Design of a non-lethal

assault rifle
Supervisor: Ms. Janny Chan

Kit Leung, S4 Joy

Victoria Shanghai Academy
 Table of content

Topic Page Number

Introduction 3

Description of the process 4

 Research and Investigation 4

 Creation of Product 6

Analysis 8

 Research Stage 8
 Creation Stage 9

Conclusion 10

Bibliography 12

Appendix 15

 Appendix I – Pictures from Vietnam 16

 Appendix II – Explanation of Suppressor and Bayonet Lug 17
 Appendix III – The Design Prototypes: Standard and Compact Versions 18
 Appendix IV – Brochure 19
 Introduction

The assault rifle is an essential equipment of the armed forces. It is a status and a large
symbol in the history of firearms development. The invention of the assault rifle forever
changes the infantry warfare. However, firearms caused serious damage to the human
body, where in some instances the killing power is unnecessary. Therefore, experts and
manufacturers in the defence industry began the development of non-lethal weapons and
ordnance to decrease the death rate while maintaining the effective stopping power.

Besides the military, the ordinary citizens and police are also the main users of firearms.
In such situations, when a robber breaks into a property, the first instinct is the person
would grab a firearm (if available) to fight back, when the operator of the firearm
successfully shoots the robber, most of the time he would be severely injured or
sometimes die. In my opinion, this is an overuse of force. Instead, a person should use
some sort of less lethal weapon to stop the robber’s action and to bring him/her to justice.

The goal of my personal project is to design a non-lethal assault rifle for the purpose of
self defence. The achievement of my goal is shown through the final product, which is to
design a prototype assault rifle and the cartridge, with the additional presentation of a
brochure of the final product. The reason why I used this method is because this is one of
the most common ways for defence industries to promote their product, I also think that
the brochure is the easiest method to present the information to the public and the process
of making it doesn’t take much time and it is not complicated.

The area of interaction (AOI) of this project is Human Ingenuity, as this AOI greatly
emphasizes the steps of creation and the impact towards people, society and even the
world, which the creation for the prototype and evaluating the use of the non-lethal
weapon in the society is greatly linked to the AOI. To achieve the goal of the project,
extensive research is conducted, making concepts for the product, constantly reviewing
improvement and finally evaluating the results of the product. From the project, I learnt
more about the concept of non-lethal weapons, the types of the materials that can create
non-lethal impact, the components of the rifle and searching for the cartridge which is
suitable for placing the non-lethal material, most important of all, experiencing the entire
process of designing the prototype. Meanwhile, I also improved and developed better
skills in research, planning, time management and the organization of data.

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 Description of the process

Research and investigation

Before starting to propose the design of my prototype, extensive information gathering is
required to let me fully understand the concept, the usage and the ability of an assault
rifle. While conducting the research, I have used different sources, like the internet,
television documentaries, military magazines and books, where multiple types of
resources gave me more and sometimes extra information about the assault rifle. Besides
looking into the technical aspect of the assault rifle, I also try to explore how the
manufacturers, the soldiers, and the law enforcement officers think about the use of the
assault rifle, this is important so that during the creation of the product, I will have to
consider the standing point of the operator, where this could be more effectively
promoted to either the military forces or law enforcement agencies with positive results.
In addition, it can even save time for correction from designing errors for the
manufacturers. Last but not least, is the study on the concept of non lethal weapon,
meaning eliminating the opponent’s strength to fight back without the fear of killing the
person. The non-lethal technology that I have researched includes the non-lethal concept,
how is it used and the different types of non-lethal weapons (stun gun, incapacitating
agents and darts that fires sedative agents) and ordnance (bullets that is made of plastic
and rubber), in addition to the reviews by experts, police and the common users of the
non-lethal weapons.

