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Rules For Making Bode Plots: Term Magnitude Phase

Bode

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104 views4 pages

Rules For Making Bode Plots: Term Magnitude Phase

Bode

Uploaded by

Ygor Gonzalez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rules for Making Bode Plots

Term

Magnitude

Constant: K

20log10(|K|)

Phase

Real Pole:

s
1
0

Low freq. asymptote at 0 dB


High freq. asymptote at -20 dB/dec
Connect asymptotic lines at 0,

Real Zero*: s 1
0
Pole at Origin: 1
s

Zero at Origin*: s
Underdamped Poles:
1
2

s
s
2 1
0
0
Underdamped Zeros*:

Low freq. asymptote at 0 dB


High freq. asymptote at +20 dB/dec.
Connect asymptotic lines at 0.

-20 dB/dec; through 0 dB at =1.

-90 for all .

+20 dB/dec; through 0 dB at =1.


Low freq. asymptote at 0 dB.
High freq. asymptote at -40 dB/dec.
Connect asymptotic lines at 0.
Draw peak at freq. , with amplitude
H(j0)=-20log10(2)
Low freq. asymptote at 0 dB.
High freq. asymptote at +40 dB/dec.
Connect asymptotic lines at 0.
Draw dip at freq. , with amplitude
H(j0)=+20log10(2)

+90 for all .


Low freq. asymptote at 0.
High freq. asymptote at
-180.
Connect with straight line
from =010- to 010

s
s
2 1
0
0

Time Delay: esT

K>0: 0
K<0: 180
Low freq. asymptote at 0.
High freq. asymptote at
-90.
Connect with straight line
from 0.10 to 100.
Low freq. asymptote at 0.
High freq. asymptote at
+90.
Connect with line from
0.10 to 100.

No change in magnitude

Low freq. asymptote at 0.


High freq. asymptote at
+180.
Connect with straight line
from =010- to 010
Phase drops linearly.
Phase = -T radians or
-T180/.
On logarithmic plot phase
drops exponentially.

Notes:

0 is assumed to be positive
* Rules for drawing zeros create the mirror image (around 0 dB, or 0) of those for a pole with the same 0.
We assume any peaks for >0.5 are too small to draw, and ignore them. However, for underdamped poles and zeros
peaks exists for 0<<0.707=1/2 and peak freq. is not exactly at, 0.
For nth order pole or zero make asymptotes, peaks and slopes n times higher than shown. For example, a double (i.e.,
repeated) pole has high frequency asymptote at -40 dB/dec, and phase goes from 0 to 180o). Dont change
frequencies, only the plot values and slopes.

Copyright 2005-2011 Erik Cheever, Swarthmore College. This page may be freely used for educational purposes.

Quick Reference for Making Bode Plots


If starting with a transfer function of the form (some of the coefficients bi, ai may be zero).

sn
H(s) C m
s

b1s b0
a1s a 0

Factor polynomial into real factors and complex conjugate pairs (p can be positive, negative, or zero; p is zero if a0 and b0 are both non-zero).

H(s) C s p

2
2
(s z1 )(s z2 ) (s 2 2 z10z1s 0z1
)(s 2 2 z20z2s 0z2
)
2
2
2
2
(s p1 )(s p2 ) (s 2 p10p1s 0p1 )(s 2 p20p2s 0p2 )

Put polynomial into standard form for Bode Plots.


H(s) C z1 z2
p1p2

K sp

2
2
0z1
0z2
2
2
0p1
0p2

sp

s
s
1

z1 z2
s
s

1
1

p1 p2

s
s

1
1

z1 z2

s
s

1
1

p1 p2

2
s 2
s s
s

1
z1
z2
0z1

0z1 0z2
0z2

2
s 2
s s
s

2 p1
1
2 p2
1

0p1
0p1
0p2

0p2

2
s 2
s s
s

1
z1
z2
0z1

0z1 0z2
0z2

2
s 2
s s
s

2 p1
1
2 p2
1

0p1
0p1
0p2

0p2

Take the terms (constant, real poles and zeros, origin poles and zeros, complex poles and zeros) one by one and plot magnitude and phase
according to rules on previous page. Add up resulting plots.

Copyright 2005-2011 Erik Cheever, Swarthmore College. This page may be freely used for educational purposes.

Matlab Tools for Bode Plots


>> n=[1 11 10];
>> d=[1 10 10000 0];
>> sys=tf(n,d)
Transfer function:
s^2 + 11 s + 10
---------------------s^3 + 10 s^2 + 10000 s

%A numerator polynomial (arbitrary)


%Denominator polynomial (arbitrary)

>> damp(d)
Eigenvalue
0.00e+000
-5.00e+000 + 9.99e+001i
-5.00e+000 - 9.99e+001i

%Find roots of den. If complex, show zeta, wn.


Damping
Freq. (rad/s)
-1.00e+000
0.00e+000
5.00e-002
1.00e+002
5.00e-002
1.00e+002

>> damp(n)
Eigenvalue
-1.00e+000
-1.00e+001

%Repeat for numerator


Freq. (rad/s)
1.00e+000
1.00e+001

>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

Damping
1.00e+000
1.00e+000

%Use Matlab to find frequency response (hard way).


w=logspace(-2,4);
%omega goes from 0.01 to 10000;
fr=freqresp(sys,w);
subplot(211); semilogx(w,20*log10(abs(fr(:)))); title('Mag response, dB')
subplot(212); semilogx(w,angle(fr(:))*180/pi);
title('Phase resp, degrees')

>> %Let Matlab do all of the work


>> bode(sys)
>> %Find Freq Resp at one freq.
%Hard way
>> fr=polyval(n,j*10)./polyval(d,j*10)
fr =
0.0011 + 0.0010i
>> %Find Freq Resp at one freq.
>> fr=freqresp(sys,10)
fr =
0.0011 + 0.0009i

%Easy way

>> abs(fr)
ans =
0.0014
>> angle(fr)*180/pi
ans =
38.7107

%Convert to degrees

>> %You can even find impulse and step response from transfer function.
>> step(sys)
>> impulse(sys)

Copyright 2005-2011 Erik Cheever, Swarthmore College. This page may be freely used for educational purposes.

>> [n,d]=tfdata(sys,'v')
n =
0
1
11
10
d =
1
10
>> [z,p,k]=zpkdata(sys,'v')
z =
-10
-1
p =
0
-5.0000 +99.8749i
-5.0000 -99.8749i
k =
1

%Get numerator and denominator.

10000

0
%Get poles and zeros

>> %BodePlotGui - Matlab program shows individual terms of Bode Plot.


>> %
http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/Bode/BodePlotGui.html
>>
>> BodePlotGui(sys)

Code at:

Copyright 2005-2011 Erik Cheever, Swarthmore College. This page may be freely used for educational purposes.

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