A GENERAL PROFICIENCY

REPORT ON

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Submitted by
Nilotpal Kalita (R-2012/28)
&

Kaushik Dutta (R-2011/27)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF
Pranjal Protim Borah
Lecturer, RSET

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

ROYAL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ROYAL GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
GUWAHATI-35, ASSAM, INDIA
NOVEMBER 2013

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

ROYAL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ROYAL GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Certificate
This is to certify that Nilotpal Kalita bearing roll number R-2012/28 and Kaushik Dutta bearing
roll number R-2011/27 of B.E. Computer Science and has completed his General Proficiency work
during the academic session July-Dec 2013 under my supervision for partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Computer Science & Engineering of Gauhati University.

Mr. Pranjal Protim Borah

Lecturer, RSET
Date:

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

ROYAL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ROYAL GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Declaration by the Students

We, Nilotpal Kalita (R-2012/28) & Kaushik Dutta (R-2011/27), 3rd Semester B.E. student of the
Computer Science and Engineering discipline, Gauhati University hereby declare that we have
carried out the General Proficiency work Types of Operating Systems under the supervision of
Mr. Pranjal Protim Borah for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Computer Science & Engineering of Gauhati University.
We declare that during our project work nothing has been copied/ replicated from others work.

Kaushik Dutta

Nilotpal Kalita

R-2011/27

R-2012/28

Acknowledgement
We both have all our efforts in this project. However it would have not have been possible
without the kind support of many individual. We would like to extend our thanks to all of them.
We are highly indebt to thank our H.O.D sir M. K. Sharma for his guidance and supervision as
well as permitting us to use the required facilities available in the computer labs.
We would like to thank and express our gratitude towards our mentor Mr. Pranjal Borah for his
attention towards us and guiding us throughout the completion of this project.
Our thanks to the faculties of CSE department, RSET for helping us providing the necessary
information required for this report.

Signature of Students

Abstract
An operating system is a piece of software that is needed to run the programs on a computer or a
mobile device. The programs that run on an operating system talk to the hardware. Operating
systems usually come preloaded on any computer that you buy. Most people use the operating
system that comes with their computer, but it is possible to upgrade or even change operating
systems. Operating system can be categories on various basis and each operating system has a
different look and feel and has unique feature of their own. So if switching to a different
operating system always seems unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are
designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles are the same.

CONTENTS

Topic

Chapter 1

Page No.

Introduction

1.1. Defining Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

1.2. What Operating System Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3. Parts of OS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 2

Classification Of Operating System

2.1. Based on Capabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.1 Number of User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.2 Number of Tasks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.3 How Data is Entered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2. Based on User Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3. Based on Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4. Special Purpose Systems.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

.
Chapter 3

Choosing Your Desktop OS.

3.1. Mac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

3.2. Linux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

3.3. Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure name

Page No.

2.1. Working of Batch Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2. Desktop OS Market Share 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3. Mobile OS Market Share 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

3.1. OS X Mavericks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

3.2. Ubuntu 12.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

3.3. Windows 8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

Types of Operating System1

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1.

Defining Operating System

Operating systems exists because they offer a reasonable way to solve the problem of creating a
usable computer system. Basically, we have no universally accepted definition of what is part of
the operating system. A simple viewpoint is that it includes everything a vendor ships when you
order the operating system. This features included, however, vary greatly across systems.
Though according to Wikipedia, An operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware
and user which is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing
of the resources of a computer that acts as a host for computing applications that run on the
machine. [1]
Or in simple words we can say, Operating System is the software (computer program) that gets
your computer working. It makes your monitor and mouse work when you plug them in. It
gives you a way to start the games and word processors you use, and gives those programs the
resources they need to function. It also enables your computer to connect with the internet and
other computers.

1.2. What Operating System do

We view a computer system as consisting of hardware software and data. The operating system
provides the means for proper use of these resources in the operation of the computer system. An
operating system is similar to a government. Like a government, it performs no useful function
by itself, it simply provides an environment within which other programs can do useful work. [1]
However, being the first program to be loaded into the computer, there are various task that an
operating system does in order to maintain the computer system. Those are discuss below.

