risk assessment
should be revised in view of the
audit evidence obtained. Record
details
of
any
necessary
adjustments on B5 or B8.
Consider the impact on the
remainder of the audit work and
on any work undertaken to date.
7 Review for large and/or unusual
items and verify.
Existence
8 Carry out physical inspection of
fixed assets including both
current year additions and assets
purchased in previous years.
9 Where physical verification has
not been undertaken, detail below
the steps carried out to establish
that all assets exist.
Ownership
10 (a) Confirm title to all freehold
properties by means of a land
registry search.
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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

NB Physical deeds are no longer

evidence of title. A land registry
search must be undertaken either
over the internet or by post.

(b) Inspect property leases or

obtain direct confirmation
from bank or other custodian.
Valuation and disclosure
11 Vouch additions to purchase
invoices. Ensure
that:
(a) the cost is correctly
determined and recorded;
(b) they have been properly
authorised;
(c) they are correctly classified;
(d) they are of a capital, not
revenue, nature;
(e) the value has been correctly
computed where they
represent the capitalisation of
items made internally, and
(f) assets acquired were
delivered prior to the balance
sheet date.
(g) assets acquired under finance
leases are treated correctly.
12 Vouch disposals to available
evidence. Ensure that:
(a) sales proceeds have been
correctly accounted for;
(b) profit /loss on disposal has
been correctly calculated;
(c) they have been properly
authorised, and
(d) they have been removed from
the fixed asset register/listing.
13 Consider whether there are any
indicators of impairment, which
might adversely affect the value
of the assets, and ensure that
these have been dealt with in
accordance
with
applicable
accounting standards.
14 Where there is a policy of
revaluation for a class of assets is
that policy applied consistently to
all assets in that class?

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

15 Where
the
business
has
investment properties consider
whether additions or revaluations
have been accounted for correctly
under applicable accounting
standards.
Depreciation
16 (a) compare bases and rates of
depreciation with accounting policy
note;
(b) Review the methods applied and
consider whether they are
appropriate to the pattern of
consumption of the assets.
(c) confirm that all assets are being
depreciated in accordance with
the companys accounting policy;
(d) check calculations, and
(e) ensure that no assets have been
depreciated by more than cost.
Presentation and disclosure
17 Confirm that a disclosure checklist
will be completed for this year.
Where that is not the case explain
how the objectives relating to
disclosure will be achieved.
18 Ensure that there is evidence on the
file to support the disclosures made
such as property valuations or the
book value of leased assets.
19 Ensure that where assets have been
revalued during the year:
(a) the revaluation is accounted for
correctly through the STRGL or
profit and loss accounts as
appropriate, and
(b) the necessary historical cost
information is available for
disclosure purposes.
Bespoke tests
20 Draft any necessary additional tests
such as those required by C6.3 and
cross reference with the objectives
on the summary sheet.
Conclusion
21 Consider whether there are any items
which need to be included in a letter
of representation or letter of
comment and record on A5 or A6 as
applicable.

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Audit Practice Manual

H INVESTMENTS

1 Lead schedule
2 Audit programme
3 Valuation and verification
4
5

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: H

SUMMARY SHEET INVESTMENTS

Planning

Audit objectives
1
2

4
5

To ensure that the company has good

title to all investments.
To ensure that investments are valued
correctly, with provision being made
for any permanent diminution in
value.
To ensure that investments are
properly classified as either fixed or
current assets and treatment is
consistent.
To ensure that all income from
investments has been accounted for.
To confirm that all necessary
disclosures concerning investments
have been made and that the
information
is
appropriately
presented and described.

Number of
key tests
which
satisfy
objective*

8, 9
10, 11,
12, 13,
14

Reference
to
bespoke
tests to be
carried out

Final
Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

Comments

Initials

Yes/No

Yes/No

16

Yes/No

15

Yes/No

17, 18

Yes/No

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts; and
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* investments are fairly stated.
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
* Delete if not applicable.

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: H2

AUDIT PROGRAMME INVESTMENTS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1 Agree the opening balances to last years
accounts.
2 Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead schedule
for the current years figures and reconcile
this to the nominal ledger.
3 Examine any material journal entries or other
adjustments made during the course of
preparing the financial statements.
4 Carry out analytical procedures such as:
(a) comparison of the current figures with
those of prior periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other
performance indicators.
5
Review the planned extent of reliance on
internal controls in this area and consider
whether this remains appropriate.
6 Assess whether the initial materiality and/or
risk assessment should be revised in view of
the audit evidence obtained. Record details
of any necessary adjustments on B5 or B8.
Consider the impact on the remainder of the
audit work and on any work undertaken to
date.
7

Review for large and/or unusual items and verify.

Ownership
8 Inspect documents of title. Ensure that:
(a) details are correctly recorded (company
name, number of shares, etc);
(b) the investment is in the company name;
(c) where employees of the company hold
nominee shares, the company has a
signed declaration from the said person
stating that he/she does not beneficially
own the shares and a blank signed share
transfer form (these should be
maintained in a secure place), and
(d) all documents of title are held in a secure
place.
9 Consider obtaining written confirmation where
documents of title are held by a third party.
Cost/valuation
10 Vouch additions to supporting documentation.
Ensure that the:

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

(a) cost;
(b) company name, and
(c) number of shares, have been correctly
accounted for.
11 Vouch
disposals
to
supporting
documentation: Ensure that :
(a) sales proceeds have been correctly
accounted for;
(b) profit/loss on disposal has been correctly
computed, and
(c) transactions
have
been
properly
authorised.
12 Check the middle market value of listed
investments.
Consider
whether
any
provision is necessary.
13 For unlisted investments obtain a copy of
the latest accounts and consider the value of
the investment in their light.
14 Check that we have sufficient evidence
regarding the valuation of any long term
investments.
Income
15 Refer to the available evidence (eg, dividend
slips) and check that income and approved
income have been correctly accounted for
(NB dates of disposal and acquisition).
Presentation and disclosure
16 Consider the nature of the assets held and
discuss with management; decide whether
they have been correctly classified and
whether their treatment is consistent.
17 Confirm that a disclosure checklist will be
completed for this year. Where that is not
the case explain how the objectives relating
to disclosure will be achieved.
18 Check that we have sufficient evidence
regarding the disclosure of any long term
investments.
Bespoke tests
19 Draft any necessary additional tests such as
those required by C6.3 and cross reference
with the objectives on the summary sheet.
Conclusion
20 Consider whether there are any points which
need to be included in a letter of
representation or letter of comment and
record on A5 or A6 as appropriate.

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Audit Practice Manual

I STOCK AND WORK IN PROGRESS

1

Lead schedule

Audit programme stock and work in progress

Stock held by third parties

Audit programme stocktake attendance and attendance report

Sample selection planning balance sheet

Long-term work in progress accounting entries

Long-term work in progress accounting treatment flowchart

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: I

SUMMARY SHEET STOCK AND WORK IN PROGRESS

Planning
Number of key
tests which satisfy
objective*

Reference to
bespoke tests to
be carried out
Stock

Work in
progress

Final
Have the
objectives
have been
met?

Stock

Work in
progress

8, 9,
10

8, 9

Yes/No

Comments

Initials

Audit objectives
1

To ensure that the company has

good title to stock and work in
progress.
To ensure that all stock and
work in progress exists.
To ensure that stock and work
in progress have been valued
correctly, consistently and in
accordance with applicable
accounting standards.
To ensure that full provision
has been made for all damaged,
obsolete or slow moving stock
and work in progress.
To ensure that cut-off has been
strictly applied.
To confirm that all necessary
disclosures concerning stocks
and work-in-progress have been
made and that the information
is appropriately presented and
described

2
3

5
6

11, 12,
13
14, 15

13

Yes/No

16, 17

Yes/No

18, 19,
20, 21

18, 20,
21

Yes/No

22

22

Yes/No

23, 24,
25

23, 24,
25

Yes/No

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
Conclusion

From the audit work carried out I confirm that:

the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts; and
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* stock and work in progress are fairly
stated.

Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________

Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
* Delete if not applicable.
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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: I2

AUDIT PROGRAMME STOCK AND WORK IN PROGRESS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

General
1 Agree the opening balances to last years
accounts.
2 Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead
schedule for the current years figures and
reconcile this to the nominal ledger.
3 Examine any material journal entries or
other adjustments made during the course
of preparing the financial statements.
4
Carry out analytical procedures such as:
(a) comparison of the current figures with
those of prior periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other
performance indicators.
5 Review the planned extent of reliance on
internal controls in this area and consider
whether this remains appropriate.
6 Assess whether the initial materiality and/or
risk assessment should be revised in view
of the audit evidence obtained. Record
details of any necessary adjustments on B5
or B8. Consider the impact on the
remainder of the audit work and on any
work undertaken to date.
7
Review for large and/or unusual items and
verify.
Ownership
8

Enquire if any of the stock is held on behalf

of third parties and ensure that such items
are excluded from stock. Where material,
obtain confirmation from the third party.
9 Where stock is held by third parties on
behalf of the company, obtain certificates
where amounts are material.
10 Consider whether any consignment stock
has been accounted for.
Existence
11 Complete the stock take attendance
programme, I4. Trace all items selected at
the stocktake to the final stock sheets, and,
where appropriate, internal stock records.
Obtain explanations for any differences.
12 Select a sample of items from the final stock
sheets and trace to the copies of the rough
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and
Date

Audit Practice Manual

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

stock sheets taken during the stock take.

13 Where there is material stock or work in

progress that has not been physically
verified at the year-end stocktake
attendance,
(a) take or observe some physical counts on
an alternative date and, where
necessary, per-form audit procedures on
intervening trans-actions, and
(b) specify below any other audit work
required to verify existence:
Valuation
14 Test the additions and extensions of the final
stock sheet.
15 Ascertain the method used for valuing stock
and consider whether:
(a) it has been correctly applied;
(b) it is an acceptable basis of valuation
under applicable accounting standards;
(c) it is consistent with previous years and
with the companys accounting policy.
16 Review work in progress and manufactured
finished goods and ensure that:
(a) the material costs have been correctly
recorded;
(b) the allocation of labour costs has been
applied correctly, consistently and is
reasonable, and
(c) the allocation of overheads has been
applied correctly, consistently and is
reasonable.
17 Review long-term work in progress and:
(a) ensure that costs have been recorded
accurately;
(b) review any profit taken in the light of
work carried out (ie, stage of
completion), costs to date, expected
costs to complete and total contract
value;
(c) ensure that adequate provision has been
made for any anticipated losses, and
(d) ensure that the accounting treatment and
is closure of each project is in
accordance with applicable accounting
standards.

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and
Date

Audit Practice Manual

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Provisions
18 Obtain details of the basis for making
provisions and determine if it is both
adequate and consistent.
Where the client determines the provision on
the basis of a formula consider whether:
it is appropriate for the nature of business;
it is consistent;
it has been accurately applied, and
where the formula relies on the age of the
stock or work in progress, check to ensure
that the ageing is accurate.
19 Review the stock sheets and ensure that any
items identified as damaged, slow moving
or obsolete have been correctly written
down.
20 Review all items of stock and work in
progress and consider whether any further
provision is necessary.
(a) review WIP and ensure that provision
has been made against any old jobs,
and
(b) when assessing the need for any further
provision consider the following:
whether production levels are falling;
whether stock levels are high in comparison
to orders received and anticipated demand;
any fluctuations in cost or selling price, and
any likely change in technology or market
demands.
21 Select a sample of stock and work in progress
items and compare costs to he selling priceless
expenditure necessary for realisation.
(a) lines need to be examined individually.
Losses on one line cannot be set off
against profits on another, and
(b) where a provision is made on a finished
product consider whether any provision
should be made against WIP and
materials used in the process.
NB Expenditure necessary for realising stock
and work in progress should include a
proportion of marketing, selling and distribution
expenses as well as an allowance for scrap and
reworking costs.
Cut-off
22 Review the results of the tests on cut-off
carried out on debtors and creditors and
ensure they provide adequate assurance as to
the accuracy of the year end cut-off.

