1

  
      
  
   

front cover of the textbook (see also Table 12).

(a) Since 1 km = 1 103 m and 1 m = 1 106 m,

)(

1km = 103 m = 103 m 106

T   "#$ 

%&' ( )$*+

m m = 109

m.

,-$ ,"# ./ *- 02

should be written as 1.0 109 m.

(b) We calculate the number of microns in 1 centimeter. Since 1 cm = 102 m,

)(

1cm = 102 m = 102 m 106 ! m m = 104

W -+-2"3 $$ $ ,#-$+ +, + -$$# 4"2 $+ %&'

m.

m is 1.0 104.

(c) Since 1 yd = (3 ft)(0.3048 m/ft) = 0.9144 m,

1.0 yd = ( 0.91m ) 106 5 m m = 9.1 105

m.

+"# # "2$

67 89: ;<=>? @AB CD>EBF<=D> G9C@DF< H =>CA I 67JK CL BM9C@NO 9>P Q R=C9< I H =>CAS

obtain
1 inch 6 picas
0.80 cm = ( 0.80 cm )

1.9 picas.
2.54 cm 1 inch

(b) With 12 points = 1 pica, we have

1 inch 6 picas 12 points
0.80 cm = ( 0.80 cm )

23 points.
2.54 cm 1 inch 1 pica

UB

3. Using the given conversion factors, we find

(a) the distance d in rods to be
d = 4.0 furlongs =

VXY Z[\ ]^Z] \_`]Z[ab

( 4.0 furlongs )( 201.168 m furlong )

5.0292 m rod

= 160 rods,

in chains to be

d =

( 4.0 furlongs )( 201.168 m furlong )

20.117 m chain

= 40 chains.

cd efg hijkglmnij ophqilm

1 gry = 1/10 line , 1 line=1/12 inch and 1 point = 1/72 inch

imply that
1 gry = (1/10)(1/12)(72 points) = 0.60 point.
Thus, 1 gry2 = (0.60 point)2 = 0.36 point2, which means that 0.50 gry 2 = 0.18 point 2 .

rs

Various geometric formulas are given in Appendix E.

(a) Expressing the radius of the Earth as

R = ( 6.37 106 m )(103 km m ) = 6.37 103 km,

its circumference is s = 2 R = 2 (6.37 103 km) = 4.00 104 km.
2

(b) The surface area of Earth is A = 4 R 2 = 4 ( 6.37 103 km ) = 5.10 108 km 2 .

(c) The volume of Earth is V =

4 3 4
R =
6.37 103 km
3
3

= 1.08 1012 km3 .

tu vwxy vz{|w} ~ut } }} ~ z }|z} x ~

~ z

equivalent to 216 60 = 156 Z. The information allows us to convert S to W or Z.

(a) In units of W, we have
258 W
50.0 S = ( 50.0 S)
= 60.8 W
212 S

(b) In units of Z, we have

156 Z
50.0 S = ( 50.0 S )
= 43.3 Z
180 S

7. The volume of ice is given by the product of the semicircular surface area and the
thickness. The area of the semicircle is A = r2/2, where r is the radius. Therefore, the
volume is

V = r z
2
where z is the ice thickness. Since there are 103 m in 1 km and 102 cm in 1 m, we have
103 m 102 cm
5
r = ( 2000 km )

= 2000 10 cm.
1km
1m

In these units, the thickness becomes

102 cm
2
z = 3000 m = ( 3000 m )
= 3000 10 cm
1m

which yields V =

2000 105 cm
2

) ( 3000 10

cm = 1.9 1022 cm3 .

(a) We look at the first (cahiz) column: 1 fanega is equivalent to what amount of cahiz?
We note from the already completed part of the table that 1 cahiz equals a dozen fanega.
1
Thus, 1 fanega = 12 cahiz, or 8.33 102 cahiz. Similarly, 1 cahiz = 48 cuartilla (in the
already completed part) implies that 1 cuartilla =

1
48

cahiz, or 2.08 102 cahiz.

Continuing in this way, the remaining entries in the first column are 6.94 103 and
3.47 103 .
(b) In the second (fanega) column, we similarly find 0.250, 8.33 102, and 4.17 102
for the last three entries.
(c) In the third (cuartilla) column, we obtain 0.333 and 0.167 for the last two entries.
(d) Finally, in the fourth (almude) column, we get

1
2

= 0.500 for the last entry.