Types of Operating System2

1.2.1. Basic functions

1.2.1.1. Device configuration
The operating system controls and manages the various peripheral devices such as mouse,
keyboard and printers. For example, most operating systems are now plug and play which means
a device such as a printer will automatically be detected and configured without any user
intervention.
1.2.1.2. Memory Management
The operating system also allocates the use of random access memory (RAM) to requesting
processes. Programs and inputs are constantly competing for the attention of the CPU and
demand memory. So the OS ensures that each application gets the necessary resources it needs in
order to maximize the functionality of the overall system.
1.2.1.3. File Management
The operating system also handles the tracking of files and folders saved or retrieved from main
memory or any secondary storage. The file management system allows the user to perform such
tasks as creating files and directories, renaming files, copying and moving files, and deleting
files. It also provides file protection and recovery and keeps track of file system.
1.2.1.4. Interface Platform
A user interacts with software through the user interface. So the operating system is responsible
for providing a consistent application program interface (API) which is important as it allows a
software developer to write an application on one computer and know that it will run on another
computer of the same type even if the amount of memory or amount of storage is different on the
two machines.

1.2.2 Other functions

Some of the other functions of an operating system are as follows

best use of the computer resources

provide a background for users programs to execute

display and deal with errors when it happens

control the selection and operation of the peripherals

act as a communication link between users

system protection

Types of Operating System3

1.3.

Parts of OS

An operating system can be broken down into three major parts, namely
Kernel
System Utilities
Device Drivers
1.3.1.

Kernel

It is the most fundamental part of an operating system. It can be thought of as the program which
controls the other programs on the computer. It is responsible for the creation and destruction of
memory space which allows software to run. It provides services so that programs can request
the use of network driver, the disk or any other piece of hardware (the kernel forwards that
request to special programs called drivers which control the hardware), manages the file system
and sets interrupts for the CPU to enable multitasking. Many kernels are also responsible for
ensuring that faulty programs do not interfere with the operation of others, by denying access to
memory that has not been allocated to them and restricting the amount of CPU time they can
consume. [2]

1.3.2.

System Utilities

This part of the operating system that is basically nonessential but special that provides all the
basic facilities that run in the background without user interaction. For example,
Print spool services
Search-and-replace
File management services

1.3.3.

Device Drivers

Every piece of hardware that makes up the computer or connected to it will have a device driver
that allows the operating system to control and communicate with it. There could be hundreds of
device drivers pre-installed with the operating system, and the right ones for that particular
computer set-up are loaded on boot-up. The exact detail of which device driver is needed by the
operating system is kept in a file - in Windows, the file is called the 'registry' and in Linux the
details will be stored as a number of 'configuration files'. [3]

Types of Operating System4

Chapter 2

Classification of Operating System

Within the broad family of operating system, there are generally four types, categorized based on
the types of computer they control and the sort of application they support. The categories are
real-time operating system, single user single task operating system, single user multitasking and
multiuser. [4] However here we classify the types of operating system based on various other
categories which are discussed below.

2.1.

Based on capabilities

On the basis of capabilities, well further categorize them in terms of:

2.1.1

The number of users accommodate at one time,

How many tasks they can be run at one time

How the data is entered into the system

Number of Users

2.1.1.1. Single-user operating system

A single- user operating system is a type of operating system that is developed and intended for
use on a computer or similar machine that will only have a single user at any given time. This is
the most common type of computer used on a home computer, as well as on computers in offices
and home work environments. Even though this type of operating system can connect other
computers through a network, it is still only being used by a single user. As long as the computer
only has one monitor, keyboard and other input devices, then it is a single-user system. Other
computers may be able to access data on the computer, but unless the users of those computers
can also run applications on the computer that they can see on monitors on their own end, it is
still a single-user system. [5]
Example: DOS, Windows 95/97/98, etc.

Types of Operating System5

2.1.1.2. Multi-user operating system

A multi- user operating system allows multiple users to access the data and processes of a single
machine from different computers or terminals. These were previously often connected to the
larger system through a wired network, though now wireless networking for this type of system
is more common. A multi-user operating system is often used in businesses and offices, but these
resources cannot be installed on every system. In a multi-user operating system, the OS must be
able to handle the various needs and requests of all of the users effectively. This means keeping
the usage of resources appropriate for each user and keeping these resources allocations separate.
By doing this, the multi-user operating system is able to better ensure that each does not hinder
the efforts of another, and that if the system fails or has an error for one user, it might not affect
all of the other users. This makes a multi-user operating system typically quite a bit more
complicated than a single-user system that only needs to handle the requests and operations of
one person. [2]
Example: UNIX, VMS, etc.