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and
Date

Audit Practice Manual

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Presentation and disclosure

23 Confirm that a disclosure checklist will be
completed for this year. Where that is not the
case explain how the objectives relating to
disclosure will be achieved.
24 Ensure that there is evidence on the file to
support the disclosures made such as
replacement value, work in progress or
payments on account.
25 Ensure that payments on account are properly
presented in accordance with applicable
accounting standards.
Bespoke tests
26 Draft any necessary additional tests such as
those required by C6.3 and cross-reference
with the objectives on the summary sheet.
Conclusion
27 Consider whether there are any points which
need to be included in a letter of
representation or letter of comment and
record on A5 or A6 as appropriate.

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and
Date

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: I4

AUDIT PROGRAMME STOCKTAKE ATTENDANCE

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch
.Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1

Record the following details for each

location visited:
(a) location(s) being counted;
(b) date(s) of count and attendance;
(c) types of stock held at location;
(d) approximate value of stock by category
at location;
(e) details of any stocks at locations not
covered by the count and any
alternative method used to verify their
existence;
(f) brief description of the procedures
adopted;
(g) names of client staff counting, and
(h) names of audit staff taking part.
Ascertain and note whether:
(a) the stocktake teams were properly
briefed prior to commencing the count;
(b) the teams only include people who are
not responsible for the storing and
recording of stock and work in
progress;
(c) stock was counted by teams of two (one
counting and one checking and
recording);
(d) the teams were asked to identify
damaged, slow moving or obsolete
stock, and
(e) the teams were made aware of any
stocks held on behalf of third parties
and these were excluded from the count.

Stock counting
3

Determine whether:
(a) the teams were counting and recording
accurately;
(b) the teams were counting and recording
accurately; the counts were being
controlled to ensure that all stock was
counted and only once, and
(c) there was adequate control over stock
sheets to ensure that they are all
accounted for (eg, pre-numbered).

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch
.Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

Where serially-numbered sheets are used,

record the numbers of all sheets used at the
end of the count.
5 Select a sample of items from completed
stock sheets and check to ensure that the
number has been recorded properly. (These
should be followed through to final stock
sheets at the final audit see I2, test 8).
6 Count a sample of stock items and ensure
that they have been recorded properly on
the final stock sheets.
7 Where possible, copy or extract details of a
sample of rough stock sheets for checking
at the final audit.
8 Where stocks are valued at selling price
less mark-up, record the shelf price of a
number of stock items.
9 Ascertain whether any stock is held on
behalf of a third party. Where applicable
ensure that it has been separately identified
and excluded from the count.
10 Ascertain whether any consignment stock is
held. Ensure, where appropriate, a full
record is made.
11 Note any old or damaged stock during the
count. Ensure that it is marked as such on
the final stock sheets.
Cut-off
12 Ensure that no movements in or out took
place during the stocktake.
13 Record details of the last goods despatch
number and the last goods received note
number to follow up at the final audit.
Other work
14 Note any instances of the clients
procedures not being satisfactorily carried
out or any other weaknesses that should be
brought to the attention of management.
15 Perform any other procedures that would
normally be carried out at the stocktake
attendance;
(a) select a sample of assets for verification
from the fixed asset register;
(b) undertake a cash count, and
(c) other (specify):

Conclusion
16 Write a report on the stock take concluding
on its accuracy and our ability to rely on

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J DEBTORS AND PREPAYMENT

1 Lead schedule
2 Audit programme
3 List of debtor balances
4 Bad and doubtful debts
5 Prepayments
6 Sample selection planning balance sheet
7 Summary of debtors circularisation results
8 Certificate/confirmation replies
9 Debtors circulatisation sheet
10

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: J

SUMMARY SHEET DEBTORS AND PREPAYMENTS

Planning

Audit objectives

To ensure that trade debtors are due

at the value recorded.

To ensure that adequate provision

has been made for all bad and
doubtful trade debts
To ensure that proper cut-offs have
been made.
To ensure that all trade debts are
properly disclosed.
To ensure that prepayments and
loan debtors (including staff and
directors) are properly valued,
classified, and verified.
To confirm that all necessary
disclosures concerning debtors
have been made and that the
information
is
appropriately
presented and described.

3
4
5

Number
of key
tests
which
satisfy
objective*

8, 9, 10,
11
13, 14

15, 16,
17
12, 21
18, 19,
20, 21

Reference to
bespoke tests
to be carried
out

Final
Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

Comments

Initials

Yes/No
Yes/No

Yes/No
Yes/No

Yes/No

22, 23,
24, 25
Yes/No

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by:
Date: ______________
________________________________
Reviewed by:
Date: ______________
_______________________________
Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
_ the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
_ the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
_ all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts, and
_ in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* debtors and prepayments are fairly stated.
Prepared by: ________________________________
Date: ______________
Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________
Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)
Prepared by: ________________________________
Reviewed by: _______________________________
* Delete if not applicable.
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

Date: ______________
Date: ______________

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Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: J2

AUDIT PROGRAMME DEBTORS AND PREPAYMENTS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1
Agree the opening balances to last years
accounts.
2
Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead schedule
for the current years figures and reconcile
this to the nominal ledger.
3
Examine any material journal entries or other
adjustments made during the course of
preparing the financial statements.
4
Carry out analytical procedures such as:
(a) comparison of the current figures with
those of prior periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other performance
indicators;
(c) comparison of the top ten customers this
year with last.
5
Review the planned extent of reliance on
internal controls in this area and consider
whether this remains appropriate.
6
Assess whether the initial materiality and/or risk
assessment should be revised in view of the
audit evidence obtained. Record details of any
necessary adjustments on B5 or B8. Consider
the impact on the remainder of the audit work
and on any work under taken to date.
7
Review for large and/or unusual items and
verify.
Cost/existence
8
Obtain or prepare an aged list of balances and
test the casts.
9
Agree the aged list of balances to the control
account. Obtain explanations for all material
adjustments to the control account.
10 Perform a debtors circularisation.
(a) select a sample of accounts for
confirmation from a complete list of
balances (include nil and credit balances
where applicable). Record the details on
the standard working paper;
(b) confirm with client the debtors you wish to
circularise;
(c) obtain explanations where the client does
not want you to circularise particular
balances
and
consider
alternative
procedures that can be applied;

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

(d) consider whether the refusal to allow

circularisation of particular balances will
impose a limitation of scope on the audit?
(e) send the confirmation requests. Enclose a
prepaid envelope for return to the firm.
Ensure the reply part of the letter is properly
referenced;
(f) record replies on the control sheet;
(g) where replies are not received within a
reasonable period send a follow-up letter;
(h) follow the alternative procedures for any
unfavourable responses or where no response
obtained, and
(i) summarise the results and consider whether
adequate audit comfort has been obtained for
trade debtors.
11 Where circularisation has not been carried out
select a sample of trade debtors or where
unsatisfactory results are obtained carry out
alternative procedures.
(a) examine the ledger for cash after date;
(b) for unpaid items inspect proof of delivery or
despatch. If no such documentation is
available, inspect the sales invoice supporting them, and
(c) review correspondence files for items in to
determine whether any disputes exist.
(d) Consider requesting a transaction history
from key customers.
12 List all credit balances over Tk_________ and
obtain explanations
Valuation
13 Review ledger accounts and obtain a list of any
debts with balances:
(a) not paid within ...... months of the period
end;
(b) in excess of their credit limit;
(c) in the hands of liquidators or receivers, or
(d) in the hands of solicitors for collection.
14 Compare the clients provision with the list
completed under nine above and consider its
adequacy. Obtain explanations for and justify
any material accounts omitted from the clients
list.
Cut-off
15 Review credit notes after the year end and
consider whether these have been accounted for
in the correct period.

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

16 If the company has despatch records, examine

sales and despatch records before and after the
year end and ensure that:
(a) all goods despatched before the year end are
excluded from stock and included in sales
and debtors where appropriate;
(b) all goods despatched after the year end are
included in stock and excluded from sales
and debtors where appropriate.(Refer to
stock attendance notes.)
17 If the company does not have despatch records,
specify below the audit work to ensure that cutoff has been correctly applied:
Prepayments
18 Obtain or prepare a list of items included as
prepayments. Review for reasonableness and
verify significant/unusual items, comparing with
last year and expectations.
Other debtors
19 Obtain or prepare a list of other debtors:
(a) vouch material items to supporting
documentation, and
(b) compare with previous year and enquire
into major differences.
Loans
20 Ensure that no loans have been made to
directors unless within the provisions of the
Companies Act 1994/ Banking Co. Act, 1991.
(NB where loans exist, either debit or credit,
calculate the balance at the end of each month.
The highest amount due to the company should
be disclosed in the accounts.)
Long-term debts/retentions
21 Where a debt, or portion thereof is recoverable
after more than one year, consider:
(a) whether any provision is necessary, and
(c) whether adequate disclosure has been
made.
Presentation and disclosure
22 Confirm that a disclosure checklist will be
completed for this year. Where that is not the
case explain how the objectives relating to
disclosure will be achieved.
23 Ensure that there is evidence on the file to support
the disclosures made such as long term debtors.
24 Review transactions and balances with directors
and ensure they are properly presented as
related party transactions and transactions in
which a director has a material interest.

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

25 Ensure that any factored debts have been

accounted for in accordance with the substance
of the agreement.
Bespoke tests
26 Draft any necessary additional tests such as
those required by C6.3 and cross reference with
the objectives on the summary sheet.
Conclusion
27 Consider whether there are any items which
need to be included in a letter of representation
or letter of comment and record on A5 or A6, as
appropriate.

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Client:

Year end:

File no:

Ref:

J6

SAMPLE SELECTION PLANNING BALANCE SHEET

Objective: To record the sources from which audit assurance has been obtained, and to assist in
calculating sample sizes for tests of detail.
Audit area: Debtors
Approximate number of transactions in year
Sampling risk factor
Test of detail only = Inherent risk factor (table figure)
____________
OR
Test of detail and (analytical review* or compliance*) = Inherent risk factor (table figure) 2/3
_______
OR
Test of detail and analytical review and compliance = Inherent risk factor (table figure) 1/2 _________
Tolerable error =
Materiality________ =
Inherent risk factor (table figure)
Monetary value of population
(
100 %)
Value of items above the tolerable error (
%)
Value of scheduled other key items
(
%)
Value of residual population
(
%)

__

=
Tk.
Tk.
Tk.
Tk.

Residual population
Sample size = ---------------------------- Sampling risk factor
Materiality

xxxxxxx
Tk. 000

=
(See maximum below)

Plus: Number of items above the tolerable error

Number of other key items
Actual sample size
Conclusion
I am satisfied that the actual sample size will fairly test the population.
____
Date ________
Prepared by

=
___
=

Date ________

Reviewed by

* Delete as appropriate.
Refer to working papers in D section and C7-1.

Tables of maximum sample sizes

Specific risk

General

Specific risk

20

25

30

Risk

General

Risk
M

25

30

35

30

35

40

Table1for tests of
detail only

L
L

13 17 20

Specific risk

General
Risk

M 17 20 23
H 20 23 26
Table2for tests of
detail and (analytical
review* or tests of
control*)

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

10

13

15

13

15

18

15

18

20

Table3for test of
detail and analytical
review and tests of
control.

