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Fluid Mechanics - AS102: Class Note No: 10

This document provides notes from a fluid mechanics class lecture on hydrostatics and aerostatics. Key points include: - The static pressure equation in inertial and non-inertial frames undergoing rigid body motion. - Hydrostatic pressure distribution is linear with depth for an incompressible fluid. - Buoyancy acts through the centroid of the displaced fluid volume according to Archimedes' principle. - Differential manometers relate pressure differences to height differences of column levels. - For uniform rotation of an incompressible fluid in a container, the pressure depends on radial position and depth, with restrictions on rotation speed to avoid spilling.

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Pranav Kulkarni
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60 views

Fluid Mechanics - AS102: Class Note No: 10

This document provides notes from a fluid mechanics class lecture on hydrostatics and aerostatics. Key points include: - The static pressure equation in inertial and non-inertial frames undergoing rigid body motion. - Hydrostatic pressure distribution is linear with depth for an incompressible fluid. - Buoyancy acts through the centroid of the displaced fluid volume according to Archimedes' principle. - Differential manometers relate pressure differences to height differences of column levels. - For uniform rotation of an incompressible fluid in a container, the pressure depends on radial position and depth, with restrictions on rotation speed to avoid spilling.

Uploaded by

Pranav Kulkarni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Mechanics AS102

Class Note No: 10

Tuesday. August 21, 2007

Review of Last Lecture: Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


static pressure Eq in inertial frame
1 P
2 x1 dx1

P
g

P+

1 P
2 x2 dx2

dx2
dx1

x2
r

x1

P+

1 P
2 x1 dx1

1 P
2 x2 dx2

Figure: control volume dx1 dx2 dx3 in inertial frame (xi )

dx1 dx2 dx3 very small such that


Z
dV dx1 dx2 dx3 ...
V

apply Newtons 2 law to the fluid in the C.V.


P
gi = 0
xi

(1)

Review of Last Lecture: Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


static pressure Eq in translational frame
P
g

x2

x1

1 P

2 x2 dx2

dx2
dx1
r

x2

P+

1 P

2 x1 dx1

P+

1 P

2 x1 dx1

1 P

2 x2 dx2

x1

Figure: control volume dx1 dx2 dx3 in translational frame (xi )

apply Newtons 2 law to the fluid in the C.V.


g) +
(b
i
i

P
=0,
xi

b = bi ii = bj ij ,

d
b
dt i

rest in (xm
)

g = gi ii = gj ij ,

(2)

Review of Last Lecture: Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

IN GENERAL, the static pressure equation


)
- for a fluid stationary in a non-inertial frame (xm
undergoing RBM
# the component form in (xm ):


P
=0
k xk i k k xi + ai gi +
xi
where
= a i , g = g i
= k ik , r = xk ik , a := b
k k
k k

r measured in the non-inertial (xm )

memorize the above equation

(3)

Review of Last Lecture: Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


hydrostatic pressure distribution - static
a body of liquid, say, water at rest in an inertial frame
Patm

x3

M
Figure: hydrostatic pressure distribution

assumptions:

v = 0 in an inertial frame
a constant Patm on the body from above
the gravity g acts in the body downward
( a top plane surface)
the liquid is incompressible with

Review of Last Lecture: Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


hydrostatic pressure distribution - static

Eq (3) and the b.c. reduce to


dP
= g ,
dx3

P(0) = Patm

P = Patm + g x3 = Patm + g h,
P = Patm + g h
X called the hydrostatic pressure distribution
(linear variation with the depth).

(4)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


forces on a submerged plane static
Patm
g

Patm
h

x1

Patm
A

f
dA
x2

C
x1

x2

Figure: forces on a plane submerged: liquid on one side; air on the


other side. C - plane centroid, f - pressure center

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


forces on a submerged plane static
assumptions:

v = 0 in an inertial frame
a constant Patm on the body from above
the gravity g acts in the body downward
( a top plane surface)
the liquid is incompressible with

P = Patm + g h

the resultant force at M on dA, normal to the plane, is


dFR = P dA Patm dA = g h dA = g sinx2 dA
Z
FR = g sin x2 dA = g sinx2C A = PC A
A

Xx2C the plane centroid C; PC the gage pressure at C

the center of pressure, f with (x1f , x2f ):


x1f FR =

x1 dFR , x2f FR =

x2 dFR ...

(5)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

todays topic:

more applications of the pressure equation

bouyancy
differential manometers
uniform rotation

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


buoyancy - static:
acting on a solid body of arbitrary shape completely submerged
in a homogeneous incompressible liquid
Patm
g

x1

dA2
dF2

Pn
n
B

dF2
x2
Figure: buoyancy

h = x2

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


buoyancy - static:
Patm
g

dA2
dF2 Pn
n
B
dF2

x2

assumptions:

v = 0 in an inertial frame
a constant Patm on the body from above
the gravity g acts in the body downward
( a top plane surface)
the liquid is incompressible with

x1

h = x2

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


buoyancy:

set up the RCS (xm ) with x2 downward and the origin on the
top plane
the pressure force acting on a small dA of the body surface
dF = P n dA,

P = Patm + g x2 from H.P.D.

the total pressure force acting on the surface of the body


Z
Z
Z
F=
P n dA = Patm
n dA g
x2 n dA
V

n dA

D. Thm.

1 dV = 0,
Z
D. Thm.
x2 dV = vol(V) i2
x2 n dA =
V

F = [ vol(V) g] i2 , F1 = F3 = 0
liquid weight displaced & upward or oppositeto g

