.

:lUIllIUaIY VI DljUi:1l1VIlS LV ft\,;\,;VIUPaIlY

INTRODUCTORY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, Eleventh Edition, by Robert L. Boylestad

@) Copyright 2007 by Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

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Introduction
Capacitors
Conversions I meter = 100 cm = 39.37 in., I in. = 2.54 cm,
Capacitance C = QIV = fAld = 8.85 X 1O-' Zf,Ald farads (F),

I yd = 0.914 m = 3 ft, I mile = 5280 ft, of = 915°C + 32, °C =

C = frCo Electric field strength 'i, = Vld = QlfA (volts/meter)

519(OF - 32), K = 273.15 + °C Scientific notation 10 12 =

Transients (charging) ic = (ElR)e -dr, T = RC, tiC = E(1 - e -dj,
tera = T, 10 = giga = G, 10 = mega = M. 103 = kilo = k, 10- 3 =

9 6
(discharge) tic = Ee- tJr , ic = (EIR)e- tJRC ic i cov = C(ilvclilt)
milli = m, 10-- 6 = micro = p., 10- 9 = nano = n, 10- 12 = pico = p
Series Qr = QI = Q2 = Q3' IICr = (lIC,) + (1IC2) + (lIC 3) + ... +
Powers of ten 1110" = 10-', 1110-' = 10", (10")(10"') = 10"+",
(lIC N), Cr = C.C2/(C. + C2) Parallel Qr = Q. + Q2 + Q3,
2
10"110'" = 10"-"', (10")"' = 10"'"
Cr = C1 + C2 + C3 Energy Wc = (112)CV

Voltage and Current Inductors

9 z
Coulomb's law F = kQIQ/?, k = 9 X 10 N'm IC 2 ,
Self-inductance L = N 2iJAl/ (henries), L = /LrLo

Q = coulombs (C), r = meters (m) Current 1= Qlt (amperes),

Induced voltage eL ay = L{Aililt) Transients (storage) iL =

19
t = seconds (s), Q. = 1.6 X 10- C Voltage V = W/Q (volts),
1..(1 - e -dj, I.. = EIR, T = UR, tiL = Ee -dr (decar), tiL =

W = joules (J)
dr
[I + (RzIRt)]Ee- ', T = U(R. + Rz), iL = l.,e-Ilr, 1m = EIR.

Series Lr = L. + Lz + ~ + ... + LN Parallel IILr = (lIL I ) +

Resistance
(IILz) + (II~) + ... + (IILN ), Lr = L1LzI(L I + Lz)

Circular wire R = pI/A (ohms), p = resistivity, / = feet,

Energy WL = l/2(U z)

2
A CM = (dmils)z,p(Cu) =10.37 =
Metricunits / cm,A cm ,
=
6
p(Cu) = 1.724 X 1O- 0hm-cm Temperature (ITI + T.)/R j =
Magnetic Circuits

= =
<lTI + T 2 )/R2 , RI Rzo[1 + azo(TI - 20°C)], a20(Cu) 0.00393
Flux density B = of>lA (weberslm2) Permeability /L = /L.JLo

Color code Bands 1-3: 0 = black, I = brown, 2 = red, 3 = orange,

(Wb/A'm) Reluctance ~ = /liLA (rels) Ohm's law of> = 'Jif!//.

4 = yellow,S = green, 6 = blue, 7 = violet, 8 = gray, 9 = white,

(webers)

Band 3: 0.1 = gold, 0.0 I = silver, Band 4: 5% = gold, 10% = silver,

Magnetomotive force 'Ji = NI (ampere-turns) Magnetizing

20% = no band, Band 5: 1% = brown, 0.1 % = red, 0.01 % = orange,

force H = 'Jill = Nl/l Ampere's circuital law Ie 'Ji = 0

0.001 % = yellow Conductance G = IIR siemens (S)

Flux L of>...terin8 = ~ of> leayin8 Air gap H. = 7.% X lOS B.

