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11 Alternating Current

The document summarizes key concepts about electromagnetic oscillations and alternating current from Chapter 31. It discusses LC oscillations in LC circuits, where the charge, current, and potential difference vary sinusoidally over time. It also describes the electrical-mechanical analogy between LC circuits and spring-block oscillators. Additionally, it covers damped oscillations in RLC circuits, alternating current, forced oscillations, simple resistive, capacitive, and inductive circuits, series RLC circuits and resonance, power in AC circuits, and transformers.

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57 views

11 Alternating Current

The document summarizes key concepts about electromagnetic oscillations and alternating current from Chapter 31. It discusses LC oscillations in LC circuits, where the charge, current, and potential difference vary sinusoidally over time. It also describes the electrical-mechanical analogy between LC circuits and spring-block oscillators. Additionally, it covers damped oscillations in RLC circuits, alternating current, forced oscillations, simple resistive, capacitive, and inductive circuits, series RLC circuits and resonance, power in AC circuits, and transformers.

Uploaded by

Fay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

13/03/2012

Chapter 31
Electromagnetic Oscillations and
Alternating Current

31.2: LC Oscillations, Qualitatively:

In RC and RL circuits the charge, current, and potential


difference grow and decay exponentially.
On the contrary, in an LC circuit, the charge, current, and
potential difference vary sinusoidally with period T and
angular frequency .
The resulting oscillations of the capacitors electric field
and the inductors magnetic field are said to be
electromagnetic
l t
ti oscillations.
ill ti

13/03/2012

31.2: LC Oscillations, Qualitatively:


The energy stored in the electric field of the capacitor at any time is
where q is the
charge on the capacitor at that time.
The energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor at any time is
where i is the
current through the inductor at that time.
As the circuit oscillates, energy shifts back and forth from one type of stored energy to the other, but
the total amount is conserved.

31.2: LC Oscillations:
The time-varying potential difference (or voltage) vC
that exists across the capacitor C is

To measure the current, we can connect a small resistance R in


series with the capacitor and inductor and measure the timevarying potential difference vR across it:

13/03/2012

31.3: The Electrical Mechanical Analogy:


One can make an analogy between the oscillating LC system and an oscillating blockspring
system.
Two kinds of energy are involved in the blockspring system. One is potential energy of the
compressed or extended spring; the other is kinetic energy of the moving block.
Here we have the following analogies:

The angular frequency of oscillation for an ideal (resistanceless) LC is:

31.4: LC Oscillations, Quantitatively:


The Block-Spring Oscillator:

The LC Oscillator:

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31.4: LC Oscillations, Quantitatively:


Angular Frequencies:

But

31.4: LC Oscillations, Quantitatively:


The electrical energy stored in the LC circuit at
time t is,

The magnetic energy is:

But

Therefore

Note that
The maximum values of UE and UB are both
Q2/2C.
At any instant the sum of UE and UB is equal to
Q2/2C, a constant.
When UE is maximum,UB is zero, and conversely.

13/03/2012

Example, LC oscillator, potential charge, rate of current change

31.5: Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit:

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31.5: Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit:


Analysis:

Where
Wh
And

Example, Damped RLC Circuit:

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31.6: Alternating Current:

d is called the driving angular frequency, and I is the amplitude of the driven current.

31.6: Forced Oscillations:

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31.7: Three Simple Circuits:


i. A Resistive Load:

For a purely resistive load the phase constant 0.

31.7: Three Simple Circuits:


i. A Resistive Load:

13/03/2012

Example, Purely resistive load: potential difference and current

31.7: Three Simple Circuits:


ii. A Capacitive Load:

XC is called the capacitive reactance of a capacitor. The SI


unit of XC is the ohm, just as for resistance R.

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31.7: Three Simple Circuits:


ii. A Capacitive Load:

Example, Purely capacitive load: potential difference and current

10

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31.7: Three Simple Circuits:


iii. An Inductive Load:

The value of XL , the inductive resistance, depends on the driving angular frequency d.
The unit of the inductive time constant L indicates that the SI unit of XL is the ohm.

