Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

This chapter discusses about the related study on ecological resort. The topics are
the Lily Beach Resort of Maldives and Phillip Island Resort with their features and
amenities, sustainable architecture and environmental planning and case study on the
Punta Punting Beach Resort which is locally existing beach resort and the site for the
.Guimaras Ecological Resort development. The study of the topic is to determine the
space planning and allocation of areas intended for resort amenities and activities. This is
to further analyze the comfortable site circulation and location of amenities and their
space requirements.
Related studies and literature defines the relevance of the study to the existing
cases which could be used as the basis for the design formulation and integration of
design theories and principles.

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

II.1.1. RELATED TOPIC

1A. Philip Island Resort

Fig.II.1. The view of the main building of the Phillip

Island from the lagoon.

Fig.II.2. Lobby of the main

building.

Phillip Island Resort is a supplier of quality holiday accommodation featuring a

range of well appointed studio spas along with two and three bedrooms villas. There are
211 villas in total scattered across the Resort, ensuring peaceful holiday accommodation
for families and adults.
The villas forming the all seasons Phillip Island Resort are nestled on sixty five
acres of undulating countryside overlooking farmland. The Resort offers holiday
accommodation conveniently located in the centre of Phillip Island just two kilometers
from the Cowes shopping precinct with its safe bay beaches and only three kilometers
from the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit (Home of the Australian MotoGP, World
Superbikes & V8 Supercars championship rounds) and the popular patrolled surf beach

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

of Smith's Beach. Phillip Island is quickly becoming the new Riviera conveniently
located just ninety minutes drive from Melbourne.
The all seasons Phillip Island Resort provides visitors utilizing its quality holiday
accommodation, opportunities to experience the best that Phillip Island has to offer both
natural and manmade:

sand, sun and surf

penguins, seals and koalas

nature walks, bike riding or a drive through the countryside

wineries, galleries, good eating and shopping

Grand Prix Circuit , high performance vehicle drives or go-karting

Others may simply choose to relax, be pampered and enjoy the quality facilities while
staying in holiday accommodation at the all seasons Phillip Island Resort. These facilities
include a Health Club, a Kids Club with outdoor entertainment area, a Caf, Swimming
pool (with toddler area) and tennis.
Quality Holiday Accommodation in a Truly Eco Resort
Much detail has gone into the design of the Resort with all holiday
accommodation choices aiming to have minimal impact on the environment. This has
been achieved through:

the use of renewable or recyclable materials

passive energy efficiency design through location of windows, application of

insulation, orientation of buildings, flow through cooling and harvesting of winter
sun

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

integration of water and energy efficient appliances within the villas

The Resort has taken its commitment to minimizing the impact of its holiday

accommodation on the environment even further through:

extensive landscaping of the Resort with over 70,000 indigenous plants

encouraging the return of native wildlife

establishment of wetlands and water retention basins to control storm water

discharge downstream

preservation of significant remnant vegetation on site through the establishment of

conservation precincts

The Resort has arranged to take treated water from Westernport Water for
irrigation on site and around accommodation to help reduce the demand on this
precious resource.

Tourism and Conservation working together

Fig. II.3. Animal
conservation is
observed in the
resort development.

10

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Fig.II.4.Coastal area of the Phillip Island

Phillip Island has managed to retain much of its rural feel unlike many other
coastal regions. A drive across Phillip Island offers views of farmland, the ocean and
wide expanses of grassland and remnants of forests.
Conservation of the Islands natural resources is keen in the minds of those who
treasure Phillip Islands beauty. When designing Phillip Island Resort, much care has
been taken to ensure that the things that locals and visitors love above Phillip Island were
not disturbed. The motto of Do no harm was the keystone of the development.
Tourism and the environment can get along with each other. The all seasons
Phillip Island Resort is a testament to that, where possible recycled materials eco-friendly
building products and environmentally sustainable design principles were applied. The
end product is a show piece for environmentally friendly tourism on Phillip Island. The
Resort hopes to shortly enter the stage of its development program which aims to reduce
its carbon footprint to zero.

11

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Tourism
The all seasons Phillip Island Eco Resort was designed with sustainable tourism
in mind. The final product is a show piece for environmentally friendly tourism.
Design Fundamentals
The guiding principles behind the design of the all seasons Phillip Island Eco
Resort were to create a world class eco tourist facility without damaging the environment.
The motto of 'Do no harm' has been extended to ensure that the Resort actually makes a
positive contribution to Phillip Island's fauna and flora. All development within the
Resort conforms to Ecologically Sustainable Design (ESD) principles. Aspects
incorporated into the design framework range from choice of building materials, storm
water management, the sitting and orientation of the buildings, the energy efficiency of
the buildings as well as the reforestation of the Resort.
Building Materials
A range of building materials will be used to reduce the impact on the
environment. Wherever possible, specially grown and harvested timbers shall be used
rather than depleting our natural forests. Insulation and energy efficiency of the materials
was also being of concern to enhance our energy conservation.
Construction
Buildings have been designed to maximize the benefit of their North orientation
catching the warmth of the sun in winter whilst proving shade in summer. Cross flow
ventilation has been incorporated for better cooling in summer to catch the evening
breeze. Energy efficient appliances have been chosen to reduce energy demands.

12

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Water Management
Wetlands and vegetative swales filter and retard stormwater passing through the
property. Storm water from the roofs is harvested and reused in toilets and for irrigation
reducing the demand on Phillip Island's limited reserves. Reduced flow water fittings
shall be used to help conserve water.
The Resort has made arrangements with Westernport Water to use treated water
for irrigation on site further reducing the impact of the all seasons Phillip Island Eco
Resort on the environment.
General environment
A protective covenant shall be placed on the front of the block once the vegetation
is complete. Wherever possible, seed harvesting from existing indigenous flora on site
and plants from the Bush Bank shall be used to revegetate the Resort. An active tree
planting program will be implemented to provide shelter for buildings and villas. This
will extend to the Resort involvement in Landcare's Wildlife Corridor program designed
to assist with providing native fauna with renewed habitats. The wetlands and bush buffer
zones will encourage the return of wildlife to the region. The planned walking tracks
through the revegetated areas and the Resort will provide a "bush" experience for its
visitors. Patrons will be encouraged to recycle waste products while at the resort. The
resort attempts to compost as much of the green waste.