Ohm's Law, Power, and Energy

Ohm's law I = F/R, E = IR, R = E/l Power P = Wit =

VI = IZR = V 21R (watts), I hp = 746 W

Greek Alphabet
Efficiency '1% = (Po/Pi) X 100%, '1r = 'II . '1z • '13 ..... 'I.

Energy W = Pt, W(kWh) = [P(W) . t(h)]IIOOO

Letter Capital Lowercase Letter Capital Lowercase

Series Circuits Alpha A a Nu N II

Rr = R I + Rz + R3 + ... + RN, Rr = NR, 1= F/Rro V = IR Beta B 13 Xi E E

Kirchhoff's voltage law Ie V = 0, Ie V rises = Ie Vdrops Gamma r "Y Omicron 0 0
Voltage divider rule V, = R,F/Rr Delta il 0 Pi II ...
Epsilon E f Rho P p
Parallel dc Circuits
R r = lI(llR 1 + I/R 2 + I/R 3 + ... + lIRN), Rr = RIN,
Zeta Z r Sigma L (f

Eta H 'I Tau T T

Rr = R.R/(R 1 + R2), I = EGr = F/Rr Theta 8 6 Upsilon T tI
Kirchhoff's current law L I..~ = L lIeaYDlg
Iota I L Phi of> If>
Current divider role I, = (RrIR,)/, (Two parallel elements):
II = R211(R. + R2), 12 = R,l/(R 1 + R2) Kappa K /( Chi X X
Lambda A A Psi i' If
Series-Parallel Circuits Mu M /L Omega n w
Potentiometer loading RL » Rr
Ammeter Rshunt = R,.lcs/(Imax - Ics )
Voltmeter Rr.aie, = (Vmax - Vvs)llcs
Ohmmeter R, = (Ellcs) - R.. - zero-adjust/2
Prefixes

Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (dc) MUltiplication Sf SI

Source conversions E = IRp , R, = Rp , I = F/R, Factors Prefix Symbol

Determinants D = I:~ :~I = a 1b2 - a2b , 1000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 18 ella E
1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1015 peta P
Bridge networks R 1/R 3 = R/R4 ,1·Y conversions R' =
1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 tera T
RA + R8 + Rc , RJ = RAR8 1R', R2 = RARclR', R. = RsRclR', Ry = Rt/3
9
giga
1000 000 000 = 10 G
y.,1 conversions R" = R.R 2 + R IR3 + R2R3, Rc = R"IR 3, R8 = R"IR2,

1 000 000 = 106 mega M

RA = R"IR.. RtJ. = 3Ry

1000= lit' kilo k

Network Theorems 0.(")1 = 10- 3 milli m
Superposition Voltage sources (short-circuit equivalent), current 0.000 001 = 10-6 micro p.
sources (open-circuit equi valent) 0.000 000 001 = 10-9 nano n
Thevenin's Theorem Rn.: (all sources to zero), En.: (open-circuit 0.000 000 000 001 = 10- 12 pico P
terminal voltage) 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10- 15 femto f
Maximum power transfer theorem RL = R n. = RN , PrNU = 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-. 8 atto a
E},,/4Rn. = I~RNI4

/
/
~-----~----------------.----
 -_&&.. . . . I&-.&.J
va. .L...nrrjuu.L.I.""~~~ 1."" S. """"""".l.I.I..t',,,,.II.J
INTRODUCTORY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, Eleventh Edition, by Robert L. Boylestad
© Copyright 2007 by Prentice Hall. AU Rights Reserved.