(e) Since the conversion table indicates that 1 almude is equivalent to 2 medios, our
amount of 7.00 almudes must be equal to 14.0 medios.
(f) Using the value (1 almude = 6.94 103 cahiz) found in part (a), we conclude that
7.00 almudes is equivalent to 4.86 102 cahiz.
(g) Since each decimeter is 0.1 meter, then 55.501 cubic decimeters is equal to 0.055501
7.00
7.00
m3 or 55501 cm3. Thus, 7.00 almudes = 12 fanega = 12 (55501 cm3) = 3.24 104 cm3.

9. We use the conversion factors found in Appendix D.

1 acre ft = (43,560 ft ) ft = 43,560 ft
Since 2 in. = (1/6) ft, the volume of water that fell during the storm is

V = (26 km 2 )(1/6 ft) = (26 km 2 )(3281ft/km) 2 (1/6 ft) = 4.66 107 ft 3 .

Thus,

V =

4.66 107 ft 3
. 103 acre ft.
= 11
4.3560 104 ft 3 acre ft

micrometers, so

b3.7 mgc10 m mh = 31. m s.

b14 daygb86400 s dayg
6

seconds. Thus, two weeks (a fortnight) is 1209600 s. By definition of the micro prefix,
this is roughly 1.21 1012 s.

), pico, nano, ) are given for ready reference on the

inside front cover of the textbook (also, Table 12).

100 y 365 day 24 h 60 min

(a) 1 century = (106 century )

= 52.6 min .
1 century 1 y 1 day 1 h

(b) The percent difference is therefore

52.6 min 50 min

= 4.9%.
52.6 min

(a) Presuming that a French decimal day is equivalent to a regular day, then the ratio
of weeks is simply 10/7 or (to 3 significant figures) 1.43.

(b) In a regular day, there are 86400 seconds, but in the French system described in the
problem, there would be 105 seconds. The ratio is therefore 0.864.

14. We denote the pulsar rotation rate f (for frequency).

f =

1 rotation
1.55780644887275 103 s

f by the time-interval t = 7.00 days (which is equivalent to 604800 s, if

we ignore significant figure considerations for a moment), we obtain the number of
rotations:

1 rotation
N =
( 604800 s ) = 388238218.4
3
1.55780644887275 10 s

which should now be rounded to 3.88 108 rotations since the time-interval was
specified in the problem to three significant figures.
(b) We note that the problem specifies the exact number of pulsar revolutions (one
million). In this case, our unknown is t, and an equation similar to the one we set up in
part (a) takes the form N = ft, or

1 rotation
1 106 =
t
3
1.55780644887275 10 s

which yields the result t = 1557.80644887275 s (though students who do this calculation
on their calculator might not obtain those last several digits).
(c) Careful reading of the problem shows that the time-uncertainty per revolution is
3 10 17s . We therefore expect that as a result of one million revolutions, the
uncertainty should be ( 3 1017 )(1 106 )= 3 10 11 s .

1   

11
 
   


1 
 

  1 

slopes 1 and y-intercepts 0. From the data in the figure we deduce

tC =

2
594
tB +
,
7
7

tB =

33
662
tA
.
40
5

These are used in obtaining the following results.

(a) We find
t B t B =

33
( t A t A ) = 495 s
40

when t'A tA = 600 s.

(b) We obtain t C t C =

b g

2
2
495 = 141 s.
t B t B =
7
7

(c) Clock B reads tB = (33/40)(400) (662/5) 198 s when clock A reads tA = 400 s.
(d) From tC = 15 = (2/7)tB + (594/7), we get tB 245 s.

 360 corresponds to a 24 hour change, then one

expects to change longitude by 360 / 24 = 15 before resetting one's watch by 1.0 h.

      !" #!

$%& '()* (+ ,-* ./(.02 3453).* 67 *83.,/7 9: - ;) 3 9:<- =*>;(4 6?, ,-;2 ;2 )(, ,-* @(2,

important criterion for judging their quality for measuring time intervals. What is
important is that the clock advance by the same amount in each 24-h period. The clock
reading can then easily be adjusted to give the correct interval. If the clock reading jumps
around from one 24-h period to another, it cannot be corrected since it would impossible
to tell what the correction should be. The following gives the corrections (in seconds) that
must be applied to the reading on each clock for each 24-h period. The entries were
determined by subtracting the clock reading at the end of the interval from the clock
reading at the beginning.
CLOCK
A
B
C
D
E