13

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Fig. II.5. Villas on the resort

The all seasons Phillip Island Eco Resort will be a showplace for eco tourism and
testimony to the ability for industry and nature to coexist.
Facilities
Guests at the all seasons Phillip Island Resort have access to a wide range of
facilities making the stay a memorable event. In the interest of the comfort and health of
all visitors to the all seasons Phillip Island Resort, all facilities are non smoking.
The all seasons Phillip Island Resort restaurant "Number Restaurant & Bar"
offers relaxed yet attentive service in stylish surrounds and relaxed ambience - the perfect
place to enjoy alfresco dining and magnificent views of the surrounding countryside.
Our talented team of chefs works closely with local growers to source the best produce
the region has to offer. Quality ingredients, simply prepared with great attention to detail
results in a delicious and relaxed dining experience second to none.

14

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

The Health Centre

Fig. II.6. Wellness center

The all seasons Phillip Island Resort Health Centre is a lifestyle centre with
facilities including a gymnasium, spa, sauna and treatment rooms to help guests recharge
from the pressures of our modern lifestyle. The gymnasium offers a range of equipment
with a work station, walking machines, exercise bikes and steppers. You can enjoy the
spa after a swim in the pool or work out in the gym. The Tennis courts and outdoor pool
lie just outside the gymnasium. All these facilities are available exclusively to guests
staying at the all seasons Phillip Island Resort.
Kids Zone
This large open building will house some of the entertainment for the children and
be the focus of organized activities during peak periods. These will be hot favorites
keeping the children occupied while you enjoy the rest of the Resorts facilities.

15

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Fig. II.7. Indoor playing area for kids.

The outdoor playground area is where the children can burn up their energy in the Resort
grounds.
Guest Services
The all seasons Phillip Island Resort offer a variety of services to ensure that the
personal and business needs of the guests are catered.
Reception
Reception staffs are available from 9:00am to 6:00pm, Saturday - Thursday, and
between 9:00am and 7:00pm on Fridays. The staff can provide advice on where to go and
what to do as well as assist with booking tours and attractions.
Laundry
With prior notice, laundry service can be arranged as required by Reception staff.
A guest laundry is also located in the front area adjacent to Reception.

16

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Non-smoking Villas
All villas and communal buildings are non smoking to ensure
the comfort of all guests
Childrens activities
Childrens activities will be organized over peak school holiday periods. Parental
supervision may be required as part of the activities.
Villas
The all seasons Phillip Island Resort provides environmentally friendly
accommodation
Eco Friendly but Luxurious
The all seasons Phillip Island Resort comprises of 211 villas scattered over 65
acres of undulating land. There are 21 one bedroom studio spas, 97 two bedroom villas
and 93 three bedroom villas.
All the Villas and communal facilities have been designed with the environment
and energy efficiency in mind but without compromising quality. The overhanging
Northern roof line provides shade in summer whilst allowing the winter sun to warm the
buildings. All villas are exceptionally well insulated keeping them cool in summer and
warm in winter.

17

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Fig. II.8. Viewing deck of villas.

Eco friendly materials have been used to minimize the impact on the
environment. The low building profiles and materials used help to maintain the natural
feel of the Resort. Extensive tree planting provides extra shade in summer and protection
from cold Southerly winds in winter. The landscaping has been designed to complement
the colors of the villas and to encourage the return of native birds and other wildlife.
Energy and water efficient appliances have been used where possible to further
reduce the impact of the Resort on the environment. Large open decks with outdoor
furniture dramatically increase the living area of all villas. All decks overlook landscaped
grounds which provide a sense of privacy from neighboring villas. All villas are nonsmoking
Outdoor Recreation
The all seasons Phillip Island Resort provides a range of outdoor activities for all
ages.

18

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Tennis courts
The Resorts tennis courts can be booked at Reception. Two tennis courts are
available for use by Resort guests.
Swimming pools
Those Resort guests who arent as inclined to visit the local beaches can relax by
the large open air pool adjacent to the Kiosk and Caf. A toddlers wading pool is close
by ensuring all guests experience a wonderful holiday.
Outdoor childrens play area
Younger children will enjoy the outdoor playground. Climbing activities, slides
and swings will provide hours of entertainment for the smaller guests. Parents can sit
close by at the Caf or enjoy the BBQ facilities.
BBQs
BBQs are located close to childrens playground ensuring that any stay at the All
Seasons Eco Resort Phillip Island is a family affair.
Walk Ways
Over 7km of walking tracks are located within the Resort itself. The areas to be
passed by are beautifully landscaped and the conserved zones invite everyone with its
mature gums or stroll past the wetland areas. A walking track lies outside the Resort
taking guests to Cowes or the Koala.

19

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Conclusion on topic 1
The Philip Island Eco Resort is one example of an eco- resort which integrates ecological
friendly principles in the resort development. It is vital because of the following reasons.
1. It makes use its natural environment for its development. Through this the
degradation of our natural resources will be prevented. Furthermore, this type
and concept of the development will increase the awareness of the architecture
and engineering in giving consideration to structures being constructed. Hence,
this is advanced through a resort. It increases the awareness ideas because
resorts are considered to be as the temporary homes and places of interest to a
lot of different people.
2. The elements of sustainability and concerns on environmental issues are highly
given attention on the resort. One example is the probation of the majority of
the site area as nonsmoking places. This means that the impact on the carbon
footprint will be avoided, thus creating a comfortable environment. This topic
will further enhance the goal of study to develop and enhance the architecture
styles through integration of the environmental elements in a resort
development.