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Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

File no:

Date:
Date:

Ref: J7

SUMMARY OF DEBTORS CIRCULARISATION RESULTS

As at ___________________

Total debtor balances

Total balances circularised (A)

______________

_____________

No.

Value

______________
______________

_____________
_____________

__________
% Value
___________
___________

Results of test:

Balances confirmed by circularisation (B)

Balances confirmed by cash after date (D)
Balances confirmed by alternative procedures (F)
Total (G)
Unconfirmed balances ie. audit error (A minus G)

_____________

____________ __________

Conclusion

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Client:
Year end:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

File No:

Date:
Date:

Ref: J9

Debtors circularisation sheet

Customer

A
Balance

B Balance
accepted

C Disputed
balance
(AB)

D Balance
confirmed
by cash after
date

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

E Remaining
unaudited balance
(CD)

Alternative
procedures undertaken on column E
items eg sample
check on proof of
sale

161

F Balances confirmed
by alternative
procedures

Unconfirmed
balances

Audit Practice Manual

K BANK BALANCES AND CASH

1 Lead schedule

2 Audit programme

3 Bank reconciliations

4 Bank certificates

5 Cash counts

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: K

SUMMARY SHEET BANK BALANCES AND CASH

Planning
Number
of
key tests
which
satisfy
objective*

Final

Reference
to
bespoke
tests to be
carried out

Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

Comments

Initials

Audit objectives
1

2
3

To establish that all bank balances

and over-drafts have been included at
the correct amount.
To ensure that bank balances and
overdrafts are correctly disclosed..
To ensure that cash balances are
genuine and have been included at
the correct amount
To confirm that all necessary
disclosures con-cerning bank and
cash balances have been made and
that the information is appropriately
pre-sented and described.

8, 9

Yes/No

10, 11, 12

Yes/No

13, 14, 15

Yes/No

16, 17, 18

Yes/No

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by: ______________________

Date: ______________

Reviewed by: _________________________

Date: ______________

Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts, and
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* bank balances and cash are fairly stated.

Prepared by: ___________________________

Date: ______________

Reviewed by: __________________________

Date: ______________

Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)

Prepared by: ___________________________

Date: ______________

Reviewed by: ___________________________

* Delete if not applicable.

Date: ______________

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: K2

AUDIT PROGRAMME BANK BALANCES AND CASH

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and date

General
1 Agree the opening balances to last
years accounts.
2

Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead

schedule for the current years figures
and reconcile this to the nominal ledger.
Examine any material journal entries or
other adjustments made during the course
of preparing the financial statements.

4 Carry out analytical procedures such as:

(a) comparison of the current figures
with those of prior periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other
performance indicators.
5 Review the planned extent of reliance
on internal controls in this area and
consider whether this remains
appropriate.
6

Assess whether the initial materiality and/or

risk assessment should be revised in view
of the audit evidence obtained. Record
details of any necessary adjustments on B5
or B8. Consider the impact on the
remainder of the audit work and on any
work undertaken to date.

Review for large and/or unusual items

and verify.
Valuation and existence
8 Obtain bank letter for all bank accounts
open at any time during the year.
9 Obtain or prepare bank reconciliations
for all accounts and verify.
(a) check bank balances to bank
statement and bank letter;
(b) check cash book balance to
nominal ledger;
(c) check
casting
of
the
reconciliations;
(d) check a sample of uncleared items
through to the new period (noting
dates). Obtain reason where any
item has taken longer than
expected to clear, and
(e) obtain
explanations
and
substantiate all adjustments on the
bank reconciliations

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and date

10 Ensure that all matters dealt with in

the bank letters have been referenced
to the relevant schedule/sections.
11 Ensure that bank balances and
overdrafts are only netted off where a
formal right of set-off exists.
12 Ensure that the company has not
exceeded
any
restrictions
on
borrowing powers imposed in the
Articles of Association or any loan
agreement.
Cash
13 For businesses receiving cash income,
ensure unbanked takings before and
after the year-end have been
accounted for in the correct period.
14 For businesses receiving cash income,
ensure that all unbanked takings at the
year end have been promptly banked
in the new period.
15
Obtain certificates for all cash
balances not counted.
Presentation and disclosure
16 Confirm that a disclosure checklist
will be completed for this year.
Where that is not the case explain
how the objectives relating to
disclosure will be achieved.
17 Ensure that there is evidence on the
file to support all disclosures made.
18 Review the bank letter and ensure that
all necessary disclosures have been
made.
Bespoke tests
19 Draft any necessary additional tests
such as those required by C6.3 and
cross reference with the objectives on
the summary sheet.
Conclusion
20 Consider whether there are any items
which need to be included in a letter
of representation or letter of comment
and record on A5 or A6 as
appropriate.

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L CREDITORS AND ACCRUALS

1 Lead schedule
2 Audit programme
3 List of creditor balances
4 Accruals and provisions
5 Directors accounts: summary
6 Hire purchase/finance leases
7 Summary of creditors circularisation results
8 Certificates/confirmation replies
9 Creditors circularization sheet
10
11

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: L

SUMMARY SHEET CREDITORS AND ACCRUALS

Planning

Audit objectives

2
3
4

To ensure that liabilities exist and

are supported by satisfactory
independent evidence.
To ensure that trade creditors have
been fully and accurately recorded.
To ensure that proper cut-off has
been applied.
To ensure that all hire purchase and
finance leases have been accounted
for in accordance with applicable
accumulating standards.
To ensure that all material accruals,
loans and other creditors have been
accounted for.
To confirm that all necessary
disclosures concerning creditors
have been made and that the
information
is
appropriately
presented and described.

Number of
key tests
which
satisfy
objective*

Final
Reference
to
bespoke
tests to be
carried out

Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

8, 9

Yes/No

10, 11, 12,

13

Yes/No

14, 15

Yes/No

16, 17, 18

Yes/No

19, 20, 21,

22, 23

Yes/No

24, 25

Yes/No

Comments

Initials

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts, and
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* creditors and accruals are fairly
stated.
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
*Delete if not applicable
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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:

L2

AUDIT PROGRAMME CREDITORS AND ACCRUALS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1 Agree the opening balances to last
years accounts.
2 Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead
schedule for the current years figures
and reconcile this to the nominal
ledger.
3 Examine any material journal entries or
other adjustments made during the
course of preparing the financial
statements.
4 Carry out analytical procedures such as:
(a) comparison of the current figures
with those of prior periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other
performance indicators;
(c) comparison of the top ten
suppliers this year with last.
5

Review the planned extent of reliance

on internal controls in this area and
consider
whether this remains
appropriate.
6 Assess whether the initial materiality
and/or risk assessment should be
revised in view of the audit evidence
obtained. Record details of any
necessary adjustments on B5 or B8.
Consider the impact on the remainder
of the audit work and on any work
undertaken to date.
7 Review for large and/or unusual items
and verify.
Existence
8 Obtain or prepare a list of trade creditor
balances. Agree the list to the control
account. Obtain explanations for all
material adjustments to the control
account.
9 Test the casts of the list.
Completeness
10 List all debit balances over Tk_______
and obtain explanations. Ensure they
are correctly treated in the accounts.

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

11 Perform a creditors circularisation:

(a) select a sample of accounts from a
complete list of balances for example
an activity report (include nil and debit
balances where applicable). Record
the details on the standard working
paper;
(b) confirm with client the creditors you
wish to circularise;
(c) obtain explanations where the client
does want you to circularise particular
balances and consider alternative
procedures that can be applied;
(d) consider whether the refusal to allow
circularisation of particular balances
will impose a limitation of scope on
the audit?
(e) send the confirmation requests. Enclose
a prepaid envelope for return to the
firm. Ensure the reply part of the letter
is properly referenced;
(f) record replies on the control sheet;
(g) where replies are not received within a
reasonable period send a follow-up
letter;
(h) follow the alternative procedures for
any unfavourable responses or where
no response is obtained, and
(i) summarise the results and consider
whether adequate audit comfort has
been obtained for trade creditors.

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

12 Where a circularisation is not carried out,

or the results are unsatisfactory, test
creditors for completeness as follows:
(a) obtain the year end creditors listing;
(b) compare to prior year to identify
obvious omissions;
(c) review purchase day book during the
year and payments after the end to
identify main suppliers;
(d) review purchase YTD information
where available to identify major
suppliers;
(e) enquire to major suppliers not on the
list. Ensure the list is in fact
complete;
(f) enquire into low balances with major
suppliers to ensure they are
complete;
(g) obtain the file for year end supplier
statements. Check a sample and
agree/reconcile to the list of
balances;
(h) for major suppliers (regardless of
recorded balance outstanding) and
for all material recorded balances,
identify the related statement and
agree/reconcile to the creditors
listing;
(i) where a statement is not available for
any major supplier(s) consider
faxing a request for a copy
statement;
(j) review after-date payments. Ensure
those paying off pre-year end items
are included in creditors, and
(k) extend the scope of (j) above if
statements are not retained for all
suppliers.
13 Review invoices in the new period to
ensure all material amounts have been
provided for.
Cut-off
14 If the company retains goods received
records,
examine
the
goods
received/purchased records immediately
before and after the year end and ensure
that:
(a) all goods delivered prior to the year
end are included in stock, purchases
and creditors where appropriate, and
(b) all goods delivered after the year end
are excluded from stock, purchases
and creditors where appropriate.
15 If the company does not have goods
received records, specify below the audit
work to ensure that cut-off has been
correctly applied:

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

Hire purchase & leasing

16 Obtain details of all hire purchase and
finance leases:
(a) examine new agreements and ensure that
the treatment in the accounts is correct;
(b) ensure that only capital balances are carried
forward, and
(c) ensure that amounts carried forward are
correctly classified as due within and without one year.
17 Confirm that any operating lease
incentives have been accounted for
correctly.
18 Have any sale and lease back transactions
in the period been identified and properly
accounted for as an operating or finance
lease as appropriate?
Accruals
19 Review
accruals
comparing to:
(a) last years list, and
(b) expectations.

for completeness

Taxes
20 Agree tax and VAT liabilities to the
appropriate sections on the file.
21 Prepare or obtain a control account for any
deductions and ensure correct provision
has been made.
Provisions
Review provisions:
(a) ensure basis of calculation is
acceptable and consistent;
(b) check the calculation of material
items.
Other creditors
23 Vouch any material other creditors to
supporting documentation.
Presentation and disclosure
24 Confirm that a disclosure checklist will be
completed for this year. Where that is not
the case explain how the objectives relating
to disclosure will be achieved.
25 Ensure that there is evidence on the file to
support all disclosures made.
Bespoke tests
26 Draft any necessary additional tests such as
those required by C6.3 and cross reference
with the objectives on the summary sheet.
Conclusion
27 Consider whether there are any points
which need to be included in a letter of
representation or letter of comment and
record on A5 or A6 as appropriate.

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Client:
Year end:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

File no:

Date:
Date:

Ref: L7

SUMMARY OF CREDITORS CIRCULARISATION RESULTS

As at ___________________________________________________________________________

Total creditors balances

Total balances circularised (A)

No.

Value

% Value

_____________
______________

________________
________________

_________________
_________________

===========

===============

================

Results of test:
Balances confirmed by
circularisation (B)
Balances confirmed by supplier
statement reconciliation
Balances confirmed by alternative
procedures (F)
Total (G)

Unconfirmed balances i. e. audit

error (AG)
Conclusion

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Client:

Prepared by:

Year end:

File No:

Date:
Date:

Reviewed by:

Ref: L

Creditors circularisation sheet

Supplier

A Balance
Tk.