Sun.
-Mon.
16
3
58
+67
+70

Mon.
-Tues.
16
+5
58
+67
+55

Tues.
-Wed.
15
10
58
+67
+2

Wed.
-Thurs.
17
+5
58
+67
+20

Thurs.
-Fri.
15
+6
58
+67
+10

Fri.
-Sat.
15
7
58
+67
+10

Clocks C and D are both good timekeepers in the sense that each is consistent in its daily
drift (relative to WWF time); thus, C and D are easily made perfect with simple and
predictable corrections. The correction for clock C is less than the correction for clock D,
so we judge clock C to be the best and clock D to be the next best. The correction that
must be applied to clock A is in the range from 15 s to 17s. For clock B it is the range
from -5 s to +10 s, for clock E it is in the range from -70 s to -2 s. After C and D, A has
the smallest range of correction, B has the next smallest range, and E has the greatest
range. From best to worst, the ranking of the clocks is C, D, A, B, E.

ABC DEF GHIJ KHL MN JEF OP QFRJSTUFI UI GMRVFT JEHR JEF NUTIJ KHL WL

( 20 century ) ( 0.001 s

century ) = 0.02 s.

The average day during the 20 centuries is (0 + 0.02)/2 = 0.01 s longer than the first day.
Since the increase occurs uniformly, the cumulative effect T is
T = ( average increase in length of a day )( number of days )
0.01 s 365.25 day
=

( 2000 y )
y
day

= 7305 s

or roughly two hours.

XYZ [\]^ _\] `a^ bcde_ fceghh]gde i\cj] jkc^l fmi^n kmad jc^] mb ecl\_ _m _\] _mh mb _\]

Sun is tangent to the Earths surface at point A shown in the figure. As you stand,
elevating your eyes by a height h, the line of sight to the Sun is tangent to the Earths
surface at point B.

o]_

d be the distance from point B to your eyes. From Pythagorean theorem, we have
d 2 + r 2 = (r + h) 2 = r 2 + 2rh + h 2

or d 2 = 2rh + h 2 , where r is the radius of the Earth. Since r  h , the second term can be
dropped, leading to d 2 2rh . Now the angle between the two radii to the two tangent
points A and B is , which is also the angle through which the Sun moves about Earth
during the time interval t = 11.1 s. The value of can be obtained by using

360

t
.
24 h

This yields

(360)(11.1 s)
= 0.04625.
(24 h)(60 min/h)(60 s/min)

Using d = r tan , we have d 2 = r 2 tan 2 = 2rh , or

r=

2h
tan 2

Using the above value for and h = 1.7 m, we have r = 5.2 106 m.

20. The density of gold is

m 19.32 g
=
= 19.32 g/cm3 .
3
V
1 cm

A multiplied by its thickness z. With

density = 19.32 g/cm and mass m = 27.63 g, the volume of the leaf is found to be

pqr st uqvt uwt xyz{|t y} uwt ztq} uy ~t u qtq

V =

= 1430
.
cm3 .

We convert the volume to SI units:

3

V = (1.430 cm

1m
6
3

= 1.430 10 m .
100 cm

Since V = Az with z = 1 10-6 m (metric prefixes can be found in Table 12), we obtain
A=

1430
.
106 m3
.
m2 .
= 1430
1 106 m

(b) The volume of a cylinder of length A is V = AA where the cross-section area is that of
a circle: A = r2. Therefore, with r = 2.500 106 m and V = 1.430 106 m3, we obtain
A=

V
= 7.284 104 m = 72.84 km.
r2

m
V

and convert to SI units: 1 g = 1 103 kg.

(a) For volume conversion, we find 1 cm3 = (1 102m)3 = 1 106m3. Thus, the density
in kg/m3 is
3
3
1 g 10 kg cm
3
3
1 g cm3 = 3
6 3 = 1 10 kg m .
cm
g
10
m

Thus, the mass of a cubic meter of water is 1000 kg.

(b) We divide the mass of the water by the time taken to drain it. The mass is found from
M = V (the product of the volume of water and its density):

M = 5700 m3

) (1 10

kg m3 = 5.70 106 kg.