20

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

1B. Lily Beach Resort at Huvahendhoo, Maldives

Lily Beach Resort is a pristine beach and lush tropical vegetation, it has exotic
house-reef 3-10 meters away, the location is within the popular Ari Atoll of the
Maldivian archipelago and has some of the most amazing and exclusive dive sites allaround.

Fig. II.9. Aerial view of the resort

Location and Geography

Lily Beach is situated at
Huvahendhoo Island, on the southeast of Ari Atoll in the Maldives
through a 25-minute flight by Sea
Plane from Male International
Airport.
Keeping the overall concept of Affordable Luxury in the Maldives in mind, a
premium all-inclusive product has been launched at the NEW Lily Beach Resort & Spa.
This premium all-inclusive plan is called Platinum Plan.
Platinum Plan is an upgraded Luxury All Inclusive Plan whereby offering the
discerning traveler, hassle free fun, relaxation and uninhibited enjoyment. The Platinum

21

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Plan is an array of quality services such as premium wines & spirits, sumptuous dining
experiences, various excursions and other sporting activities, supremely luxurious
accommodations, with some of the finest service professionals to attend the needs of
guests.
The Villas
Overall Philosophy
The design of the villas is a fusion of contemporary style and elegance
sophisticatedly combined with traditional Maldivian aesthetics which serve to provide the
guests with a wholesome and luxurious island accommodation experience.
Only natural materials are used for all its Villas as well as Public areas. The final
product is a fusion of contemporary design and local architecture. It is a wonderful
combination of wood, different kinds of natural stones and modern design, which blend
in creatively with the natural surroundings of the island.
The Grand Water Suites on the western lagoon side of the island are individually
designed and ultra private which are truly the pride of the resort, each with its own
individual butler service. They offer uncompromising views of the ocean with an
amazing private deck and direct lagoon access, a combination of natural wood flooring
and white marble in the bathrooms, a four-poster king-sized bed, an oversized day-bed, a
14 sq.metes, Jacuzzi Pool and 42 LCD flat screen TV. Fully air-conditioned, along with
ceiling fan, coffee/tea/espresso making facilities, safe, free internet access, CD/DVD
player, satellite TV.

22

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Romantic and very private; with a distance of 15-feet between each villa, these
villas are aesthetically appointed with a single piece hand-crafted standalone bathtub with
Jacuzzi and an additional medium-sized Jacuzzi pool on the deck offering a fantastic
view of the entire lagoon and direct access to the lagoon. A combination of natural wood
flooring and white marble flooring in the bathroom, a 4 poster king-sized bed, an oversized day bed, 7 sq .meters Jacuzzi Pool and 42 LCD flat screen. Villas are fully airconditioned, along with ceiling fan, coffee/tea/espresso making facilities, safe, free
internet access, CD/DVD player, satellite TV. Beach Villas are composed of 57 units
with the size of 68m per unit.
Nestled along the shores of pristine beaches, elegant and smartly designed villas
with natural wood flooring in the bedroom and stone flooring in the spacious open air
bathroom, a queen-sized bed, vibrant color schemes, and a day bed and 29 LCD flat
screen.

Fig. II.10. The Lily Maa, the main dining hall of the resort

23

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Lily Maa is the main restaurant of the resort. It has an open sided restaurant with
sand floors and views of the lagoon which showcase some of the finest cuisine served in
the Maldives.
Other Facilities:
Fully equipped Dive Centre: Ocean Pro
Internet Caf
2 Fresh Water Swimming Pools with Bar @ (Size 160 m)
Kids Club
Turtles at Huvahendhoo, offers a variety of kids club programs to make their
holiday fun-filled, adventurous & exciting. A creative and experienced team of
professionals are on hand to assist with wide choice of activities both indoor and
outdoor. Facilities offered include indoor & outdoor play areas. The indoor area is airconditioned with wooden flooring. It has soft couches, oversized day beds, a small
library, variety of board games, various sizes of stuffed toys, low seating arrangements,
an assortment of cartoons/ Children Movies DVDs.
Outdoor area have sandy flooring with tree shades, outdoor play units (Swings,
see-saw, local children outdoor games), and bicycles to ride.
Activities include Treasure Hunt, Crab Race, Painting/Drawing Competitions,
Sandcastle Making, Balloon Race, Make your own Sandwich, as well as a guided Island
tour. Baby sitting services (chargeable) would also be available at the Turtles.

24

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Strict non-smoking policies:

Non-Smoking areas are: Turtles Kids Club, Tamara Spa, AQVA - Pool Par, Lily Maa
Main Restaurant except outer deck seating areas Tamarind la carte: Except outer
over-water seating areas.
Smoking areas are: Vibes - Pool Bar & Disco, the Spirit Main Bar
Conclusion on topic 2
Lily beach is one of the resorts which have enhanced its beach settings.
Considering that the resort is a beach area, this topic will be the reference by the beach
resorts today in relation to architectural aspects. Lily beach offers services and
accommodations which attracts tourist today, not only for the place but also of the
ambience and comfort of its facilities and amenities. It is well developed resort with
beautiful environment and services. It also provides spaces for physical and mental
development such its recreation, enjoyment and wellness.

II.2. Research Topics

2.1. SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
Sustainable architecture is a general term that describes environmentally
conscious design techniques in the field of architecture. Sustainable architecture is
framed by the larger discussion of sustainability and the pressing economic and political
issues of our world. In the broad context, sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the
negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in
the use of materials, energy, and development space. Most simply, the idea of
25

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that our actions and decisions today do
not inhibit the opportunities of future generations. This term can be used to describe an
energy and ecologically conscious approach to the design.