As my final product is to create a prototype of an assault rifle with non-lethal effect, I

searched the information on the components of an assault rifle to start with. This is very
helpful to my creation stage, so that I would not be confused and to let me know the
components of the firearm thoroughly. Further related researches including different
types of cartridges that are popularly used in many countries’ armed forces, where this is
equally important as it would not be meaningful if the firearm doesn’t have the
specification of what kind of cartridge to be fired. I also studied the gun laws and acts1 as
the target group for the promotion of the assault rifle are civilians, where these operators
are to be complied with the strict rules. Finally is the research on the different types of
non-lethal materials that could be fitted into the bullet tip.

1
Countries that I have researched for laws and acts related to firearms include USA, UK, Germany, Finland
and South Africa

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In addition to my research, I have conducted an interview2 and earned a rare chance to
shoot a real rifle with live rounds during my vacation to Vietnam3. The effectiveness of
utilizing both the primary and secondary sources gives me inspiration and ideas that will
be helpful in my design. Most importantly, the primary sources give me a bonus of
experience from which I can gain more ideas to write for the evaluation of my project.

All the researches and the gathering of the information are saved in different files under
one computer folder with clear indications, this is to save the hassle of which kind of
information I actually found and carelessly repeated in the research again. All the files
are recorded with the date and time, which then will be included into the process journal
as a reference and all the materials I have found are completed with the EasyBib website
to do the bibliography in an accurate and efficient manner. Utilising this type of method
helps me to be more organized in facing this type of project.

Over time, I have made decisions to continue more in depth research and laying out the
design criterion of the product. Such as at the first stage, choosing the design
configuration in traditional form4, which most people are familiar and are used to,
therefore this decision was taken in a very short period of time. Another major decision in
the project was the choosing of an appropriate cartridge, after a thorough review on the
‘contestants’, I have chosen the .22 Long Rifle calibre, which has the least impact
towards the human body due to the low velocity and a relatively light bullet weight.
Finally, the decision on the bullet tip would just be made of paintball plastic in order to
create heavy pain sensation. The reason I use the paintball as the non-lethal material is
because it is easy to obtain and doesn’t require special attention or training to use.

During the creation stage, I also investigated which kinds of tactical accessories that
should be integrated into the package of the rifle to make the product more in demand.
After serious consideration, I decided to use the latest optical technology on the firearm,
the EOTech holographic sight. I also adapted the rail integration system (formerly the
Picatinny Rail, US military designation as MIL-STD 1913) to make the operator of the
rifle easier to attach their own tactical accessories whenever they like.

Before the research began, the process of inquiry of the project shall be done to begin the
research. From the very beginning of the project, the PP coordinator explained to us how
to choose a suitable topic of the project based on our hobbies or interest. Therefore, I then
started to ask my homeroom teachers about my topic and whether it is suitable or not.

2
The interview person is Mr. Ian Melville, an English teacher in my school, whom previously served in the
Canadian Forces from 1991-1994, from him I seek precious information about his personal comments
towards his service rifle of the army, the Diemaco C7, Canadian version of the American M16.
3
Pictures of the shooting is located in the Appendix I
4
traditional forms can be identified where the magazine is located in front of the trigger

5|Page
After the permission is granted, I then thought about the goal of the project and what’s
the area of interaction should be. At the end of the day, I decided to design an assault rifle
as the goal of the project. I quickly commenced my research during the summer holidays,
as the school year began, I successfully submitted the Criterion A Essay to the PP
supervisor and on hand I have tons of research materials. Nevertheless, I continue to
explore more materials and information that would be useful or even vital to the project.

The purpose of using the process of inquiry is to give a clear indication of the path of my
project, laying out the goals of the project step by step, so that if there is any problem in
the middle of the project, I would be able to quickly trace back to the root of the problem,
modify the steps and improve it, this also helps to save time and improves my skills on
problem solving.

While conducting the research of the project, I also started to think about the creation of
the product, which method I should use to show the final product of my project. One way
is to create the basic version of the prototype and expand it to other versions of the rifle,
like the compact version, which has the integration of tactical accessories. Another
possible version of the rifle is the Light Support Weapon version and the Grenade
Launcher version which was not exploited as it contained excessive firepower which
easily kills a person and will not be adequate for my design goal of being non-lethal.