The time is t = (10h)(3600 s/h) = 3.6 104 s, so the mass flow rate R is
R=

M 5.70 106 kg
=
= 158 kg s.
t
3.6 104 s

(a) We find the volume in cubic centimeters

3

231 in 3 2.54 cm
5
3
193 gal = (193 gal )

= 7.31 10 cm
1 gal 1in

and subtract this from 1 106 cm3 to obtain 2.69 105 cm3. The conversion gal in3 is
given in Appendix D (immediately below the table of Volume conversions).
(b) The volume found in part (a) is converted (by dividing by (100 cm/m)3) to 0.731 m3,
which corresponds to a mass of

c1000 kg m h c0.731 m h = 731 kg

3

using the density given in the problem statement. At a rate of 0.0018 kg/min, this can be
filled in
731kg
= 4.06 105 min = 0.77 y
0.0018 kg min
after dividing by the number of minutes in a year (365 days)(24 h/day) (60 min/h).

ME is the mass of Earth, m is the average mass of an atom in Earth, and N is the
number of atoms, then ME = Nm or N = ME/m. We convert mass m to kilograms using
Appendix D (1 u = 1.661 1027 kg). Thus,

N =

ME
5.98 1024 kg
=
= 9.0 1049 .
m
40 u 1661
.
1027 kg u

b gc

24. (a) The volume of the cloud is (3000 m)(1000 m)2 = 9.4 109 m3. Since each cubic
meter of the cloud contains from 50 106 to 500 106 water drops, then we conclude
that the entire cloud contains from 4.7 1018 to 4.7 1019 drops. Since the volume of
4
each drop is 3 (10 10 6 m)3 = 4.2 1015 m3, then the total volume of water in a cloud
is from 2 103 to 2 104 m3.
(b) Using the fact that 1 L = 1 103 cm3 = 110 3 m3 , the amount of water estimated in
part (a) would fill from 2 106 to 2 107 bottles.
(c) At 1000 kg for every cubic meter, the mass of water is from two million to twenty
million kilograms. The coincidence in numbers between the results of parts (b) and (c)

at its normal density (under standard conditions).

m / V , and convert to SI units: 1000 g = 1 kg,

and 100 cm = 1 m.
(a) The density of a sample of iron is
3

= ( 7.87 g cm

1 kg 100 cm
3

= 7870 kg/m .
1000 g 1 m

If we ignore the empty spaces between the close-packed spheres, then the density of an
individual iron atom will be the same as the density of any iron sample. That is, if M is
the mass and V is the volume of an atom, then
V =

9.27 1026 kg
= 1.18 1029 m3 .
3
3
7.87 10 kg m

(b) We set V = 4R3/3, where R is the radius of an atom (Appendix E contains several
geometry formulas). Solving for R, we find
13

3V
R=

13

3 1.18 1029 m3

= 1.41 1010 m.

The center-to-center distance between atoms is twice the radius, or 2.82 1010 m.

(in the cat) as 10 u 2 1026 kg, then there are roughly (10 kg)/( 2 1026 kg) 5
1026 atoms. This is close to being a factor of a thousand greater than Avogradros
number. Thus this is roughly a kilomole of atoms.

According to Appendix D, a nautical mile is 1.852 km, so 24.5 nautical miles would
be 45.374 km. Also, according to Appendix D, a mile is 1.609 km, so 24.5 miles is
39.4205 km. The difference is 5.95 km.

28. The metric prefixes (micro (), pico, nano, ) are given for ready reference on the
inside front cover of the textbook (see also Table 12). The surface area A of each grain
of sand of radius r = 50 m = 50 106 m is given by A = 4(50 106)2 = 3.14 108
m2 (Appendix E contains a variety of geometry formulas). We introduce the notion of
density, m / V , so that the mass can be found from m = V, where = 2600 kg/m3.
Thus, using V = 4r3/3, the mass of each grain is
3

6
4 r 3
kg 4 50 10 m
= 1.36 109 kg.
m = V =
= 2600 3
m
3
3

We observe that (because a cube has six equal faces) the indicated surface area is 6 m2.
The number of spheres (the grains of sand) N that have a total surface area of 6 m2 is
given by
6 m2
N =
= 1.91 108.
3.14 108 m 2
Therefore, the total mass M is M = Nm = (1.91 108 ) (1.36 109 kg ) = 0.260 kg.

 106 m3. Letting d

stand for the thickness of the mud after it has (uniformly) distributed in the valley, then
its volume there would be (400 m)(400 m)d. Requiring these two volumes to be equal,
we can solve for d. Thus, d = 25 m. The volume of a small part of the mud over a patch
of area of 4.0 m2 is (4.0)d = 100 m3. Since each cubic meter corresponds to a mass of
1900 kg (stated in the problem), then the mass of that small part of the mud is
1.9 105 kg .