Sustainable energy
Fig. II.11. K2 sustainable apartments

in Windsor, Victoria, Australia by Hansen

Yuncken (2006)

The K2 sustainable apartments in Windsor, Victoria, Australia by Hansen

Yuncken (2006) features passive solar design, recycled and sustainable materials,
photovoltaic cells, wastewater treatment, rainwater collection and solar hot water. The
passivhaus standard combines a variety of techniques and technologies to achieve ultralow energy use. Following its destruction by a tornado in 2007, the town of Greensburg,
Kansas (USA) elected to rebuild to highly stringent LEED Platinum environmental
standards. Shown is the town's new art center, which integrates its own solar panels and
wind generators for energy self-sufficiency.

26

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Fig. II.12. The Passivhaus

Fig. II.13. Sustainable concept

diagram

Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is the single most
important goal of sustainable architecture. Architects use many different techniques to
reduce the energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their
own energy.
Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency
The most important and cost effective element of an efficient heating, ventilating,
and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a well insulated building. A more efficient
building requires less heat generating or dissipating power, but may require more
ventilation capacity to expel polluted indoor air.
Significant amounts of energy are flushed out of buildings in the water, air and
compost streams. Off the shelf, on-site energy recycling technologies can effectively
recapture energy from waste hot water and stale air and transfer that energy into
incoming fresh cold water or fresh air. Recapture of energy for uses other than gardening
from compost leaving buildings requires centralized anaerobic digesters.
27

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Site and building orientation have some major effects on a building's HVAC
efficiency. Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun
efficiently without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells or
solar hot water panels. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate materials
with high thermal mass that retain heat effectively and strong insulation that works to
prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of solar shading, by means
of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in summer and to reduce the
need for artificial cooling. In addition, low energy buildings typically have a very low
surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss.

This means that sprawling multi-

winged building designs (often thought to look more "organic") are often avoided in
favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold climate buildings such as American
colonial saltbox designs provide a good historical model for centralized heat efficiency in
a small scale building.
Windows are placed to maximize the input of heat-creating light while
minimizing the loss of heat through glass, a poor insulator. In the northern hemisphere
this usually involves installing a large number of south-facing windows to collect direct
sun and severely restricting the number of north-facing windows. Certain window types,
such as double or triple glazed insulated windows with gas filled spaces and low
emissivity (low-E) coatings; provide much better insulation than single-pane glass
windows. Preventing excess solar gain by means of solar shading devices in the summer
months is important to reduce cooling needs. Deciduous trees are often planted in front of
windows to block excessive sun in summer with their leaves but allow light through in
28

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

winter when their leaves fall off. Louvers or light shelves are installed to allow the
sunlight in during the winter (when the sun is lower in the sky) and keep it out in the
summer (when the sun is high in the sky). Coniferous or evergreen plants are often
planted to the north of buildings to shield against cold north winds.
In colder climates, heating systems are a primary focus for sustainable
architecture because they are typically one of the largest single energy drains in
buildings.
In warmer climates where cooling is a primary concern, passive solar designs can also be
very effective. Masonry building materials with high thermal mass are very valuable for
retaining the cool temperatures of night throughout the day. In addition builders often opt
for sprawling single story structures in order to maximize surface area and heat loss.
Buildings are often designed to capture and channel existing winds, particularly the
especially cool winds coming from nearby bodies of water. Many of these valuable
strategies are employed in some way by the traditional architecture of warm regions, such
as south-western mission buildings.
In climates with four seasons, an integrated energy system will increase in efficiency:
when the building is well insulated, when it is sited to work with the forces of nature,
when heat is recaptured (to be used immediately or stored), when the heat plant relying
on fossil fuels or electricity is greater than 100% efficient, and when renewable energy is
utilized.

29

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Renewable energy generation

Solar Panels
Active solar devices such as photovoltaic solar panels help to provide sustainable
electricity for any use. Electrical output of a solar panel is dependent on orientation,
efficiency, latitude, and climate--solar gain varies even at the same latitude. Typical
efficiencies for commercially available PV panels range from 4% to 28%. The low
efficiency of certain photovoltaic panels can significantly affect the payback period of
their installation. A good rule of thumb for the cost of installing solar panels is roughly
about $4.30/Watt].
Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic panels to collect at
maximum efficiency. For any solar panel, a true-south facing orientation maximizes
yield. If true-south is not possible, solar panels can produce adequate energy if aligned
within 30 of south. However, at higher latitudes, winter energy yield will be
significantly reduced for non-south orientation.
To maximize efficiency in winter, the collector should be angled above horizontal
Latitude + 15. To maximize efficiency in summer, the angle should be Latitude - 15.
However, for an annual maximum production, the angle of the panel above horizontal
should be equal to its latitude.
Wind Turbines
Undersized wind turbines (normal turbines are often over 250 feet) may have
been oversold and do not always provide the returns promised, particularly for North
American households. The use of undersized wind turbines in energy production in
30

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

sustainable structures requires the consideration of many factors. In considering costs,

small wind systems are generally more expensive than larger wind turbines relative to the
amount of energy they produce. For small wind turbines, maintenance costs can be a
deciding factor at sites with marginal wind-harnessing capabilities. At low-wind sites,
maintenance can consume much of small wind turbines revenue. Wind turbines begin
operating when winds reach 8 mph, achieve energy production capacity at speeds of 3237 mph, and shut off to avoid damage at speeds exceeding 55 mph. The energy potential
of a wind turbine is proportional to the square of the length of its blades and to the cube
of the speed at which its blades spin. Though wind turbines are available that can
supplement power for a single building, because of these factors, the efficiency of the
wind turbine depends much upon the wind conditions at the building site. For these
reasons, for wind turbines to be at all efficient, they must be installed at locations that are
known to receive a constant amount of wind (with average wind speeds of more than
15 mph), rather than locations that receive wind sporadically. A small wind turbine can
be installed on a roof. Installation issues then include the strength of the roof, vibration,
and the turbulence caused by the roof ledge. Small-scale rooftop wind turbines have been
known to be able to generate power from 10% to up to 25% of the electricity required of
a regular domestic household dwelling. Turbines for residential scale use are available.
They are usually approximately 7 feet (2 m) to 25 feet (8 m) in diameter and produce
electricity at a rate of 900 watts to 10,000 watts at their tested wind speed. In the United
States, residential wind turbines with outputs of 2-10 kW, typically cost between $12,000
and $55,000 installed ($6 per watt), although there are incentives and rebates available in
31

