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Basic Properties and Operations of Matrix

1. The document defines basic properties and operations of matrices including: properties of addition such as commutativity and associativity; properties of multiplication such as the lack of commutativity; and distributive properties relating addition and multiplication. 2. Matrix operations are defined including addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. Matrix multiplication is not commutative and requires the inner dimensions of the matrices to be equal. 3. Special matrices are introduced such as the zero matrix, identity matrix, and their properties and uses.

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261 views

Basic Properties and Operations of Matrix

1. The document defines basic properties and operations of matrices including: properties of addition such as commutativity and associativity; properties of multiplication such as the lack of commutativity; and distributive properties relating addition and multiplication. 2. Matrix operations are defined including addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. Matrix multiplication is not commutative and requires the inner dimensions of the matrices to be equal. 3. Special matrices are introduced such as the zero matrix, identity matrix, and their properties and uses.

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BASIC

PROPERTIES
AND
OPERATIONS
OF MATRIX
I.

Properties of matrix
Properties involving Addition

Let A, B, and C be mxn matrices. We have:


1. A+B = B+A (commutative property)
2. (A+B) + C = A + (B+C) (associative property)
3. A + O = A where O is the mxn zero-matrix (all its entries are equal to
0) (the identity of addtion)

4. A+B = O if and only if B = -A. (the inverse of addition)

Properties involving Multiplication>


1. Let A, B, and C be three matrices. If you can perform the products AB,
(AB)C, BC, and A(BC), then we have:
(AB)C = A (BC). (associative property)
Note, for example, that if A is nxm, B is mxk, and C is kxl, then the above
products are possible (in this case, (AB)C is nxl matrix).
2. If

and

are real numbers, and A is a matrix, then we have:

3. If
is a real number, and A and B are two matrices such that the
product
is possible, then we have:

4. If A is an nxm matrix and O the mxk zero-matrix, then AO = O.

Note that AO is the nxk zero-matrix. So if n is different from m, the two zeromatrices are different.
5. In general,
when the product AB and BA are possible. Thus,
multiplication of matrix is not commutative.

Properties involving Addition and Multiplication


1. Let A, B, and C be three matrices. If you can perform the appropriate
products, then we have:
(A+B)C = AC + BC
and
A(B+C) = AB + AC (distributive properties)
2. If

and

and

are real numbers, A and B are matrices, then we have:

I.

Operations of matrix

Addition

Order of the matrices must be the same

Add corresponding elements together

Matrix addition is commutative

Matrix addition is associative

Subtraction

The order of the matrices must be the same

Subtract corresponding elements

Matrix subtraction is not commutative (neither is subtraction of real


numbers)

Matrix subtraction is not associative (neither is subtraction of real


numbers)

Scalar Multiplication
A scalar is a number, not a matrix.

The matrix can be any order

Multiply all elements in the matrix by the scalar

Scalar multiplication is commutative

Scalar multiplication is associative

Zero Matrix

Matrix of any order

Consists of all zeros

Denoted by capital O

Additive Identity for matrices

Any matrix plus the zero matrix is the original matrix

Matrix Multiplication
Amn Bnp = Cmp

The number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number
of rows in the second matrix. That is, the inner dimensions must be the
same.

The order of the product is the number of rows in the first matrix by
the number of columns in the second matrix. That is, the dimensions of
the product are the outer dimensions.

Since the number of columns in the first matrix is equal to the number
of rows in the second matrix, you can pair up entries.

Each element in row i from the first matrix is paired up with an element
in column j from the second matrix.

The element in row i, column j, of the product is formed by multiplying


these paired elements and summing them.

Each element in the product is the sum of the products of the elements
from row i of the first matrix and column j of the second matrix.

There will be n products which are summed for each element in the
product.

Matrix multiplication is not commutative

Multiplication of real numbers is.

The inner dimensions may not agree if the order of the matrices is
changed.

Do not simply multiply corresponding elements together

Since the order (dimensions) of the matrices don't have to be the


same, there may not be corresponding elements to multiply together.

Multiply the rows of the first by the columns of the second and add.

There is no matrix division

There is no defined process for dividing a matrix by another matrix.

A matrix may be divided by a scalar.

Identity Matrix

Square matrix

Ones on the main diagonal

Zeros everywhere else

Denoted by I. If a subscript is included, it is the order of the identity


matrix.

I is the multiplicative identity for matrices

Any matrix times the identity matrix is the original matrix.

Multiplication by the identity matrix is commutative, although the


order of the identity may change

Identity matrix of size 2


1

I2 =

Identity matrix of size 3

I3 =

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