30. To solve the problem, we note that the first derivative of the function with respect to
time gives the rate. Setting the rate to zero gives the time at which an extreme value of
the variable mass occurs; here that extreme value is a maximum.
(a) Differentiating m(t ) = 5.00t 0.8 3.00t + 20.00 with respect to t gives
dm
= 4.00t 0.2 3.00.
dt

The water mass is the greatest when dm / dt = 0, or at t = (4.00 / 3.00)1/ 0.2 = 4.21 s.
(b) At t = 4.21 s, the water mass is
m(t = 4.21 s) = 5.00(4.21)0.8 3.00(4.21) + 20.00 = 23.2 g.

(c) The rate of mass change at t = 2.00 s is

dm
dt

t = 2.00 s

g 1 kg
60 s
= 4.00(2.00) 0.2 3.00 g/s = 0.48 g/s = 0.48

s 1000 g 1 min
= 2.89 102 kg/min.

(d) Similarly, the rate of mass change at t = 5.00 s is

dm
dt

t = 2.00 s

g 1 kg
60 s
= 4.00(5.00) 0 3.00 g/s = 0.101 g/s = 0.101

s 1000 g 1 min
= 6.05 103 kg/min.

3
   
    


m 0.0200 g
=
= 4.00 104 g/mm3 = 4.00 104 kg/cm3 .
3
V 50.0 mm

If we neglect the volume of the empty spaces between the candies, then the total mass of
the candies in the container when filled to height h is M " A, where
A = (14.0 cm)(17.0 cm) = 238 cm 2 is the base area of the container that remains
unchanged. Thus, the rate of mass change is given by
dM d (  Ah)
dh
=
= A
= (4.00 104 kg/cm 3 )(238 cm 2 )(0.250 cm/s)
dt
dt
dt
= 0.0238 kg/s = 1.43 kg/min.

 Table 7 can be completed as follows:

(a) It should be clear that the first column (under wey) is the reciprocal of the first
9
3
row so that 10 = 0.900, 40 = 7.50 102, and so forth. Thus, 1 pottle = 1.56 103 wey
and 1 gill = 8.32 106 wey are the last two entries in the first column.
(b) In the second column (under chaldron), clearly we have 1 chaldron = 1 caldron (that
is, the entries along the diagonal in the table must be 1s). To find out how many
1
chaldron are equal to one bag, we note that 1 wey = 10/9 chaldron = 40/3 bag so that 12
chaldron = 1 bag. Thus, the next entry in that second column is

1
12

= 8.33 102.

Similarly, 1 pottle = 1.74 103 chaldron and 1 gill = 9.24 106 chaldron.
(c) In the third column (under bag), we have 1 chaldron = 12.0 bag, 1 bag = 1 bag, 1
pottle = 2.08 102 bag, and 1 gill = 1.11 104 bag.
(d) In the fourth column (under pottle), we find 1 chaldron = 576 pottle, 1 bag = 48
pottle, 1 pottle = 1 pottle, and 1 gill = 5.32 103 pottle.
(e) In the last column (under gill), we obtain 1 chaldron = 1.08 105 gill, 1 bag = 9.02
103 gill, 1 pottle = 188 gill, and, of course, 1 gill = 1 gill.
(f) Using the information from part (c), 1.5 chaldron = (1.5)(12.0) = 18.0 bag. And since
each bag is 0.1091 m3 we conclude 1.5 chaldron = (18.0)(0.1091) = 1.96 m3.

   ! #!$%!$ & &' $!() & & formal conversion is not especially
called for, but in the interest of practice makes perfect we go ahead and proceed formally:
2 peck
(a) 11 tuffets = (11 tuffets )
= 22 pecks .
1 tuffet
0.50 Imperial bushel
(b) 11 tuffets = (11 tuffets )
= 5.5 Imperial bushels .
1 tuffet

36.3687 L
(c) 11 tuffets = ( 5.5 Imperial bushel )
200 L .
1 Imperial bushel

*+, -./ 12456 789 :.;7 78.7 789 .<9. A of a rectangle is (width) (length), we find
Atotal = ( 3.00 acre ) + ( 25.0 perch )( 4.00 perch )
( 40 perch )( 4 perch )
2
= ( 3.00 acre )
+ 100 perch
1acre

2
= 580 perch .

