CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Review of literature paves way for a clear understanding of the areas
of research already undertaken and throws a light on the potential areas
which are yet to be covered. Keeping this view in mind, an attempt has been
made to make a brief survey of the work undertaken on the field of
occupational stress.
This chapter deals with the review of literature concerned with the
subject of this study. Many studies have been conducted. It highlights the
occupational stress from different angles.The review of some of the
important studies are presented below.
Amir Shani and Abraham Pizam7 in their article Work-Related
Depression among Hotel Employees conducted a study on the depression
of work among hotel employees in Central Florida. They have confirmed the
incidence of depression among workers in the hospitality industry by
evaluating the relationship between the occupational stress and work
characteristics.

Amir Shani and Abraham Pizam, Work-Related Depression among Hotel Employees, Cornell
Hospitality Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 4, 446-459 (2009)

30

Viljoen, J.P., and Rothmann, S.8 aimed at studying and investigating

the

relationship

between

occupational

stress,

ill

health

and

organizational commitment (2009). The results were that organizational

stressors contributed significantly to ill health and low organizational
commitment. Stress about job security contributed to both physical and
psychological ill health. Low individual commitment to the organization was
predicted by five stressors, namely work-life balance, overload, control, job
aspects and pay.
Schmidt, Denise Rodrigues Costa; Dantas, Rosana Aparecida
Spadoti; Marziale, Maria Helena Palucci and Laus, Ana Maria.9 In
their work title on Occupational stress among nursing staff in surgical
settings This study aimed at evaluating the presence of occupational stress
among nursing professionals working in surgical settings and investigating
the relations between occupational stress and work characteristics.
Li-fang Zhang10conducted a study titled Occupational stress and
teaching approaches among Chinese academics (2009) He suggested
that controlling the self-rating abilities of the participants, the conducive
conceptual change in teaching approach and their role insufficiency
predicated that the conceptual change in teaching strategy is negative.

10

Viljoen, J.P., & Rothmann, S. (2009). Occupational stress, ill health and organisational
commitment of employees at a university of technology. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA
Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, 35(1), Art. #730, 11 pages. DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v35i1.730.
Schmidt, Denise Rodrigues Costa; Dantas, Rosana Aparecida Spadoti; Marziale, Maria Helena
Palucci and Laus, Ana Maria, Occupational stress among nursing staff in surgical settings,
Texto contexto - enferm. [online]. 2009, vol.18, n.2, pp. 330-337.
Li-fang Zhang, Occupational stress and teaching approaches among Chinese academics,
Educational Psychology, Volume 29, Issue 2, March 2009 , pages 203 - 219

31

Kayoko Urakawa and Kazuhito Yokoyam 11 in their journal Sense

of Coherence (SOC) may Reduce the Effects of Occupational Stress on
Mental Health Status among Japanese Factory Workers (2009) has
resulted the adverse effects on mental health due to the job demand and job
strees was positively associated with SOC (sense of coherence), the mental
health status of males in managerial work was adversely negative, where as
it was positive among the female co-workers. Thus, SOC is an important
factor determining the coping ability over the job stress for both the genders
J.E. Agolla12 in his research article titled Occupational Stress
Among Police Officers: The Case of Botswana Police Service, (2009)
has conducted a study among the police to find out work stress symptoms
and coping strategies among the police service in Botswana. This study
reveals that the police work stressors are; getting injured while on duty and
the use of force when the job demands to do so, etc. The coping strategies
were identified as exercising, socializing, healthy eating or diets, career
planning and employee training.
Connolly, John F and Willock, Joyce and Hipwell, Michele and
Chisholm, Vivienne13 in their research titled Occupational Stress &
Psychological Well Being following University Relocation (2009) they
describe and analyze that management standards for work related stress

11

12

13

Kayoko Urakawa and Kazuhito Yokoyam, Sense of Coherence (SOC) may Reduce the Effects of
Occupational Stress on Mental Health Status among Japanese Factory Workers, Journal of
Industrial Health, Vol. 47 , No. 5 pp.503-508
J.E. Agolla, Occupational Stress Among Police Officers: The Case of Botswana Police Service,
ccupational Stress Among Police Officers: The Case of Botswana Police Service, Vol. 3, Issue 1,
pp. 25-35, 2009.
Connolly, John F and Willock, Joyce and Hipwell, Michele and Chisholm, Vivienne (2009)
Occupational Stress & Psychological Well Being following University Relocation: six months on.
Project Report. Queen Margaret University. (Unpublished).

32

(demand, support, control, role, relationships and change) can be analysed

by examining 1) overall levels of psychological strain 2) job satisfaction,
and 3) the psychosocial working conditions
Chen, Wei-Qing; Wong, Tze-Wai; Yu, Tak-Sun14 in their book
titled Direct and interactive effects of occupational stress and coping
on ulcer-like symptoms among Chinese male off-shore oil workers,
(2009)

has suggested

that gastric/ulcer like health problems, age,

educational qualification, marital status has been positively associated with

occupational stress and internal behaviour coping methods, but negatively
associated with external/social behaviour coping methods.
Chang-qin Lu; Oi-ling Siu; Wing-tung Au; Sandy S. W.
Leung15in their article titled Manager's occupational stress in stateowned and private enterprises in the People's Republic of China (2009)
has showed that managers in private enterprises experienced higher levels of
occupational stressors and psychological strains than those in state-owned
enterprises. Moreover, Organizational structure and climate was also found
to be a major stressor when predicting both psychological and physical strain
in both economic sectors.
Stewart Collins16 in his book titled Statutory Social Workers:
Stress, Job Satisfaction, Coping, Social Support and Individual
Differences (2008) he is highlighted that healthy or unhealthy coping
14

15

16

Chen, Wei-Qing; Wong, Tze-Wai; Yu, Tak-Sun, Direct and interactive effects of occupational
stress and coping on ulcer-like symptoms among Chinese male off-shore oil workers, American
journal of industrial medicine, Vol.52, Issue 6, pp.500-8.
Chang-qin Lu; Oi-ling Siu; Wing-tung Au; Sandy S. W. Leung, Manager's occupational stress
in state-owned and private enterprises in the People's Republic of China, The International
Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 20, Issue 8, August 2009 , pages 1670 - 1682
Stewart Collins, Statutory Social Workers: Stress, Job Satisfaction, Coping, Social Support and
Individual Differences, British Journal of Social Work 2008, Vol. 38 No. (6): pp. 1173-1193;

33

strategies have gender difference and the importance of support in various

forms with in the work setting, where as mutual group support accompanied
by individual differences are linked to good self-esteem, personal hardiness
and resilience.
Richardson, K. M., and Rothsetin, H.R.17in their article titled
Effects of occupational stress management intervention programs
(2008)

they provided an empirical review of stress management

interventions, employing meta-analysis procedures. The results also revealed

that relaxation interventions were the most frequent type of intervention.
Further, there were a few stress interventions focused on the organizational
level. More specific results also indicated that cognitive-behavioural
interventions produced larger effects than other types of interventions.
Pal, S., and Saksvik, P.18

In their article titled Work-family

conflict and psychosocial work environment stressors as predictors of

job stress in a cross-cultural study (2009) conducted a study on job stress
on 27 Norwegian doctors and 328 nurses and 111 Indian doctors and 136
nurses. The result was that work-family conflict was not predictive of job
stress in Norwegian doctors, but work-family conflict, high job demands,
and low flexibility in working hours predict job stress in Norwegian nurses.
For the Indian sample, job stress was predicted by high family-work conflict
and low social support in nurses and low job control in doctors. Hence, it
seems to be overlapping and some differences in cultures when considering
the role of demands, control, support, and flexibility in predicting strain.
17

18

Richardson, K. M., & Rothsetin, H. R. (2008). Effects of occupational stress management

intervention programs: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 13 (1),
pp.69-93
Pal, S., & Saksvik, P. (2008). Work-family conflict and psychosocial work environment stressors
as predictors of job stress in a cross-cultural study. International Journal of Stress Management,
Vol. 15, No. (1), 22-42.

