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Module 7 - Flame Safeguard Principles

The document discusses flame safeguard principles for combustion systems. It describes how flame safeguard systems use flame scanners and amplifiers to monitor burner flames and ensure safe operation. It explains the different principles that can be used for flame detection, including temperature, radiation detection in the visible light, infrared and ultraviolet spectrums, ionization, and flame flicker frequency. Discrimination of the target flame from background flames is also discussed.

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298 views

Module 7 - Flame Safeguard Principles

The document discusses flame safeguard principles for combustion systems. It describes how flame safeguard systems use flame scanners and amplifiers to monitor burner flames and ensure safe operation. It explains the different principles that can be used for flame detection, including temperature, radiation detection in the visible light, infrared and ultraviolet spectrums, ionization, and flame flicker frequency. Discrimination of the target flame from background flames is also discussed.

Uploaded by

Anonymous a19X9GHZ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

POWER PLANT WORKSHOP PLN Puslitbang

Bogor, 5-8 May 2014

Module 7. Flame Safeguard


Principles
Prepared and Presented By :

Youdhiyan Prasetyo
[email protected]
+62-811886021

Flame Safeguard ?
Consists of a Flame scanning device and Amplifier
system to monitor the Burner flame in a
combustion chamber to assure safe and reliable
operation

FLAME
SCANNER

FLAME
AMP LIFIER
SCANNER
CABLE

CUSTO MER

BM S
INTERFACE

PO WER

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Flame Safeguard - Principles

What is a Burner ?

A device to convert fossil fuel into usable


heat energy

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Flame Safeguard - Principles

What is combustion ?

Combustion, or burning, is the combination


of Oxygen with Fuel, resulting in the release
of Heat

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Flame Safeguard - Principles

What is a Flame ?
Flame Front

Combustion reaction occurs at a rate


the produces visible radiation, fuel-air
mixture and combustion process.

Flame Envelope

Contour along which the combustion


starts, dividing line between the fuelair mixture and the combustion
process.

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Flame Safeguard - Principles

Principles used for Flame Detection

Temperature of gases in the flame


Visible Light radiation
Infrared Light radiation
Ultra-violet Light radiation
Ionized gas molecules in the flame
= Ability to conduct current
Flame Flicker frequency

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Flame Safeguard - Principles

Flame Radiation

Detection of flame radiation is the most


widely used method for flame detection
Flames emit radiation along a wide band
of the electromagnetic spectrum, called
the Flame Spectrum
The Flame Spectrum is made up of ultraviolet, visible, and infra-red radiation
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Flame Safeguard - Principles

What is Flame Safeguarding System ????

Fireye Flame Detector

Flame Radiation

Detector Signal

Output to BMS

A single input for a BMS!


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Flame Safeguard - Principles

Flame Safeguarding Definition


A system which is detects the
presence or absence of a flame in
burner in order to prevent
uncontrolled combustion .

Every Burner
Needs A Detector!!!
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Flame Safeguard - Principles

What is the Characteristics of


a Flame ??

Its HOT
It expands the gases
It makes By-Products
There is Ionization in
and around it
It emits radiation

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Flame Safeguard - Principles

Visible light
Infrared
Ultraviolet
10
D.Shunn

Types of Radiation in Combustion

UV = least available
(1%) 1st third of flame:
Blue for gas

Visible = 10% of flame

Infrared = 90% of flame

Blue /orange /yellow for gas


Bright yellow for oil.

2/3 of flame = Red


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What is UV and IR signal ?

A bundle of energy focused at a specific wavelength


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12

Relation between Fuels and Radiant Energy


Fuel

Infrared

Visible

UV

Oil (Pressure)

High

High

Medium

Oil (Steam)

High

High

Low

Gas (Air Premix)

Low

Low

High

Gas (No Premix)

Medium

Medium

Medium

Pulverized Coal

High

Medium

Low

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13

Methods of Flame
Detection
Visible Light. . . . . . . . . . . .
Photocells
Infrared (IR) . . . . . . . . . . . Lead
Sulfide (typically) (InGa As)

Ultraviolet (UV) . . . . . . . . . UV
Tube (gas filled) UV Cell (solid
state: Super Blue Silicon)
Flame Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KANTHAL Rod
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What is Flame Amplifiers ??