B Balance
accepted
Tk.

C Disputed
balance (A
B)
Tk

D Balance
confirmed by
supplier statement
reconciliation
Tk

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

E Remaining
unaudited
balance (CD)
Tk

173

Alternative
procedures
undertaken
on column E
items

F Balances
confirmed by
alternative
procedures
Tk

Unconfirmed
balances
Tk

Audit Practice Manual

M LONG-TERM LOANS AND DEFERRED INCOME

1 Lead schedule

2 Audit programme

3 Confirmation certificates

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: M

SUMMARY SHEET LONG-TERM LOANS AND DEFERRED INCOME

Planning
Number of
key tests
which satisfy
objective*

Audit objectives
1
2
3

To ensure that all material loans have been

correctly accounted for.
To ensure that deferred income has been
correctly accounted for and is complete.
To confirm that all necessary disclosures
concerning long term loans and deferred
income have been made and that the
information is appropriately presented and
described.

Reference
to
bespoke
tests to be
carried out

Final
Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

8, 9, 10

Yes/No

11

Yes/No

12, 13

Yes/No

Comments

Initials

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by : _______________________________

Date: _______________________

Reviewed by: _______________________________

Date: _______________________

Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts, and
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* long term loans and deferred income are fairly
stated.

Prepared by: _____________________________

Date: ______________________

Reviewed by : ___________________________
________________

Date: ______________________

Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)

Prepared by:
________________________________
Reviewed by:
_______________________________
* Delete if not applicable.

Date: ______________
Date: ______________

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:
M2

AUDIT PROGRAMME LONG-TERM LOANS AND DEFERRED INCOME

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1
2

Agree the opening balances to last

years accounts.
Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead
schedule for the current years
figures and reconcile this to the
nominal ledger
Examine any material journal entries
or other adjustments made during
the course of preparing the
financial statements.
Carry out analytical procedures
such as:
(a) comparison of the current
figures with those of prior
periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other
performance indicators.
Review the planned extent of reliance
on internal controls in this area and
consider whether this remains
appropriate.

6 Assess whether the initial materiality

and/or risk assessment should be
revised in view of the audit
evidence obtained. Record details
of any necessary adjustments on B5
or B8. Consider the impact on the
remainder of the audit work and on
any work undertaken to date.
7 Review for large and/or unusual
items and verify.

Loans
8

Obtain third party verification for all

material loans.

Review loan agreements and consider

the implications of any breach of
covenants
10 Calculate the apportionment between
long and short- term loans.

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

Deferred income
11 Review the basis for deferring
income and ensure that it is valid,
complete and has been correctly
and consistently applied.
Presentation and disclosure
12 Confirm that a disclosure checklist
will be completed for this year.
Where that is not the case explain
how the objectives relating to
disclosure will be achieved.
13 Ensure that there is evidence on the
file to support all disclosures made.
Bespoke tests
14 Draft any necessary additional tests
such as those required by C6.3 and
cross reference with the objectives
on the summary sheet.
Conclusion
15 Consider whether there are any
points which need to be included in
a letter of representation or letter of
comment and record on A5 or A6
as appropriate.

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N PROVISIONS FOR LIABILITIES AND CHARGES, CONTINGENT

LIABILITIES AND FINANCIAL COMMITMENTS

1 Lead schedule

2 Audit programme

3 Details of contingent liabilities

4 Capital expenditure authorised/contracts placed

5 Operating lease commitments

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: N

SUMMARY SHEET PROVISIONS FOR LIABILITIES AND CHARGES,

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND FINANCIAL COMMITMENTS
Planning

Audit objectives

To ensure that full provision has been

made for all liabilities or losses
which are likely to be incurred, or
certain to be incurred, but uncertain
as to the amount or date on which
they will rise
To ensure that all contingent
liabilities have been identified and
adequate provision made.
To ensure that capital and other
commitments have been properly
accounted for.
To confirm that all necessary
disclosures concerning provisions,
contingent
liabilities
and
commitments have been made and
that the information is appropriately
presented and described.

Number of
key tests
which
satisfy
objective*

Reference
to
bespoke
tests to be
carried out

Final
Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

8, 9, 10

Yes/No

11, 12,
13, 14,
15, 16

Yes/No

17, 18

Yes/No

19, 20,
21

Yes/No

Comments

Initials

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by: _________________________

Date: ___________

Reviewedby: _______________________________

Date: ______________

Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts, and
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* provisions for liabilities and
charges, contingent liabilities and financial commitments are fairly stated.
Prepared by: _________________________
Date: ___________
Reviewed by: ______________________________

Date: ______________

Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)

Prepared by: _________________________
Date: ___________
Reviewed by: ________________________
Date: __________
* Delete if not applicable.

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: N2

AUDIT PROGRAMME PROVISIONS FOR LIABILITIES AND CHARGES,

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND FINANCIAL COMMITMENTS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and date

General
1
2

Agree the opening balances to last years

accounts.
Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead
schedule for the current years figures
and reconcile this to the nominal ledger.
Examine any material journal entries or
other adjustments made during the course
of preparing the financial statements.
Carry out analytical procedures such as:

(a) comparison of the current figures

with those of prior periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other
performance indicators.
5 Review the planned extent of reliance
on internal controls in this area and
consider whether this remains
appropriate.
6 Assess whether the initial materiality
and/or risk assessment should be
revised in view of the audit evidence
obtained. Record details of any
necessary adjustments on B5 or B8.
Consider the impact on the remainder
of the audit work and on any work
undertaken to date.
7 Review for large and/or unusual items
and verify.
Liabilities and charges
8 (a) Review obligations under pension
and
similar
post-retirement
schemes and ensure that adequate
provision has been made.
(b) Where the scheme is dealt with by
the practice consider whether an
audit is required.
(c) Where the company operates a
pension scheme discuss the
Pensions
Act
administration,
reporting and whistle-blowing
obligations with the directors/
trustees to ensure its affairs are
being properly administered.

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and date

9 Obtain or prepare a list of other

obligations of uncertain timing and
amount existing at the balance sheet date.
Ensure its completeness by reviewing:
(a) the previous years provisions and
ingent liabilities;
(b) items recorded on the bank
certificate;
(c) minutes of meetings;
(d) major contracts;
(e) correspondence, and
(f) other (specify)
10 Discuss the list with the client and
ensure that it is complete and that
adequate provision has been made for
likely losses.

Contingent liabilities
11 Review the list in 4 above for contingent
liabilities.
12 Discuss the list with the client and
ensure that it is complete and that
adequate disclosure has been made for
all contingent liabilities. Law and
regulations
13 (a) Enquire of the directors whether they
are on notice of any possible
instances of non-compliance with
such law or regulations.
(b) Update the permanent audit file for
any changes identified since the
planning stage.
(c) Review correspondence files of any
relevant licensing or regulatory
authorities for any indications of
breaches of laws and regulations.
(d) Confirm compliance with those laws
and regulations that could have a
material impact on the accounts y
completing the tests set out in the
audit approach column of the register
of laws and regulations (PAF05).
(e) Draft specific representations for
inclusion
in
the
letter
of
representation.
Litigation and claims
14 To identify any possible claims or
litigation against the company:
(a) make appropriate inquiries of
management including obtaining
representations;
(b) review minutes of those charged with
governance and correspondence with
the companys legal advisers, and
(c) examine legal expense accounts.
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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and date

15

Where actual or potential litigation or

claims against the company have been
identified consider whether direct
communication with the entitys legal
advisers is required.
16 If permission is refused by
management to contact the companys
legal advisers directly: consider the
impact on the audit opinion (B6).
Capital and other commitments
17

Review the management minutes and

after date invoices and ensure that all
material capital commitments have
been identified.
18 Obtain details of future commitments
under operating leases and ensure they
are correctly disclosed.
Presentation and disclosure
19

Confirm that a disclosure checklist

will be completed for this year. Where
that is not the case explain how the
objectives relating to disclosure will
be achieved.
20 Ensure that there is evidence on the
file to support all disclosures made.
21 Where disclosures about provisions or
contingent
liabilities
include
managements opinion on an issue
ensure that these opinions are
confirmed
in
the
letter
of
representation.
Bespoke tests
22

Draft any necessary additional tests

such as those required by C6.3 and
cross reference with the objectives on
the summary sheet.
Conclusion
23

Consider whether there are any items

(in addition to laws and regulations)
which need to be included in a letter
of representation or letter of comment
and record on A5 or A6 as
appropriate.

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Audit Practice Manual

O CAPITAL, RESERVES AND STATUTORY RECORDS

1 Lead schedule

2 Audit programme

3 Extracts of registers and returns

4 Extracts of current year minutes

5 Prior period adjustments

6
7
8

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: O

SUMMARY SHEET CAPITAL, RESERVES AND STATUTORY RECORDS

Audit objectives

a.

b.

c.

d.

To ensure that the statutory records

have been properly maintained and
are up to date.
To ensure that any changes in share
capital are supported by appropriate
resolutions and are properly reflected
in the accounts.
To ensure that capital instruments
and the related interest or dividends
are properly presented in accordance
with the substance of the contractual
arrangements.
To confirm that all necessary
disclosures concerning reserves and
other statutory information have been
made and that they are appropriately
presented and described.

Number of
key tests
which
satisfy
objective*

Reference to
bespoke
tests to be
carried out

8, 9, 10

Yes/No

11, 12,
15

Yes/No

Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

Comments

Initials

13, 14,
16

17, 18

Yes/No

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by:
_________________________
Reviewed by:
_______________________________

Date: ______________

Date: ______________

Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts, and
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* capital and reserves are fairly stated.
Prepared by: _____________________________
Reviewed by: _____________________________

Date: ______________
Date: ______________

Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)

Prepared by:
______________________________
Reviewed by: _____________________________
* Delete if not applicable.

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

Date: ______________
Date: ______________

184

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:
O2

AUDIT PROGRAMME CAPITAL, RESERVES AND STATUTORY RECORDS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
Date

General
1 Agree the opening balances to last years
accounts.
2 Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead schedule for
the current years figures and reconcile this to
the nominal ledger.
3 Examine any material journal entries or other
adjustments made during the course of preparing
the financial statements.
4 Carry out analytical procedures such as:
(a) comparison of the current figures with those
of prior periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other performance
indicators.

5 Review the planned extent of reliance on

internal controls in this area and consider
whether this remains appropriate.
6 Assess whether the initial materiality and/or risk
assessment should be revised in view of the audit
evidence obtained. Record details of any
necessary adjustments on B5 or B8. Consider the
impact on the remainder of the audit work and
on any work undertaken to date.
7 Review for large and/or unusual items and
verify.
Statutory records
8 Obtain copies of statutory records for this period.
(This might entail carrying out a company
search.)
9 Ensure that all changes in directors and secretaries
and their interests in shares or debentures have
been entered into the relevant register.
10 Agree details in the share register to:
(a) the accounts;
(b) the annual return, and
(c) the directors report.
Dividends
11 Where a dividend is proposed or has been paid in
the period, consider whether the distribution is
legal.
12 Where a dividend is illegal consider whether:
(a) this is adequately disclosed in the accounts,
and
(b) a debtor or contingent asset should be
shown.
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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
Date

13 Have interest, dividends, losses or gains relating

to a financial instrument or a component that is
a financial liability been recognised as income
or an expense in the profit or loss?
14 Have distributions to holders of equity
instruments been debited directly to equity?
Share capital
15 Record details of any changes in share capital in
this period and ensure that these have been
properly reflected in the accounts.
16 For shares issued in the period: have these (or
their components) been classified on initial
recognition as a financial liability or an equity
instrument in accordance with the substance of
the contractual arrangements?
Reserves
17 Schedule all movements in reserves:
(a) Ensure that transfers between reserves are
correctly treated and authorised, and
(b) Ensure that the treatment in the accounts is
correct.
Control
18 Ascertain details of the ultimate controlling
party and ensure that correct disclosure is made
in the accounts.
Bespoke tests
19 Draft any necessary additional tests such as
those required by C6.3 and cross reference with
the objectives on the summary sheet.
Conclusion
20 Consider whether there are any points which
need to be included in a letter of representation
or letter of comment and record on A5 or A6 as
appropriate.