2.1.2

Number of Tasks

2.1.2.1. Single-task operating system

A single-task operating system is a type of single user operating system. It is developed for use
with a computer or electronic device that will run one application at a time. This type of OS is
typically used on devices like wireless phones and two-way messaging devices. A single task
operating system can run one program or application at a time, and so it is not as useful for a
computer or other device intended to run multiple programs at once.
Example: DOS, Palm OS for Palm Handhelds.
2.1.2.1. Multitasking operating system
A multitasking operating system allows single CPU to execute what appears to be more than one
program at a time. The operating system is able to keep track of where you are in these tasks and
go from one to the other without losing information. Being able to do multitasking doesnt mean
that an unlimited number of tasks can be juggled at the same time. Each task consumes system
storage and other resources. As more tasks are started, the system may slow down or begin to run
out of shared storage.
Example: Android, OSX, Windows XP/7/8

Types of Operating System6

2.1.3 How data is entered

2.1.3.1 Batch Operating System
Batch Operating System is the operating system which analyzes the input and groups them into
batches. That is data in each batch is of similar characteristics. And then it performs operation on
each individual batch

Figure 2.1 : Working of Batch Operating System [3]

Batch Operating System could only execute one program at a time. The operating system
maintained a queue of user programs which had been submitted and were waiting for a chance to
execute. Each program which needed to execute was called a job. A human operator watched
over the queue with the ability to move some jobs to the front or back, or kill a job which got
hung or ran too long. Some users had higher priorities than others. [3]
Example: IBM OS/2, Windows 1/2/3/ME, etc.
2.1.3.2. Interactive Operating System
In an interactive operating system, the user interacts directly with the operating system to supply
commands and data as the application program executes and the user receives the results of
processing immediately. The user is in direct two way communication with the computer.
Pretty much all operating systems that are on PCs are interactive OSs

2.2 Based on User Interface

User Interface basically is what we say human-computer interaction. The user interface refers
to the information the program presents to the user, and the control sequences (such as
keystrokes with the keyboard, movements of the mouse, and selection with the touchscreens) the
user employs to control the program. [3] On the basis of UI, the following types are most
common:

Types of Operating System7

2.2.1. Graphical User Interface (GUI)

An operating system with a GUI enables a person to communicate with a computer through the
use of symbols, visual metaphors, and pointing devices. The GUI has replaced the arcane and
difficult textual interfaces of earlier computing with a relatively intuitive system that has made
computer operation not only easier to learn but more pleasant and natural. The GUI now is the
standard computer interface and can be found in almost all OS.
Example: Macintosh, Window, etc.
2.2.2. Command Line Interface (CLI)
In an operating system with command line interface, user responds to a visual prompt by typing
in a command on a specified line, receives a response back from the system, and then enters
another command, and so forth. Unlike a GUI, it uses a keyboard to navigate by entering
commands and does not utilize a mouse.
Example: DOS, OS/2, Junos OS, etc.
2.2.3. Touch User Interface (TUI)
An operating system with the touch user interface is technically a computer-pointing system
based upon the sense of touch (haptics). A touchpad or a touchscreen display is used as a
combined input and output device.
Example: Apples IOS, Android, Thinix touch on windows XP/7/Vista, etc.
2.2.5. Gesture Interface
Its a kind of a graphical user interface with the exception that it only accepts input in a form of
hand gestures, or mouse gestures sketched with a computer mouse or stylus. One way, it is being
used to help the physically impaired to interact with computers. [3]
Example: Linux 2.6 on Samsungs SmartTV, Ubuntu mobile OS, etc.

Types of Operating System8

2.3 Based on Environment

On the basis of the system environment, we categorized the operating system into:

2.3.1

Desktop OS
Mobile OS

Desktop OS

A desktop operating system is the one that what we use when we sit before a computer in our
homes. It is intended only for a desktop computer, that manages the components of the computer,
including printers, monitors and even cameras. These OSes usually come with things that one
probably uses at a desk. The operating system is usually loaded into the hard drive or sometimes
in flash or optical drives. It is unique because it does not require any networks or external
components to operate.
Today, there are many forms of desktop operating systems designed for our computers. These
include Windows, Linux and Mac. Each operating system is designed to function on specific
hardware. This hardware compatibility is one of the primary considerations when selecting an
operating system for desktop.
There are many freeware versions of Linux available for the desktop computers. This operating
system provides multiprocessing power at minimal costs. Most Linux operating system
configurations require specialized system engineering knowledge. This installation process is not
designed for the novice computer user.
The Mac operating system is a desktop operating system that is designed for Apple computers.
This operating system is specially designed to run on apple hardware.
Windows is the most widely used desktop operating system. This operating system became
popular with the introduction of Windows 95. The windows operating system requires special
hardware that is designed to support this application

