A

PROJECT REPORT ON

ISLANDING SCHEME OPERATION

Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement

For The
Award of Post Graduate Diploma in Thermal Power
Plant Engineering

SUBMITTED BY:- Arunkumar K

Arunachalam R
Pramod Kumar
Pandey
Ranjit M
Sriram V
GUIDED BY:Mr.Mahalingaswamy (Electrical)
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Manager,JSWECE

Energy Centre of Excellence

(Recognized by Central Electricity Authority, Govt. of India)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this is a bonafide record of project
work entitled
ISLANDING SCHEME OPERATION
Carried Out by
Arunkumar K- 0511PGD09
Arunachalam R- 0511PGD12
Pramod Kumar Pandey- 0511PGD44
Ranjit M- 0511PGD49
Sriram V- 0511PGD62
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Post Graduate Diploma in Thermal Power Plant
Engineering
(P.G.D.C.)
Offered by

JSW Energy centre of excellence,Torangallu

During the academic year 2011 2012

Mr. S. Kartikeyan

Mr. Mahalingaswamy

Mr. Ramesh Babu.K

Mr.

Prashanthkumar C
(AGM)
Manager)

(Manager, Project Guide)

JSWECE, Toranagallu
Toranagallu

JSWECE ,Torangallu

(Manager)
JSWECE , Torangallu

(Dy.
JSWECE,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We find it most difficult part of the entire

project to record our gratefulness to various
persons who extended us more than the necessary
quantum of co-operation & help in this project. The
words that follow are merely the formal expression
of our deep sense of indebtedness that is better
treasured in thoughts than said in words.
It is pleasure giving verbal expression to our
feeling of deepest gratitude
towards,Mr.S.Karthikeyan(AGM),Mr.Prashanth
kumar c. (Asst.manager) , Mr.
MahalingaSwamy(manager), and
Mr. Ramesh Babu k. (Manager).
We would also like to express our special
gratitude to the plant people Mr.Devarajulu
3

(Manager,

Electrical

Maintenance,SBU-1)

Mr.Ramakrishna

(Manager,Electrical

Maintenance,SBU-II) and our project guide Mr.

Mahalingaswamy who guided during the entire
project. We are very much indebted to him for his
unreserved co-operation, constant guidance and
constructive criticism.
Lastly we are thankful to god, our friends and
all faculties of

JSWECE family for their moral

support and co-operation.

CONTENTS:
1. Introduction
2. Generating units on Islanding
3. Benefits of Islanding
4. Detection of Islanding
5. Modes of Operation
6. SLD for different modes with conditions
7. Particulars of different modes
8. Consequences of Islanding
9. Post Islanding operation
10. Load distribution table
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11. Communication during Islanding

12. Communication failure: Contingency logics
13. Future Modification

INTRODUCTION
The power systems operated by the utilities in
developing countries like India suffer from a large gap
between
demand
and
generation,
inadequate
transmission capacity, and non-uniform location of the
load centers and generating stations. Occurrences of
faults in such systems, in most of the cases, end up
with the worst consequences (i.e., complete blackout).
A blackout can be prevented in real time through
controlled segregation of a system into a number of
viable islands together with generation and/or load
shedding. This is called System islanding.
Definition of Islanding: Islanding is a process in which a
generator continues to supply power to a particular load
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even when grid supply is not available.

Grid islanding scheme is a set of protective relays,
connected at the islanding bus - these relays will sense a
disturbance in the grid and give a trip command to the
incomer breaker whenever the grid disturbance exceeds
a set limit. By opening the incomer breaker, the
plant is isolated from the grid.
The JSWEL thermal power plant at Toranagallu is the
energy source for the adjoining steel plant and its
primary purpose is to supply sufficient electrical power to
the steel plant and the remaining is exported. Whenever
a fault occurred in the grid, it resulted in tripping of the
complete system including the steel and energy plant. To
counter this problem, islanding scheme was established
with the aim to prevent tripping of both JSWSL and
JSWEL units.

GENERATING UNITS ON ISLANDING:

The total steel plant load is around 600 MW out of
which around 270MW is constant and the rest is
variable. So, islanding scheme has been designed
keeping in mind of this fact.
Currently, three generating units SBU-1, CPP-1 and CPP2 are included in the islanding scheme.
SBU-1 is directly connected to the 220KV islanding bus
(BUS-2)
CPP-2 is connected to the 220KV islanding bus (BUS-2)
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through a line from the steel complex called JPL-2.