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Q INCOME
1 Turnover
2 Dividend and interest received/receivable
3 Rent received/receivable
4 Management charges
5
6
EXPENDITURE
7 Directors emoluments
8 Interest payable
9 Subscriptions and donations
10 Insurance (cover and premiums)
11 Repairs and renewals
12 Legal, professional and audit
13 Entertaining
14 Sundry
15
16

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R PROFIT AND LOSS

1 Lead schedule
2 Audit programme profit and loss
3 Audit work summary
4 Sample selection planning
5 Audit programme related party transactions

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Client:

Year End:

File No.

Ref: R

SUMMARY SHEET PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

Planning

Audit objectives

To ensure that income is not understated

and is correctly classified.

To ensure that expenditure is not over

stated, is authorised and correctly
classified.
To ensure that wages and salaries are
correctly accounted for.
To ensure that items requiring specific
disclosure are correctly reported.
To ensure the nominal ledger is correctly
maintained.
To confirm that all necessary disclosures
concerning the profit and loss account have
been made and that the information is
appropriately presented and described.

3
4
5
6

Number
of
key tests
which
satisfy
objective*

7, 8, 9,
10, 11,
12

Reference
to
bespoke
tests to be
carried out

Final
Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

Comments

Initials

Yes/No

13, 14,
15

Yes/No

16, 17,
18, 19

Yes/No

20, 21

Yes/No

21, 22

Yes/No

23, 24

Yes/No

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by: ________________________________

Date: ______________

Reviewed by: _______________________________

Date: ______________

Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts, and
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* the profit and loss account is fairly
stated.
Prepared by: ________________________________
Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________

Date: ______________

Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)

Prepared by: ________________________________

Date: ______________

Reviewed by: _______________________________

* Delete if not applicable.

Date: ______________

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189

Audit Practice Manual

Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:
R2

AUDIT PROGRAMME PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1 Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead schedule
for the current years figures and reconcile
this to the nominal ledger.
2 Examine any material journal entries or other
adjustments made during the course of
preparing the financial statements.
3 Carry out analytical procedures such as:
(a) comparison of the current figures with
those of prior periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other performance
indicators.
4 Review the planned extent of reliance on
internal controls in this area and consider
whether this remains appropriate.
5 Assess whether the initial materiality and/or
risk assessment should be revised in view of
the audit evidence obtained. Record details
of any necessary adjustments on B5 or B8.
Consider the impact on the remainder of the
audit work and on any work undertaken to
date.
6 Review for large and/or unusual items and
verify.
Income
7 Identify all material sources of income and
specify how each source has been audited.
8 Where available, select a sample of goods
despatched notes, including a number of
items around the year end (where required)
and vouch to supporting documentation:
(a) ensure details are correctly reflected on
the invoice;
(b) agree invoices through to the sales ledger
and nominal ledger, and
(c) ensure item accounted for in the correct
period.
9 Where goods despatched notes are not
used/retained, specify below the audit work
to ensure that all sales made are invoiced:

Cash sales
10 Select a sample of till rolls or sales dockets,
and vouch to supporting documentation:
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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

(a) check the additions;

(b) check the numerical sequence and
investigate any missing items;
(c) check the pricing;
(d) for till rolls, ensure that the level of no
sales is acceptable, and
(e) check total cash sales to the cash book.
Sales returns
11 Review sales returns and, where material,
select a sample:
(a) check the quantity and description on the
credit note to a goods returned note or
other documentary proof of receipt of
goods, and
(b) ensure the details agree to the original
invoice.
Other income
12 Check that, prima facie, all grants to which
the client is entitled have been claimed.
Expenditure
13 Compare expenditure recorded to last year,
budgets and expectations. Corroborate
explanations received for variances.
14 Select a sample from the nominal ledger (or
purchase day book, or cash book if there is
no nominal ledger) and vouch to supporting
documentation:
(a) ensure the invoice is properly authorised;
(b) ensure the invoice is correctly classified;
(c) ensure the invoice is properly addressed,
and
(d) consider whether there is adequate
control over the issue of cheques.
15 Consider the following procedures where
estimates are used by management in
determining the value of stocks, accruals or
provisions.
(a) where not already done, obtain audit
evidence about the general reliability of
the companys estimating procedures
and methods, including relevant control
activities;
(b) consider whether adjustments to any
estimating formulae may be required and
(c) consider whether differences between
actual results and previous estimates
have been quantified and that, where
necessary, appropriate adjustments or
disclosures made.
Wages and salaries
16 Reconcile a list of employees and their gross
pay to the staff costs charge in the accounts.
Explain and verify any material differences.
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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

17 Where considered necessary in view of the

results of the above test perform detailed
checks of the gross to net pay calculations
and postings to the nominal ledger.
18 Obtain details of directors emoluments paid
and payable, including benefits-in-kind.
Related party transactions
19 (a) Establish whether there are any
individuals (in addition to the directors)
or any other entities which should be
treated as related parties. Record details
in the permanent file.
(b) Enquire of the directors whether the
company has entered into any
transactions in which one or more of
those related parties have an interest.
(c) Review any details provided for
complete-ness by reviewing minutes,
accounting records, correspondence and
any other items of interest.
(d) Obtain written confirmation in the letter
of representation that the information
provided regarding related party and
control disclosures is complete.
(e) Consider whether any such transactions
have been disclosed properly in the
accounts.
Other
20 Analyse for tax and/or disclosure purposes
the following:
repairs;
rents, leases, hire purchase, and
other (specify):
21 Review nominal ledger for unusual
adjustments and verify.
Presentation and disclosure
22 Confirm that a disclosure checklist will be
completed for this year. Where that is not
the case explain how the objectives relating
to disclosure will be achieved.
23 Ensure that there is evidence on the file to
support all disclosures made.
Bespoke tests
24 Draft any necessary additional tests such as
those required by C6.3 and cross reference
with the objectives on the summary sheet.
Conclusion
25 Consider whether there are any points which
need to be included in a letter of
representation or letter of comment and
record on A5 or A6 as appropriate.

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Client:

Ref: R 4

File no:

Year end:

SAMPLE SELECTION PLANNING P & L

Objective: To record the sources from which audit assurance has been obtained, and to assist in
calculating sample sizes for tests of detail.
P & L Account
Approximate number of transactions in year
Sampling risk factor
Test of detail only = Inherent risk factor (table figure) x
____________
OR
=
Test of detail and (analytical review* or compliance*) = Inherent risk factor (table figure) 1/3
_______
OR
Test of detail and analytical review and compliance = Inherent risk factor (table figure) _________
Tolerable error =
Materiality________ =
Inherent risk factor (table figure)
Monetary value of population
(
100 %)
Value of items above the tolerable error (
%)
Value of scheduled other key items
(
%)
Value of residual population
(
%)

__

=
Tk.
Tk.
Tk.
Tk.

Residual population
Sample size = ---------------------------- Sampling risk factor
Materiality

xxxxxxx
Tk. 000

=
(See maximum below)

Plus: Number of items above the tolerable error

Number of other key items
Actual sample size
Conclusion
I am satisfied that the actual sample size will fairly test the population.
____
Date ___
Prepared by
Date
____
Reviewed by

=
___
=

* Delete as appropriate.
Refer to working papers in D section and C7-1.

Tables of maximum sample sizes

Specific risk

General

Specific risk

20

25

30

Risk

L
General

Specific risk
L

10

13

15

13 17 20

Risk

General
Risk

25

30

35

M 17 20 23

13

15

18

30

35

40

15

18

20

Table1for tests of
detail only

20 23 26

Table2for tests of
detail and (analytical
review* or tests of
control*)

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

Table3for test of
detail and analytical
review and tests of
control.

193

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:R5

AUDIT PROGRAMMERELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
Date

General
1 Review information provided by those
charged
with
governance
and
management identifying the names of all
known related parties and perform the
following procedures in respect of the
completeness of this information:
(a) review prior year working papers for
names of known related parties;
(b) review the companys procedures for
identification of related parties;
(c) enquire as to the affiliation of those
charged with governance and officers
with other companies;
(d) review shareholder records to
determine the names of principal
shareholders or, if appropriate, obtain
a listing of principal shareholders
from the share register;
(e) review minutes of the meetings of
shareholders and those charged with
governance and other relevant
statutory records such as the register
of directors interests;
(f) enquire of other auditors currently
involved in the audit, or predecessor
auditors, as to their knowledge of
additional related parties;
(g) review the companys tax returns and
other information supplied to the tax
authorities;
(h) review invoices and correspondence
from lawyers for indications of the
existence of related parties or related
party transactions;
(i) enquire of the names of all pension
and other trusts established for the
benefit of employees and the names
of their management.
2 Consider the adequacy of control
activities over the authorisation and
recording of related party transactions.
Directors
3 Prepare a schedule of movements on the
loan account for each director and other
connected person.
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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
Date

4 Review all month-end sales and purchase

ledger balances to identify any accounts
in the names of related parties.
5 Enquire as to the interest of the directors
in other companies.
Transactions
6 Review the accounting records for large or
unusual transactions or balances, in
particular transactions recognized at or near
the end of the
period For example:
(a) transactions with abnormal terms;
(b} transactions that appear to lack a
logical business reason for their
occurrence;
(c) transactions in which substance differs
from form;
(d) transactions processed or approved in
a non-routine manner;
(e) high
volume
or
significant
transactions with certain customers or
suppliers as compared with others;
(f) unrecorded transactions such as the
receipt or provision of management
services at no charge.
7 Discuss the nature and purpose of any
unusual transactions with the management or
directors.
8 Consider obtaining third party confirmation
of transactions and balances.
Disclosure
9 Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence
as to whether identified related party
transactions have been properly recorded and
disclosed.
10 The auditor should obtain sufficient
appropriate audit evidence that disclosures in
the financial statements relating to control
of the company are properly stated.
Management representations
11 Obtain a written representation from
management concerning:
(a) the completeness of information
provided regarding the identification of
related parties, and
(b) the adequacy of related party
disclosures in the financial statements.
Conclusion
12 Whether sufficient appropriate audit
evidence concerning all related parties and
transactions with such parties and the
adequacy of their disclosure in the financial
statements has been obtained.
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Client:

Year end:

File No.

Ref: P

SUMMARY SHEET TAXATION

Audit objectives

Planning
Number of
key tests
which satisfy
objective*

1
2

To ensure that the taxation

provision is adequate.
To ensure that deferred
taxation has been correctly
accounted for.
To confirm that all necessary
disclosures concerning current
and deferred tax have been
made and that the information
is appropriately presented and
described.

Reference to
bespoke
tests to be
carried out

Final
Are you
satisfied
that the
objectives
have been
met?

8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Yes/No

14

Yes/No

15, 16

Yes/No

Comments

Initials

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.

Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________

Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________

Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts, and
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* taxation is fairly stated.
Prepared by:
________________________________
Reviewed by:
_______________________________

Date: ______________

Date: ______________

Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)

Prepared by:
________________________________
Reviewed by:
_______________________________
* Delete if not applicable.

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Date: ______________

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: P2

AUDIT PROGRAMME TAXATION

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

General
1 Agree the opening balances to last years
accounts.
2 Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead schedule for
the current years figures and reconcile this to
the nominal ledger.
3

Examine any material journal entries or other

adjustments made during the course of preparing
the financial statements.
4 Carry out analytical procedures such as:
(a) comparison of the current figures with those
of prior periods;
(b) review of key ratios or other performance
indicators.
5 Review the planned extent of reliance on
internal controls in this area and consider
whether this remains appropriate.
6 Assess whether the initial materiality and/or risk
assessment should be revised in view of the
audit evidence obtained. Record details of any
necessary adjustments on B5 or B8. Consider
the impact on the remainder of the audit work
and on any work undertaken to date.
7 Review for large and/or unusual items and verify.
Corporation tax
8 Obtain and check, or prepare the following:
(a) draft tax computations;
(b) an analysis of the corporation tax account,
and
(c) a proof of tax/tax reconciliation.
9 Ensure profit before tax used in the computation
agrees to draft profit and loss account.
10 Agree closing CT liabilities to latest
computations and Tax Return.
11 Verify movements on CT account to Tax Returns.
12 Complete the corporation tax computation
checklist on P3.
Advance Income Tax
13. Recalculate the amount paid as advance income
tax;
14. Obtain schedule of Tax Deduction at Source
(TDS) and check its accounting in the books;
15. Observe Treasury Challan for advance income tax;
16. Observe certificate for TDS;
17. Check compliance of advance payments of tax
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Date

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Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

with the income tax law;

18. Prepare report (if any) considering the
materiality.
19. Advance Income Tax for each quarter should
have been paid to Bangladesh Bank within 15
days of September, December, March, June u/s
66 of ITO.
20. Deposit of Tax collected at source to Bangladesh
Bank within 7 days from the date of deduction
or collection.
ACT
21 Where Advance Current Tax paid or payable is
being carried forward as a debtor, consider its
ultimate recoverability and ensure that the
treatment in the accounts correctly reflects this.
Provision for Taxation
22. Recalculate the provision for taxation and
compare it with the records of the company;
Deferred Tax
23. Identify the temporary differences for deferred
tax calculation;
24. Recalculate deferred tax income/(Expense),
Assets/(Liability) and compare in with the
companys calculation and records;
Reporting to NBR
25. Review filing of relevant return to NBR for
Income Tax;
26. Review filing of relevant return to NBR for
I/Tax and VAT;
Presentation and disclosure
27 Confirm that a disclosure checklist will be completed
for this year. Where that is not the case explain how
the objectives relating to disclosure will be achieved.

28 Ensure that there is evidence on the file to

support all disclosures made.
Bespoke tests
29 Draft any necessary additional tests such as
those required by C6.3 and cross ref. with the
objectives on the summary sheet.
Conclusion
30 Consider whether there are any items which
need to be included in a letter of representation
or letter of comment and record this on A5 or
A6 as appropriate.

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and
Date

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: P3

CORPORATION TAX COMPUTATION CHECKLIST

Objective: To ensure that any corporation tax liabilities or available losses are correctly reflected in
the accounts.
This checklist sets out the common points to be considered when preparing corporation tax
computations it is not exhaustive.

Particulars

Yes/No
or N/A

Comments

1 Self-assessment
(a) Confirm that the company is not liable for any penalties for late filing
of its corporation tax return.
(b) Confirm that the company is not liable for interest on the late
payment of corporation tax.
(c) Submission of Annual Return to Deputy Commissioner of Taxes in
respect of Salary and Dividend within 1st September each year u/s
108, 110.
(d) Submission of Company Income Tax Return to Deputy
Commissioner of Taxes within 15th of July each year as per section
75.
(e) Submission of Individuals Income Tax Return to Deputy
Commissioner of Taxes within 15th of September each year as per
section 75.
(f) Submission of First appeal to AJCT within 60 days from the date of
DCT order as per section 153 of ITO.
(g) Submission of second appeal to Appellate Tribunal within 60 days
from the date of AJCT order as per section 158 of ITO.
2 Treatment and Computation of different items in Tax Return
2.1 Advertising
(a) Confirm that all business gifts or hospitality included in advertising
are correctly treated as entertaining.
(b) Confirm advertising excludes all capital items (eg signs).
2.2 Entertaining
Confirm that entertainment expense is within the limit set under rule 65 of
Income Tax: On first Tk 1 million of income, profit, gain @ 4%, on the
balance @ 2%.
2.3 Foreign Travels: Rule 65A, for foreign travel, holidaying, recreation
expenses of an employee (including full time directors) and his
dependants in excess of three months basic salary or three fourths of
the actual expenditure, whichever is less, once in every two years is
admissible.
2.4 Repairs and renewals
(a) Confirm that the analysis excludes all capital items.
2.5 Leasing
Confirm that the capital element of finance lease payments are allowed
in the computation, by not adding back the depreciation and that the
depreciation is properly calculated on a commercial basis over the term
of the lease (SP3/91).
2.6 Legal and professional charges
Confirm that the analysis excludes all capital items.
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Particulars

Yes/No
or N/A

Comments

2.7 Bad and doubtful debts

(a) Confirm that the file includes debtors names and addresses for bad
debts written off and provisions for individual doubtful debts.
(b) Confirm that any general provisions are accounted for separately
from specific provisions.
(c) Confirm that movements on the general provision are correctly
adjusted in the computation.
(d) Confirm that any loans to connected parties that are written off are
adjusted in the computation, and not taxed.
2.8 Subscriptions and donations
(a) Confirm that all disallowable items are adjusted in the computation.
(b) Confirm that covenants are deducted as gross charges in the
computation.
2.9 Sundry expenses
(a) Confirm that the analysis highlights disallowable items (if not
otherwise covered by this checklist).
(b) Confirm that all disallowable items are adjusted in the computation.
2.10 Formation expenses
Confirm that these have been disallowed in the computation.
2.11 Penalties and surcharges
Confirm that all disallowable penalties and surcharges (eg VAT default
surcharges) are identified and adjusted in the computation.
2.12 Directors remuneration
(a) Confirm that the computations include an analysis of the directors
remuneration and benefits.
2.13 Pension contributions
(a) confirm that the computation is adjusted for accruals.
(b) Confirm that the computation is adjusted for spreading of special
contributions.
2.14
Rent
(a) Confirm the rents paid to persons resident outside Bangladesh are
disclosed separately in the computation.
(b) Confirm that the basic rate tax has been deducted from rents paid to
non-residents.
(c) Confirm that rents received (other than in respect of letting parts of
the business premises) are excluded from the computation but are
included as Section 24,25 income in calculating the tax liability for
the corporation.
(d) Confirm that Section 24, 25 income is computed by treating rental
income as a notional trade on the accruals basis;
2.15 Interest paid
(a) Confirm that interest paid is calculated on the accruals basis.
(b) Confirm that income tax deducted from interest paid has been
accounted for and paid to Treasury on time
2.16
Research and development
Confirm that the company has qualifying cost to be deducted as research
and development.
2.17 Interest received
(a) Confirm that the schedule identifies whether amounts received are
gross or net of tax.
(b) Confirm that all amounts, are excluded from the computation, but
are included as section 22 income.
(c) Confirm that income tax deducted at source from income is
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Particulars

Yes/No
or N/A

Comments

deducted from income tax paid on tax return,

(d) Confirm that interest received is calculated on the accruals basis.
2.18 Dividends received
(a) Confirm that they are excluded from the computation.
(b) Confirm that they are shown net of tax credits but gross of
withholding tax where applicable.
2.19 Fixed assets
(a) Confirm that total additions per accounts reconcile with additions
per capital allowances computation.
(b) Confirm that first year allowances have been claimed for whole year
and no depreciation has been claimed in the year the asset is sold or
discarded.
(c) Confirm that reinvestment relief claims have been prepared where
appropriate.
3 Chargeable gains
3.1 Confirm computations have been prepared for disposals of:
(a) Freehold/leasehold property.
(b) Investments.
3.2 Confirm computation shows:
(a) Date of acquisition.
(b) Cost of acquisition.
(c) Cost of enhancements/improvements.
(d) Amount of sale proceeds and expenses.
4 Treatment of losses
4.1
Confirm that losses have been set off in the most effective way by
consideration of the following possibilities:
(a) Set off against other current year profits (including chargeable
gains).
(b) Confirm that losses carried forward are allowed for, as appropriate,
in deferred tax calculations.
5 Groups
5.1 Inter-group dividends
Confirm that any dividends paid by one member of the group to another
have been identified.
5.2 Inter-group charges on income and interest
Confirm that all relevant charges on income and interest have been paid
gross.
5.3 Inter-group transfer of assets
(a) Confirm schedule prepared showing details of assets transferred and
name of company to which transferred.
(b) Confirm schedule shows details of when each asset was first
acquired by the group.
(c) Confirm schedule shows details of original cost to the group of each
asset.
Conclusions
1 I consider that assistance from a taxation specialist is/is not* required.
2 The computations do/do not* deal correctly with all material matters
relating to corporation tax.
3 The accounts do/do not* include all material corporation tax liabilities.
4 Any corporation tax aspects which require bringing to the clients
attention have been recorded on B5 and A6.

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____________________
Senior/Manager

Date: _____________

____________________
Reviewed by

Date: _____________

*Delete if not applicable.

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Client:

Year end:

File No.

Ref: U

SUMMARY SHEET VALUE ADDED TAX

Planning

Audit objectives

1
2
3

Number of
key tests
which
satisfy
objective*

Reference to
bespoke tests
to be carried
out

Final
Are you
satisfied that
the objectives
have been met?

To ensure that VAT has been

correctly accounted for.

4, 5

Yes/No

To ensure any potential

liabilities have been identified.

6, 7, 8, 9

Yes/No

To confirm that any necessary

disclosures concerning VAT
have been made and that the
information is appropriately
presented and described.

10

Yes/No

Comments

Initials

Planning conclusion
I am satisfied that from the tests planned sufficient evidence can be gained to satisfy the objectives.
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________
Final conclusion
From the audit work carried out I confirm that:
the work has been performed in accordance with the audit programme;
the work performed and the results obtained have been adequately documented;
all necessary information has been collected for the preparation of the statutory accounts, &
in my opinion (subject to matters highlighted on B5 or B8)* VAT is fairly stated.
Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________
Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________

Alternative conclusion (ANY alternative conclusion MUST be referred to on B5 or B8)

Prepared by: ________________________________ Date: ______________

Reviewed by: _______________________________ Date: ______________

* Delete if not applicable.