34

Nagesh, P. and Murthy, M. S. Narasimha19 in their study titled

Stress Management at IT Call Centres (2008) has identified that the six
factors contribute to workplace stress: demands of the job, control over
work, support from colleagues and management, working, clarity of role,
and organizational change. This paper also suggested measures in the form
of training to enable organizations and individuals to manage stress at
workplaces in general and IT call centres in particular. The paper is based on
a study carried out in respect of a few selected IT call centres.
Mki K, Vahtera J, Virtanen M, Elovainio M, KeltikangasJrvinen L and Kivimki M.20 in their study titled Work stress and new
onset migraine in a female employee population (2008) examined
whether work stress, as indicated by the job strain model and the effortreward imbalance model, predicts new-onset migraine among 19469 female
employees with no history of migraine at study entry. The proportion of
new migraine cases attributable to high effort-reward imbalance was
6.2percentage. This study suggested that the high effort-reward imbalance
might function as a modifiable risk factor for new-onset migraine.
Magee, and Bill21 in their article titled "Stress, Anxiety and Anger
about Home and Work" (2009) they suggested that mediate associations
between the differentiated forms of work with me matching effects at home.
19

20

21

Nagesh, P. and Murthy, M. S. Narasimha , Stress Management at IT Call Centers: A Case Study
(December 18, 2008). The Icfai University Journal of Soft Skills, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 51-68,
December 2008.
Mki K, Vahtera J, Virtanen M, Elovainio M, Keltikangas-Jrvinen L & Kivimki M. Work stress
and new onset migraine in a female employee population. Cephalalgia 2008; Vol. 28: pp.18-25.
London. ISSN 0333-1024,
Magee, Bill. "Stress, Anxiety and Anger About Home and Work" Paper presented at the annual
meeting of the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Sheraton Boston and the
Boston Marriott Copley Place, Boston, MA, Jul 31, 2008 <Not Available>. 2009-05-23
http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p237397_index.html.

35

Their interference seems to play a relatively limited role in maintaining the

cross-domain association which is affected in either form of negative or
positive.
Kopp, Maria S; Stauder, Adrienne; Purebl, Gyorgy; Janszky,
Imre; Skrabski, Arpad22 in their research paper titled Work stress and
mental health in a changing society (2008) they conducted a study
indicates that a cluster of stressful working and psychosocial conditions are
responsible for a substantial part of variation in self reported mental and
physical health with work related factors.
Katherine Pollak. Eisen. George J. Allen. Mary Bollash and Linda
S. Pescatello23 in their book titled Stress management in the workplace
(2009) it suggested that work stress significantly contribute to corporate
health costs. Comparison through randomised controlled design of stress
management and intervention provided by an instructor-led group and
computer presented format, has resulted in significantly higher attrition in
computer based presentation format.
Hampel, Petra; Meier, Manuela; Kummel, and Ursula24 in their
article School-Based Stress Management Training for Adolescents:
Longitudinal Results from an Experimental Study (2008) they
investigated the effectiveness of a school-based universal preventive stress
22

23

24

Kopp, Maria S; Stauder, Adrienne; Purebl, Gyorgy; Janszky, Imre; Skrabski, Arpad, Work stress
and mental health in a changing society, European Journal of Public Health. 18(3):238-244, June
2008.
Katherine Pollak. Eisen. George J. Allen. Mary Bollash and Linda S. Pescatello, Stress
management in the workplace: A comparison of a computer-based and an in-person stressmanagement intervention, Vol.24, Issue 2, pp. 486-496, 2008.
Hampel, Petra; Meier, Manuela; Kummel, Ursula, School-Based Stress Management Training for
Adolescents: Longitudinal Results from an Experimental Study, ournal of Youth and
Adolescence, v37 n8 p1009-1024 Sep 2008.

36

management training program for early and middle adolescents in

comparison with a no-treatment control group. The experimental group
scored higher on perceived self-efficacy compared to the control group at the
follow-up assessment.
Gbolahan and Gbadamosi25 in their research titled Stress at
Work: Any Potential Redirection from an African Sample (2008) they
conducted a study which explored the relationship among perceived stress,
perception of sources of stress, satisfaction, core self-evaluation, perceived
health and well being. Data were collected from 355 employees in botswana.
Result

indicated that significant links existed between perceived stress,

Satisfaction, Core self-evaluation and Well being.

D.R. Rutter

and

M.J. Lovegrove26

in

their

research

titled

Occupational stress and its predictors in radiographers, (2009) they

conducted a study to establish the level of occupational stress in UK NHS
radiographers, and to examine its causes. The result was significantly lower
in the mammography group than in the others. However, the junior staff
reported low level stress due to role ambiguity, role conflict and work
problems and the superintendents reported a high level stress; but the effects
were sometimes buffered by social support from colleagues.

25

26

Gbolahan Gbadamosi, (2008) Stress at Work: Any Potential Redirection From an African Sample?
International Academy of African Business and Development (IAABD) , United States. ISBN 09765288-3-5.
.R. Rutter and M.J. Lovegrove, Occupational stress and its predictors in radiographers, Vol.14,
Issue 2, pp.138-143, 2009.

37

Christopoulos, M. And Hicks, R.E.

27

in their article titled

Perfectionism, occupational stress and depression among Australian

university students. (2008) they carried out a study and investigated the
relationship of perfectionism between occupational stress and depression in
the context of an Australian university student population. The study
revealed that as expected maladaptive perfectionism significantly correlated
with occupational stress and depression; however, unexpectedly adaptive
perfectionism did not correlate significantly with occupational stress and
depression.
Buddeberg-Fischer, B; Klaghofer, R; Stamm, M; Siegrist, J;
Buddeberg,28 in their book titled Work stress and reduced health in
young physicians: prospective evidence from Swiss residents (2008)
they investigated the perceived job stress, its association with the amount of
working hours, and its impact on young physicians self-reported health and
their satisfaction with life during residency. Stress at work in young
physicians, especially when being experienced over a longer period in
postgraduate training, has to be a matter of concern because of its negative
impact on health and life satisfaction and the risk of developing symptoms
of burnout in the long run.

27

28

Christopoulos, M. & Hicks, R.E. (2008). Perfectionism, occupational stress and depression among
Australian university students. In S. Boag (Ed.), Personality down under: Perspectives from
Australia (pp. 41-52). New York, United States: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN: 9781604567946.
Buddeberg-Fischer, B; Klaghofer, R; Stamm, M; Siegrist, J; Buddeberg, C (2008), Work stress
and reduced health in young physicians: prospective evidence from Swiss residents. International
Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Vol. 82 No.(1): pp.31-38

38

Sang, Katherine J. C.; Dainty, Andrew R. J.; Ison, Stephen G.29 In

their research titled. Gender: a risk factor for occupational stress in the
architectural profession (2007) jointly aimed to research gender
differences in occupational health and well-being. In this study, the female
respondents reported significantly lower overall job satisfaction and due to
it, significantly higher levels of insomnia and constipation, work-life conflict
and turnover intentions.
Upson, John W.; Ketchen Jr., David J.; Ireland, R. Duane30 in
their article titled Managing Employee Stress: A Key to the
Effectiveness of Strategic Supply Chain Management (2007) focused
their research on supply chain activities and studied the dangerous role of
stress among supply chain members. They have also given measures to
address this stress. The researchers concluded that by using the suggested
initiatives, both employees' quality of life and the organization's
performance can improve.
The study by Mikolajczak, Mora; Menil, Clmentine; Luminet,
Olivier31 in their article Explaining the protective effect of trait
emotional intelligence regarding occupational stress: Exploration of
emotional labour processes (2007) focused that, when confronted with
emotional labour, high trait EI individuals experience lower levels of

29

30

31

Sang, Katherine J. C.; Dainty, Andrew R. J.; Ison, Stephen G.. Gender: a risk factor for
occupational stress in the architectural profession?, Construction Management & Economics,
Dec2007, Vol. 25 Issue 12, p1305-1317, 13p
Upson, John W.; Ketchen Jr., David J.; Ireland, R. Duane. Managing Employee Stress: A Key to
the Effectiveness of Strategic Supply Chain Management, Organizational Dynamics, 2007, Vol.
36 Issue 1, p78-92, 15p.
Mikolajczak, Mora; Menil, Clmentine; Luminet, Olivier. Explaining the protective effect of
trait emotional intelligence regarding occupational stress: Exploration of emotional labour
processes, Journal of Research in Personality, Oct2007, Vol. 41 Issue 5, p1107-1117, 11p.