ac
Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms R-C filters (high-pass)!c = II(2 RC). Vo/V i = RlYR2 + xl:
Sine wave II = V.. sin a. a = wt = 21ift./= lrr. I radian = 57.3°.
Ltan -l(XeIR) (Iow-pass)!c = II(2 RC). Vo/V i = Xe /YR2 + xl:
radians = (.../180°) X (degrees). degrees = (I800h) X (radians)
L -tan-I !!-.
Identities sin(wt + 90°) = cos wt, sin wt = cos[wt - (.../2)].
Xc
sin( -a) = -sin a. cos( -a) = cos a Average value G =
Octave 2: I, 6 dB/octave Decade 10: I. 20 dB/decade
algebraic sum of areas/length of curve

Effective (nus) value I rms = 0.7071..,1.. = V2Irm••

Transformers
= Yarea [i(t}FIT

Irms Mutual inductance M = kVL;L. lron-core Ep = 4.44fNp'J!...

E, = 4.44fN,4!... EplE, = NplN" a = NplN" IplI, = N)Np•
The Basic Elements and Phasors 2
Zp = a ZL. Ep Ip = E, I" Pi = P.(ideal)

R: I.. = V..IR, in phase L: XL = wL, ilL leads iL by 90° Air-core Zi = Zp + [wM) 2/(Z, + ZJ]

C: Xc = IIwC. i e leads lie by 90° Power P "" (V..I../2) cos 8 = Polyphase Systems

Vrm.lrms cos 8 R: P = Vnnslrms = I~R = V~R Power

factor Fp = cos 8 = PIVrmslrms Rectangular form C = A :!: iB Y-Y system I •• = h = I.L • V. = E., EL = V3 V. Y-~ system

Polarform C = CL8 Conversions C = YA2 + B2. 8 = V. = EL• h = V3I. ~.~ system V. = EL = E•• h = viI.
tan -[(BIA). A = C cos 8. B = C sin 8 Operations i = v=l. ~-Y system EL = V3V.,I. = h. EL = E. Power PT = 3P.,
/ = -I. IIi = -i. C 1 :!: C2 = (:!:A[ :!: A2 ) + i(:!:B. :!: B2 ), QT = 3Q•• ST = 3S. = V3EdL. Fp = PTIST
C I . C 2 = C I C2 L(8[ + 82), CtlC2 = (C I /C2 )L(8 1 - 82)
Pulse Waveforms and the R-C Response
Series and Parallel ac Circuits
% tilt = [(VI - V2)/Vj X 100% with V = (VI + V2)12
Elements RLO°, XL L90°. XeL -90°
Pulse repetition frequency (prf) = Irr
Series ZT = Z[ + Z2 + ZJ + ... + ZN.I, = FlZ T• Fp = RlZr
Duty cycle = (lplD X 100%
V.v = (duty cycle)(peak value) + (I - duty cycle) X (Vb)
Voltage divider rule Vx = ZxEIZT ParaDel Y T = Y [ + Y2 +

R-C circuits lie = Vi + (V,- Vi)(I - e-lfRCj

YJ + ... + Y N , ZT = ZIZ,I(Z. + Z2). GLO°, BLL-90°,

Compensated attenuator RpCp = R,C,

Be L90°. Fp = cos 8T = GIYT Current divider rule II =

Z21r/(Z. + Z2), 12 = ZIIT/(ZI + Z2) Equivalent circuits R, =

Nonsinusoidal Circuits

Rp X;/(X; + R;). X, = R;XpI(X; + R;). Rp = (R; + X;)IR"

Fourier series f(a) = Ao + AI sin wI + A 2 sin 2wt + ... +

Xp =(R; + X;)/X,
A. sin nwt + B. cos wt + B2 cos 2wt + ... + B. cos nwt

Even function f(a) = f( -a), no B. terms Odd function f(a) =

Series-Parallel ac Networks:
-f( -a). no A. terms, no odd harmonics iff(t) = f[(TI2) + t]. no even

Employ block impedances and obtain general solution for reduced

harmonics iff(t) = -f[(TI2) + t]

network. Then substitute numerical values. General approach similar

Effective (nos) value V(<ms) =

to that for dc networks.