We multiply this by the perch2 rood conversion factor (1 rood/40 perch2) to obtain the
answer: Atotal = 14.5 roods.
(b) We convert our intermediate result in part (a):
2

Atotal = 580 perch

16.5ft
5
2

= 1.58 10 ft .
1perch

Now, we use the feet meters conversion given in Appendix D to obtain

2

Atotal = 1.58 10 ft

1m
4
2

= 1.47 10 m .
3.281ft

=>? (a) Dividing 750 miles by the expected 40 miles per gallon leads the tourist to
believe that the car should need 18.8 gallons (in the U.S.) for the trip.

(b) Dividing the two numbers given (to high precision) in the problem (and rounding off)
gives the conversion between U.K. and U.S. gallons. The U.K. gallon is larger than the
U.S gallon by a factor of 1.2. Applying this to the result of part (a), we find the answer
for part (b) is 22.5 gallons.

@BC DEF GHIJKLFN FOPFGJI Q RKSHLF V1 = 20 7056 in3 and receives V2 = 20 5826 in3,
the difference being V = V1 V2 =24600 in 3 , or
3

V = 24600 in
where Appendix D has been used.

2.54 cm 1L

= 403L

3
1 inch 1000 cm

TUV WXY Z[\]^ _``a]b\c de fa gXha i jk l mVTmno pe i ^Xq l rTi \]V3, and 1 in.3 = 1.639
102 L. From the latter two items, we find that 1 gal = 3.79 L. Thus, the quantity 460
ft2/gal becomes
2

460 ft 2 1 m 1 gal
2
460 ft /gal =

= 11.3 m L.
gal 3.28 ft 3.79 L
2

(b) Also, since 1 m3 is equivalent to 1000 L, our result from part (a) becomes
11.3 m 2 1000 L
11.3 m 2 /L =
= 1.13 104 m 1.

3
L
1
m

(c) The inverse of the original quantity is (460 ft2/gal)1 = 2.17 103 gal/ft2.
(d) The answer in (c) represents the volume of the paint (in gallons) needed to cover a
square foot of area. From this, we could also figure the paint thickness [it turns out to be
about a tenth of a millimeter, as one sees by taking the reciprocal of the answer in part
(b)].

stu The total volume V of the real house is that of a triangular prism (of height h = 3.0 m
and base area A = 20 12 = 240 m2) in addition to a rectangular box (height h = 6.0 m
and same base). Therefore,
1
h

V = hA + hA = + h A = 1800 m3 .
2
2

(a) Each dimension is reduced by a factor of 1/12, and we find

Vdoll = 1800 m3

h G IJK
v 1
w 12

10
. m3 .

(b) In this case, each dimension (relative to the real house) is reduced by a factor of 1/144.
Therefore,
3
3 v 1
Vminiature = 1800 m
6.0 104 m3 .
w 144

h G IJK

xyz {|}~ ~|}~ z }~z }~ z

0.3048 m (which also can be found in Appendix D). The volume of a cord of wood is 8
4 4 = 128 ft3, which we convert (multiplying by 0.30483) to 3.6 m3. Therefore, one
cubic meter of wood corresponds to 1/3.6 0.3 cord.


19, we find
1.6605402 1027 kg
26
18u = (18u )
= 3.0 10 kg.
1u

(b) We divide the total mass by the mass of each molecule and obtain the (approximate)
number of water molecules:
1.4 1021
N
5 1046.
26
3.0 10


(8 7)(73) = 73 barrels bulk, represents the extra M&Ms that are shipped. Using the
conversions in the problem, this is equivalent to (73)(0.1415)(28.378) = 293 U.S. bushels.

(b) The difference between the total amounts in register and displacement tons,
(20 7)(73) = 949 barrels bulk, represents the extra M&Ms are shipped. Using the
conversions in the problem, this is equivalent to (949)(0.1415)(28.378) = 3.81 103 U.S.
bushels.

 3 = 48 L =
(48)(16)/11.356 = 67.63 standard bottles, which is a little more than 3 nebuchadnezzars
(the largest bottle indicated). The remainder, 7.63 standard bottles, is just a little less
than 1 methuselah. Thus, the answer to part (a) is 3 nebuchadnezzars and 1 methuselah.

(b) Since 1 methuselah.= 8 standard bottles, then the extra amount is 8 7.63 = 0.37
standard bottle.
(c) Using the conversion factor 16 standard bottles = 11.356 L, we have
11.356 L

0.37 standard bottle = (0.37 standard bottle)

= 0.26 L.
16 standard bottles

 The volume of one unit is 1 cm3 = 1 106 m3, so the volume of a mole of them is
6.02 1023 cm3 = 6.02 1017 m3. The cube root of this number gives the edge length:
8.4 105 m3 . This is equivalent to roughly 8 102 kilometers.