Creation of product
By this time, I have already completed the research and I began the creation of the
product. Before then, the criteria of the design of the prototype are set with the
consideration of safety and within the law, which is to fulfil the strict requirements that
are under the firearms acts.5 It includes the length of the rifle (appropriately to fulfil the
requirement of the laws), the capacity of the rounds that the magazine could be loaded
onto the rifle, the ammunition of the rifle and the probable weight of the rifle. I also
placed some restriction specifically suit the civilian market, as the assault rifle can only
be fired in semi-automatic mode, the lack of capability of installing suppressors and the
lack of installing a bayonet lug (a place to attach bayonet) 6.

During the creation, I first sketched the basic version of the prototype, following the
criteria I have set previously: the length of the prototype is 35 inches long including the
barrel length of 20 inches, the cartridge of the rifle is the 0.22 Long Rifle Rim-fire
Cartridge, the bullet tip would be made of plastic, as it would just penetrate the outer

5
Countries that I have researched for laws and acts related to firearms include USA, UK, Germany, Finland
and South Africa
6
See appendix II

6|Page
layer of the skin. The operating system (firearm action) is the short stroke piston system
which is famed for its durability and longer service life.

After sketching the basic version of the prototype, I then started to reflect on my design. I
realised that the selector switch of the rifle is found to be too similar to the M16. The
hand guard of the rifle seemed to be similar to other rifles, where it could not show the
style and function of the latest generation. I then started to consider utilizing the different
design features of several present designs to perfect the prototype. As the second rough
sketch is completed, I found myself to be satisfied as the design is modern but not
eccentric. I then went to ask my PP supervisor, who is also a teacher in technology, she
suggested me to use the graphic software to draw the prototype for better presentation. In
the end, I decided to use the Corel Draw X4 as my tool to sketch the prototype7.

As my basic version of the prototype is completed, I shifted my attention to the design of

a compact version, militarily known as the Carbine. The difference between the compact
version and the basic version includes: shorter in length to 29 inches with a barrel length
of 16 inches (again, to comply with gun laws and acts), it features a sliding stock
compared to the fixed stock of the basic version; it also features the pre-installed
Picatinny rail to install additional tactical accessories in fast and easy way. The compact
version also comes with a package including an EOTech Holographic sight.

After the completion of both designs of the prototype, I then started to create a brochure8
to present my product in a nicer and better way. The brochure contains the introduction
and specifications of the basic and compact version of the prototype.

7
See in Appendix III
8
See in Appendix IV

7|Page
 Analysis

Research stage
The research stage is the most vital part of the personal project. This is because if there
isn’t a good research for my topic, there would not be a good creation of the product for
the project. There are other reasons that the research should be taken seriously and
conducted in the best order. First, I should have a very deep knowledge of the assault
rifle, nevertheless, sometimes the information could be misleading or there is information
that I have to pay special attention to. In addition, without the research of the project, I
would not have learned thoroughly about each component of the assault rifle and the
concept of non lethal weapon.

The research helped me to create my product in many ways and is vital to my design
stage. The appropriate method and contents of the research made me to have as less
errors as possible. Over the process of the research stage, I reinforced myself a direction
of how I should create the design of the prototype, i.e. to create a fairly new design as
compared to the present designs of the rifles that are used by the militaries of the world.
The learning on the components of an assault rifle is useful when I describe or illustrate
the firearm in depth to present the specification of the rifle.

The information which I have found actually gives me inspiration and the support to
create my product, from the basic concept of how the famous rifle designers developed
the criteria for designing the rifle, to the comments by the law enforcement agencies who
field tested the rifle and lastly the expert’s evaluation on the advantages and
disadvantages of the present rifle design. At the later stage, it also changes my idea of the
design as I have to create a weapon that must be non-lethal, therefore I have searched the
information about which type of ammunition can create the acceptable stopping power
but without the risk of lethality, simultaneously my choice of how to design also
becoming restricted as there are gun laws to be abided, for the firearms usage of civilians.