39

burnout and somatic complaints, and this effect was found to be mediated by
the choice of emotional labour strategies.
Wated, Guillermo; Sanchez, Juan I.,32 in their research titled The
Role of Accent as a Work Stressor on Attitudinal and Health-Related
Work Outcomes, (2006)

has stated that, data collected from the

employees who spoke English with a supported accent and prediction, by

examining in their role in group, self-efficiency and perceived control in the
process where none of the proposed coping mechanism had an impact of
perceived discrimination on employees accent.
W. de Vente; J.H. Kamphuis; P.M.G. Emmelkamp33 in their
article. Alexithymia, Risk Factor or Consequence of Work-Related
Stress (2006) they investigated the level and the type of alexithymia
associated with occupational stress. Group differences in alexithymia were
analyzed using ANOVAs. The type of alexithymia was investigated by (a)
determining absolute and relative stability, (b) exploring state dependence
by adjusting alexithymia for burnout and distress complaints and (c)
associating recovery of complaints with change in alexithymia. According to
them, Alexithymia was significantly elevated among the patients. In the
patient group, absolute stability of two alexithymia dimensions (identifying
feelings, describing feelings) and relative stability of one alexithymia
dimension (identifying feelings) was lower than they were in the healthy
group.
32

33

Wated, Guillermo; Sanchez, Juan I. The Role of Accent as a Work Stressor on Attitudinal and
Health-Related Work Outcomes, International Journal of Stress Management, Aug2006, Vol. 13
Issue 3, p329-350, 22p.
W. de Vente; J.H. Kamphuis; P.M.G. Emmelkamp. Alexithymia, Risk Factor or Consequence of
Work-Related Stress?, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Aug2006, Vol. 75 Issue 5, p304-311,
8p.

40

Stetz, Thomas A.; Stetz, Melba C.; Bliese, Paul D.34 In their article
titled The importance of self-efficacy in the moderating effects of social
support on stressorstrain relationships (2005) has explained that
organizational constraints, co-workers support and self efficiency had
significant interaction for predicting the job satisfaction and psychological
well being. It had resulted that intervention aimed for reducing strains are
expected through increased social support and considering self efficiency of
individual.
Richards, David; Bee, Penny; Barkham, Michael; Gilbody,
Simon; Cahill, Jane; Glanville, Julie.35 In their research article The
prevalence of nursing staff stress on adult acute psychiatric in-patient
wards (2006) their study reviewed the prevalence of low staff morale, due
to stress, burnout, job satisfaction and psychological well-being amongst
staff working in in-patient psychiatric wards. It has resulted that particular
mental health studies has specific and non specific samples, it explain that
using of validating measures of stress together with personal and
organisational variation requires the process influencing the stress over the
staff.
Raidn, Ani Birgit; Dainty, Andrew R. J.; Neale, Richard H.36 in
their study on Balancing employee needs, project requirements and
34

35

36

Stetz, Thomas A.; Stetz, Melba C.; Bliese, Paul D.. The importance of self-efficacy in the
moderating effects of social support on stressorstrain relationships, Work & Stress, JanMar2006, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p49-59, 11p.
Richards, David; Bee, Penny; Barkham, Michael; Gilbody, Simon; Cahill, Jane; Glanville, Julie.
The prevalence of nursing staff stress on adult acute psychiatric in-patient wards, Social
Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, Jan2006, Vol. 41 Issue 1, p34-43, 10p.
Raidn, Ani Birgit; Dainty, Andrew R. J.; Neale, Richard H. Balancing employee needs, project
requirements and organisational priorities in team deployment, Construction Management &
Economics, Aug2006, Vol. 24 Issue 8, p883-895, 13p.

41

organisational priorities in team deployment (2006)

the team

deployment strategies of a large construction company with the view of

establishing how a balance could be achieved between organizational
strategic priorities, operational project requirements and individual
employee needs and preferences, suggested that project priorities often took
precedence over the delivery of the strategic intentions of the organisation in
meeting employees individual needs.
Noblet, Andrew; LaMontagne, Anthony D.37 conducted a study on
The role of workplace health promotion in addressing job stress
(2006). The enormous human and economic costs associated with
occupational stress suggested that initiatives designed to prevent and /or
reduce employee stress should be high on the agenda of Workplace Health
Promotion (WHP) program. The aim of the second part of this study is a
detailed description of what the comprehensive approach to stress
prevention/reduction looks like in practice and to examine the means by
which WHP can help develop initiatives that address both the sources and
the symptoms of job stress.
Kushnir, Talma; Melamed, and Samuel38 in their study titled
Domestic Stress and Well-Being of Employed Women. (2006)
Respondents were 133 mothers employed in secretarial and managerial jobs.
It is suggested that in families (as in teams), shared decision control may be
a more potent coping resource than personal control.

37

38

Noblet, Andrew; LaMontagne, Anthony D. The role of workplace health promotion in addressing
job stress, Health Promotion International, Dec2006, Vol. 21 Issue 4, p346-353, 8p.
Kushnir, Talma; Melamed, Samuel. Domestic Stress and Well-Being of Employed Women:
Interplay Between Demands and Decision Control at Home, Sex Roles, May2006, Vol. 54 Issue
9/10, p687-694, 8p.

42

Keeva, and Steven39 in their article titled Depression Takes a Toll

(2006) deal with the high rates of mental depression among lawyers in the
U.S. Studies which highlighted the depression problem among lawyers are
cited. It discusses the suicide of Judge Mack Kidd of Austin, Texas. It
explores the role of occupational stress in depression among lawyers.
Jackson,

Leon;

Rothmann,

Sebastiaan40

in

their

titled

Occupational stress, organisational commitment, and ill-health of

educators in the North West Province (2006) discussed to determine the
differences between occupational stress and strain of educators in different
biographical groups, and to assess the relationship between occupational
stress, organizational commitment and ill-health. A sample of 1170 was
selected and Organizational Stress Screening Tool and a biographical
questionnaire were administered. The results show differences between the
occupational stress, organizational commitment and ill-health of educators
of different ages, qualifications and associated with different types of
schools.
H., Azlihanis A.; L., Naing; D., Aziah B.; N., Rusli41 in their titled
Socio-demographic,

Occupational

And

Psychosocial

Factors

Associated With Job Strain Among Secondary School Teachers In Kota

Bharu, Kelantan (2006) they conducted a study to identify the factors
associated with job strain among teachers working in secondary schools in
39
40

41

Keeva, Steven. Depression Takes a Toll, ABA Journal, Jan2006, Vol. 92 Issue 1, p37-38, 2p
Jackson, Leon; Rothmann, Sebastiaan. Occupational stress, organisational commitment, and illhealth of educators in the North West Province, South African Journal of Education, Feb2006,
Vol. 26 Issue 1, p75-95, 21p, 8.
H., Azlihanis A.; L., Naing; D., Aziah B.; N., Rusli. Socio-demographic, Occupational And
Psychosocial Factors Associated With Job Strain Among Secondary School Teachers In Kota
Bharu, Kelantan. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, Jan2006 Supplement, Vol. 13, p18-18,
1p.