CPP-1 is connected to the 220KV islanding bus (BUS-2)
through two tie lines from the CPP-1 unit bus to MSDS and
from MSDS to 220KV BUS-2 via two transformers TR-1 and
TR-2 of voltage rating 220/33KV.
When all three are available, the islanding load which
can be catered to is 270 MW. If one or more of
these are unavailable due to any reason, there are
three other load levels: 205MW, 170 MW and 118
MW. These are called different operating modes. As
steel production grows year by year and new
generating units are added subsequently, these MW
levels may undergo changes in future.

BENEFITS OF ISLANDING SCHEME

The benefits offered by the scheme are huge. They are
listed below:
1. It prevents tripping of both JSWEL and JSWSL units,
hence prevents heavy losses which will occur due to trip
in both the plants. In absence of the scheme, whenever
a fault occurs in the grid and grid voltage level drops, so
does the voltage of the bus which connects it to the
generating units. The steel plant loads also derive
power from the same bus. Hence, in event of a fault, the
generating unit trips due to load starvation whereas
steel plant loads shut down due to lack of required power
supply.
2. It ensures continuous supply to the oxygen plant
critical to the working of steel mill. JPOCL (Jindal Praxair
Oxygen Company Ltd) is also situated in the steel plant
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campus and is the key to the working of the main units

like Blast Furnace (BF), Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF), and
Coke Oven (CO) among others. If the supply to the
oxygen plant is interrupted, steel production comes to a
grinding halt.
3. If the JSWEL unit trips, it takes at least 4 hours to
get it into normal operation mode again and a lot of
HFO(Heavy Fuel Oil) and LFO(Light Fuel Oil) consumption
in the boiler is necessary to bring the boiler temperature
to the ignition temperature of coal for its combustion.
This is avoided by islanding.
4. It helps in faster restoration of the other unit
even if it has tripped. The auxiliaries of this unit would
be supplied power from the running islanded unit for its
restart and a changeover is done later.

DETECTION OF ISLANDING
Detection of islanding is done by three different relays
namely under voltage relay, under-frequency relay and
rate of change of frequency relay which senses the
voltage and the frequency in the islanding bus BUS-2.
The voltage and the frequency setting of these relays are
selected such that these settings are lesser than that of
the generator under-voltage and under-frequency setting
so that the generator will not go for trip and the system
enters into islanding mode.
Islanding is considered as detected in the following
conditions:
1. Voltage magnitude of islanding bus drops to
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 75% of normal voltage level for more than 1.5 sec.

73% of normal voltage level for more than 100 ms.
2. Frequency of the bus voltage drops to
47.6 Hz for more than 2 sec.
47.5 Hz for more than 50 ms.
3. Frequency 51 Hz with df/dt>0.5 Hz/sec. This is Rate
of Change of
Frequency (ROCOF) criterion.
4. Line 1 + Line 2 + ICT-1 + ICT-2 circuit breakers; all
are in open condition.
5. Bus coupler opens on its own protection. It may be
either earth fault or over current protection.
6. Bus bar protection of BUS-1 acted.
7. Sensing of no power flow <2% in both lines with dF/dt
2 Hz/sec
Under any of the above listed conditions, bus coupler
opens, islanding detecting panel gives an alarm and
islanding detected signal is passed to 33 kV MSDS and
130 MW Control Room.

MODES OF OPERATION DURING

ISLANDING

The below are the 4 different modes of operation when

the system goes into islanding.
{*See table in Pg-16 for load distribution in different modes.}
CPP-2
Net

MODES
MODE-5
MODE-4

MODE-3

MODE-1

OPTIONS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

SBU-I
118
118
118
118
118
0
118
0
0

CPP-I
65
65
0
65
0
65
0
65
65

Max
109
84
109
0
84
109
0
109
95

Mi
n
85
55
85
0
55
95
0
05
55

LOAD SHEDDING

Net Gen.

Ma
x
292
267
227
183
202
174
118
174
160

Mi
n
268
238
203
183
173
160
118
70
120

JSWSL
LOAD
270
205
205
170
170
170
118
118
118

Max
22
62
22
13
32
4
0
56
42

Min
-2
33
-2
13
3
-10
0
2
2

CONDITIONS FOR DIFFERENT MODES:

1. Mode 5:
a) Island Detected.
b) JSWEL Island Unit Healthy
c) CPP-1 Generation >70MW
d) CPP-2 Net generation >90MW

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2. Mode 4:
Case - 1
a) CPP-2 Net generation < 85MW
b) CPP-2 Net generation > 55 MW
c) CPP-1 Generation >70MW
d) JSWEL Island Unit Healthy
e) Island detected.
65MW