Figure 2.2 : Desktop OS market share 2012 [7]

Types of Operating System9

2.3.2

Mobile OS

A mobile operating system is a type of operating system that performs basic operations required
by a modern phone. The operating system, for example, is essential for basic function such as
text messages, phone calls and accessing the Internet. It also is used for running additional
applications, commonly referred to as apps, and interpreting user input.
Modern mobile phones are similar in design and function to computers, which is why the devices
need sophisticated operating systems. An OS provides the basic functions for electronic device,
such as recognizing input and displaying the user interface on the screen. The operating system
also affects how fast the system runs and its reliability.
There are different types of Mobile Operating Systems available which are being used in the
phones. All mobile manufacturing companies use different mobile platform based on their
hardware architecture and software integration. All mobile platforms are having different
features and are compatible with various types of smartphones. Now a days various new types
of mobile platform operating systems are being developed according to the user friendly
environment. Some of the famous operating system mobile platforms are as follows:
2.3.2.1. Java
This mobile platform is used by the major of the smartphone manufacturing companies. It
supports software package file formats like .jad and .jar extensions. Companies like Nokia, LG,
Samsung, HTC, and Panasonic use this platform.
2.3.2.2. Symbian
It is used mainly used by Nokia. It is of various types like S40 and S60 or S90 based on their
devices. The new version of Symbian is Nokia Belle Feature Pack 2. It is used by Nokia, Sony
Ericson, and Motorola.
2.3.2.3. Palm OS
Palm OS is mainly developed by Palm Inc. but later acquired by HP. It is generally used for HP
smartphones and HP Pocket PC. HP has launched its latest version which is known as HP Web
OS.
2.3.2.4. Meego
Nokia and Intel announced merging of maemo and moblin OS and finally they formed a new OS
for mobile platform known as meego. It is Linux based distributed OS for smartphone.
2.3.2.5. Samsung Bada/Tizen
It has been developed by Samsung and this mobile platform is mainly supported by Samsung
smartphones. While development of Bada is stopped Samsung announces the launch of Tizen on
new devices by the end of 2013.

Types of Operating System10

2.3.2.6. Windows Mobile

Windows mobile platform is mainly owned by Microsoft, but it provides support to companies
like Samsung, Nokia, HTC, etc. Some of the windows mobile are Nokia Lumia Series, Samsung
Omnia, etc. The different versions of Windows Mobile OS are Windows Pocket PC, Windows
6.5, 7.0, Windows 7.5 Mango version and its latest version is Windows Mobile 8.0.
2.3.2.7. Blackberry OS
Blackberry OS is mainly developed by Blackberry under RIM (Research In Motion). It is only
supported by Blackberry mobiles. Its latest version is Blackberry OS 10. It supports the file
extension of .cod which is compiled with .jad files.
2.3.2.8. Apple iOS
Apple iOS is mainly developed and used by Apple Company. It has been designed for the Apple
iPhone mobiles like iPhone4, iPhone 5, 5C. Its latest version is iOS 7. It supports the file
extension of .deb files.
2.3.2.9. Android
Android is developed by the great Google. It is the most popular open source smartphone mobile
operating system in the world. It is mainly used in all Galaxy series smart phones of Samsung,
HTC and Xperia series of Sony Ericson. Its latest version is KitKat. It supports a file extension
of .apk extension. This platform is also used in tablets, and Smart TV.

Figure 2.3 : Mobile OS market share 2012 [8]

Types of Operating System11

2.3

Special Purpose System

A special purpose computer is designed to perform for a specific company, department or

purpose. Such a system would likely have an OS that is created especially for use on the
computer system. It is very expensive, and can be time consuming

2.3.1 Embedded Operating system

These operating systems are typically found in standalone computerized equipment such as ATM
machines or navigation systems. Such a system typically runs a specific piece of programming,
such as the guidance system on a rocket, and nothing else. This type of embedded system is often
very important for real-time computer functions. This runs nearly every electronic device
available today. These tiny programs regulate everything from the apps on a cellphone to the heat
in a toaster. [2]

Types of Operating System12

Chapter 3

Choosing Your Desktop OS

Most people are using the OS that came with the computer when they brought it. They never
thought about using an alternate operating system for their desktop. Most people use Microsoft
Windows and have come to expect computers to work in a certain way; few people have had
reason to even wonder what an operating system is.
For choosing the best operating system for your desktop, you should consider your needs as well
as the types of programs you would like to run. Lets take the three well known desktop
operating system. Which one you would choose? What differences it would make?

