Exercise 3-11

Determine the Thevenin-equivalent circuit at terminals (a, b) in Fig. E3-11.

Solution:
(1) Open-circuit voltage
We apply node voltage method to determine open-circuit voltage:

V1
V1 V2
4+
= 0,
2
3
V2 V1
V2
+3+
= 0.
3
5
Solution gives:
Hence,

V2 = 3.5 V.
VTh = Voc = 3.5 V.

(2) Short-circuit current

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Because of the short circuit,

V2 = 0.
Hence at node V1 :
V1
V1
4+
=0
2
3


1 1
=4
V1
+
2 3
24
V1 =
V
5
V1
24
8
I1 =
=
= A,
3
53 5
8
7
Isc = I1 3 = 3 = = 1.4 A
5
5
VTh 3.5
RTh =
=
= 2.5 .
Isc
1.4
Thevenin equivalent:

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Exercise 3-12
Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit to the left of terminals (a, b) in Fig. E3-12, and
then determine the current I.

Figure E3-12

Solution: Since the circuit has no dependent sources, we will apply multiple steps of source transformation to
simplify the circuit.

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Across (a, b),

10 3
=2V
12 + 3
RTh = 3 k 12 + 0.6
VTh = Voc =

3 12
+ 0.6 = 3
3 + 12

Hence,

I=

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2
= 0.5 A.
3+1

c 2013 National Technology Press

Exercise 3-13

Find the Norton equivalent at terminals (a, b) of the circuit in Fig. E3-13.

Figure E3-13

Solution: Thevenin voltage

At node 1:
I = 2 A.
Hence,
VTh = Voc = 10I 3 3I = I = 2 V.
Next, we determine the short-circuit current:

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At node V1 :
2 3I +

V1 V1
+
= 0.
10 3

Also,
I=

V1
.
10

Hence,
2 3I + I +

10
I = 0,
3

which gives
I = 1.5 A,
I1 = 2 + 3I I = 2 + 2I = 5 A,
Isc = 5 3I = 5 4.5 = 0.5 A.
RTh =

VTh
2
=
= 4 .
Isc
0.5

Norton circuit is:

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

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Exercise 3-14
The bridge circuit of Fig. E3-14 is connected to a load RL between terminals (a, b). Choose
RL such that maximum power is delivered to RL . If R = 3 , how much power is delivered to RL ?

Figure E3-14

Solution: We need to remove RL and then determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals (a, b).
Open-circuit voltage:

The two branches are balanced (contain same total resistance of 3R). Hence, identical currents will flow, namely
I1 = I2 =

24
8
= .
3R R

Voc = Va Vb = 2RI1 RI2 = RI1 = R

8
= 8 V.
R

To find RTh , we replace the source with a short circuit:

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R k 2R =

R 2R 2
= R
R + 2R 3

Hence,
RTh =

4R
,
3

and the Thevenin circuit is

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For maximum power transfer with R = 3 , RL should be

RL =
and
Pmax =

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4R 4 3
=
= 4 ,
3
3
s2
82
=
= 4 W.
4RL 4 4

c 2013 National Technology Press

Exercise 4-7

Express o in terms of 1 , 2 and 3 for the circuit in Fig. E4-7.

Figure E4-7

Solution: Starting from the output of the second stage and moving backwards towards the inputs,
 




 

3 103
3 103
3 103
10 103

1 +
2 +
3
o =
5 103
0.5 103
103
2 103
= 121 + 62 + 33 .

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Problem 4.10 In the circuit of Fig. P4.10, a bridge circuit is connected at the input
side of an inverting op-amp circuit.
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent at terminals (a, b) for the bridge circuit.
(b) Use the result in (a) to obtain an expression for G = o /s .
(c) Evaluate G for R1 = R4 = 100 , R2 = R3 = 101 , and Rf = 100 k.
Rf
a
R1

R2
_

R3

_
o

R4
b

Figure P4.10: Circuit for Problem 4.10.