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: U2

AUDIT PROGRAMME VALUE ADDED TAX

Particulars

Test
required
Y/N

Results
satisfactory
Y/N

Sch.
Ref

Comments

Initials
and
date

General
1
(a) Agree opening balances to last years
accounts.
(b) Obtain and check, or prepare, a lead
schedule for the current years figures.
(c) Enquire into and make notes of reasons
for any major variations from
expectations.
2 Assess whether the initial materiality
and/or risk assessment should be revised in
view of the audit evidence obtained.
Record details of any necessary
adjustments on B5 or B8. Consider the
impact on the remainder of the audit work
and on any work undertaken to date.
3 Review for large and/or unusual items and
verify.
4 Obtain and check, or prepare, a VAT
control account. Agree the VAT creditor or
repayment due to the relevant VAT return.
5 Vouch the entries on the VAT control
account to the VAT returns.
6 Reconcile the turnover per the accounts to
the outputs recorded on the VAT returns.
7 Reconcile the potential VAT on the
turnover per the accounts to the outputs on
the VAT control account.
8 Review the clients VAT affairs, including
any correspondence, and ensure that
adequate provision is made for any
possible penalties and interest on underdeclarations.
9 Where considered necessary complete the
VAT checklist on U3.
Presentation and disclosure
10 Consider whether balances relating to VAT
are appropriately presented in the accounts
and whether any additional disclosures are
required.
Conclusion
11 Consider whether there are any points
which need to be included in a letter of
representation or letter of comment and
record on A5 or A6 as appropriate.

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref: U3

VAT COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST

Objective: To ensure that all VAT liabilities are correctly included in the accounts.
The checklist sets out the common points to be considered when reviewing VAT it is not exhaustive.

Particulars
1

Registration

1.1

Unregistered company

Yes/No
or N/A

Comments

Confirm that taxable turnover does not exceed registration limits

(currently and historically), Taka 2 million.
1.2

Company registered as intending trader

Does the intention to make taxable supplies continue?

1.3

Exemption from registration

Is trader still eligible for exemption?

1.4 Group registration

1.5
2
2.1

2.2

(a) Are all members of the legal group either in the VAT group
or separately registered?
(b) Are all members of the VAT group eligible for membership?
(c) Are the latest and current details of group members received
from Customs & Excise correct?
(d) Does a system exist to notify Customs & Excise of group or
company structure changes?
Compulsory registration
Are the details on the latest Certificate of Registration correct?
Sales
Standard-rated sales
(a) Confirm VAT treatment is in accordance with the VAT act
and any directions from VAT administration.
Exports
Is adequate evidence of exports and deemed exports are kept?

Purchases

3.1

Routine
(a) Is input tax only claimed when evidence is received?
(b) Are all invoices retained and accessible?
(c) Does client check that all invoices are correctly addressed to
him as the registered trader?

(d) Are there systems to identify non-deductible inputs (including

non-business input VAT)?
Accounting records
(a) Are records properly filed, referenced and retained for four
years for VAT inspections?
(b) Do VAT records agree with the management and financial

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Particulars

Yes/No
or N/A

Comments

accounts available for inspection including a reconciliation of

turnover?
Groups of companies
(a) Do all companies invoicing each other within a VAT group
correctly omit VAT?
(b) Do supplies between members of the legal group (eg
management charges) who are not in the VAT group carry
VAT as appropriate?
(c) Is non-deductible input tax identified and not claimed?

General Compliances
(a) Whether the organizations imports are exempt from registration
and that exemption has been taken (All educational institution and
government offices. Embassies UN and UN bodies, and other privileged
institutions).
(b) Challan copy should be retained for 4 years in case of
centrally registered organizations transferring goods from
central godown or from one sale center to another.
(c ) If the organization is an exempt from VAT registration is it
properly enlisted with the superintendent and paid 4% as
turnover tax in advance.
(d) Confirm that turnover tax enlisted Co. maintains accounts of
daily buy-sale transaction in form "Mushak-17 A" and shall
also preserve number wise sale cash memo including
enlistment number. Further declaration of turnover challan of
treasury deposit, return etc. shall have to be preserved for at
least 4 years.
(e) Confirm turnover tax at 4% within 30 days of annual
declaration of turnover and within 15 days of monthly
declaration of turnover to be deposited to the treasury and the
return together with the main copy of treasury challan is
submitted to the concerned circle in form "Mushak-4".
(f) Confirm that the turnover tax is paid in advance before the
commenced of tax period.
(g) Confirm VAT return was duly filed within 10th days of the
following month in form "Mushak-19".
(h) Producers of taxable goods has submitted appropriate bona
fide price declaration relating to their products in form
"Mushak-1".
(i) Confirm that the Co. has claimed duty drawback within 6
months of issue of shipping bill, bill of exports for
identifiable real exports and deemed exports.
(j) Confirm that excess payment of VAT, turnover tax where
applicable has been claimed for refund within 6 months of
such payment in form TR31.
(k) Confirm input tax paid by a registered person on the inputs
imported on purchased by him are adjusted under certain
sections of the VAT Act or Rules against output tax liability,
which is called input tax rebate.
(l) Confirm that VAT deduction at source from certain specified
service providers at the specified rate has been done and
deposited to treasury within the specified time.

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Particulars
6

Yes/No
or N/A

Comments

Penalties and assessments

(a) Have all VAT assessments been reflected in the accounts

(including penalties and interest)?
(b) Are all outstanding default surcharges reflected in the
accounts?
Conclusions
1I

consider that assistance from a VAT specialist is/is not* required.

The client has/has not* dealt with all material matters relating to
VAT.

The accounts do/do not* dealt with all material VAT Liabilities

4 Our review of VAT has/has not* met our obligations under the
letter of engagement
Any VAT aspects which require bringing to the clients attention
have been recorded on B5 or B8.

Senior/Manager ______________________________ Date: _____________

Reviewed by ________________________________ Date: _____________

* Delete if not applicable.

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Client:
Year end:

Tailored by:
Tailoring reviewed by:
Completion reviewed by

File no:

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref: V2

STATUTORY RULES AND REGULATIONS COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST

Objective: To ensure that the organization has complied with all the relevant laws and regulations, e.g.,
companies act 1994, SEC Act 1993. The organization is not at risk of or in violation or defaulter in
complying with the applicable laws and regulations.
This checklist sets out the common points to be considered when preparing corporation tax
computations it is not exhaustive.
Yes/No
or N/A

Particulars

Comments

1.

Confirm that the statutory and statistical registers as required (see the
attached appendix B4) as per companies act 1994 were being maintained
properly throughout the year.
2. Confirm that the statutory and statistical filing as required (see the
attached appendix B5) under Companies Act 1994, SEC Act 1993, DSE
Regulation, Article of Association has been properly and timely filed
and the company was not in default and penalized in any of the filling.
3. Submission of annual accounts to respective parties to be within the time
limit.
4. The provision for appointment of directors in public limited companies
as set out under sections 90 to 93, 101, 115 of the CA 1994 should be
complied with.
5. The company has maintained adequate accounting records as set out
under section 181 of the Companies act 1994.
6. The Balance sheet and Income statement of the company should be
authenticated under joint signatures of the company secretary or
manager or managing agent and two directors. Incase of Banking
company, by the managing agent and three directors. This authentication
should have been before the Audit report date and should be properly
disclosed in the accounts.
7. Directors report should contain all the information as required under
section 184 of the Companies Act 1994 as well as requirements under
the SEC regulations and notification No.
8. Confirm that the company has properly disclosed the information as
detailed in the attached disclosure check list
Conclusions
1 I consider that assistance from a taxation specialist is/is not* required.
2 The computations do/do not* deal correctly with all material matters
relating to corporation tax.
3 The accounts do/do not* include all material corporation tax liabilities.
4 Any corporation tax aspects which require bringing to the clients
attention have been recorded on B5 and A6.
Senior/Manager ________________________

Date: _____________

Reviewed by ________________________
* Delete if not applicable.

Date: _____________

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ACCOUNTS WORKING PAPERS

Bank account

Analysis of receipts

Unrecorded receipts

Analysis of payments

Unrecorded payments

Cash account

Analysis of receipts

Analysis of payments

Petty cash account

10

Summary receipts/payments

11

Wages summary

12

Creditors control account

13

Debtors control account

14
15
X

OTHER PRIMARY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Cash flow statements

FRS 3 statements

3
4
Y

COMPUTER REPORTS AND RECORDS RECEIVED

Year end trial balance

Journals

Nominal ledger printouts

Posting summary/data entry

Opening trial balance

Summary of records received

OBSOLETE WORKING PAPERS

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref:

PERMANENT AUDIT FILE INDEX

General information

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7

Background information
Details of bankers and professional advisors
Know Your Client Checklist
Register of laws and regulations
Details of related parties
Significant accounting policies
Copy of current detailed risk assessment
Engagement details
Letter of engagement
Authorisations
Special instructions from client
Special instructions from group auditors
Copy of resolution re: appointment
New client checklist
Register of non-audit services
Accounting systems
Organisation chart
Review of design and implementation of controls
Internal Control Questionnaire
Systems notes
Letters of comment (copies)

5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

(PAF02)
(PAF03)
(PAF04)
(PAF05)
(PAF06)
(PAF07)

(PAF08)
(PAF09)

Statutory information
List of shareholders
Details of mortgages/charges
Directors interests in shares and debentures
Copy annual return
Copy elective resolutions
Memorandum and Articles of Association
Taxation (If no separate tax permanent file)
Tax elections and certificates
Copy of Tax Return
Advance Corporation Tax details

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref:

PERMANENT AUDIT FILE INDEX (cont.)

6 Assets
6.1 Details of freehold/leasehold properties
6.2 Details of location of title deeds
6.3 Details of plant etc. (where no fixed asset register exists)
6.4 Details of intangible assets
6.5 Investments in subsidiaries and associated undertakings
6.6 Details of professional valuations
6.7 Details of insurance values and cover
6.8
7 Contracts and agreements
7.1 Details of contracts and agreements with index
7.2 Details of share options
7.3 Bank overdraft or loan facilities, security and covenants
7.4 Details of other loans
8 Correspondence and information of continuing interest
8.1 Index
9 Accounts
9.1 Signed copies of full accounts
9.2 Signed copies of abbreviated accounts
9.3 Company accounts disclosure checklist
10 Review
Year

File updated by

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Reviewed by

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
Updated by

Date:

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Exact name of company ________________________________________________________________
Trading name (if different) ______________________________________________________________
Registered office

Main place of business (if different)

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________

Tel No. ___________________________________

Tel No. ________________________________

Fax No.____________________________________

Fax No. ________________________________

Number of business locations ______________________

Registered number _______________________________
Place of registration ______________________________
Date of incorporation _____________________________
VAT registration number __________________________

Return periods _____________________

Year end date ___________________________________

Associated companies

Yes / No

Names of directors/secretary

Specify________________________________
Date of birth

Specific responsibilities

Specify the basis and/or documents on which you have determined that this is a bona fide business operation:

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
Updated by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:

DETAILS OF PROFESSIONAL ADVISORS

Account signatories
Name

Specimen
signature

Bankers
Name ____________________________________

____________________________________

Address __________________________________

____________ _________________________

__________________________________

_______________________________________

Telephone _____________________________________

_______ ___________________________________

Fax ______________________________________

____________ _________________________

Name_____________________________________

____________ _________________________

Address___________________________________

_____________________________________

___________________________________

_____________________________________

Telephone_________________________________

______________________________________

Fax ____________________________________

_____________________________________

Solicitor
Name_____________________________________

_____________________________________

Address___________________________________

_____________ _________________________

___________________________________

_____________________________________

Telephone_________________________________

_____ _______________________________

Fax_______________________________________

_____________________________________

Other (specify)
Name____________________________________

______________________________________

Address__________________________________

______________________________________

___________________________________

_____________________________________

Telephone_________________________________

______________________________________

Fax _______________________________________

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

___________ _________________________

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:

Date:
Date:

Ref:

KNOW YOUR CLIENT CHECKLIST

This checklist is intended as an aide mmoire for issues that should be addressed on the permanent file.
Where a matter is relevant it should be addressed in sufficient detail on the file as to provide a basis for
further review as part of the risk assessment or evaluation of systems. The checklist should not be
regarded as exhaustive.
Particulars

Y/ N
N/A

PAF
Ref

The sector in which the client operates

1.1 The market and competition, including demand, capacity, and price
competition.
1.2 Cyclical or seasonal activity.
1.3 Product technology relating to the clients products.
1.4 Energy supply and cost.
2 The regulatory environment in which the client operates
2.1 Accounting principles and industry specific practices.
2.2 Regulatory framework for a regulated industry.
2.3 Legislation and regulation that significantly affect the clients
operations.
regulatory requirements, and
direct supervisory activities.
2.4 Taxation (corporate and other).
2.5 Government policies currently affecting the conduct of the clients
business:
monetary, including foreign exchange controls;
fiscal;
financial incentives (for example, government aid programs), and
tariffs, trade restrictions.
2.6 Environmental requirements affecting the industry and the clients
business.
3 Other external factors currently affecting the clients business
3.1 General level of economic activity (for example, recession, growth).
3.2 Interest rates and availability of financing.
3.3 Inflation, currency revaluation.
4

Nature of the clients operations

Business Operations
4.1 Nature of revenue sources (for example, manufacturer, wholesaler,
banking, insurance or other financial services, import/export
trading, utility, transportation, and technology products and
services).
4.2 Products or services and markets (for example, major customers
and contracts, terms of payment, profit margins, market share,
competitors, exports, pricing policies, reputation of products,
warranties, order book, trends, marketing strategy and objectives,
manufacturing processes).
4.3 Conduct of operations (for example, stages and methods of
production, business segments, delivery or products and services,
details of declining or expanding operations).