YV2o + (V2Inl + ... + V2'"" + V'2Inl + ... + V'2IftrI: )12
2
Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (ac) Power PT = Volo + VIII cos 8 + ... + V.I. cos 8. = Irms R = Vrm/IR

Source conversions E = 1Zp' Z, = Zp, I = FlZ, Bridge

networks Z.IZJ = Z21Z4 ~-Y, y.~ conversions See dc
Standard Resistor Values
coverage, replacing R by Z.
Ohms Kilohms Megohms
Network Theorems (0) (kO) (MO)
Review dc content on other side.
0.10 1.0 10 100 1000 10 100 1.0 10.0
Thevenin's theorem (dependent sources) E oc = K'n' Zrn = Eocll,e'
0.11 1.1 11 110 1100 II 110 1.1 11.0
Zrn = Ell. Norton's theorem (dependent sources) I,e = IN'
ZN = Eoc/lsco ZN = E/I. Maximum power transfer theorem 0.12 1.2 12 120 1200 12 120 1.2 12.0
2 L = Zn., 8L = -8 rnz, Pmax = Ei,,/4R rn 0.13 1.3 13 130 1300 13 130 1.3 13.0
0.15 1.5 15 150 1500 15 150 1.5 15.0
Power (ac) 0.16 1.6 16 160 1600 16 160 1.6 16.0
R: P = VI = V,./.. 12 =I2R = V21R Apparent power S = VI. 0.18 1.8 18 180 1800 18 180 1.8 18.0
P = S cos 8, Fp = cos 8 = PIS Reactive power Q = VI sin 8 0.20 2.0 20 200 2000 20 200 2.0 20.0
2
L: QL = VI = 1 X L = V /Xu C: Qe = VI = PXe = V2/Xe•
2
0.22 2.2 22 220 2200 22 220 2.2 22.0
ST = YPt + Qt. Fp = PTIST 0.24 2.4 24 240 2400 24 240 2.4
Resonance
0.27 2.7 27 270 2700 27 270 2.7
0.30 3.0 30 300 3000 30 300 3.0
Series XL = x e./, = II(hViC), Zr, = R, Ql = XdR" Q, = XJR =

0.33 3.3 33 330 3300 33 330 3.3

(IIR)v7JC. vL, = Q,E. ve, = Q,E, P HPF = (I/2)Pmu../. =

0.36 3.6 36 360 3600 36 360 3.6

(112 )[ - R/2L + (II2)Y (RlL)2 + 4ILc),f2 (use + Rl2L). BW = f2 - f. =

0.39 3.9 39 390 3900 39 390 3.9

Rl2 L = f,lQ, Parallel Xc." = Xc, Xc." = (lft + xi)IXL•

0.43 4.3 43 430 4300 43 430 4.3

fp = [II(2...ViC)]YI - (RtCIL),2Tp = R,IIRp• Rp = (lft + XZ)/R1

0.47 4.7 47 470 4700 47 470 4.7

Qp = (R,IIRp)XLp. BW = h - fl = /pIQp Q 2: 10: 2 Tp :;' R,llifRt •

0.51 5.1 51 510 5100 51 510 5.1

X Lp :;, XL, XL = Xe.fr, :;, II(2 ...ViC). Qp = Q" h = Ie:;' Qln

0.56 5.6 56 560 5600 56 560 5.6

BW = /pIQp = R/2...L

0.62 6.2 62 620 6200 62 620 6.2

Decibels, Filters, and Bode Plots
0.68 6.8 68 680 6800 68 680 6.8
Logarithms N = b" x = lo&, N. lo&,x = 2.3 10gIO x, IOglO ab =
0.75 7.5 75 750 7500 75 750 7.5
log lOa + log lob. 10gIOalb = 10gIOa - log.ob. 10gIO a' = nloglOa.
0.82 8.2 82 820 8200 82 820 8.2
dB = 100og IO PiP" dB. = 2010g IO V,IV[
0.91 9.1 91 910 9100 91 910 9.1