5.

2 Example 2 Single-storey house on a cliff top overlooking the sea

The single-storey house in Example 1 is now assumed to be located on a cliff top at a
coastal location.

Location: coast of Victoria (Region A1)

Terrain: Open sea to south. Open country for all other directions.
Topography: building is located 10m from the edge of a cliff facing south
Dimensions: as for Example 1.
Building orientation: major axis is east-west
Construction: as for Example 1.

Regional wind speed

From Table 3.1 in AS/NZS1170.2, V500 = 45 m/s (Region A)
Wind direction multipliers for Region A1 are given in Table 3.2. Maximum value is 1.0
(W).
z=h=4.35 m, For Terrain Category 2, Mz,cat = M4.35,cat2 = 0.91 (Table 4.1(A))
Shielding
Since there are no surrounding buildings, Ms = 1.0
Topography
Profile through topography for the south, south-east and south-west directions are shown
in Figure 5.2 (a), (b) and (c) respectively.

N-S
section

60 m

NE-SW
section

36 m

NW-SE
section

60 m
45 m

60 m
85 m

Figure 5.2. Sections through site for three wind directions

Hill-shape multiplier Mh for S winds :

H=60 m.

Lu = 36 m. x = 10 m.

H
0.83
2 Lu

The house is within the separation zone (Figure 4.4).

L1 = greater of 0.36Lu or 0.4H = max{13.0 m, 24 m} = 24 m
L2 = 10 24 m = 240 m

10

M h ,S 1 0.711
1.68
240

(Equation 4.4(3))

Hill-shape multiplier Mh for SW winds :

H=60 m.

Lu = 45 m. x = 16 m.

H
0.67
2 Lu

The house is within the separation zone (Figure 4.4).

L1 = greater of 0.36Lu or 0.4H = max{16.2 m, 24 m} = 24 m
L2 = 10 24 m = 240 m
15

M h, SE 1 0.711
1.66 (Equation 4.4(3))
240

Hill-shape multiplier Mh for SE winds :

H=60 m.

Lu = 85 m. x = 15 m.

H
0.35
2 Lu

L1 = greater of 0.36Lh or 0.4H = max{30.6 m, 24 m} = 30.6 m

L2 = 10 30.6 m = 306 m

60
15
M h ,SW 1
1
1.47 (Equation 4.4(2))
3.54.35 30.6 306

Site wind speed

Site wind speed for North direction, Vsit,N = 45(0.90)(0.91)(1.0)(1.0) = 36.9 m/s
(Equation 2.2)
For all wind directions, site wind speeds are calculated in the following table.
Direction
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW

V500
(m/s)
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45

Md

Mz,cat

Ms

Mt

Vsit, (m/s)

0.90
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.85
0.95
1.00
0.95

0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.47
1.68
1.66
1.0
1.0

36.9
32.8
32.8
48.2
58.5
64.6
41.0
38.9

Design wind speeds

Again, the building is orientated exactly N-S and E-W, and the design wind speeds, Vdes,
can be obtained by inspection from Vsit, in the above table, for the four wind directions
orthogonal to the building walls:
Vdes,N = 38.9 m/s (largest from NW to NE sector)
Vdes,E = 48.2 m/s (largest from NE to SE sector)
Vdes,S = 64.6 m/s (largest from SE to SW sector)
Vdes,W = 64.6 m/s (largest from SW to NW sector)
(note the much higher design wind speeds compared with those in Example 1 for this
very exposed site)
Aerodynamic shape factor
As for Example 1
Dynamic response factor
Cdyn = 1.0 (natural frequency greater than 1.0 Hertz) (Section 6.1)
Design wind pressure (major framing members) ultimate limit states:
North wall
As windward wall (north wind direction):

Cfig (external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.0) = 0.7

pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (0.7)(1.0) = 636 Pa = 0.64 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -272 Pa = -0.27 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = 0.64-(-0.27) = 0.91 kPa
As leeward wall (south wind direction):
Cfig (external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Cfig (internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.75 kPa (acting outwards)
As side wall west wind direction:
For first 4.35 m from west edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.65
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -1628 Pa = -1.63 kPa
Cfig (internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -1.63 kPa (acting outwards)
For 4.35 m to 8.7 m from west edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -1.25 kPa (acting outwards)
For 8.7 m to 13.05 m from west edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.75 kPa (same as leeward wall case)
As side wall east wind direction:
For first 4.35 m from east edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.65
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -906 Pa = -0.91 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.91 kPa (acting outwards)
For 4.35 m to 8.7 m from east edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -697 Pa = -0.70 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.70 kPa (ignore - leeward wall case governs)