43

Kota Bharu, Kelantan. A sample size of 580 teachers was taken. The result
was significant. There was linear relationship between job strain and the
duration of service in the present employment, duration of working hours,
job insecurity and social support.
Coetzer, and W.J.; Rothmann, S.42 In their article titled
Occupational stress of employees in an insurance company, (2006)
they identified occupational stressors for employees in an insurance
company. The results showed that job insecurity as well as pay and benefits
were the highest stressors in the insurance industry. They also assessed the
relationships between occupational stress, ill health and organisational
commitment.
Botha, Christo; Pienaar, and Jaco43 in their titled South African
correctional official occupational stress: The role of psychological
strengths (2006) conducted a study to determine the dimensions of
occupational stress of employees of the Department of Correctional Services
in a management area of the Freestate Province of South Africa. The results
indicated that an external locus of control and negative affect contributed to
the experience of occupational stress.
Bernhart, and Molly44 in their article, Work intensity showing up
in stress, employee attrition, (2006) focused the intensification of work
by employers to increase productivity with fewer employees, where human
42

43

44

Coetzer, W. J.; Rothmann, S. Occupational stress of employees in an insurance company, South

African Journal of Business Management, Sep2006, Vol. 37 Issue 3, p29-39, 11p
Botha, Christo; Pienaar, Jaco. South African correctional official occupational stress: The role of
psychological strengths, Journal of Criminal Justice, Jan/Feb2006, Vol. 34 Issue 1, p73-84, 12p.
Bernhart, Molly. Work intensity showing up in stress, employee attrition, Employee Benefit
News, Oct2006, Vol. 20 Issue 13, p26-26, 1p.

44

resource turnover are in large number due to shortage of skilled workers,

retiring employees, stressed out workers, work-life option should be set up
in such way to eliminate employee stress for filling the vacancy by bridging
the gap between retiring employees and stress out workers.
Barzilai-Pesach, Vered; Sheiner, Einat K.; Sheiner, Eyal;
Potashnik, Gad; Shoham-Vardi, Ilana45 in their research work titled The
Effect of Women's Occupational Psychologic Stress on Outcome of
Fertility Treatments, (2006) examined the possible association between
women's occupational stress and its outcome during pregnancy has made the
women workers perceive that their job demanding more was less to achieved
work load, by measuring full time with part time job it was found that
woman who conceived are significantly associated less with full time job
until successful completion of the pregnancy period.
Akerboom, and S.; Maes S.46 in their paper titled Beyond demand
and control: The contribution of organizational risk factors in assessing
the psychological well-being of health care employees., (2006)
examined that both the unique and the additional contribution of
organizational characteristics and the organizational Risk Factors explain the
importance part of their outcome and their training opportunities which
gives importance to carriers and job satisfaction.

45

46

Barzilai-Pesach, Vered; Sheiner, Einat K.; Sheiner, Eyal; Potashnik, Gad; Shoham-Vardi, Ilana.
The Effect of Women's Occupational Psychologic Stress on Outcome of Fertility Treatments,
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Jan2006, Vol. 48 Issue 1, p56-62, 7p.
Akerboom, S.; Maes, S.. Beyond demand and control: The contribution of organizational risk
factors in assessing the psychological well-being of health care employees., Work & Stress, JanMar2006, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p21-36, 16p.

45

Adriaenssens, Liesbeth; De Prins, Peggy; VloeberghS, and Danil.

47

In their work titled Work Experience, Work Stress and HRM at the

University, (2006) investigated (1) the well-being of academic staff at the

University of Antwerp, (2) the specific factors of the work environment that
have an impact on employee well-being, and (3) the interaction between HR
practices and employee well-being. They have concluded the work with
suggestions of improvement of the work environment.
Adams, Richard E.; Boscarino, Joseph A.; Figley, and Charles R.
48

Conducted their study titled Compassion Fatigue and Psychological

Distress among Social Workers: A Validation Study, (2006) the article

highlights the factors analysed and indicated that the compassion fatigue
(CF) scale measured multiple dimensions, which measures increasing ability
of professionals meet the emotional needs of their clients which results in
stressful environment without experiencing CF (compassion fatigue)
Yates, and Iva49 in their research work titled Reducing
Occupational Stress, (2005) the survey explains in detail that 40% of
worker in a manufacturing company reported that their job was very
stressful and another 25% expressed that this job was extremely increasing
the stress towards their family life, this survey has identified various job
conditions that can be adopted to maintain a stress less work life which leads
to a stress less family life.
47

48

49

Adriaenssens, Liesbeth; De Prins, Peggy; VloeberghS, Danil. Work Experience, Work Stress
and HRM at the University, Management Revue, 2006, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p344-363, 20p.
Adams, Richard E.; Boscarino, Joseph A.; Figley, Charles R.. Compassion Fatigue and
Psychological Distress Among Social Workers: A Validation Study, American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, Jan2006, Vol. 76 Issue 1, p103-108, 6p.
Yates, Iva. Reducing Occupational Stress, Caribbean Business, 2/24/2005, Vol. 33 Issue 7, p7979, 3/4p.

46

Wiesner, Margit; Windle, Michael; Freeman, Amy50 in their

research article titled work stress, substance use, and Depression among
young adult Workers (2005) they examined the main and moderated
relationships between 5 job stressors using data from a community sample of
583 young adults (mean age = 23.68 years). Analyses revealed a few direct
associations among the job stressors of high job boredom, low skill variety,
low autonomy, depression measures and heavy alcohol use.
Van Vegchel, Natasja; de Jonge, Jan; Landsbergis, Paul A.51 In
their article titled Occupational stress in (inter)action: the interplay
between job demands and job resources (2005) they addressed
theoretical issues involving different interaction effects between job
demands and job resources in an analysis on 471employees. Results
including cross-validation showed that only a multiplicative interaction term
yielded consistent results for both the DC model and the ERI model.
Theoretical as well as empirical results argue for a multiplicative interaction
term to test the DC model and the ERI model.
Vakola, Maria; Nikolaou, Loannis52 In their article titled,
Attitudes towards organizational change (2005) they suggested that
occupational stress and organizational change are now widely accepted as
two major issues in organizational life. The study explored the linkage
between employees' attitudes towards organizational change and two of the
50

51

52

Wiesner, Margit; Windle, Michael; Freeman, Amy., Work Stress, Substance Use, and Depression
Among Young Adult Workers: An Examination of Main and Moderator Effect Models, Journal
of Occupational Health Psychgy, Apr2005, Vol. 10 Issue 2, p83-96, 14p.
van Vegchel, Natasja; de Jonge, Jan; Landsbergis, Paul A., Occupational stress in (inter)action:
the interplay between job demands and job resources, Journal of Organizational Behavior,
August 2005, Vol. 26 Issue 5, p535-560, 26p.
Vakola, Maria; Nikolaou, Loannis. Attitudes towards organizational change: What is the role of
employees' stress and commitment?, Employee Relations, 2005, Vol. 27 Issue 2, p160-174, 15p.