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


buoyancy:
the center of buoyancy B
Z
Z
B
x1 P n2 dA
x1 dF2 =
x1 F2 =
V
F on V
Z
Z
x1 x2 n2 dA
x1 n2 dA g
= Patm
V
V
Z
Z
x1
(x1 x2 )
D.Thm
= Patm
dV g
dV
x2
V x2
V
= g x1C vol(V),

x3B

F2 =
=

x1C the centroid of V (6)

x3 dF2 =
F on V
g x3C vol(V),

x3 P n2 dA
V

x3C the centroid of V (7)

x1B = x1C ,

x3B = x3C

(8)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

buoyancy:

the Archimedes principle:


the buoyant force on a submerged body is equal to the
weight of liquid it has displaced, and acts through the
centroid of the displaced volume

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


buoyancy - static:
what about a partially submerged body ?
Patm
B

x1
n

dF2
x2

Pn

Figure: buoyancy

P=

Patm ,
x2 < 0
Patm + g x2 , x2 0

the Archimedes principle holds here too.


HW assignment/Tutorial: verify this claim.

h = x2

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


differential manometers :
PB , B

PA , A

C
h3

h1
g

e
h2
f

Figure: differential manometer

assumptions:

v = 0 in an inertial frame
the gravity g acts in the body downward
the liquids are incompressible

PB PA =?

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

differential manometers :

Pc = PA + A g h1 , Pc = Pd = Pe ,
Pf = Pe + C g h2 , Pf = Pg , Pg = PB + B g h3

PB PA =
PB + B g h3 = PA + A g h1 + C g h2

(9)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
a cylindrical container of water rotating at a constant
around its axis, the water is at rest relative to the container
x3
x3

H
P0

P0
Hw

g m
R

x1

x1
Figure: uniform rotation

set (xm ) in the inertial frame;


cylinder (see the sketch).

) to the rotating
attach (xm

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
assumptions:

incompressible liquid like water with ;


= 0; = i3 = i ; ( given and constant)
b
3
g = g i3 ;
a gas above the liquid with constant P0 ,
neglect the surface tension effect
eq. (3)
P
= 2 x1 ,
x1
P=

P
= 2 x2 ,
x2

P
= g
x3

1 2 2
(r ) g x3 + C,
2
(r )2 := (x1 )2 + (x2 )2 ,
C =?

(10)

(11)

(12)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

uniform rotation
how to find C? a combination of the factors as follows

b.c.:
P = P0 on the free surface (from t = P0 n, t = T n)

volume preservation, spilling or no spilling ?

the effect of , R, Hw & H ...

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
case 1: low - liquid occupying r [0, R] & no spilling
x3

P0

H
M

m
r
Figure: uniform rotation case 1

shape of the free surface:


1
gx3f = 2 (r )2 P0 + C, r [0, R]
2
Z R
vol p.
x3f 2r dr = R 2 Hw

(13)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


h
i
C P0 = gHw 1()2 ,

g x3f =

|| R
:= p
2 gHw

1 2 2
(r ) + g Hw [1()2 ],
2

r [0, R]

x3 H
P0
M
m
r
Figure: uniform rotation case 1
case 1 restrictions on :

there is liquid at r = 0 x3f (0) > 0


<1

no spilling x (R) H

(14)

H
1
Hw

(15)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
case 2:
- liquid occupying r [0, R] & there is spilling
H

x3

P0
m

r
Figure: uniform rotation case 2

shape of the free surface:


1
gx3f = 2 (r )2 P0 + C,
2

r [0, R], C =?

(16)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
case 2 continue:
how to find C?

spilling x3f (R) = H

!2
R

C P0 = gH1 p
2gH

amount spilled?
2

= R Hw

R
0

x3f 2r dr = ... > 0

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
case 2 restrictions on :

there is spilling
2

R Hw

x3f 2r dr = ... > 0

R
p
2 gHw

!2

>

H
1
Hw

there is liquid at r = 0 x3f (0) > 0


!2
R
<1
p
2gH

(17)

(18)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
case 3:
- no liquid occupying r [0, Rc ) & no spilling
x3

P0

H
M

Rm

Figure: uniform rotation case 3

shape of the free surface:


1
gx3f = 2 (r )2 P0 + C,
2
Rm =? C =?

r [Rm , R]
(19)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
case 3 continue:
how to find Rm & C?

volume preservation
Z R
x3f 2r dr = R 2 Hw
Rm

C P0 =

gR 2 Hw
1
2 (R 2 + (Rm )2 )
R 2 (Rm )2 4

x3f (Rm ) = 0
v


u
R 1
u
Rm


t

= 1 p


R
2 gHw

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
case 3 restrictions on :

Rm real


R


p
1(?)
2 gHw

no spilling x3f (R) H






R 2 R
H




(?)
p
+ p

2 gHw Hw
2 gHw

(20)

(21)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
case 4:
- no liquid occupying r [0, Rc ) & with spilling
H

x3

P0

Rm

Figure: uniform rotation case 4

shape of the free surface:


1
gx3f = 2 (r )2 P0 + C,
2
Rm =? C =?

r [Rm , R],
(22)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
case 4 continue:
how to find Rm & C?

spilling x3f (R) = H

C P0 = gH 1

x3f (Rm ) = 0

!2
R

p
2gH

v


u
R 2
u
Rm


t

= 1 p


R
2gH

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics


uniform rotation
case 4 restrictions on :

there is spilling
R 2 Hw

Rm real

x3f 2r dr > 0

Rm


s
R
1 H


(?)
p
>
2gH
2 Hw


R


p
1(?)
2gH

(23)

(24)

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