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Aircraft Design and Recognition-New

The document discusses aircraft design and provides details on different design features of commercial aircraft. It explains differences in wing design such as high vs low wings and wing shapes. Wingtip devices are described that reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency. Characteristics of common aircraft like the Boeing 747 and 777 and Airbus A380 and A320 are summarized, including number of engines, winglet/wingtip features, and tail and cockpit styles to aid in recognition.

Uploaded by

Nick Tsang
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
74 views

Aircraft Design and Recognition-New

The document discusses aircraft design and provides details on different design features of commercial aircraft. It explains differences in wing design such as high vs low wings and wing shapes. Wingtip devices are described that reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency. Characteristics of common aircraft like the Boeing 747 and 777 and Airbus A380 and A320 are summarized, including number of engines, winglet/wingtip features, and tail and cockpit styles to aid in recognition.

Uploaded by

Nick Tsang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5/20/2015

Aircraft Design and Recognition

Different aircraft design


Aircraft components
Commercial aircraft recognition

5/20/2015

Different aircraft design


Why they have different look?

Different aircraft design


Wing level
Wing shape
Wing tip

5/20/2015

Different aircraft design


Wing level - High wing aircraft vs low wing aircraft
High Wing

Low Wing

More stable - Pendulum


theory

Less stable (or better


flexibility) - High CG

Shorter landing distance

Longer landing distance (wingground effect)

Longer take off distance

Shorter take off distance

Better view

Obstructed field view

Different aircraft design


Dihedral vs Anhedral

5/20/2015

Why dihedral increase stability?


Disturbance causing sideslip
High angle of attach and great speed
More lift to restore roll equilibrium

Different aircraft design


Wing shape (A) symmetric wing vs asymmetric wing
Asymmetric wing most aircrafts
Better lift performance
Slower stall speed (less easily stall)

Symmetric wing aerobatics


Higher stall speed (less stable)
Practical needs for inverted flying

5/20/2015

Different aircraft design


Rectangular wing
Swept wing
Delta wing

Rectangular Wing

Swept Wing

Delta Wing

Normal training/
sightseeing aircraft

Commercial aircrafts

Fighter or supersonic
aircraft (Concorde)

Airflow hits the wing at


right angle

Airflow hits the wing at


oblique angle

Airflow hits the wing at


oblique angle

Slow design

Subsonic speed

Supersonic speed

Simple

Efficient, high lift/drag


ratio

Large wing area, high


manoeuvrability

Different aircraft design


Wing tip vortex
By-product of lift
Induced drag

Wing tip device


Increase effective aspect ratio (b2/S)
Reduce induced drag
Increase lift-drag ratio
Increase fuel efficiency
Disadvantage: weight, cost, parasitic
drag
A NASA study on wingtip vortices produced
illustrating the size of the vortices produced.

5/20/2015

Different aircraft design


How it works?
Save 4% of fuel

Winglet

Different aircraft design


Blended winglet
Smooth curved attachment to wing
Less interference drag at junction

Wingtip fence

5/20/2015

Different aircraft design


Raked wingtip
tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of
the wing
improve fuel efficiency, climb performance
shorten takeoff field length
increasing the effective aspect ratio of the wing and
interrupting wingtip vortices

Aircraft components

5/20/2015

Aircraft Recognition
Boeing and Airbus
Difference?
No. of Engine
Fin
Wingtip
Cockpit
Landing gear
Door

Aircraft Recognition
A380
Double decker
4 engines
Wingtip fence
Straight fin
Cockpit upper
corner cut

5/20/2015

Aircraft Recognition
B747 Family
partial double decker
4 engines
B747-800
Largest in family
No winglet but raked
wingtip
Special wing design

Aircraft Recognition
B747-400
Winglet
2 doors upper deck

B747-100/200/300
No winglet
-300 version with 2 doors
upper deck

5/20/2015

Aircraft Recognition
A340
Single deck
Winglet
Cockpit upper
corner cut

Aircraft Recognition
A330
2 engines
Winglet
Straight fin
Cockpit upper corner
cut

10

5/20/2015

Aircraft Recognition
A319/A320/A321
2 engines
Wingtip fence
Straight fin
Cockpit upper corner cut
A320 - double linked
emergency doors
A321- double separated
emergency doors
A319 single emergency
door

Aircraft Recognition
B737 Family

B737-300

2 engines
Step fin
Old/classic no winglets
New series blended
B737-700
winglets
Step cockpit (lower corner)+
no landing gear door

B737-800

B737-900

11

5/20/2015

Aircraft Recognition
B757
2 engines
Usually no winglet
Straight fin
Step cockpit (lower
corner)

Aircraft Recognition
B767
2 engines
Usually no winglet
Straight fin
Normal cockpit
Larger than B757

12

5/20/2015

Aircraft Recognition
B777
Easiest to recognize
among all 2 engines
aircrafts
2 engines
No winglet
Large engine
3 pairs of wheels
Screw driver tail
Larger than B757/B767

Aircraft Recognition
3 wheels + screw
driver tail: B777
With winglet: A330
Straight fin
2 Engines
Step fin: B737
families

With wingtip fence:


A319/320/321
Normal: B767
Cockpit corner

Double Decker:
A380
4 Engines

Lower cut: B757

Single Deck: A340


Partial Double
Decker

With Winglet: B747400


No Winglet: B7471/2/300

13

5/20/2015

END

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