47

most significant constructs in organizational behaviour; occupational stress

and organizational commitment. The results were in the expected direction
showing negative correlations between occupational stressors and attitudes
to change, indicating that highly stressed individuals demonstrate decreased
commitment and increased reluctance to accept organizational change
interventions.
Salmond, Susan; Ropis, Patricia E.,53 In their research work titled,
Job Stress and General Well-Being: A Comparative Study of MedicalSurgical and Home Care Nurses (2005)they analysed the job stress
among medical-surgical and home care nurses in the U.S. According to
them, high stress leads to negative work environments that deprive nurses of
their spirit and passion about their job. Key factors contributing to
workplace stress include team conflict, unclear role expectations, heavy
workload, and lack of autonomy.
Ryan, P.; Hill, R.; Anczewska, M.; Hardy, P.; Kurek, A.; Nielson,
K.; Turner, C.54 In their book titled, occupational stress reduction
(2005) they have attempted to address the issue of work-related stress
through whole team training programmes, on a background of largely
ineffective stress reduction training programmes offered to individuals
within the workplace. The findings show significant implications to the
conceptual, methodological and everyday organizational practice levels of
tackling this central issue to the health of the workplace.
53

54

Salmond, Susan; Ropis, Patricia E.. Job Stress and General Well-Being: A Comparative Study of
Medical-Surgical and Home Care Nurses, MEDSURG Nursing, Oct2005, Vol. 14 Issue 5, p301309, 9p.
Ryan, P.; Hill, R.; Anczewska, M.; Hardy, P.; Kurek, A.; Nielson, K.; Turner, C. Team-based
occupational stress reduction: A European overview from the perspective of the OSCAR project
International Review of Psychiatry, Oct2005, Vol. 17 Issue 5, p401-408, 8p.

48

Oliver, A.; Toms, J. M.. Ansiedad y Estrs55 In their research work

titled, Consequences of Work Stress (2005) empirically tested the two
broad hypotheses of Warr's vitamin model: non-linear effects of working
conditions on well-being, and moderator effects of personal characteristics
on these relationships. The results did not support the non-linear hypothesis
of Warr's model, and the support for the moderator effects of personal
characteristics on the stressors-well being is weak.
Ogiska-Bulik, Nina56 In their article titled Emotional Intelligence
In The Workplace, (2005) explored the relationship between emotional
intelligence and perceived stress in the workplace and health-related
consequences in human service workers. They selected 330 respondents as
sample size. Three methods were used in the study, namely, the Emotional
Intelligence Questionnaire with Polish modification, the Subjective Work
Evaluation Questionnaire developed in Poland, and the General Health
Questionnaire with Polish modification. The results confirmed an essential,
but not very strong, role of emotional intelligence in perceiving occupational
stress and preventing employees of human services from negative health
outcomes.
Noblet, Andrew; Teo, Stephen T.T.; McWilliams, John; Rodwell,
John J.57 In their research work titled, work characteristics predict
55

56

57

Oliver, A.; Toms, J. M. Ansiedad Y. Estrs, Consequences of Work Stress: An application of

Warr's Vitamin Model to predict Anxiety and Depression, Dec2005, Vol. 11 Issue 2/3, p233-245,
13p.
Ogiska-Bulik, Nina, Emotional Intelligence In The Workplace: Exploring Its Effects On
Occupational Stress And Health Outcomes In Human Service Workers, International Journal of
Occupational Medicine & Environmental Health, Apr2005, Vol. 18 Issue 2, p167-175, 9p.
Noblet, Andrew; Teo, Stephen T. T.; McWilliams, John; Rodwell, John J. Which work
characteristics predict employee outcomes for the public-sector employee? An examination of
generic and occupation-specific characteristics, International Journal of Human Resource
Management, Aug2005, Vol. 16 Issue 8, p1415-1430, 16p.

49

employee outcomes for the public-sector employee (2005) indicted that

the middle managers and HR managers can have positive impact on
employees through the introduction of new public management which is
caused be reducing the employees job strain. It is done through the useful
tool job strain model which has increasing utility in public sector
environment.
Michailidis, Maria; Georgiou, Yiota58 In their article titled,
Employee occupational stress in banking,(2005) have stated that
occupational stress literature emphasized the importance of assessment and
management of work related stress. The recognition of the harmful physical
and psychological effects of stress on both individuals and organizations is
widely studied in many parts of the world. A sample of 60 bank employees
at different organizational levels and with different educational backgrounds
was used. Data collection utilized the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI). It
implied that educational levels affect the degree of stress they experience in
various ways finally, the drinking habits (alcohol) of the employees were
found to play a significant role in determining the levels of occupational
stress.
Marsella, Anthony; Wong, Paul T. P.; Wong, Lilian C. J.; Leong,
Frederick T. L.; Tolliver, Dwight59 In their article titled, Towards an
Understanding of Occupational Stress Among Asian Americans,
(2005) explained how the stress literature on Asian Americans can help
58

59

Michailidis, Maria; Georgiou, Yiota., Employee occupational stress in banking, Work, 2005,
Vol. 24 Issue 2, p123-137, 15p.
Marsella, Anthony; Wong, Paul T. P.; Wong, Lilian C. J.; Leong, Frederick T. L.; Tolliver,
Dwight. Towards an Understanding of Occupational Stress Among Asian Americans,
Handbook of Multicultural Perspectives on Stress & Coping, 2005, p535-553, 19p.

50

understand and conduct future research on occupational stress. In an attempt

to stimulate more direct research on this topic, they used the theoretical
framework of occupational stress developed by Osipow and Spokane (1987)
to guide us in this review.
Hrenstam, Annika60 In their book titled, working life and
increasing occupational stress (2005) discussed two types of objectives in
their article. First, it provided an explanation for the increase in occupational
stress and sick leaves in Sweden in terms of the structural and organizational
conditions. Second, it discussed measures that address these issues. The
results indicated that management technologies distribute risks between
segments of the labour market,
Haraway, Dana L.; Haraway III, William M.61 In their book titled,
Analysis of the Effect of Conflict-Management and Resolution
Training on Employee Stress at a Healthcare Organization, (2005)
conducted a study in which, 23 supervisors and managers in a local
healthcare organization participated in for 3-hour sessions designed to teach
practical conflict-management strategies immediately applicable to their
workplace duties and responsibilities. A comparison of pre test and post test
measures indicated statistically that there were differences in four areas and
suggested a positive influence of the brief intervention. This is clearly
explained in the article titled Analysis of the Effect of Conflict-

60

61

Hrenstam, Annika. Different development trends in working life and increasing occupational
stress require new work environment strategies, Work, 2005, Vol. 24 Issue 3, p261-277, 17p.
Haraway, Dana L.; Haraway III, William M. Analysis of the Effect of Conflict-Management and
Resolution Training on Employee Stress at a Healthcare Organization, Hospital Topics, Fall2005,
Vol. 83 Issue 4, p11-17, 8p.

51

Management and Resolution Training on Employee Stress at a Healthcare

Organization,
Green, Rosemary; Lonne, Bob62 In their article titled, Great
Lifestyle, Pity about the Job Stress (2005) examined the rural practice
and occupational stress. While employers and colleagues may attribute stress
reactions to the individual practitioner's inability to cope with the demands
of rural practice, strategies that are both systemic and structural, are required
to address this significant occupational issue.
Gillen, Mark C.; Ed Chung63 In their article titled, An Initial
Investigation of Employee Stress Related to Caring for Elderly and
Dependent Relatives at Home,

(2005) examined that the problems

confronting individuals who not only had employment obligations to their

employers, but who also had responsibilities as caregivers to aging/sick
parents or other family members at home. The modern organizational person
has come to accept the importance of task interests--getting the job done--in
exchange for ways to further their career interests and perhaps directly or
indirectly their personal interests.
Demetri Kantarelis64 In his article titled, Occupational stress:
some microeconomic issues, (2005) found that the theoretical concepts are
proposed to capture the substance of issues associated with occupational
stress. Reduction below the profit maximizing stress level may be achieved
62

63

64

Green, Rosemary; Lonne, Bob. Great Lifestyle, Pity about the Job Stress': Occupational Stress in
Rural Human Service Practice, Rural Society, 2005, Vol. 15 Issue 3, p252-266, 15p.
Gillen, Mark C.; Ed Chung. An Initial Investigation of Employee Stress Related to Caring for
Elderly and Dependent Relatives at Home, International Journal of Sociology & Social Policy,
2005, Vol. 25 Issue 9, p78-93, 16p.
Demetri Kantarelis Occupational stress: some microeconomic issues, International Journal of
Management Concepts & Philosophy, 2005, Vol. 1 Issue 3, pN.PAG, 00p.

