c


 



a

 

Three times I gave gladiatorial games in my own name and five times in the name of my sons or grandsons.
At these games there were about ten thousand fighters. Twice, in my own name, I presented to the people
a show of fighters summoned from all places, and I presented a third show in the name of my grandson. I
put on games in my own name four times, and in place of other magistrates twenty -three times. .. I gave to
the people hunts of African beasts in my own name or in the name of my sons and grandsons in the Circus
or the Forum or in amphitheatres twenty -six times, at which about 3,500 beasts were killed.

  <



This morning by chance I greeted you with your real name, Caecilianus, and did no t call you ͚my lord.͛ Do
you ask what the price is of this great liberty? It robbed me of 100 quarters.

 (<


Pollio was Virgil͛s patron.

%uses of Sicily, we now attempt


Relief of chariot racing (Terracotta relief, 1st century AD British %useum)

 „
ccc

͚I͛m not sitting here because I͛m mad about thoroughbred horses. Still, I do pray that whichever horse µou cheer on
will win. No, I came to talk to you, to sit with you, in case you hadn͛t realised I͛d fallen in love with you. You watch
the race, I watch you ʹ a feast for both our eyes!͛

͚I don͛t know which driver you͛re a fan of. Lucky man, to win you over! If I were in his
shoes, when the chariots burst out of the starting-gates, I͛d be a daredevil, taking my place in the chariot and leaning
over the horses, giving them full rein one minute, whipping them up the next, then grazing the turning-post with my
inside wheel. If I caught a glimpse of you as I raced, I͛d come almost to a stand-still and let the reins slip out of my
hands. But in the end, may any man win who͛s competing for a lady!͛

͚Why are you trying to escape? You can͛t get away by trying to move over to the next
seat; we͛re stuck together thanks to the restricted space in the Circus!͛

͚Now the Circus is clear for the biggest event ʹ the four-horse chariot race. The praetor
has given the sign for the horses to leave the starting-gates. I see which driver you support.
Whoever he is, he͛s bound to win with you cheering him on. The horses themselves seem to
know what you want!͛

͚Oh no! He͛s taken the turn round the post too wide! What are you doing? The man just
behind is coming up on the inside. You͛re finished: what are you going to do about it? The
young lady͛s made promises to the gods for your win, and now you͛re a loser. Listen to me: pull on your left-hand
rein! It͛s no good: he is a loser and we͛ve backed him. But come on Romans ʹ you can still call for a replay. Give the
sign now! All flap your togas! Success! they͛re doing it.͛

͚Now the bolts are drawn back and the gates are open again. The troop of horses fly out
in all their different colours. Now go for it. %ake for the gap. You͛re an answer to her prayers,
and to mine. Yes! he͛s won the palm ʹ and now I͛ve got to get mine.͛

 <



I am the famous Scorpus, the idol of the cheering Circus,

1. (a) How does Source A emphasise the scale of the games put on by Augustus? %ake three points. [3]

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(b) To what extent can we trust Source A͛s description? [2]

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2. How reliable is Source C͛s impression of Pollio? %ake three points. [3]

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3. If you had to choose one of sources B or C to explain patronage, which would you choose? Give a reason for your
answer. [6]

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4. Using your own knowledge and all of the sources, to what extent was patronage beneficial for the patron? [12]

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5. Source D, source E and source F and use any other sources on chariot-racing that you
have studied.

You want to describe a day at the Circus %aximus to people who know nothing about it.
(a) How useful are these sources for explaining what happened at the Circus %aximus?
Refer to the sources in your answer.

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(b) How far do the sources explain why the Circus was so popular? Refer to the sources in
your answer. [6]

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(c) If you had to choose one of sources D or E to explain chariot-racing, which would you
choose? Give reasons for your answer. [6]

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6. Sources D, E and F.
In addition to chariot-racing, what other aspects of life in ancient Rome do these sources
provide evidence for? Give examples from sources D, E and F. [6]

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Paper Total: [50]