Solution: (a) The Thevenin equivalent circuit at (a, b):

a
R1
_

R3

i1
v
+ s
i2

R2

voc
R4

_
b

s + i1 (R1 + R2 ) = 0
or
i1 =
Also,

s
.
R1 + R2

s + i2 (R3 + R4 ) = 0

and
i2 =

s
.
R3 + R4

Th = oc = i1 R2 + i2 R4
=

s R4
[R4 (R1 + R2 ) R2 (R3 + R4 )]s
s R2
+
=
.
R1 + R2 R3 + R4
(R1 + R2 )(R3 + R4 )

(1)

Suppressing s (by replacing it with a short circuit) leads to

RTh = (R1 k R2 ) + (R3 k R4 )
=

R3 R4
R1 R2 (R3 + R4 ) + R3 R4 (R1 + R2 )
R1 R2
+
=
.
R1 + R2 R3 + R4
(R1 + R2 )(R3 + R4 )

(b) For the new circuit:

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Rf
RTh
vTh

+
_

o =

_
+

Rf
Th
RTh

vo

(inverting amplifier)

(3)

Inserting Eqs. (1) and (2) into (3) leads to

G=

o Rf [R4 (R1 + R2 ) R2 (R3 + R4 )]

=
s
R1 R2 (R3 + R4 ) + R3 R4 (R1 + R2 )

(c) For R1 = R4 = 100 , R2 = R3 = 101 , and Rf = 105 ,

G=

105 [100(100 + 101) 101(100 + 101)]

100 101(100 + 101) + 100 101(100 + 101)

= 4.9505 5.

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Problem 4.11 Determine the output voltage for the circuit in Fig. P4.11 and specify
the linear range for s , given that Vcc = 15 V and V0 = 0.
200 k
2 k

_
+

100 k
vs

V0

vo
Vcc = 15 V

+
_

Figure P4.11: Circuit for Problem 4.11.

1

R1

R2

_
R3

2
R4

Inverting Amp

Solution: The given circuit is the same as the difference amplifier circuit of Table
4-3, with:
R2 = 200 k,
R4 = ,

R1 = 2 k,

1 = s ,

R3 = 100 k,

2 = V0 = 0.

Applying the difference amplifier equation given by Eq. (4.41),




 
R1 + R2
R4
R2
o =
2
1
R3 + R4
R1
R1


200 103
s = 100s .
=
2 103
Since |(o )max | = 15 V, the linear range of s is
|s |

15
= 150 mV,
100

or 150 mV s 150 mV.

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Problem 4.23 For the circuit in Fig. P4.23, obtain an expression for voltage gain
G = o /s .
5 k
10 k

+
_

_
+

4 k
6 k

Figure P4.23: Circuit for Problem 4.23.

Solution: By voltage division,

6
= 0.6s .
4+6
n = p = 0.6s .
n s n o
+
= 0.
10k
5k

p = s

Simplification leads to

o = 0.4s .

Hence,
G=

0
= 0.4.
s

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Problem 4.24 Find the value of o in the circuit in Fig. P4.24.

4 k
6 k
6 k

_
+
2A

2 k
5V

+
_

Figure P4.24: Circuit for Problem 4.24.

Solution: Converting the input current source into a voltage source leads to
4 k
6 k
2 k

6 k
1

4V

+
_
5V

_
+

+
_

Fig. P4.24(a)

Apply nodal analysis:

@ n :
@ 1 :

p = n = 5 V.
n 1 n o
+
= 0,
6 k
6 k
1 4 1 o 1 n
+
+
= 0.
2 k
4 k
6 k

Simplify:
1
10
(1 + o ) =
,
6k
6 k


1
1
1
17
1
1
o =
+ +
,
2k 4k 6k
4k
6000
" 10 #
" 1
1 #" #
1
6k
6k
6k
=
,
17
1
11
4k o
6k
12k
" # " 32 #
1
7
=
.
38
o
7

o = 5.429 V.

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Problem 4.36 Find the value of o in the circuit in Fig. P4.36.