52

only if a firm's increase in cost for stress relief in the work place guarantees
productivity and profit improvement in exchange for a reduction in
employee health damages due to stress.
Chen, W. Q.; Yu, I. T.-S.; Wong, T.W.65 In their article titled,
Impact of occupational stress and other psychosocial factors on
musculoskeletal pain among Chinese offshore oil installation workers,
(2005)

explored

the

relation

between

psychosocial

factors

and

musculoskeletal pain in Chinese offshore oil installation workers.

Significant associations were found between various psychosocial factors
and musculoskeletal pain in different body regions after adjusting for
potential confounding factors. Occupational stressors, in particular stress
from safety, physical environment, and ergonomics, were important
predictors of musculoskeletal pain.
Bjean, Sophie; Sultan-Taeb, Hlne66 In their article titled,
Modelling the economic burden of diseases imputable to stress at
work, (2005) have evaluated the costs of work-related stress in France.
Three illnesses-cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and back
pain-that may result from exposure to stress are identified and the
proportions of cases attributable to the risk factor are calculated from
epidemiological studies. Two methodological hypotheses allow us to
provide complementary evaluations of the social cost of occupational stress
and raise the ethical questions inherent in the choice of methodology. Work65

66

Chen, W. Q.; Yu, I. T.-S.; Wong, T. W, Impact of occupational stress and other psychosocial
factors on musculoskeletal pain among Chinese offshore oil installation workers, Occupational &
Environmental Medicine, Apr2005, Vol. 62 Issue 4, p251-256, 6p.
Bjean, Sophie; Sultan-Taeb, Hlne, Modeling the economic burden of diseases imputable to
stress at work, European Journal of Health Economics, Mar2005, Vol. 6 Issue 1, p16-23, 8p.

53

related stress costs society between 1,167 million and 1,975 million in
France, or 14.4-24.2 percentage of the total spending of social security
occupational illnesses and work injuries branch.
Arthur, Andrew R.67 In their article titled, (2005) found that 86 per
cent of employees who experience stress in the workplace sought help from
their workplace counselling schemes. This study found that almost high
levels of mental health problems existed (86 per cent) in employees who
remained at their work. This finding was at variance with the usual comorbid presentation of anxiety and depression found in community based on
mental health services and suggests that depression may be an important
differentiating factor between those who can remain at work and use
counselling and those who cannot.
Alves, Steve L.68 In their article titled, anxiety and depression in
employees who use occupational stress counselling schemes, (2005)
Data analyses revealed the compression between the CRNA (Collaboration
in Nurse Anaesthetists) with hospital employees. It resulted as low stress
level for CRNA over the hospital employees. And they suggested
counselling as a stress resolution tool for the hospital employees.
Aldred, Carolyn.69 In his research work titled, lower claims
standards in stress-related suits, (2005) reported that recent Appeal Court
67

68

69

Arthur, Andrew R.. When stress is mental illness: A study of anxiety and depression in
employees who use occupational stress counselling schemes, Stress & Health: Journal of the
International Society for the Investigation of Stress, Oct2005, Vol. 21 Issue 4, p273-280, 8p.
Alves, Steve L.. AANA A study of occupational stress, scope of practice, and collaboration in
nurse anesthetists practicing in anesthesia care team settings, Journal, Dec2005, Vol. 73 Issue 6,
p443-452, 10p.
Aldred, Carolyn. U.K. companies face lower claims standards in stress-related suits, Business
Insurance, 4/4/2005, Vol. 39 Issue 14, p13-14, 2p.

54

ruling lowers the standard for stress claims against Great Britain employers
and allows companies to be held vicariously liable for the actions of
workers' supervisors. The Court of Appeal in London ruled that an employee
could sue his former employer under the Harassment Act of 1997 for
allegedly harassed by his manager. The ruling marks for the first time the
Harassment Act (which is a public-order statute) has been successfully used
as a ground for an occupational stress claim.
Tyson, Paul D.; Pongruengphant, Rana70 In their article titled,
Five-year follow-up study of stress among nurses in public and private
hospitals in Thailand, (2004) examined the sources of occupational stress,
coping strategies, and job satisfaction. A sample of 200 nurses was
compared to 147 nurses sampled from the same hospital wards after 5 years
and revealed a significant increase in nurses workload, involvement with
life and death situations, and pressure from being required to perform tasks
outside of their competence. Although nurses working in public hospitals
generally reported more stress than private hospitals, surprisingly nurses
satisfaction with their job increased particularly in public hospitals, which
may be attributable to age, improvements in monetary compensation, and
organizational support.
Torkelson, Eva; Muhonen, Tuija71 In their article titled, The role
of gender and job level in coping with occupational stress (2004)
investigated that resulted the employees working at sugar factory were
70

71

Tyson, Paul D.; Pongruengphant, Rana., Five-year follow-up study of stress among nurses in
public and private hospitals in Thailand, International Journal of Nursing Studies, Mar2004, Vol.
41 Issue 3, p247, 8p.
Torkelson, Eva; Muhonen, Tuija., The role of gender and job level in coping with occupational
stress, Work & Stress, Jul2004, Vol. 18 Issue 3, p267-274, 8p.

55

studies through an investigation has resulted with more mental health

problems due to insufficient emotional support from the management and
also in times the disengagement of drug/alcoholic consumption also have
resulted with the same symptoms.
Terluin, Berend; Van Rhenen, Willem; Schaufeli, Wilmar B.; De
Haan, Marten72 In their article titled, The four-dimensional symptom
questionnaire (4DSQ): measuring distress and other mental health
problems in a working population, (2004) expressed that valid
instrument can be used in a working population to distinguish between
stress-related symptoms and psychiatric illness.
Lords73 In his article titled, employers need to look for signs of
stress. (2004) revealed that the ruling made by the Great Britain House of
Lords in the case of Barber versus Somerset County Council has made it
clear that being unsympathetic to complaints of occupational stress or
having autocratic or bullying leadership could count against an employer.
The information on the case was based on the remarks from Cloister, the law
firm which represented former school teacher Leon Barber.
Muhonen, Tuija; Torkelson, Eva74 In their article titled, Work
locus of control and its relationship to health and job satisfaction from a
gender perspective, (2004) suggested that the work locus of control was a
72

73

74

Terluin, Berend; Van Rhenen, Willem; Schaufeli, Wilmar B.; De Haan, Marten., The fourdimensional symptom questionnaire (4DSQ): measuring distress and other mental health problems
in a working population, Work & Stress, Jul2004, Vol. 18 Issue 3, p187-207, 21p.
Lords' ruling means employers need to look for signs of stress. Occupational Health, May2004,
Vol. 56 Issue 5, p5-5, 1/3p
Muhonen, Tuija; Torkelson, Eva. Work locus of control and its relationship to health and job
satisfaction from a gender perspective, Stress & Health: Journal of the International Society for
the Investigation of Stress, Feb2004, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p21-28, 8p.