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

19 states that can reduce the purchase price for homeowners by up to 50 percent, to ($3
per watt).
Solar Water Heating
The Solar water heatersalso called solar domestic hot water systemscan be a
cost-effective way to generate hot water for your home. y can be used in any climate, and
the fuel they usesunshineis free.
There are two types of solar water systems- active and passive. An active solar
collector system will cost approximately $2,500 to $3,500 installed and produce about 80
to 100 gallons of hot water per day. A passive system will cost about $1,000 to $2,000
installed but will have a lower capacity.
There are also two types of circulation, direct circulation systems and indirect
circulation systems. Direct circulation systems loop the domestic water through the
panels. They should not be used in climates with temperatures below freezing. Indirect
circulation loops glycol or some other fluid through the solar panels and uses a heat
exchanger to heat up the domestic water.
The two most common types of collector panels are Flat-Plate and Evacuatedtube. The two work similarly except that evacuated tubes do not convectively lose heat,
which greatly improves their efficiency (5%-25% more efficient). With these higher
efficiencies, Evacuated-tube solar collectors can also produce higher-temperature space
heating, and even higher temperatures for absorption cooling systems].
Electric-resistance water heaters that are common in homes today have an
electrical demand around 4500 KWh/year. With the use of solar collectors, the energy
32

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

use is cut in half. The up-front cost of installing solar collectors is high, but with the
annual energy savings, payback periods are relatively short.
Heat Pumps
Air-source heat pumps (ASHP) can be thought of as reversible air conditioners.
Like an air conditioner, an ASHP can take heat from a relatively cool space (e.g. a house
at 70F) and dump it into a hot place (e.g. outside at 85F). However, unlike an air
conditioner, the condenser and evaporator of an ASHP can switch roles and absorb heat
from the cool outside air and dump it into a warm house.
Air-source heat pumps are inexpensive relative to other heat pump systems.
However, the efficiency of air-source heat pumps decline when the outdoor temperature
is very cold or very hot; therefore, they are only really applicable in temperate climates.
For areas not located in temperate climates, ground-source (or geothermal) heat pumps
provide an efficient alternative. The difference between the two heat pumps is that the
ground-source has one of its heat exchangers placed undergroundusually in a
horizontal or vertical arrangement. Ground-source takes advantage of the relatively
constant, mild temperatures underground, which means their efficiencies can be much
greater than that of an air-source heat pump. The in-ground heat exchanger generally
needs a considerable amount of area. Designers have placed them in an open area next to
the building or underneath a parking lot.
Energy Star ground-source heat pumps can be 40% to 60% more efficient than
their air-source counterparts. They are also quieter and can also be applied to other
functions like domestic hot water heating.
33

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

In terms of initial cost, the ground-source heat pump system costs about twice as
much as a standard air-source heat pump to be installed. However, the up-front costs can
be more than offset by the decrease in energy costs. The reduction in energy costs is
especially apparent in areas with typically hot summers and cold winters.
Other types of heat pumps are water-source and air-earth. If the building is
located near a body of water, the pond or lake could be used as a heat source or sink. Airearth heat pumps circulate the buildings air through underground ducts. With higher fan
power requirements and inefficient heat transfer, Air-earth heat pumps are generally not
practical for major construction.
Sustainable building materials
Some examples of sustainable building materials include recycled denim or
blown-in fiber glass insulation, sustainably harvested wood, Trass, Linoleum,[18] sheep
wool, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete[20]), panels

made from paper flakes, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal,
see grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone,
locally obtained stone and rock, and bamboo, which is one of the strongest and fastest
growing woody plants, and non-toxic low-VOC glues and paints.

34

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Recycled Materials
Fig. II.14. Recycling items for building

Some sustainable architecture

incorporates

the use of recycled or

second hand

materials, such as

reclaimed lumber. The reduction in use of

new materials creates a corresponding reduction in embodied energy (energy used in the
production of materials). Often sustainable architects attempt to retro-fit old structures to
serve new needs in order to avoid unnecessary development. Architectural salvage and
reclaimed materials are used when appropriate. When older buildings are demolished,
frequently any good wood is reclaimed, renewed, and sold as flooring. Any good
dimension stone is similarly reclaimed. Many other parts are reused as well, such as
doors, windows, mantels, and hardware, thus reducing the consumption of new goods.
When new materials are employed, green designers look for materials that are rapidly
replenished, such as bamboo, which can be harvested for commercial use after only 6
years of growth, sorghum or wheat straw, both of which are waste material that can be
pressed into panels, or cork oak, in which only the outer bark is removed for use, thus
preserving the tree. When possible, building materials may be gleaned from the site itself;
for example, if a new structure is being constructed in a wooded area, wood from the
trees which were cut to make room for the building would be re-used as part of the
building itself.
35

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Lower Volatile Organic Compounds