31.7: Three Simple Circuits:


iii. An Inductive Load:

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Example, Purely inductive load:


potential difference and current

31.7: Three Simple Circuits:

12

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31.9: The Series RLC Circuit:

Fig. 31
Fi
31-14
14 (a)
( ) A phasor
h
representing
ti the
th alternating
lt
ti currentt in
i the
th driven
di
RLC circuit
i it att
time t. The amplitude I, the instantaneous value i, and the phase(dt-) are shown.
(b) Phasors representing the voltages across the inductor, resistor, and capacitor, oriented
with respect to the current phasor in (a).
(c) A phasor representing the alternating emf that drives the current of (a).
(d) The emf phasor is equal to the vector sum of the three voltage phasors of (b).Here,
voltage phasors VL and VC have been added vectorially to yield their net phasor (VL-VC).

31.9: The Series RLC Circuit:

13

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31.9: The Series RLC Circuit:

Fig. 31-15 Phasor diagrams


and graphs of the alternating
emf and current i for a
driven RLC circuit. In the
phasor diagram of (a) and
the graph of (b), the current I
lags the driving emf and the
currents phase constant is
positive. In (c) and (d), the
current i leads the driving
emf and its phase constant
is negative. In (e) and ( f ),
the current i is in phase with
the driving
g emf and its
phase constant is zero.

31.9: The Series RLC Circuit, Resonance:

For a given resistance R, that amplitude is a maximum when the quantity (dL -1/dC)
in the denominator is zero.

The maximum value of I occurs when the driving angular frequency matches the natural
angular frequencythat is, at resonance.

14

13/03/2012

31.9: The Series RLC Circuit, Resonance:

31.10: Power in Alternating Current Circuits:


The instantaneous rate at which energy is dissipated in the
resistor:

The average rate at which energy is dissipated in the resistor,


is the average
g of this over time:

Since the root mean square of the current is given by:


Similarly,

With

Therefore,

where

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13/03/2012

Example, Driven RLC circuit:

Example, Driven RLC circuit, cont.:

16

13/03/2012

31.11: Transformers:

In electrical power distribution systems it is


desirable for reasons of safety and for efficient
equipment design to deal with relatively low
voltages at both the generating end (the electrical
power plant) and the receiving end (the home or
factory).
Nobody wants an electric toaster or a childs
electric train to operate at, say, 10 kV.
On the other hand, in the transmission of electrical
energy from the generating plant to the consumer,
consumer
we want the lowest practical current (hence the
largest practical voltage) to minimize I2R losses
(often called ohmic losses) in the transmission line.

31.11: Transformers:
A device with which we can raise and lower the ac voltage
in a circuit, keeping the product current voltage essentially
constant, is called the transformer.
The ideal transformer consists of two coils, with different
numbers of turns, wound around an iron core.
In use, the primary winding, of Np turns, is connected to an
alternating-current generator whose emf at any time t is
given by
The secondary winding, of Ns turns, is connected to load resistance R, but its circuit is an open
circuit as long as switch S is open.
The small sinusoidally changing primary current Imag produces a sinusoidally changing
magnetic flux B in the iron core.
Because B varies, it induces an emf ( dB/dt) in each turn of the secondary. This emf per turn is
the same in the primary and the secondary. Across the primary, the voltage Vp =Eturn Np.
Similarly, across the secondary the voltage is Vs =EturnNs.

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13/03/2012

31.11: Transformers:

If Ns >Np, the device is a step-up transformer because it


steps the primarys voltage Vp up to a higher voltage Vs.
Similarly,
y, if Ns <Np, it is a step-down
p
transformer.
If no energy is lost along the way, conservation of energy
requires that

Here Req is the value of the load resistance as seen


seen by the generator.
generator
For maximum transfer of energy from an emf device to a resistive load, the resistance of the
emf device must equal the resistance of the load. For ac circuits, for the same to be true, the
impedance (rather than just the resistance) of the generator must equal that of the load.

Example, Transformer:

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