 Equation 1-9 gives (to very high precision!) the conversion from atomic mass units to
kilograms. Since this problem deals with the ratio of total mass (1.0 kg) divided by the
mass of one atom (1.0 u, but converted to kilograms), then the computation reduces to
simply taking the reciprocal of the number given in Eq. 1-9 and rounding off
appropriately. Thus, the answer is 6.0 1026.

 4
1000 m = 1 km
1 AU = 1.50 108 km
60 s = 1 min .
8

Thus, 3.0 10 m/s becomes

3.0 108 m 1 km
60 s
AU

= 0.12 AU min .
8

1000 m 1.50 10 km min


  
      
V = ( 26 km

) ( 2.0 in.) = ( 26 km )
= ( 26 10 m ) ( 0.0508 m )
2

1000 m

1 km

0.0254 m

1 in.

( 2.0 in.)

= 1.3 106 m3 .
We write the mass-per-unit-volume (density) of the water as:

m
= 1 103 kg m3 .
V

The mass of the water that fell is therefore given by m = V:

m = 1 103 kg m3

) (1.3 10

m3 = 1.3 109 kg.

     !  "#  $% "&'!!"  $% 106 mg/week.
Figuring 7 days a week, 24 hours per day, 3600 second per hour, we find 604800 seconds
are equivalent to one week. Thus, (2.3 106 mg/week)/(604800 s/week) = 3.8 mg/s.

()* +,- ./00 12 3,- 567 60 8*9:) 0;<70= 1> ?8*9:)@?9(*AB@ C (A*8(D E7* F-2->>6G7 G1H 31
the corn, a U.S. bushel is 35.238 liters. Thus, a value of 1 for the corn-hog ratio would
be equivalent to 35.238/45.346 = 0.7766 in the indicated metric units. Therefore, a value
of 5.7 for the ratio corresponds to 5.7(0.777) 4.4 in the indicated metric units.

IJK LMN OPQPRSTN RSRRSUV WPXS VRYZY[SVV \ ]^^^ _`ab P[c dWYV PeNf[d efQdYRQYSc gh I^^
(the number of people) is 3.2 106 SHU, which is roughly ten times the SHU value for a
single habanero pepper. More precisely, 10.7 habanero peppers will provide that total
required SHU value.

ijk lmn opqrsn tnsponu vw pwn xnyt vz

V = (75 104 m2 ) (26 m) 2 107 m3

which we convert to cubic kilometers: V = 2 10 m

{ 1 km
| 1000 m

hG

IJ
K

= 0.020 km3 .

}~ ~} 107. This is listed in Appendix D and

results from the product
(365.25 day/y) (24 h/day) (60 min/h) (60 s/min).
(a) The number of shakes in a second is 108; therefore, there are indeed more shakes per
second than there are seconds per year.
(b) Denoting the age of the universe as 1 u-day (or 86400 u-sec), then the time during
which humans have existed is given by
106
= 104 u - day,
1010

which may also be expressed as 104 u - day

u - sec I
h G 86400
J = 8.6 u - sec.
1 u - day K

 ng a hide to be 110 acres, we set up the

ratio 25 wp/11 barn along with appropriate conversion factors:
acre
4047 m
( 25 wp ) ( 1001 wphide ) ( 110
1 hide ) ( 1 acre

(11 barn ) (

28

1 10 m
1 barn

) 1 10 .
36

53. (a) Squaring the relation 1 ken = 1.97 m, and setting up the ratio, we obtain
1 ken 2 1.972 m 2
=
= 3.88.
1 m2
1 m2

(b) Similarly, we find

. 3 m3
ken 3 197
=
= 7.65.
1 m3
1 m3
(c) The volume of a cylinder is the circular area of its base multiplied by its height. Thus,
2

r 2 h = ( 3.00 ) ( 5.50 ) = 156 ken 3 .

(d) If we multiply this by the result of part (b), we determine the volume in cubic meters:
(155.5)(7.65) = 1.19 103 m3.


gin I 16 tahil I 10 chee I 10 hoon I 0.3779 g I
b28.9 piculsg G 100
JG
JG
JG
JG
J
1picul K 1gin K 1tahil K 1 chee K 1hoon K

which yields 1.747 106 g or roughly 1.75 103 kg.