3.1 Why Consider Mac?

Figure 3.1 : OS X Mavericks

Apple has been making personal computers pretty much since personal computers have existed.
Apple computers are designed for elegance and ease of use. Most of the Apple Macintosh users
are very passionate, and find it hard to understand why someone would use anything else. They
see themselves as being Mac users for life. Why should you consider joining them?
Macintosh computers are works of art. They are both gorgeous and elegant. They are of very
high quality. And these days the prices are quite comparable to other computers, although they
don't sell "budget" computers that are basically crap. Macintosh software is full featured and

Types of Operating System13

easy to use. The basic applications generally have more features than the programs that come
with Windows. And you are very unlikely to meet a virus while using a Mac. Not only are there
very few viruses written to attack Macs, the security settings on a Mac are very good, and keep
most malware at bay.
Pros
1. Viruses: Almost no virus.
2. Reliability: Only run on Apple computers, and are thus less prone to hardware and software
crashing.
3. Looks: Better than windows.
Cons
1. Expensive: Mac costs even more than Windows.
2. Only available on Apple computers: if you have a computer, you cannot install Mac on it
unless its an Apple.
3. Compatibility: Only few programs run on Mac; almost no games.

3.2 Linux

Figure 3.2 : Ubuntu 12.1

Types of Operating System14

Linux is also an operating system like Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, except:
It is generally free of cost.
And comes with lots of programs you would normally have to spend more money
on.
And is essentially free from viruses.
And is constantly being updated.
Linux doesn't belong to anyone, so there are many different versions of it designed for lots of
different sorts of people. If you have never tried Linux you will want to start with a distribution
that is easy to use. Linux distribution is a customized version of Linux combined with a set of
free programs put together by an individual, a community, or a company.
Pros
1. Price: Linux is free. You can download it, install it, modify it; All for free.
2. Viruses: Being open source, it is more vulnerable to viruses than Mac, but still has very
very few viruses.
3. Variety: Linux is not a full operating system. Several hundred of distribution exists. Most
popular includes Ubuntu and Mint.
Cons
1. Complicated: Requires a good deal of computer knowledge in order to get them to work.
2. Compatibility: lack of games and programs
3. Vendors: you wont find a lot of vendors selling Linux computers.

Types of Operating System15

3.3 Sticking To Windows

Figure 3.3 : Windows 8.1

Windows is the least secure and most attacked operating system. But you want have neither any
compatibility issue nor any trouble finding support. More than 80% of the worlds desktop
computers run some sort of Windows OS
Pros
1. Compatibility: Almost every application, driver or game will work.
2. Games: A platform for gaming titles.
3. Ease of use: There are so many functions you can do almost quite easily.
Cons
1. Viruses: Lots of malware and viruses for Windows
2. Slow: Requires lots of computer resources
3. Price: it easily cost over a 2k bucks.

Types of Operating System16

Conclusion
As learned so far, operating system is the system software that acts as an intermediate between
the user and the hardware components. Also known for providing flatform for various programs
operating system is the essential part of a computer system.
The objective was to study and sort out various types of operating system. We discussed about
the different types of operating system based on various categories and each has their own
features and disadvantages.

Types of Operating System17

References
[1] Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin and Greg Gagne, Operating System Concept
seventh edition. Palatino: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005
[2] Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Modern Operating system third edition. PHI Learning, 2009
[3] Tams Kovcshzy, History and classification of Operating Systems, HW environment,
Ph.D., Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Measurement and
Information Systems, Minden Jog Fenntartva.
[4] National Institute of Open Schooling, Types of Operating System - NIOS,
http://www.oer.nios.ac.in/wiki/index.php/Types_Of_Operating_System, October 21, 2013.
[5] G. Weisen, Single-User, http://www.wisegeek.com/what_is_a_singleuser_operating_system.htm, October 21, 2013.
[6] Eric Raymond, The Art of Unix Programming. Addition-Wesley, 2003
[7] Kickstarter, PocketBible for Mac OS by Laridian, Inc - Kickstarter,
http://kickstarter.com/projects/1268870794/pocketbibble_for_mac_os, November 4, 2013.
[8] Joey Devilla, Mobile Developer News Roundabout,
http://globalnerdy.com/2012/05/24/mobile-developer-news-roundabout/, November 4, 2013