Low-impact building materials are used wherever feasible: for example,
insulation may be made from low VOC (volatile organic compound)-emitting materials
such as recycled denim or cellulose insulation, rather than the building insulation
materials that may contain carcinogenic or toxic materials such as formaldehyde. To
discourage insect damage, these alternate insulation materials may be treated with boric
acid. Organic or milk-based paints may be used however; a common fallacy is that
"green" materials are always better for the health of occupants or the environment. Many
harmful substances (including formaldehyde, arsenic, and asbestos) are naturally
occurring and are not without their histories of use with the best of intentions. A study of
emissions from materials by the State of California has shown that there are some green
materials that have substantial emissions whereas some more "traditional" materials
actually were lower emitters. Thus, the subject of emissions must be carefully
investigated before concluding that natural materials are always the healthiest alternatives
for occupants and for the Earth. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) can be found in any
indoor environment coming from a variety of different sources. VOCs have a high vapor
pressure and low water solubility and are suspected of causing sick building syndrome
type symptoms. This is because many VOCs have been known to cause sensory irritation
and central nervous system symptoms characteristic to sick building syndrome, indoor
concentrations of VOCs are higher than in the outdoor atmosphere, and when there are
many VOCs present, they can cause additive and multiplicative effects.

36

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Green products are usually considered to contain fewer VOCs and be better for
human and environmental health. A case study conducted by the Department of Civil,
Architectural, and Environmental Engineering at the University of Miami that compared
three green products and their non-green counterparts found that even though both the
green products and the non-green counterparts both emitted levels of VOCs, the amount
and intensity of the VOCs emitted from the green products were much safer and
comfortable for human exposure.
Waste management
Waste takes the form of spent or useless materials generated from households and
businesses, construction and demolition processes, and manufacturing and agricultural
industries. These materials are loosely categorized as municipal solid waste, construction
and demolition (C&D) debris, and industrial or agricultural by-products. Sustainable
architecture focuses on the on-site use of waste management, incorporating things such as
grey water systems for use on garden beds, and composting toilets to reduce sewage.
These methods, when combined with on-site food waste composting and off-site
recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of packaging waste.
Water management
Rainwater harvesting and grey water reuse is some of the possibilities for
reducing water demand.

37

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Building placement
One central and often ignored aspect of sustainable architecture is building
placement. Although many may envision the ideal environmental home or office
structure as an isolated place in the middle of the woods, this kind of placement is often
detrimental to the environment. First, such structures often serve as the unknowing
frontlines of suburban sprawl. Second, they usually increase the energy consumption
required for transportation and lead to unnecessary auto emissions. Ideally, most building
should avoid suburban sprawl in favor of the kind of light urban development articulated
by the New Urbanist movement. Careful mixed use zoning can make commercial,
residential, and light industrial areas more accessible for those traveling by foot, bicycle,
or public transit, as proposed in the Principles of Intelligent Urbanism.
Social sustainability in architecture
The building structure must also be considered. Cost/effectiveness is an important
issue in sustainable architecture projects, and one of the most efficient designs herein is
the Public housing approach. This approach lets everyone have their own
sleeping/recreation space, yet incorporate communal spaces such as Mess halls, Latrines
and public showers.
Architectural design can play a large part in influencing the ways that social
groups interact. Communist Russia's Constructivist Social condensers are a good example
of this, buildings which were designed with the specific intention of controlling or
directing the flow of everyday life to "create socially equitable spaces".

38

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Sustainable design can help to create a sustainable way of living within a

community. While the existing social constructs can be seen to influence architecture, the
opposite can also be true. An overtly socially sustainable building, if successful, can help
people to see the benefit of living sustainably; this can be seen in many of Rural Studio's
buildings in and around Hale County, Alabama, and in the design of ALA
Himmelwright's "model fireproof farmhouse," located at Rock Lodge Club in Stockholm,
New Jersey. The same can be said for environmentally sustainable design, in that
architecture can lead the way for the greater community.

Conclusion on topic 3
This topic discuss about the principles, goals, and technology in developing
sustainable design on building construction. It also discusses the impacts of human
activities and practices on the environment, most especially in architectural aspects.
Considering that the environment is the main component of the eco-resort development,
the ideas and topics of sustainability will make it more efficient and environmental
friendly. Furthermore, through environmental planning it will be enhanced and be fitted
guided well its proposed development with respect to its natural environment.

39

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

2.2. Environmental planning

Environmental planning is a field of study that since the 1970s has been
concerned with a given society's collective stewardship over its resources that ultimately
includes those of the entire planet. The aims of environmental planning are to integrate
the public sector urban planning with the concerns of environmentalism to ensure
sustainable development, notably of air, water, soil and rock resources. Planning seeks to
include into consideration for future growth of society factors other than those urban
planners have traditionally factored in economic development, such as transportation,
sanitation, and other services in legislator decisions, by working with environmental
planners to add sustainable (social, ecological & equity) outcomes as important factors in
the decision-making process.

Elements of environmental planning

What exactly constitutes the "environment", however, is somewhat open to debate
among these practitioners, as is the exact scope of the intended environmental benefits.
Chief concerns among environmental planners include the encouragement of sustainable
development, equity, environmental justice, green building technologies, and the
preservation of environmentally sensitive areas.
The primary concern of environmental planning is expressed in the assessment of
three spheres of environmental impact by human economic activity and technological
output:

40

Chapter II

Biophysical environment

Socio-economic environment

Built environment

Review of Related Studies and Literature

The environmental planning assessments encompass areas such as land use, socioeconomics, transportation, economic and housing characteristics, air pollution, noise
pollution, the wetlands, habitat of the endangered species, flood zones susceptibility,
coastal zones erosion, and visual studies among others, and is referred to as an Integrated
environmental planning assessment. An objective view of the environmental planning
process is often framed in perspectives offered by the integration of assessments of the
natural resources, the environment as a system, the scientific perspective, and the social
scientific perspective. As with other forms of planning, the processes in environmental
planning include distinct facets of organizational activity such as:

Legislative planning framework

Administrative planning framework

Environmental resource management planning

Landscape ecological planning

Ecological urban planning

Environmental planning information dissemination

Decision making in environmental planning

41

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Environmental planning in the United States

In the United States, for any project, environmental planners deal with a full range
of environmental regulations from federal to state and city levels, administered federally
by the Environmental Protection Agency A rigorous environmental process has to be
undertaken to examine the impacts and possible mitigation of any construction project.
Depending on the scale and impact of the project, an extensive environmental review is
known as an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), and the less extensive version is
Environmental Assessment (EA). Procedures follow guidelines from National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA)
and/or City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR), and other related federal or state
agencies published regulations.
The Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP) is a non-profit
organization of interdisciplinary professionals including environmental science, resource
management, environmental planning and other professions contributing to this field.
AEP is the first organization of its kind in the USA, and its influence and model have
spawned numerous other regional organizations throughout the United States. Its mission
is to improve the technical skills of members, and the organization is dedicated to "the
enhancement, maintenance and protection of the natural and human environment". From
inception in the mid 1970s the organization has been closely linked with the maintenance
of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), due to California being one of the

42

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

first states to adopt a comprehensive legal framework to govern the environmental review
of public policy and project review.
Cities

Curitiba - a Brazilian city noted for its innovative public transit system and
environmental planning.

New York City - considered by many to be the most sustainable U.S. city with a
population greater than one million because of its high population density and
usage of mass transit.

Reykjavk - the capital of Iceland known for its use of geothermal power.

Built environment
Fig. II.15. The Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul,
Turkey at night.

The phrase built environment refers to the human-made surroundings that provide the
setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the
large-scale civic surroundings.
The term is widely used to describe the interdisciplinary field of study which
addresses the design, construction, management and use of these man-made surroundings
and their relationship to the human activities which take place within them over time. The
43

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

field is generally not regarded as a traditional academic discipline in its own right, but as
a "field of application" (or "interdisciplinary) which draws upon the individual disciplines
of economics, law, public policy, management, design, technology, and environmental
sustainability.

In architecture and environmental psychology, the phrase is a useful

acknowledgment that the majority of urban environments already exist, that a
small fraction of buildings constructed annually, even in the industrialized world,
are designed by architects, and that users of the built environment encounter
issues that cross the traditional professional boundaries between urban planners,
traffic engineers, zoning authorities, architects, interior designers, industrial
designers, etc.

In landscape architecture, the built environment is identified as man-made

landscapes as opposed to the natural environment. For example, Central Park in
New York City may have the look, feel and quality of natural surroundings, but is
completely man-made and "built".

In urban planning, the phrase connotes the idea that a large percentage of the
human environment is manmade, and these artificial surroundings are so
extensive and cohesive that they function as organisms in the consumption of
resources, disposal of wastes, and facilitation of productive enterprise within its
bounds. Recently there has also been considerable dialogue and research into the
built environment's impact on population health.

44

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Elements of environmental planning

Chief concerns among environmental planners include the encouragement of
sustainable development, equity, environmental justice, green building technologies, and
the preservation of environmentally sensitive areas.
The primary concern of environmental planning is expressed in the assessment of
three spheres of environmental impact by human economic activity and technological
output[2]:

Biophysical environment

Socio-economic environment

Built environment

The environmental planning assessments encompass areas such as land use, socioeconomics, transportation, economic and housing characteristics, air pollution, noise
pollution, the wetlands, habitat of the endangered species, flood zones susceptibility,
coastal zones erosion, and visual studies among others, and is referred to as an Integrated
environmental planning assessment. An objective view of the environmental planning
process is often framed in perspectives offered by the integration of assessments of the
natural resources, the environment as a system, the scientific perspective, and the social
scientific perspective. As with other forms of planning, the processes in environmental
planning include distinct facets of organizational activity such as legislative planning
framework, administrative planning framework, environmental resource management
planning, landscape ecological planning, ecological urban planning, environmental
planning information dissemination, and decision making in environmental planning.
45

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

II.3. Case study on the site of the Punta Punting Beach Resort
3.1.

History

and

Background

Punta Punting Beach Resort has become one of the recognized and often visited
resorts in Guimaras since it opens for business in November 2003. It derives its name
from the vernacular which the folks and villagers called the place, which means Punting
Point. It recently changed its name into Dionesias Beach Resort in honor of the past
mother of the owner who runs the resort itself.
The Punta Punting was once a significant place for the villagers of the town. It has
been the often hiding place of the villagers during the Japanese comes to their place
during World War 2. It is also where lot of sap-ang, a root crop, grows vigorously. Sapang was the root crop which serves as the food of the villagers when they hide. As time
passes, the barrio name was derived from it, which lately becomes and was pronounced
as Sabang.
The site of the Punta Punting Beach Resort is only a part of the land property
acquired by the late Bautista Regidor, which has been Lermy Molina Regidor, his
daughter who developed it as a resort. The good physical characteristics of the site enable
them to develop it better through landscaping, continous cleaning and clearing, planting
of hybrid coconuts, trimming of Pandan trees making it a shade and component of
landscape and planting of shrubs and flowering plants. However, almost 50% of the area
is not developed, which is in the hilly area with a cover of some forest trees and house of
birds and both wild and domesticated animals. This undeveloped area has also a separate
access through the road which connects the unfinished wharf to the barangay road.
46

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Water supply is one of the serious problems of the resort, especially the potable
water source. Although it has a deep well which supplies water in its current operation, it
is not enough for future and bigger development. The good news is that there is a
sufficient water supply from the near barrios which can answer the problem and is ready
for use at a reasonable cost.

3.2. Resort Features

The resort offers a good pace for relaxation, unwinding and enjoyment for
tourists. Its desirable ambiance and quietness makes every visitor to have a light and ease
feeling. On the other hand, for jammers and people who want to have a little good time,
the restaurant and the pavilion provides a place for snacks, drinks and a little
entertainment in sort of live band and videoke. This place is a little isolated from the
resort houses in which some individuals wants to relax and enjoy the environment.