Case -2
a) CPP-2 Net generation >90MW
b) CPP-1 Generation < 65MW
c) JSWEL Island Unit Healthy
d) Island detected.
11

0 MW

3. Mode 3:
Case - 1
a) CPP-2 Net generation < 55 MW
b) CPP-1 Generation >70MW
c) JSWEL Island Unit Healthy
d)Island detected.
65 MW

Case -2
a) CPP-2 Net generation < 85MW
b) CPP-1 Generation < 65MW
c) JSWEL Island Unit Healthy
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d) CPP-2 Net generation > 55 MW

e)Island Detected.
0MW

Case-3
a) JSWEL Island Unit Trip.
b) CPP-1 Generation >70MW
c) CPP-2 Net generation >90MW.
d) CPP-2 Net generation <109MW
e) Island Detected.
65MW

4. Mode 1:
Case - 1
a) CPP-2 Net generation < 55 MW
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b) CPP-1 Generation <65MW

c) JSWEL Island Unit Healthy
d) Island Detected.
0 MW

Case -2
a) CPP-2 Net generation > 55MW
b) CPP-1 Generation >70MW
c) JSWEL Island Unit Trip
d) Un Healthy of Mode-3, Case-3
e) Island Detected
65 MW

Case-3
a) JSWEL Island Unit Trip.
b) Healthy of Mode-3, Case-3
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c) CPP-2 Net generation > 55MW

d) CPP-1 Generation >70MW
e) Island Detected
65 MW

CPP-1 Local islanding:

a) Island Detected
b) CPP-2 Net generation < 55MW and JSWEL Island Unit
Trip
c) CPP-2 Trip

PARTICULARS OF DIFFERENT MODES

There are four different modes available for operation
and the maximum steel plant load to be supplied cannot
exceed 270 MW as depicted in the table above. The
modes are automatically selectable through server at
MSDS depending on generation of the units. Real-time
mode is always annunciated irrespective of Islanding
detection.
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 Post islanding, SBU-1 operates in speed control mode

and CPP-1 and CPP-2 in constant load mode. In normal
operation, all of them are at constant load and speed. In
those cases where SBU-1 is unavailable, CPP-2 is to
operate in speed control mode during islanding.
CPP-1 unit generation has two slabs: above 70 MW or
below 65
MW. When islanding gets detected, in the former case, it
is brought to 70 MW by passing an islanding signal to
CPP-1. If its the latter case (generation<65 MW), it goes
for a trip.
CPP-2 generation has different operating slabs,
because it utilizes waste gases from all over the steel
plant as fuel. Consequently, it has 9 different boilers to
produce steam by burning these gases at different
places in the plant.

CPP-2 operates in one of these

blocks:
I.
II.

85MW<CPP-2<109MW
55MW<CPP-2<85MW

III. 5 MW<CPP-2<109 MW (Only in Speed Control

mode)
Since CPP-2 has a band of generation of power and load
is constant the difference between the generation and
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the load has to be shed by the speed control unit. For

example in mode 5 we have the generation between
292MW and 268MW and the load on the steel side is
270MW.
If the generation is maximum 292MW and the load is
270MW the difference (292-270) 22MW has to the shed
by the speed control unit.
If the generation is minimum 268MW and the load is
constant at 270MW now the difference of 2MW has to be
shed by the load side in order to maintain the frequency
constant at 50Hz.
If JSWEL islanding unit trips,
A signal post islanding unit trip signal passed to CPP2 and it goes
into speed control mode with last two
minute average frequency as the set point. However in
case of CPP-2 GT breaker opening both LRD (Load
rejection device) & Isochronous mode (i.e the unit now
runs at 50Hz) are reverted back.
A signal from CLIMS server shall initiate CPP-1
operation to 70MW through Local TCS. If CPP-1 is
operating below 65MW it has to be tripped. For achieving
this, a local scheme at CPP-1 TCS is built which shall
initiate CPP-1 Yes/No signal.
Normally, if CPP-2<55MW, it goes for a house load
(auxillaries) operation by opening of 220KV Breaker at
220KV Switch Yard.
The mode changeover for Load shedding is
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automatic based on status of Units at JSWEL & CPP-1

and generation at CPP-2.
The current islanding detection panel is used for
Islanding signal generation.
Consequences of Islanding:
In case of islanding & bus coupler open
If either ICT-1 or ICT-2 is connected to the islanding bus,
the trip signal is given to the respective ICT.
Islanding detected signal will enable U#1 EHTC:
To change over from LOAD to SPEED control
A speed reference set point will be generated from
EHTC based on below formula
NR = One hour average actual speed +
((Actual load / 150 )*0.04)3600 + 18 rpm
NRTD value is limited to 3088.90 rpm on upper side
and 2890.20 rpm on lower side. NRTD will be fast
tracking NR in speed control mode.
Islanding detected signal will annunciated in control
room, MSDS control room & JPOCL.