When I encountered the problems during the research stage, I tried to trace back what I
have done that caused a problem while I was researching the material. When the problem
was identified, I would try to change the idea of the matter to solve it. If at the end, I
could not resolve, I would seek help, the worst case scenario was to forget it and think of
a new idea. In my research stage, there are problems like making decisions and defining
the problems, it takes me some time but in the end I have conquered the challenges.

8|Page
Creation stage

In the IB definition of the AOI, “Human Ingenuity stresses the way humans can initiate
changes, whether for good or bad, and examines the consequences, emphasizes both the
importance of researching the developments made by people across space, time and
cultures, and the importance of taking time to reflect on these developments.”9 The
statement, which actually matches the goal of my project, where my goal is to design a
non-lethal assault rifle for self defense purpose, the AOI certainly connects to my
personal project; where ‘creation’ is one the elements of Human Ingenuity. The invention
of the non-lethal assault rifle came to a radical change to society in terms of law
enforcement means and humanity values.

There are many ways in which the project helped me to achieve my goal. The method of
research enabled me to reach my success, this is because I have been taught to research
the information through different resources, pinpointing the information that must always
be useful during the course of the project, and finally prioritize the materials that should
be researched and to be used while creating the product. Secondly, the way of thinking as
comparing to other times while we do our work also makes the difference. As I am
starting to draw my criterion on my prototype, because my goal needs to be achieved at a
higher level, I then started to think in the way of getting into the other person’s shoes,
imagining the present situation of not to kill criminal while maintaining my self-morality,
but at least eliminating the threat, to respond to that, what kind of firearm and firepower
the operator should have.

In the creation of the product, when I got stuck on a particular problem, I would think
how I should shape this component. I would try to look at the examples of the present
designs and some obsolete designs. This action is to give myself more inspiration on how
to design my own prototype. Besides looking onto the design itself, I would also research
on reviews given by professional shooters and experts, who commented on the various
components and accessories, hence quickly resolve my problem of which kind of by-
product should be included to my prototype.

I would rate myself as satisfactory on my product. This is because I have successfully

completed the prototype design whereby it is presentable and doesn’t look strange as
compared to the original designs to date.

9
"Human Ingenuity." International Baccalaureate (IB). Web. 31 Jan. 2010.
http://www.ibo.org/myp/curriculum/interaction/humaningenuity/

9|Page
 Conclusion

The goal of my personal project is to create a non-lethal assault rifle for self defence
purposes. I have brought my concept of integrating the non-lethal technology into a
firearm that is commonly used and completed my goal through the research-design cycle
of the prototype and learning experience that I gained in the personal project. This is
reflected on the successful presentation of my final product on the brochure and I feel
that I have set an appropriate goal without any complication.

Over the course of my project, I have learned the process of ‘creating’ the product
through the design of my prototype, where it is an important element of the AOI, Human
Ingenuity. I have gain valuable experience through the research-design cycle and
developed new knowledge, including how I should design the rifle through the use of
graphic software; how to decide which kind of non-lethal material should I be using to
make my rifle an equipment that contains the adequate non-lethal effect, in order to
provide the operator the best protection without sacrificing one’s life and most
importantly, how I should consider with my design about the impact towards society and
the world.

The AOI strongly emphasizes how the creation of the product impacts the people and
society. With this concept in mind as the criteria of my design, I have reviewed and
researched many different types of non-lethal weapons that are available nowadays as
well as their applications and the related impact to the global society. I also compare
these to the lethal weapon usage that is more commonly applied.