56

significant predictor of both symptoms of ill-health and job satisfaction, but

only for women. This indicates that separate analyses for women and men
are needed in order to investigate potential gender differences that might
otherwise go unnoticed.
Korn, Adam75 In his article titled, Stressing the point the
employee (2005) identified the complexity of the causes of mental illness
that depend upon the interaction between the patient's personality and a
number of factors in the patient's life;
Gaumer, Carol J.; Shah, Amit J.; Ashley-Cotleur, Cathy76 In their
article titled, Causes and Effects of Stress on Women, (2005) have
analysed that the organizations respond to stressors and the environment
they create has the potential for enhancing its competitiveness in the market
place. Several corporate cases are included to represent examples of
corporate excellence and strategies that may be adopted by other
organizations.
According to Aldred, Carolyn77 In their work titled, U.K. decision
increases employer duty to closely manage employee stress claims,
(2004) the employers should ensure that they step in, investigate and
actively manage employment-related stress. In addition, employers should
apply management techniques that are more sympathetic to employee
concerns about stress. The ruling will also allow more teachers to pursue
compensation claims for stress.
75
76

77

Korn, Adam., Stressing the point The employee Lawyer. Vol. 18 Issue 24, 2005, p25-25, 1/2p
Gaumer, Carol J.; Shah, Amit J.; Ashley-Cotleur, Cathy. Enhancing Organizational
Competitiveness: Causes and Effects of Stress on Women, Journal of Workplace Behavioral
Health, 2005, Vol. 21 Issue 2, p31-43, 13p.
Aldred, Carolyn. U.K. decision increases employer duty to closely manage employee stress
claims, Business Insurance, 4/12/2004, Vol. 38 Issue 15, p17-19, 2p.

57

Noblet, Andrew78 In his article titled, Building health promoting

work settings: identifying the relationship between work characteristics
and occupational stress, (2003) revealed that the work characteristics,
viz, social support and job control accounted for large proportions of
explained variance in job satisfaction and psychological health. In addition
to these generic variables, several job-specific stressors were found to be
predictive of the strain experienced by employees.
Lewig, K. A.; Dollard, M. F.79 In their article titled, Emotional
dissonance, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction in call centre
workers, (2003) confirmed the central role of emotional labour variables in
the experience of emotional exhaustion and satisfaction at work. Specifically
the research confirmed the pre-eminence of emotional dissonance compared
to a range of emotional demand variables in its potency to account for
variance in emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. Specifically,
emotional dissonance mediated the effect of emotional labour (positive
emotions) on emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, emotional dissonance was
found to be equal in its capacity to explain variance in the outcomes
compared to the most frequently researched demand measure in the work
stress literature (psychosocial demands). Finally, emotional dissonance was
found to exacerbate the level of emotional exhaustion at high levels of
psychosocial demands, indicating jobs combining high levels of both kinds
of demands are much more risky.

78

79

Noblet, Andrew, Building health promoting work settings: identifying the relationship between
work characteristics and occupational stress in Australia, Health Promotion International,
Dec2003, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p351-359, 9p.
Lewig, K. A.; Dollard, M. F., Emotional dissonance, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction in
call centre workers, European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, Dec2003, Vol. 12
Issue 4, p366-392, 27p.

58

Gardner, L.J.; Stough, C.80 In his research work titled,

Exploration of the relationships between workplace Emotional
Intelligence, occupational stress and employee health, (2003) examined
the relationship between Emotional Intelligence, occupational stress and
physical and psychological health, in 80 employees. They hypothesised that
participants reporting higher levels of Emotional Intelligence would be
better able to manage stress and would have better physical and
psychological health than those reporting lower levels of Emotional
Intelligence. The results of the study indicated that the ability to recognise
and express emotions, to manage and control emotions measured by the
Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test (SUEIT) were related to
wellbeing.
Fevre, Mark Le; Matheny, Jonathan; Kolt, Gregory S.81 In their
article titled, Eustress, distress, and interpretation in occupational
stress., (2003) discussed the meaning assigned to the word stress that has
shifted from Selye's original formulation, and that this shift, in conjunction
with the use of the Yerkes Dodson Law, leads to inappropriate management
of stress in organizations. The result revealed that some stress is good.
Performance should be rejected in favour of more useful and accurate
concepts.

80

81

Gardner, L.J.; Stough, C., Exploration of the relationships between workplace Emotional
Intelligence, occupational stress and employee health, Australian Journal of Psychology,
Aug2003 Supplement, Vol. 55, p181-181, 1/4p.
Fevre, Mark Le; Matheny, Jonathan; Kolt, Gregory S. Eustress, distress, and interpretation in
occupational stress., Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2003, Vol. 18 Issue 7, p726-744, 19p.

59

Edwards, D.; Barnard, P.82 In their review titled, stress is a

problem for mental health nurses but research on interventions is
insufficient, (2003) analysed the sources of stress for mental health
included workload, poor resources, role conflict, job insecurity and client
issues. They have concluded that research about stress management
techniques is insufficient and cannot be generalized due to problems with the
methods of existing research.
Nikolaou, Ioannis; Tsaousis, Ioannis83 In their research article titled,
.

Emotional Intelligence In The Workplace: Exploring Its Effects On

Occupational Stress And Organizational Commitment, (2002) Found

their results in the expected direction, showing a negative correlation
between emotional intelligence and stress at work, indicating that high
scorers in overall Emotional Intelligence suffered less stress related to
occupational environment. A positive correlation was also found between
emotional intelligence and organizational commitment.
Nicoll, Anne84 In her research work titled, employee stress claims
are rising: what you can do about it, (2002) discussed the importance of
considering the impact of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on
employees in Canada, effect of increased layoffs on employees; discussion
on incentive to be proactive in the workforce; management processes that
have helped manage time loss.
82

83

84

Edwards, D.; Barnard, P. Review: stress is a problem for mental health nurses but research on
interventions is insufficient, Evidence-Based Mental Health, Nov2003, Vol. 6 Issue 4, p126-126,
1p.
Nikolaou, Ioannis; Tsaousis, Ioannis. Emotional Intelligence In The Workplace: Exploring Its
Effects On Occupational Stress And Organizational Commitment, International Journal of
Organizational Analysis (1993 - 2002), 2002, Vol. 10 Issue 4, p327, 16p.
Nicoll, Anne. employee stress claims are rising: what you can do about it, HR Professional,
Feb/Mar2002, Vol. 19 Issue 1, p23, 2p.

60

Morris, Jodi E.; Long, Bonita C.85 In their article titled, Female
Clerical Workers' Occupational Stress: The Role of Person and Social
Resources, Negative Affectivity, and Stress Appraisals, (2002) tested
main, moderating, and mediating effects of appraisals on the relationship
between resources and change in depression and partially replicated on an
independent sample, which controlled for negative affectivity (a pervasive
tendency toward negative emotionality). Results were consistent with
predictions that primary appraisals (i.e., threats to self-esteem) contribute to
change in depression beyond the effects of person and social resources and
negative affectivity. There was modest evidence that control appraisals
moderate the effects of optimism and work support.
Rees, Christopher J.;

Redfern, David86 In their article titled,

Recognising the perceived causes of stress--a training and development

perspective, (2000) aimed to provide examples of how different
perspectives of occupational stress can be identified and highlighted.
Training and development specialists can play an important role in ensuring
that a balanced and eclectic approach to occupational stress is adopted in the
workplace.
Lyne, Kenneth D.; Barrett, Paul T.; Williams, Christine; Coaley,
Keith87 In their review titled, A psychometric evaluation of the
85

86

87

Morris, Jodi E.; Long, Bonita C. Female Clerical Workers' Occupational Stress: The Role of
Person and Social Resources, Negative Affectivity, and Stress Appraisals, Journal of Counseling
Psychology, Oct2002, Vol. 49 Issue 4, p395, 16p.
Rees, Christopher J.; Redfern, David Recognising the perceived causes of stress--a training and
development perspective, Industrial & Commercial Training, 2000, Vol. 32 Issue 4, p120-127,
8p.
Lyne, Kenneth D.; Barrett, Paul T.; Williams, Christine; Coaley, Keith. A psychometric
evaluation of the Occupational Stress Indicator, Journal of Occupational & Organizational
Psychology, Jun2000, Vol. 73 Issue 2, p195-220, 26p.