 In the simplest approach, we set up a ratio for the total increase in horizontal depth x
(where x = 0.05 m is the increase in horizontal depth per step)

4.57
x = N steps x =
( 0.05 m ) = 1.2 m.
0.19
However, we can approach this more carefully by noting that if there are N = 4.57/.19
24 rises then under normal circumstances we would expect N 1 = 23 runs (horizontal
pieces) in that staircase. This would yield (23)(0.05 m) = 1.15 m, which - to two
significant figures - agrees with our first result.

 1 u = 1.66 1024 g (see Appendix D), the mass of one

mole of atoms is about m = (1.66 1024 g)(6.02 1023 ) = 1 g. On the other hand, the mass
of one mole of atoms in the common Eastern mole is
m =

75 g
= 10 g
7.5

Therefore, in atomic mass units, the average mass of one atom in the common Eastern
mole is
10 g
m
=
= 1.66 1023 g = 10 u.
23
N A 6.02 10

57. (a) When is measured in radians, it is equal to the arc length s divided by the radius
R. For a very large radius circle and small value of , such as we deal with in Fig. 19,

convert = 1 arcsecond to radians:
1 arcminute
2 radian
1

60 arcsecond 60 arcminute 360

(1 arcsecond )

which yields = 4.85 106 rad. Therefore, one parsec is

Ro =

1 AU
= 2.06 10 5 AU.
6
4.85 10

Now we use this to convert R = 1 AU to parsecs:

R = 1 AU

g G 2.06 1 pc10

IJ = 4.9 10
AU K

pc.

(b) Also, since it is straightforward to figure the number of seconds in a year (about 3.16
107 s), and (for constant speeds) distance = speed time, we have

fc

1 ly = 186, 000 mi s 316

. 10 7 s 5.9 1012 mi
which we convert to AU by dividing by 92.6 106 (given in the problem statement),
obtaining 6.3 104 AU. Inverting, the result is 1 AU = 1/6.3 104 = 1.6 105 ly.

 555 3 = 24 liters, which (using the

conversion given in the problem) is equivalent to 50.7 pints (U.S). The expected number
is therefore in the range from 1317 to 1927 Atlantic oysters. Instead, the number
received is in the range from 406 to 609 Pacific oysters. This represents a shortage in the
range of roughly 700 to 1500 oysters (the answer to the problem). Note that the
minimum value in our answer corresponds to the minimum Atlantic minus the maximum
Pacific, and the maximum value corresponds to the maximum Atlantic minus the
minimum Pacific.

59. (a) For the minimum (43 cm) case, 9 cubit converts as follows:
0.43m
9cubit = ( 9cubit )
= 3.9m.
1cubit

And for the maximum (43 cm) case we obtain

0.53m
9cubit = ( 9cubit )
= 4.8m.
1cubit

(

   430 mm and 0.53 m 530 mm, we find 3.9 103 mm and
4.8 103 mm, respectively.

(c) We can convert length and diameter first and then compute the volume, or first
compute the volume and then convert. We proceed using the latter approach (where d is
diameter and A is length).

Vcylinder, min

0.43m
3
= Ad = 28 cubit = ( 28 cubit )
= 2.2 m .
4
1 cubit

Similarly, with 0.43 m replaced by 0.53 m, we obtain Vcylinder, max = 4.2 m3.

6      !"  #$$ %"&

1 br')*+),-./0 1 2 3 2 2 1 47 -'),0889,
1 teacup = 8 2 2 = 32 teaspoons
6 tablespoons = 6 2 2 = 24 teaspoons
1 dessertspoon = 2 teaspoons
which totals to 122 British teaspoons, or 122 U.S. teaspoons since liquid measure is being
used. Now with one U.S cup equal to 48 teaspoons, upon dividing 122/48 2.54, we find
this amount corresponds to 2.5 U.S. cups plus a remainder of precisely 2 teaspoons. In
other words,
122 U.S. teaspoons = 2.5 U.S. cups + 2 U.S. teaspoons.
(b) For the nettle tops, one-half quart is still one-half quart.
(c) For the rice, one British tablespoon is 4 British teaspoons which (since dry-goods
measure is being used) corresponds to 2 U.S. teaspoons.
(d) A British saltspoon is 21 British teaspoon which corresponds (since dry-goods
measure is again being used) to 1 U.S. teaspoon.