GENERATION SHEDDING POST

ISLANDING
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After the system gets islanded, it is imperative to

match total generation with total load. As it turns
out, in most of the cases, generation is in excess
compared to load but to different extent in different
modes. Hence, to maintain the generation load balance,
post
islanding
generation
shedding
logics
are
incorporated in the scheme.

As can be understood from the above figure, the

generation shedding logic comes into play if post
islanding, the generation exceeds load by 60 MW or
more (if less, it can be taken care of by speed
controlled unit). If it is so and CPP-1 generation is
greater than 70 MW slab (then CPP-1 YES/NO signal
=1), CPP-1 is given trip command.
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In

case, even after CPP-1 is tripped (CPP-1 YES/NO

signal =0) and still the difference is persisting and
JSWEL islanded unit is healthy (signal=0) , CPP-2
unit goes for a house load operation by opening of
circuit breaker at 220 kV switchyard.

In case, if JSWEL islanded unit has tripped (JSWEL

island unit trip signal=1) and if the difference
between generation and load exist more than 60MW
CPP-1 has to go for trip and the CPP-2 should be
running in the speed control mode.
This logic is effective only for 500 milliseconds after
islanding detection after that the generation and the
load cannot be distinguished and they attain the
same value. If this generation shedding is not done
within 500mS it leads to excess generation and the
frequency raises in all the units and the speed of the
turbine increases in the speed control unit ultimately
unit goes for trip due to over speeding of turbine. So,
generation shedding has to be done before it.

In an islanded network, at any point of time if CPP-2 has

supply steam to the steel plant, additional load throw off
has to be initiated at the MSDS. If MSDS is not initiating,
then either TR-3 or TR-4 loads can be cut-off at JSWEL
end in concurrence with MSDS.

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LOAD DISTRIBUTION:

21

COMMUNICATION DURING ISLANDING:

When the system gets islanded, islanding detected
signal is to be passed on to the main server in 33 kV
MSDS and the Control Room. The real time mode should
be continuously flashing at the server and the control
room screen. Thereafter, according to the mode, the
CILMS server has to send trip signals to suitable steel
loads and generating units. Each of these steps need
communication between the islanding detection panel,
main server at 33 kV MSDS, control room, SBU-1, CPP-1,
CCP-2 and the steel loads involved at different times.
For this purpose, a redundant dual optical fiber
network has been
established between these locations. It is responsible
for fast transmission and reception of the signal
commands which is critical for the successful operation
of the scheme. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) are
installed at all generation and loading units involved.
They are capable of digital communication i.e. digital
inputs and digital outputs.270 MW Logic shall be
residing in 33 MSDS main server and it shall process
the data as per logic and issue necessary
commands to respective RTUs as Digital Outputs.

COMMUNICATION FAILURE:
CONTINGENCY LOGICS
If the OFC communication links fail in one or more
places, it puts the entire scheme at risk. So, for backup,
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some hardwired signals are also sent and received

between the generating units, 220 kV OWS (Operator
Work Station), 2130 MW unit control room and 33 kV
server. Several logics have been put in place as a
contingency measure
I. If communication failure happens at CPP-1 end
then CPP-1 shall go for a TRIP. For this the
communication failure is to be OR ed with CPP-1
Yes/No signal.
II. If communication failure happens at CPP-2 end,
then contingency
arises as in case of JSWEL Islanded Unit Trip, Speed
control signal cannot be transferred to CPP-2. So,
tripping of CPP-2 220KV end breaker is initiated
(Islanding detected+ Post CPP-2 communication fail
+ Tripping of JSWEL Unit) for house load operation of
CPP-2.
III.

In case of communication failure happening at

220KV JSWEL end, one hardwired signal for Post
islanded JSWEL Unit trip is extended to MSDS
server. However the net Generation of CPP-2 shall
also not be available, hence changeover to CPP-2
Gross 6MW shall be taken as CPP-2 Net generation
for Mode selection.

FUTURE MODIFICATIONS IN THE

SCHEME:
Now, it is proposed to increase the islanding load from
270 to 300MW as the steel plant constant load has
increased over the recent past due to increase in
production. The proposal is still under discussion.
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