I believe the design of my prototype increases self-morality of the operator since the non-
lethal rifle does not kill a person and Justice can then be further pursued. Moreover, the
non-lethal weapon also decreases misunderstanding, whereby in several situations,
innocent people could be shot and the person who shoots by accident would need to bear
with the undesired responsibilities. Sometimes, criminals too should not be shot dead on
the spot as they may only be involved in light offences that do not deserve such life
punishment or in some cases, the criminal possesses high value information and that
he/she should be kept alive for intelligence investigation.

From this project, I have discovered the in depth knowledge about the concept of non-
lethal weapons, not only to the technological inventions but more into their impact
towards human morality and the impact of using a weapon in society, no matter whether
they are lethal or not. I have changed my way of thinking towards firearms, as in the past,
I only know weapons that are designed to kill an opponent. Now, I think that the use of
non-lethal weapons should be introduced widely to society and to all types of users

10 | P a g e
besides the civilians, like the law enforcement agencies and even the military forces, as it
can be utilized in situations like riots control or capturing hardcore criminals.

I wish every level of society can accept the application of non-lethal technology as there
will be no risk of taking away a person’s life. The non-lethal concept would revolutionize
the social security as this technology would preserve law and order while maintaining the
right of a person to live. Most importantly, when a shooting occurs, there is psychological
impact for the operator and the people present, as they may suffer from nightmare or
occasionally troubled mentality as he/she cannot control him/herself from the horrific
experience.

Although the non-lethal concept seems to be a perfect solution to prevent deadly

violence, nevertheless like any other thing in the world, it still consist its weaknesses too.
For example, if a burglar who is heavily armed enters a person’s residence, the non-lethal
rifle that I designed would be useless in this situation. The introduction of non-lethal
weapon to the society may also encourage more armed crimes to occur as the criminals
will assume they will be resisted by such means and they will be prepared before
committing a crime, this will also lead to a competition of armed equipment between law
enforcement agencies and the criminals. I believe the public and the law enforcement
parties will have to be united and review the existing legal loop holes or even drafting
new acts to convey the non-lethal technology to the crime control environment in order to
benefit the society as well as preventing the misuse of the technology.

In conclusion, I am satisfied with my project of making this assault rifle which has
transformed the most lethal weapon in the family of firearms, to be a weapon that is non-
lethal but remains in design and operational similarity like any other famous assault rifles
in the world. I think that the design of the prototype and the choice of non-lethal material
are the best and most prominent, which fulfil the core value of my personal project.

If I were to go back in time, I think that I would design something like a special launcher
to bring the non-lethal technology to a new level. Another choice would be integrating
the non-lethal technology into light firearms like handguns and shotguns since they are
easier to operate and most importantly they are more economical to purchase.

In my opinion, I think that the non-lethal technology is an invention which is just as

important as Thomas Edison who had invented the first electric light bulb in terms of
humanity.

Total word count: 3996 words

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http://web.archive.org/web/20060110022317/http://www.relativesforjustice.com/plastic/plasti
c_history.htm

"Less Lethal." FNH USA. Web. 02 Nov. 2009.

http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/group.asp?gid=FNG003&cid=FNC01

"TASER X26C." TASER - Home. Web. 02 Nov. 2009.

http://www2.taser.com/products/consumers/Pages/TASERX26C.aspx

"FM 3-22.31 TABLE OF CONTENTS." GlobalSecurity.org - Reliable Security Information. Web. 02

Nov. 2009. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3-22-31/index.html

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Appendix

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Appendix I – Picture from Vietnam

Shooting the Type 56, AK-47’s Chinese version

Shooting the M16

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Appendix II – Explanation of Suppressor and Bayonet Lug

Picture of Suppressor – Suppressor is an accessory to eliminate the muzzle flash.

Picture of Bayonet Lug – Bayonet Lug is a tool to install a Bayonet onto a firearm.

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Appendix III – The Design Prototypes: Standard and Compact Versions

Prototype 1 – Standard Version

SAFE AUTO

Prototype 2 – Compact Version

E OTe ch

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Appendix III – Brochure

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