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Particulars
4.4

Y/ N
N/A

PAF
Ref

Alliances, joint ventures, and outsourcing activities.

4.5

Involvement in electronic commerce, including Internet sales and

marketing activities.
4.6 Geographic dispersion and industry segmentation.
4.7 Location of production facilities, warehouses, and offices.
4.8 Key customers.
4.9 Important suppliers of goods and services (for example, long-term
contracts, stability of supply, terms of payment, imports, methods
of delivery such as just-in-time).
4.10 Employment (for example, by location, supply, wage levels, union
contracts, pension and other post employment benefits, stock
option or incentive bonus arrangements, and government
regulation related to employment matters).
4.11 Research and development activities and expenditures.
4.12 Transactions with related parties.
Investments
4.13 Acquisitions, mergers or disposals of business activities (planned
or recently executed).
4.14 Investments and dispositions of securities and loans.
4.15 Capital investment activities, including investments in plant and
equipment and technology, and any recent or planned changes.
4.16 Investments in non-consolidated entities, including partnerships,
joint ventures and special-purpose entities.
Financing
4.17 Group structure major subsidiaries and associated entities,
including consolidated and non-consolidated structures.
4.18 Debt structure, including covenants, restrictions, guarantees, and
off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.
4.19 Leasing of property, plant or equipment for use in the business.
4.20 Beneficial owners (local, foreign, business reputation and
experience).
4.21 Related parties.
4.22 Use of derivative financial instruments.
Financial Reporting
4.23 Accounting policies and industry specific practices.
4.24 Revenue recognition practices.
4.25 Accounting for fair values.
4.26 Stocks/inventories (for example, locations, quantities).
4.27 Foreign currency assets, liabilities and transactions.
4.28 Industry-specific significant categories (for example, loans and
investments for banks, accounts receivable and inventory for
manufacturers, research and development for pharmaceuticals).
4.29 Accounting for unusual or complex transactions including those in
controversial or emerging areas (for example, accounting for
share-based payments).
4.30 Financial statement presentation and disclosure.

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Particulars
5

Y/ N
N/A

PAF
Ref

Objectives, strategies and related business risks

How does the client addresses industry, regulatory and other risk factors relating to, for example:
5.1

6.

Industry developments (a potential related business risk might be,

for example, that the client does not have the personnel or expertise
to deal with the changes in the industry).
5.2 New products and services (a potential related business risk might
be, for example, that there is increased product liability).
5.3 Expansion of the business (a potential related business risk might be,
for example, that the demand has not been accurately estimated).
5.4 New accounting requirements (a potential related business risk
might be, for example, incomplete or improper implementation, or
increased costs).
5.5 Regulatory requirements (a potential related business risk might
be, for example, that there is increased legal exposure).
5.6 Current and prospective financing requirements (a potential related
business risk might be, for example, the loss of financing due to the
clients inability to meet requirements).
5.7 Use of IT (a potential related business risk might be, for example,
that systems and processes are incompatible).
5.8 Effects of implementing a strategy, particularly any effects that will
lead to new accounting requirements (a potential related business risk
might be, for example, incomplete or improper implementation).
Measurement and review of the clients financial performance
6.1

Key ratios and operating statistics.

6.2
6.3
6.4

Key performance indicators.

Employee performance measures and incentive compensation
policies.
Trends.

6.5

Use of forecasts, budgets and variance analysis.

6.6

Analyst reports and credit rating reports.

6.7
6.8
7.

Competitor analysis.
Period-on-period financial performance (revenue growth,
profitability, leverage).
Accounting Systems
The clients systems should be documented to include the following
areas:
7.1 The classes of transactions in the clients operations that are
significant to the financial statements.
7.2 The procedures, within both IT and manual systems, by which
those transactions are initiated, recorded, processed and reported in
the financial statements.
7.3 The related accounting records, whether electronic or manual,
supporting information, and specific accounts in the financial
statements, in respect of initiating, recording, processing and
reporting transactions.
7.4 How the information system captures events and conditions, other
than classes of transactions, that are significant to the financial
statements.
7.5 The financial reporting process used to prepare the clients financial
statements, including significant accounting estimates and disclosures.

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Particulars

Y/ N
N/A

PAF
Ref

7.6 Roles and responsibilities in relation to financial reporting.

8. Control environment?
Do we have notes on the attitude of the company to the following matters.

8.1

Communication and enforcement of integrity and ethical values.

8.2

Commitment to competence.

8.3

Participation by those charged with governance.

8.4

Managements philosophy and operating style.

8.5

Assignment of authority and responsibility.

8.6

Human resource policies and practices.

Risk of Fraud
Do we have notes on the following matters.
9.1

Managements assessment of the risk that the financial statements

may be materially misstated due to fraud.

9.2

Managements process for identifying and responding to the risks

of fraud, including any specific risks of fraud that management has
identified or account balances, classes of transactions or
disclosures for which a risk of fraud is likely to exist.

9.3

Managements communication, if any, to those charged with

governance regarding its processes for identifying and responding
to the risks of fraud in the entity.

9.4

Managements communication, if any, to employees regarding its

views on business practices and ethical behaviour.

9.5

How those charged with governance exercise oversight of

managements processes for identifying and responding to the risks
of fraud in the entity and the internal control that management has
established to mitigate these risks.

10. Control activities

10.1 For areas where there is a risk of material misstatement do we have
notes on relevant control activities?
Control activities include:
Authorisation/Performance reviews;
Information processing;
Physical controls, and
Segregation of duties
10.2 Are there any particular issues arising from the use of IT that
require documenting?
11. Monitoring controls
11.1 For areas where there is a risk of material misstatement do we have
notes on how the client monitors the operation of controls and
control activities in those areas?
For example monitoring by management or a separate internal audit function.

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Client:

Prepared by:

Date:

Year end:

Reviewed by:

Date:

File no:

Updated by

Date:

Ref:

REGISTER OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS

Summary of the legal and regulatory framework

1

Law and regulation governing accounts (e.g.

Companies Act, SEC Act 1993, Banking Co Act
1991, NGO Affairs Bureaus Act)

General business laws and regulations (e. g.

health and safety, HR, employment, hygiene,
planning)

Other laws and regulations specific to the client

What procedures ensure compliance?

Audit approach

Reference should be made to specific requirements not a bland statement about say employment legislation.
Sufficient detail should be recorded to enable consideration of the impact of the laws and regulations on the clients activities, the relevant assertions and the
disclosures to be made.

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
Updated by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:

DETAILS OF RELATED PARTIES

Name of related party

Nature of relationship

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Nature of transactions

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Client:
Year end:
File no:

Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
Updated by

Date:
Date:
Date:

Ref:

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Area of accounts

Accounting policy

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, April 2009

Assessment of policy including

compliance with BASs

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Client:
Year end:

File no:

Prepared by:

Date:

Reviewed by:

Date:

Ref:

NEW CLIENT CHECKLIST

Particulars

Yes/ No
N/A

Initials

Pre-interview
1 Are we satisfied that we are independent and are likely to have
adequate resources and knowledge to complete the audit?
2 Are we satisfied that the acceptance of the appointment would not
have an adverse effect on the reputation of the practice?
3 Are we satisfied that acceptance of the engagement will not create any
conflict of interest with existing clients?
4 Are we satisfied that there are no other reasons why we would not
wish to act for the client (for example financial difficulties or
litigation)?
Money laundering considerations
1 Are we satisfied that the company is a bona fide business?
2 Are there any concerns regarding the integrity of the directors,
management or shareholders of the company?
3 Have we established the ultimate control of the company?
4 If the client has been introduced by a principal or staff member of the
firm, or a long-standing client, do we have written confirmation from
the introducer of the clients identity?
5 Have we written for references from other sources? Specify:
6 Have we obtained and copied for file specific proof of identity (eg
passport or photo driving license) for all directors and shareholders (or
the controlling shareholders if many)? Specify:
7 Have we obtained and copied for file specific proof of the clients
address? (eg a current utility bill). Specify:

Points for interview

1 Have we identified which marketing source gave rise to the new
client? Specify: ___________________________________________
2 Name
of
previous
accountant
obtained?
Specify:
________________________________________________________
3 Full personal details of directors and share-holders obtained?
4 Have we completed section 1 of the permanent file?
5 Have we requested details/copies of the items below?
certificate of incorporation;
memorandum and Articles of Association;
last annual return;
books and records;
organisation chart;
last set of accounts;
fixed asset register;
last set of TDS, and
last Tax Return
6 Have we obtained all the documentation required for the consideration
of money laundering, as noted above?
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Particulars

Yes/ No
N/A

Initials

7 Has the client signed or agreed to sign the necessary authorisations?

bank authority;
building society authority, and
other (specify).
7

Has the client been quoted a fee for the audit?

If yes, give details below:
_______________________________________

Office Procedures
1.

We written to the previous auditors for all necessary information?

2.

Have all statutory matters concerning the resignation of the previous

auditor and our appointment been dealt with?
Have we carried out a company search?

3.
4.

Have we written for information from other sources?

Specify: ____________________________________________
5. Have we sent an engagement letter covering all the services that we
will provide to the client?
6. Have the necessary files been opened?
7.

Have the clients details been entered onto the time records?

8.

Have we carried out an initial assessment to determine whether the

client will require a second partner review under the IFAC ethics and/
or firms quality control procedures?

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Register of nonaudit services for

audit clients
Type of service

Fee Which threats apply to this

service (tick all that apply)?

SI

SR

Safeguards required

Accounting
services
Tax services
Internal audit
services
Information
technology
services
Valuation /
actuarial
valuation services
Litigation support
services
Legal services
Recruitment
services
Remuneration
services
Corporate finance
services
Transaction
related services
Total fee

In my opinion the safeguards identified above ensure that any non-audit services provided to the
audit client do not jeopardize the firms objectivity and independence.
Principal
Second principal
(where required)
1

Date __________________
Date __________________

SI = self interest; SR = self review; M = management; A = advocacy; F = familiarity; I = intimidation

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