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Lecture 23 - Reproduction

Plants 9 – Reproduction II: Sex and dispersal The document discusses plant reproduction through pollination and seed dispersal. It covers various methods of pollen dispersal including animals, wind, and water. It also discusses seed dispersal mechanisms like fruits that aid in distribution. Various structural and biochemical adaptations are described that help with pollination, fertilization, and ensuring genetic diversity.

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66 views

Lecture 23 - Reproduction

Plants 9 – Reproduction II: Sex and dispersal The document discusses plant reproduction through pollination and seed dispersal. It covers various methods of pollen dispersal including animals, wind, and water. It also discusses seed dispersal mechanisms like fruits that aid in distribution. Various structural and biochemical adaptations are described that help with pollination, fertilization, and ensuring genetic diversity.

Uploaded by

bengosha60
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Plants 9 Reproduction II: Sex and dispersal

Pollen dispersal

Animals
The range of animal
couriers
Rewards to promote
animal assistance

Wind

Water
2

Many plants clearly signal the


location of rewards

Bees see more UV light what


is obvious to bees is not quite
so obvious to us

Pollen

Seeds and a nesting site

Yucca moth lays eggs in ovary: larvae develop in safety


and eat some of the seeds. Meanwhile, pollination has
been effected

Nectar

Exotic fragrances
The bucket plant
provides
chemical
pheromones:
used by male
bees to attract
females

Trick rewards

Most common in

Wind pollination

grasses
homogeneous tree
communities

The important factors:


plants are close or/
efficient asexual alternative

Adaptations of corn for windpollination

Ways of avoiding self-pollination


1.

Staggered flowering times

2.

Structural modifications
3.

Biochemical means

Structural modification:
3 main sexual configurations in plants

Pollen tube growth down into


style
Incompatible growth: a pollen
tube stopped in its tracks

Compatible growth
10

10

Ways of preventing fertilisation


Pollen tube growth can be inhibited at several
points:
growth within style
no active hydration of pollen

emergence of tube (in hydrated pollen)


Control of self incompatibility mechanisms are
often genetic
11

Update figs

12

The generative cell produces


two sperm nuclei

13

14

Double
fertilisation
Unique to the
angiosperms!
One sperm nucleus fertilises the egg cell.
The other links with the two polar nuclei.
15

Seed Dispersal
For new plants, home environment is usually
restrictive
Young plants often have means of:
Dispersal and
Protection

16

Seeds as unit of dispersal

Fruit opens on parent: releases seeds


17

Seed dispersal

Chenopod seeds
in the outback
Wind dispersed
poppy seeds

Tumbleweed

Projectile seeds in mistletoe

Ballistic dispersal
in impatiens

18

Protective features of seeds


Protection can be provided by:
Mechanical nature of seed coat
Unpleasant flavours of seed

Puncture vine,
Tribulus terrestris

19

Fruits provide more choices


Enclosing the seed within other tissues increases
possibilities for:
Dispersal
Protection

20

Three main types of fruit


Simple: one carpel; or
several fused before fruit
formation
Aggregate: several carpels
of the one flower that fuse
during fruit formation
Multiple: many whole
flowers of an inflorescence
that fuse during fruit
formation
21

Protective features of fruit


Mechanical
peach stone = part of
ovary wall NOT seed
coat

Hakea

22

Protective role of fruit


2. Taste
Unripe fruit are often distasteful..

23

Notes on the exam


The exam is multiple choice you choose the answer that best fits a
statement or best answers a question
There are 100 questions
The exam is 2 hours long
2/3 of questions from animal lectures (Archer, Crean, Bates) - average of
about 4 questions per lecture
The exam will cover lecture material (we also explored the lecture material
in the pracs, so knowing you prac material may be helpful)
Sample questions
I am reviewing the lecture material to ensure all questions were covered in
the lectures.

Whats Next?

Dragons blood tree, Yemen


Splendid Pitcher-Plant, Malaysia

Flowering Plants BIOS 2051

BEES2041, Session 1

Data analysis for life and


earth sciences
Gain essential quantitative skills
needed for all your undergraduate
subjects
Not only data analyses!
Experimental and sampling design
Effective communication of
scientific data
Enquiries to Associate Professor Alistair Poore, [email protected]

BIOS2031, Session 2

Biology of Invertebrates
Diversity and function of
most of the worlds
animals
The importance of
invertebrate animals to
the environment, human
health and technology

Enquiries to Associate Professor Alistair Poore, [email protected]

2016 -- BIOS2061 Vertebrate Zoology


The what, where, how, wow & when
of the vertebrate story
Co-ordinators: AProf. Sue Hand & Prof. Mike Archer
Lectures Mondays 11-12 pm, Fridays 12-1 pm
Practical Classes Tues 10-1 am or 2-5 pm
Things that will enthrall & amaze you !
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Diversity, biology, ecology the what & how


Historical biogeography where & when
Key evolutionary events how, wow & when
How it all weaves together to explain vertebrates
With special emphasis on Australias unique
vertebrates (because, after all, they are so much
more interesting than the rest)

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