47

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Resort House A
Fig. II.16. Resort House A

This type of accommodation is

a residential type with 2 bedrooms,
living area, dining area, and common
toilet and bath.

Resort House B
Fig. II.17. Resort House B

Residential type with a twobed guest room, living area, dining

area, terrace and a common toilet and
bath.

Resort House C
Fig. II.18. Resort House C

Resort House C is a residential type

with a two-bed guest room,
combined living-dining area and
common toilet and bath.

48

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Cottage A

Fig. II.19.Cottage A

This is an elevated cottage with a

single bed.

Cottage B
Fig. II.20.Cottage B

It has one bedroom and a

combined living and dining area.

Resort houses and closed cottages are the facilities that cater the accommodations
of guests that arrive in the resort.

49

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Resort Pavilion
Fig. II.21. Pavilion

The Resort
Pavilion serves as the
common hall in the
resort. Parties,
gatherings, jamming,
meetings, sessions,
seminars and workshops
are held in this area.

Privately owned residential unit

Fig. II.22. Residential House at the
resort

This house is currently exclusively rented by an instructor in JBLCF. It is a

residential unit which is used as vacation house.
50

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Fig. II.23. Bamboo Bridge

Fig.II.24.Open Cottage

Fig.II.25.View of the shore from the south

Fig. II.26. Restaurant and Snack House

Fig. II.27. View from the hill

51

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Services and activities catered and offered by the resort are the following:
Island Hopping
Rentable boats carry tourists to the beautiful Islands they want to go. For sort of
experience and adventure, they can go at the Us usan Island- the white sand island, Costa
Aguada Resort at the Inampulugan Island- a famous resort known by almost
internationally, the Nagarao Island- a white sand island developed by a German, the
Naoway Island- which is carved dramatically its southwest area with seaside cliffy rocks
and a cave, the Pamangkulan Island, the Natunga and Nadulao Island.
Catering Services
Foods served at the resort are mainly of seafood and seafood delicacy. The resort
also accepts catering services on different occasions.

RESORT PROBLEMS (on the site)

The northeasterly wind brings moderate to strong winds during its season. During
this event sandstorm occurs which causes hustle to the tourists and undesirable
situation in the resort.

Low tides preferably 0.0m and below dries the beach front, which means
swimming activity is not available during this time. Swimming is only available
and desirable when it reaches 1.4m and above, which means this must be a
particular time for swimming for the visitors who wants to do so. Due to this, it is
necessary that the resort should have swimming pools which will be available all
the time.
52

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Poor access road on the municipal roads of Sibunag.

Limited supply of potable water is one serious problem also. Although, there are
possible sources of potable water on the near areas, the management will cost
more on it to be available.

Tourist arrival has declined since the occurrence of MV Solar 1 tragedy where
oils spill has ruined the shores of Guimaras. Although the resort has not reach by
it because of its location, the mindset of tourist was fixed to that issue,
considering that the municipality is considered as one of the badly affected areas.

GEOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Geographical location
The Punta Punting Beach Resort is located at Barangay Sabang, a southeast
portion Sibunag. It is composed of 2 adjacent lots, Cav Lot. No. 5291.Pt (Lot 4) Pac.
40 with an area of 33,678 sq. m. and Cav Lot no. 5291 Pt(Lot 7) Pac. 40 with an area
of 7,269 sq. m. its nearby barangays are Bubog (north), San Isidro (south), Dasal
(west) and the coast of Guimaras and Negros at the east.
Topography
The area has low altitude of 0-10m, with higher ground on the southwest area.
Geology
Soil classification in the site is quaternary alluvium. No mineral formation on the
area, somehow the land is fertile enough for vegetation.

53

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Coastal Resource
4a. sea grasses
Ocular inspection begins the presence of sea grass beds in the area particularly
growing along the muddy substrate, filling up the ecosystem between mangroves and
coral reefs.
4b. Coral Reefs
Current situation of coral growth is poor due to malpractice of fishing and
garbages thrown at the sea.
Climate
5a. Temperature
Monotonously high temperature throughout the year. The months of May
and July to September exhibit the highest. The mean annual temperature is 27
Celsius. The hottest mean temperature is 28.3 Celsius.
5b. Rainfall and Humidity
The average monthly rainfall is 197.03 cm which is below the national
total which is 237 cm. The mean monthly relative humidity is 84.51% while the
average monthly of rainy days is 11.4.
5c. Winds and Storm
The predominant wind flow comes from northeast monsoon from October
to April and the southwest monsoon from May to September. The high wind
speed occurs during December. The southwest monsoon brings much rainfall. The
northeast monsoon blowing from November to February and the trade winds
54

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

blowing from March to May are relatively dry winds that bring limited rainfall to
the area.
SITE PICTURES
Fig. II.28. View of the Inampulugan Island from the site

Fig. II.30.The snackhaus

Fig. II.32.View of the Kanlaon Volcano

Fig. II.29. The fishpond

Fig. II.31. Tree cottage

Fig. II.33. unfinished wharf

55

Chapter II

Review of Related Studies and Literature

Fig. II.34. Common toilet and bath

Fig. II.36.The undeveloped beachfront of the site

Fig. II.35. View of the contoured area

Fig. II.37. The beach front when dry.

Conclusion on the Case Study

Site investigations and analysis shows the potential of the site for an ecological
resort development. The conditions of the environment as well as the geographic
condition are suitable for the ecological, environmental and marine conservation.
Although there are some mentioned problems that exist on the site, it could be
transformed and diverted into other sort of activity in the resort which could be enjoyed
by the guests visiting the site. Further development on reforestation and vegetation on the
site will greatly enhance the site potential upon developing it into an ecological resort.

56