For 8.7 m to (24-13.05=)10.95 m from east edge:

Cfig (external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -418 Pa = -0.42 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.42 kPa (ignore - leeward wall case governs)

East wall.
As windward wall (east wind direction):
Cfig (external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.0) = 0.7
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (0.7)(1.0) = 976 Pa = 0.98 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -418 Pa = -0.42 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = 0.98-(-0.42) = 1.40 kPa
As side wall north wind direction:
For first 4.35 m from north edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.65
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -590 Pa = -0.59 kPa
Cfig (internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.59 kPa (ignore - leeward wall case governs)
For 4.35 m to (9.75-4.35=)5.4 m from north edge of west wall:
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -454 Pa = -0.45 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.45 kPa (ignore - leeward wall case governs)
As side wall south wind direction:
For first 4.35 m from south edges :
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.65
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -1628 Pa = -1.63 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -1.63 kPa (acting outwards)
As leeward wall west wind direction:
Cfig (external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.75 kPa (acting outwards)
West wall.
As windward wall (west wind direction):

Cfig (external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.0) = 0.7

pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (0.7)(1.0) = 1753 Pa = 1.75 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = 1.75-(-0.75) = 2.50 kPa
As side wall north wind direction:
For first 4.35 m from north edge - same as east wall: -0.59 kPa.
For 4.35 m to (12.0-4.35=)7.65 m from north edge of east wall :
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -454 Pa = -0.45 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.45 kPa (acting outwards)
As side wall south wind direction:
For first 4.35 m from south edge - same as east wall: -1.63 kPa.
As leeward wall east wind direction:
Cfig (external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -418 Pa = -0.42 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.42 kPa (ignore - side wall case governs)

South wall.
As windward wall (south wind direction):
Cfig (external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.0) = 0.7
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (0.7)(1.0) = 1753 Pa = 1.75 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = 1.75-(-0.75) = 1.50 kPa
As leeward wall (north wind direction):
Cfig (external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -272 Pa = -0.27 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.27 kPa (ignore - side wall case governs)
As side wall west wind direction:
For first 4.35 m from west edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.65
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -1628 Pa = -1.63 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -1.63 kPa (acting outwards)

For 4.35 m to 8.7 m from west edge:

Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -1.25 kPa (acting outwards)
For 8.7 m to 13.05 m from west edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.75 kPa (acting outwards)
For 13.05 m to (24-8.7=)15.3 m from west edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.2 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.2
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.2)(1.0) = -501 Pa = -0.50 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.50 kPa (acting outwards)
As side wall east wind direction
For first 4.35 m from east edge (i.e. gable end):
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.65
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -906 Pa = -0.91 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.91 kPa (acting outwards)
For 4.35 m to 8.7 m from east edge:
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -697 Pa = -0.70 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across wall surface = -0.70 kPa (acting outwards)

Roof
north wind direction
north roof slope (surface 8).
Cfig (external) = -0.59 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.59
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.59)(1.0) = -536 Pa = -0.54 kPa
Cfig (internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.54-(0.0) = -0.54 kPa
South roof slope (surface 9) and hip end (surface 7).
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -454 Pa = -0.45 kPa
pint = 0 kPa

Net pressure across roof surface = -0.45-(0.0) = -0.45 kPa

east wind direction
east roof slope (surface 10).
Cfig (external) = -0.59 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.59
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.59)(1.0) = -822 Pa = -0.82 kPa
Cfig (internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.82-(0.0) = -0.82 kPa
west roof slope (surface 11).
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -697 Pa = -0.70 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.70-(0.0) = -0.70 kPa
south wind direction
south roof slope (surface 9).
Cfig (external) = -0.59 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.59
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.59)(1.0) = -1477 Pa = -1.48 kPa
Cfig (internal) = 0.0 (1.0) = 0.0
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -1.48-(0.0) = -1.48 kPa
north roof slope (surface 8) and hip end (surface 7).
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.27-(0.0) = -1.25 kPa
crosswind roof slopes (surfaces 10 and 11).
For first 4.35 m
Cfig (external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.9
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.9)(1.0) = -2254 Pa = -2.25 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -2.25-(0.0) = -2.25 kPa
For 4.35 m to 8.7m from windward edge
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -1.25-(0.0) = -1.25 kPa
For 8.7 m to 12 m from windward edge
Cfig (external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.16-(0.0) = -0.75 kPa
Cfig (external) = +0.1 (1.0) (1.0) = +0.1 (positive case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (+0.1)(0.8) = +200 Pa = +0.20 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3

pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(0.8) = -601 Pa = -0.60 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = +0.20-(-0.60) = +0.80 kPa
(note use of Kc equal to 0.8 in this case)
west wind direction
west roof slopes (surfaces 7 and 11).
Cfig (external) = -0.59 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.59
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.59)(1.0) = -1477 Pa = -1.48 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -1.48-(0.0) = -1.48 kPa
crosswind roof slopes (surfaces 8 and 9).
For first 4.35 m
Cfig (external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.9
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.9)(1.0) = -2253 Pa = -2.25 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -2.25-(0.0) = -2.25 kPa
For 4.35 m to 8.7m from windward edge
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -1.25-(0.0) = -1.25 kPa
For 8.7 m to 13.05 m from windward edge
Cfig (external) = -0.3 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.3 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.75-(0.0) = -0.75 kPa
Cfig (external) = +0.1 (1.0) (1.0) = +0.1 (positive case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (+0.1)(0.8) = +200 Pa = +0.20 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(0.8) = -601 Pa = -0.60 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = +0.20-(-0.60) = +0.80 kPa
For 13.05 m to 24 m from windward edge
Cfig (external) = -0.2 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.2 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.2)(1.0) = -501 Pa = -0.50 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = -0.50-(0.0) = -0.50 kPa
Cfig (external) = +0.2 (1.0) (1.0) = +0.2 (positive case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (+0.2)(0.8) = +401 Pa = +0.40 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Net pressure across roof surface = +0.40-(-0.75) = +1.15 kPa
east roof slopes (surface 10).
Cfig (external) = -0.5 (1.0) (1.0) = -0.5
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.5)(1.0) = -1252 Pa = -1.25 kPa
pint = 0 kPa

Net pressure across roof surface = -1.25-(0.0) = -1.25 kPa

Note: under-eaves pressures are same as adjacent walls.
Design loadings ultimate limit states for foundations
Use roof pressures as above multiplied by 0.8 (Ka)
Design loadings for windows (ultimate limit states)
(note: for permissible stress design divide loads by 1.5)
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on north wall:
Cfig (external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.5) = +1.05 (positive case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (+1.05)(1.0) = +953 Pa = +0.95 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -272 Pa = -0.27 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.95-(-0.27) = +1.22 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on east wall:
Cfig (external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.5) = +1.05 (positive case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (+1.05)(1.0) = +1464 Pa = +1.46 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -418 Pa = -0.42 kPa
Net pressure across window = +1.46-(-0.42) = +1.88 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on south and west walls:
Cfig (external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.5) = +1.05 (positive case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (+1.05)(1.0) = +2629 Pa = +2.63 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Net pressure across window = +2.63-(-0.75) = +3.38 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on east and west walls within a distance of 1.2 m
from north corners:
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-1.3)(1.0) = -1180 Pa = -1.18 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -1.18-(0.0) = -1.18 kPa
For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on north and south walls within a distance of 1.2 m
from east corners:
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-1.3)(1.0) = -1812 Pa = -1.81 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -1.81-(0.0) = -1.81 kPa

For windows less than 1.44 m2 in area on east and west walls within a distance of 1.2 m
from south corners, and on north and south walls within a distance of 1.2 m from west
corners:
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-1.3)(1.0) = -3255 Pa = -3.26 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -3.26-(0.0) = -3.26 kPa
For windows (or doors) more than 1.44 m2 in area on north wall:
Cfig (external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.0) = +0.7 (positive case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (+0.7)(1.0) = +636 Pa = +0.64 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -272 Pa = -0.27 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.64-(-0.27) = +0.91 kPa
For windows (or doors) more than 1.44 m2 in area on east wall:
Cfig (external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.0) = +0.7 (positive case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (+0.7)(1.0) = +976 Pa = +0.98 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -418 Pa = -0.42 kPa
Net pressure across window = +0.98-(-0.42) = +1.40 kPa
For windows (or doors) more than 1.44 m2 in area on south and west walls:
Cfig (external) = +0.7 (1.0) (1.0) = +0.7 (positive case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (+0.7)(1.0) = +1753 Pa = +1.75 kPa
Cfig (internal) = -0.3 (1.0) = -0.3
pint = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.3)(1.0) = -751 Pa = -0.75 kPa
Net pressure across window = +1.75-(-0.75) = +2.50 kPa
For windows up to 5.76 m2 in area on east and west walls within a distance of 2.4 m from
north corners:
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.975)(1.0) = -885 Pa = -0.89 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -0.89-(0.0) = -0.89 kPa
For windows up to 5.76 m2 in area on north and south walls within a distance of 2.4 m
from east corners:
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-0.975)(1.0) = -1359 Pa = -1.36 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -1.36-(0.0) = -1.36 kPa
For windows up to 5.76 m2 in area on east and west walls within a distance of 2.4 m from
south corners, and on north and south walls within a distance of 2.4 m from west corners:
Cfig (external) = -0.65 (1.0) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)

pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.975)(1.0) = -2441 Pa = -2.44 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across window = -2.44-(0.0) = -2.44 kPa
For any other windows or doors, loads for major framing members apply.
Design loadings for roof cladding and battens (ultimate limit states)
(note: for permissible stress design divide loads by 1.5)
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surface 8, up to 1.2 m from
east edge of roof:
Cfig (external) = -0.9 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.8
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-1.8)(1.0) = -2509 Pa = -2.51 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -2.51-(0.0) = -2.51 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 10, up to 1.2
m from the north-east corner of roof:
Cfig (external) = -0.59 (1.0) (3.0) = -1.77
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-1.77)(1.0) = -2467 Pa = -2.47 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -2.47-(0.0) = -2.47 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 1.2 m
from west edge of roof, and on roof surfaces 10 and 11, up to 1.2 m from south edge of
roof :
Cfig (external) = -0.9 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.8
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-1.8)(1.0) = -4507 Pa = -4.51 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -4.51-(0.0) = -4.51 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 2.4 m
from the north west or south west corners of the roof, and on roof surfaces 10 and 11, up
to 2.4 m from the corners on the south side of the roof :
Cfig (external) = Cp,e Kc,e K = -0.9 (1.0) (3.0) = -2.7
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-2.7)(1.0) = -6761 Pa = -6.76 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -6.76-(0.0) = -6.76 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 2.4 m
from east edge of roof:
Cfig (external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.5) = -1.35
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (48.2)2 (-1.35)(1.0) = -1882 Pa = -1.88 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.88-(0.0) = -1.88 kPa

For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surfaces 8 and 9, up to 2.4 m
from west edge of roof, and on roof surfaces 10 and 11, up to 2.4 m from south edge of
roof :
Cfig (external) = -0.9 (1.0) (1.5) = -1.35
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-1.35)(1.0) = -3380 Pa = -3.38 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.81-(0.0) = -3.38 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surface 8, up to 1.2 m from
north edge of roof :
Cfig (external) = -0.59 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.18 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-1.18)(1.0) = -1071 Pa = -1.07 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -1.07-(0.0) = -1.07 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 1.44 m2 in area, on roof surface 7, up to 1.2 m from
west edge of roof, and on roof surface 9, up to 1.2 m from south edge of roof :
Cfig (external) = -0.59 (1.0) (2.0) = -1.18 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-1.18)(1.0) = -2955 Pa = -2.95 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -2.95-(0.0) = -2.95 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surface 8, up to 2.4 m from
north edge of roof :
Cfig (external) = -0.59 (1.0) (1.5) = -0.89 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (38.9)2 (-0.89)(1.0) = -808 Pa = -0.81 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -0.81-(0.0) = -0.81 kPa
For roof cladding elements less than 5.76 m2 in area, on roof surface 7, up to 2.4 m from
west edge of roof, and on roof surface 9, up to 2.4 m from south edge of roof:
Cfig (external) = -0.59 (1.0) (1.5) = -0.89
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (64.6)2 (-0.89)(1.0) = -2228 Pa = -2.23 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -2.23-(0.0) = -2.23 kPa
Loading on battens should be applied as moving patch loads with a tributary area equal
to the batten spacing times truss rafter spacing, with the appropriate local pressure factor
for that area. For example, in this case, if the batten spacing is 0.6 m, the tributary area
would be 1.2 0.6 = 0.72 m2. Since this area is less than 0.25a2, the local pressure
factor could be 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0, depending on the distance of the centre of the patch from
the roof edge.
Over the remainder of the batten, K should be taken as 1.0; i.e. the
loading should be the same as used for major structural members.