61

Occupational

Stress

Indicator,

Journal

of

Occupational

&

Organizational Psychology, (2000) examined the degree to which the

psychometric structure of the test was reflected in the published score key.
The three datasets were comprehensively analysed using item analysis and
exploratory factor analysis. Their study concluded that the current norms for
the test were of dubious validity and findings were replicated.
Hlen, Craig R.; Cluskey Jr., G. R.; Rivers, Richard A.88 In their
research work titled, Reducing Stress from Workload Compression:
Coping Strategies That Work in CPA Firms, (2000) conducted a study
on accounting practitioners titled reducing stress from work load
comparison coping strategies that work in CPA firms according to them
the practising accountants experience greater stress in October (than in
February) since during october they have high job demands of that work.
Zohar, Dov89 In his review titled, When things go wrong: The
effect of daily work hassles on effort, exertion and negative mood,
(1999) discussed the effect of occupational hassles on negative mood and
effort exertion. Using pooled-time series analysis on daily records of a
sample of military jump masters (parachute trainers), it was shown that
hassles severity predicted end-of-day mood, fatigue and subjective
workload. Author indicated that, despite their transient nature, daily hassles
at work constitute a significant factor whose effect has been overlooked by
available methods of occupational stress.
88

89

Ehlen, Craig R.; Cluskey Jr., G. R.; Rivers, Richard A. Reducing Stress from Workload
Compression: Coping Strategies That Work in CPA Firms, Journal of Applied Business
Research, Winter2000, Vol. 16 Issue 1, p9, 7p.
Zohar, Dov. When things go wrong: The effect of daily work hassles on effort, exertion and
negative mood, Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, Sep99, Vol. 72 Issue 3,
p265-283, 19p.

62

Savery, Lawson K.90 In his article titled, The Influence of Social

Support on the Reaction of an Employee. (1988) discussed the influence
of social support groups on relieving occupational stress among employees
resulting in an increase of job satisfaction and productivity. The study was
conducted on the role of various social support agents on occupational
performance and stress.
Garnitz,

Rick91

In

his

article

titled,

Managing

the

interrelationship of work, family and finances, (1988) discussed the

need for employers to address the interrelationship of work, family and
finances. They emphasise on employee self-reliance and empowering
employees through education and suggest evolving work-life benefit
programs to relieve employee stress.
Struebing, Laura92 In their article titled, Eight ways to reduce
employee stress, (1996) expressed that according to the American Society
for Training and Development (ASTD). They have conducted survey in
several manufacturing units in various states in United States, such as
California, Peru, chille. They have found that many of the employees have
stress related health problems hence they suggested to Teach people to
negotiate alternatives; Setting realistic deadlines; Paying for overtime hours
in time; Encouraging regular exercise, Offering nutritious snacks during
breaks.

90

91

92

Savery, Lawson K., The Influence of Social Support on the Reaction of an Employee., Journal
of Managerial Psychology, 1988, Vol. 3 Issue 1, p27, 5p.
Garnitz, Rick. Managing the interrelationship of work, family and finances, Employee Benefits
Journal, Mar1998, Vol. 23 Issue 1, p18, 2p.
Struebing, Laura. Eight ways to reduce employee stress, Quality Progress, Jul96, Vol. 29 Issue
7, p14, 2p.

63

Leong, C. S.; Furnham, Adrian; Cooper, Cary L.93 In their

research article titled, The Moderating Effect of Organizational
Commitment on the Occupational Stress Outcome Relationship, (1996)
attempted to examine the effect of organizational commitment as a
moderator of the stress-outcome of administrative officers from various
departments of a public sector organization. Each completed a questioner
with six scale measurement to identify the Occupational Stress Indicator.
The questioner had six questions relating to stressors, six relating to coping
strategies, three relating to type A behaviour, three to locus of control as
well as three outcome measures.
Hurrell Jr., Joseph J.

94

In their article titled, Police work,

occupational stress and individual coping, (1995) studied the selection of

employees on the basis of their ability to cope with organizational stressors
or training them to better tolerate. Indeed, altering the job or aspects of the
organization as a means of reducing employee stress, represents a preferred
approach because the focus is on changing the source of the problem
(stressors), not the symptoms of stress.
Heaney, Catherine A.; Price, Richard H.; Rafferty, Jane95 In their
article titled, Increasing coping resources at work: a field experiment to
93

94

95

Leong, C. S.; Furnham, Adrian; Cooper, Cary L. The Moderating Effect of Organizational
Commitment on the Occupational Stress Outcome Relationship, Human Relations, Oct96, Vol.
49 Issue 10, p1345-1363, 19p.
Hurrell Jr., Joseph J. Police work, occupational stress and individual coping, Journal of
Organizational Behavior, Jan95, Vol. 16 Issue 1, p27-28, 2p.
Heaney, Catherine A.; Price, Richard H.; Rafferty, Jane. Increasing coping resources at work: a
field experiment to increase social support, improve work team functioning, and enhance
employee mental health, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Jul95, Vol. 16 Issue 4, p335-352,
18p.

64

increase social support, improve work team functioning, and enhance

employee mental health, (1995) have indicated that the field experiment
enhanced the work team climate and reduced depressive symptoms. Also
according the experiment, though who are at high risk are willing for
relieving their job. And dissatisfaction in those most at risk for leaving their
jobs. The program was also effective in increasing the amount of supervisor
support received on the job and strengthening perceptions of coping abilities
in those workers most likely to participate in the program.
Bogg, Janet and Cooper, Cary96

In their review titled, Job

Satisfaction, Mental Health, and Occupational Stress Among Senior

Civil Servants, (1995) have indicated that the main sources of stress
among the senior civil servants were "factors intrinsic to the job" such as
poor pay and working conditions, and a strong feeling of possessing little
control over their job and their organization.
Savery, Lawson K.97 In their research work titled, Effect of
Motivators on Job Satisfaction, (1987) have pointed out the effect of
motivators on job satisfaction. Perceptions of the enterprises concern with
and the people's desire for, intrinsic and extrinsic motivators, role of
immediate supervisors and their subordinates act as motivators for job
satisfaction.

96

97

Bogg, Janet and Cooper, Cary Job Satisfaction, Mental Health, and Occupational Stress Among
Senior Civil Servants, Human Relations; Mar95, Vol. 48 Issue 3, p327-341, 15p.
Savery, Lawson K., Effect of Motivators on Job Satisfaction, Journal of Managerial Psychology,
1987, Vol. 2 Issue 3, p28, 4p.

65

CONCLUSION
The above studies concentrated on various aspects of HRM practices
on stress management followed by both government and private
organisations including, telecom, hospital, school, bank, sugar mill, safety
and health, colleges, universities, police, insurance, professionals like
lawyer, doctor, home makers, IT, off shore operations, manufacturing, hotel,
training and development sector, transport and others. Few of the above
studies deal with physical and mental performance of employees and their
stress management. The studies rarely highlighted the occupational stress
and health of the employees. There was no comprehensive study to realise
the job satisfaction and job stress among the employees of paper industry
especially its factory workers whose jobs are stressful and risky. The studies
failed to measure:
i.

what was the level of attitude and perception of the employees

towards Human Resource Management followed by paper
industry in Tamilnadu

ii.

what was the level of job stress among employees in paper

industry, and

iii.

what was the relationship between job stress and health of the
employees

These issues have not been addressed by the earlier studies in paper
industry. Having this fact in mind, the researcher has made an attempt to
address the above social issues in the paper industry of Tamilnadu.

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