400 Threshold on

Operating Range
300 Pre-Alarm
250 Threshold off
Scanner output
Electrical pulses
Fireye Scanner

Output to System

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Conventional Ultraviolet Flame Detectors:


UV Tube ( Optical )

Vacuum Tube Method

Two tungsten or
molybdenum
electrodes in a gasbackfilled quartz
vacuum tube
850 to 950 volts AC
applied from step-up
transformer in the
scanner

Gas Discharge Device


Conducts in presence
of UV radiation

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Ultraviolet Flame Detection- UV Tube

Vacuum Tube Method (continued)

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UV radiation passes through the quartz and


strikes the electrodes
A small current flows between electrodes,
ionizing the gas, resulting in characteristic blue
glow
The current flow (or avalanche) will be in small
bursts at a rate from 0 to 2,000 pulses per
second
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17

UV Tube Operation

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18

Why you need a Self Checking Scanner ?

An Electro-mechanical shutter means of


blocking the flames radiation to the
detectors sensor.
This blocking action detects and alarms a
faulty sensor.
Undetected faulty sensors can inadvertently
hold in a fuel valve, although a flame is not
present.

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19

Disadvantages of UV Tube Detectors

Requires high AC Voltage


Limited Life Time
Signal Deteriorates with time
Can fire continuously
Electro-Mechanical Shutter Failures leading to spurious shut
down of Boilers
UV Radiation absorbed by moisture (steam)
Low Discrimination capabilities in a Multi Burner Environment.
Respond to non-flame sources
Spark Ignition
Welding Arcs
Halogen light
X-Ray exposure

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10

UV Tube Flame Scanner


Disadvantages

Low Discrimination
Capabilities
Precautions / UV Blockers

Water vapor (FGR)


Atomizing steam
Unburned fuel
Some process gases (H2S, NH3)
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Today's conditions present a challenge , a good scanner must


not only able to detect the absence or presence of targeted
flame BUT also Flame DISCRIMINATION .

What is Flame Discrimination ???

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11

Flame Discrimination Defined


Background Flame
Target Flame
Field of
View

Detector

DISCRIMINATION :

The ability to distinguish the target flame from all


other flames in the furnace and the Background
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Conventional Discrimination
Methods

1. Scanner mounting and aiming


2. Controlling the optical field of view
3. Adjustments within the scanner
4. Adjustments within the amplifier

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12

Discrimination Methods

1. Scanner mounting and aiming

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Discrimination Methods
Scanner Mounting and Aiming

Flame must be in front of the Scanner

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13

Discrimination Methods
Scanner Mounting and Aiming

Target flame must fill the scanners field of


view

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Discrimination Methods

2. Controlling the optical field of view

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Installing orifices (field stops) or extending


scanner sight pipe

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14

Discrimination Methods

3. Adjustments within the scanner

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UV tube position
Scanner GAIN
Flame flicker target frequency

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Discrimination Methods

4. Adjustments within the amplifier

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Adjustable sensitivity (fixed flame relay threshold)


Adjustable flame relay threshold (fixed sensitivity)

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15

Optical Flame Scanners -

Discrimination capabilities Flicker Flame

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What is Flame Flicker ?

A Flame is a combination of small controlled explosions


when Fuel and Air Mixes.
The PULSATING behaviour of the explosions is Flame

Flicker
Each Fuel, in combination with a Burner design has its
own Bandwidth of Flicker Frequency
The Flicker Frequencies in Flames can be found from
5 Hz to well over 200 Hz
The heavier the fuel, the lower the Flicker Frequency
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16

Flame Flicker Frequency :


Characteristics

The Flicker Frequency varies with different


regions of the Flame .
Theoretically, the first 1/3 of the Flame
produces the highest Flicker Frequencies (at
likely the lowest Amplitude)
The final 2/3 of the Flame produces the
Lowest Flicker Frequencies (and the highest
Amplitude)
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Flicker Frequency
Line of Sight

High AmplitudeLow Frequency

Background

40 Hz

Target
Flame

Low AmplitudeHigh Frequency

Flickering
Flame

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Flame Signal

Flame Safeguard - Principles

40 Hz

120 Hz

Flicker
Frequency

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17

Bandpass Filters
Background Signal
Target Flame Signal
Bandpass Filter

FFT

Allows you to tune into the frequency of the flame

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