5
2

4
n
p

3V

+
_

9V

+
_

_
+

6
4

Figure P4.36: Circuit for Problem 4.36.

Solution: By voltage division,

p = 9

4
= 3.6 V
6+4

n = p
n 3 n 9 n o
+
+
= 0.
5k
2k
4k
Solution gives

o = 6.72 V.

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Problem 4.38 Determine o and the power dissipated in RL in the circuit of

Fig. P4.38.
5
2V
_

n
p

2
4V

_
+

+
_

3
o

a
4

RL

Req
Figure P4.38: Circuit for Problem 4.38.

Solution: By voltage division,

12
3k
=
= 2.4 V
2k + 3k
5
n 2 n a
+
=0
7k
5k
n = p = 2.4 V.

p = 4

Solution gives

a = 2.686 V.

The 2-k and 4-k output resistors are equivalent to a single resistor
Req =

8
24
k = k.
2+4
6

By voltage division,

o = a
=

Req
3k + Req

2.686

8
6

3k + 86 k

k

= 0.826 V.
PRL =

o2 (0.826)2
=
= 0.34 mW.
RL
2k

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Problem 4.52 Find the value of o in the circuit in Fig. P4.52.

i3

3 k

i2 6 k
8 k i1
n1

p1
9V

+
_

_
+

5V

4 k n2
a
+ 3 k
_

_
+

p2
8 k

Figure P4.52: Circuit for Problem 4.52.

Solution: For the first stage:

p1 = 0

n1 = 0,

n1 9 n1 a n1 o
+
+
= 0,
8k
6k
3k
which simplifies to

8o + 4a + 27 = 0.

(1)

For the second stage:

5 8 40
=
V,
3 + 8 11
40
n2 = p2 =
V.
11

p2 =

Since in2 = 0, a = n2 =
Hence,

40
11

V.
27 4a
8


1
40
=
27 4
8
11

0 =

= 5.19 V.

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Exercise 5-9
Determine Ceq and Veq (0) at terminals (a, b) for the circuit in Fig. E5-9, given that
C1 = 6 F, C2 = 4 F and C3 = 8 F, and the initial voltages on the three capacitors are 1 (0) = 5 V and
2 (0) = 3 (0) = 10 V.

Figure E5-9

Solution:
C1 (C2 k C3 )
C1 +C2 +C3
C1 (C2 +C3 )
=
C1 +C2 +C3

Ceq =

6 106 (4 106 + 8 106 )

= 4 F,
(6 + 4 + 8) 106

Veq (0) = 1 (0) + 2 (0) = 5 + 10 = 15 V.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

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Problem 5.19 For the circuit in Fig. P5.19, find Ceq at terminals (a, b). Assume all
initial voltages to be zero.
Solution:
5F

3F

5F

c
6F

6F

d
3F

5F

5F
a

6F
b

1
1
1
+
+
3
3
6

6
F
5

5F
a
b

6
36
6+ 5 = 5 F

a
Ceq =

5 36
5
5+

36
5

180
= 2.95 F
61

Figure P5.19

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Problem 5.20 Find Ceq at terminals (c, d) in the circuit of Fig. P5.19.
Solution:
5F

3F

5F

c
6F

6F

d
3F

5F

5F

1
1
1
+
+
3
3
6

6
F
5

6F
d
5F

5F
c
6
36
6+ 5 = 5 F

d
5F

1
1
5
+
+
5
5 36

= 1.86 F
d

Figure P5.20

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Exercise 5-13

Determine Leq at terminals (a, b) in the circuit of Fig. E5-13.

Figure E5-13

Solution:
Leq = 2 mH + (6 mH k 12 mH)


6 12
mH
= 2+
6 + 12
= 6 mH.

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Problem 5.30 All elements in Fig. P5.30 are 10-mH inductors. Determine Leq .
Solution:
L

Leq

L
L

Leq

2L

2L

Leq

1
1
1
+
+
L 2L 2L

L
2

Leq

Leq = 2.5L = 25 mH

Figure P5.30

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