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Radiation Detectors, SPA309 Week 2

1) The document discusses relativistic kinematics and invariant mass, covering topics like 4-vectors, Lorentz transformations, and the invariant quantity of total 4-momentum squared. 2) It also covers various natural sources of radiation including cosmic rays, solar radiation like photons and neutrinos, and natural radioactivity from elements like uranium. 3) Measurement techniques for detecting these different radiation sources are discussed, like the Pierre Auger Observatory for cosmic rays and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory for solar neutrinos.

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mstefane
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59 views

Radiation Detectors, SPA309 Week 2

1) The document discusses relativistic kinematics and invariant mass, covering topics like 4-vectors, Lorentz transformations, and the invariant quantity of total 4-momentum squared. 2) It also covers various natural sources of radiation including cosmic rays, solar radiation like photons and neutrinos, and natural radioactivity from elements like uranium. 3) Measurement techniques for detecting these different radiation sources are discussed, like the Pierre Auger Observatory for cosmic rays and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory for solar neutrinos.

Uploaded by

mstefane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Radiation Detectors, SPA309

Week 2
!

Relativistic kinematics, invariant mass


Solar radiation
Natural radioactivity
Dosimetric units, radiation dose
Examples: ATLAS, H.

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

Relativistic kinematics
4-vectors: energy & 3-momentum 4-momentum!
q = (E,p) where p is a 3-momentum vector shown in bold font!
strictly q = (E, pc) since units of momentum are GeV/c
check units of energy: GeV

=q

1
1

= v/c

v2
c2

the usual Lorentz factor

fractional velocity in units of c

p = mv

t=
time dilation!
lifetime in rest frame

=m c
= m0 c

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

m = m0
relativistic mass increase!
m0 is the rest mass

Invariant quantity: q 2 = E 2
=
E=

m20 c4

|p|2 c2

This is the mass of a particle with 4-mom q!


It is invariant to Lorentz boosts i.e. same in all frames

m20 c4 + |p|2 c2

Consider a system of n particles each with 4-momenta pi"


Total 4-momentum of the whole system = P
P = i pi = (i Ei , i pi )
M=

(i Ei )2

(i pi )2

often people use s instead of M"


or s instead of M2

Centre-of-mass frame defined by


i pi = 0
M = i Ei

M = s = the centre of mass energy for a system of relativistic particles


At LHC two protons collide each with energy E = |p| = 4 TeV what is the centre of mass energy?!
Highly relativistic since pc m0c2 so neglect m0 terms: s = (E1+E2)2 (p1 + [-p2])2 = 8 TeV"
since 3-momenta are equal but opposite direction
Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

Natural Sources of Radiation: cosmic

- High energy photons, p, , , nuclei...


- Secondary interactions from atmosphere

primary cosmic radiation

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

Source: PDG, http://pdg.lbl.gov/2012/reviews/rpp2012-rev-cosmic-rays.pdf


Figure by: P. Boyle and D. Muller

High energy

Diagram: http://icc.ub.edu/gp_oacosmic.php

Source: http://neutronm.bartol.udel.edu/catch/cr2b.gif

Natural Sources of Radiation: cosmic

p + 16O n + !
n + 14N p + 14C
Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

Pierre Auger Observatory for UHECR


Conceived to measure the flux, arrival, direction distribution and mass composition of cosmic
rays from 1018 eV to the very highest energies with high statistical significance over the whole
sky
1600 surface detectors ("water
Cherenkov counters") on a grid with
1.5 km spacing.
On hills at the edges of the array, at
four different sites, nitrogen
fluorescence telescopes are built and
operated on dark clear nights, tracing
fluorescence from developing showers

Source:auger.org

Near the center of the array are two


central laser facilities, used to fire laser
shots into the sky at night to calibrate
the response of the nitrogen
fluorescence detectors.

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

Pierre Auger Observatory, southern Argentina (completed 2008)


6

Source: PDG, http://pdg.lbl.gov/2013/reviews/rpp2012-rev-cosmic-rays.pdf


Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

Natural Sources of Radiation: solar

Solar radiation:
-EM (visible light...)
-neutrinos from the core
-massive particles (e, p,..) from the surface

Image: from http://science.nasa.gov , courtesy of Dr. Judith Lean at the US Naval


Research Laboratory
Source: Robert A. Rohde Global Warming Art project

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

Natural Sources of Radiation: solar

Solar radiation:

Diagram: http://lappweb.in2p3.fr/neutrinos/neutimg/
nexp/homestake.gif

-visible light
-neutrinos from the core
-massive particles (e, p,..) from the surface
Homestake Experiment

Foto: R. Davis, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Homestake golden mine, in


South Dakota, USA. (1969-93).
Used 615 tons of
tetrachloroethylene.
37

Source: THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 496:505526, 1998


March 20

37

Cl + e Ar + e

Mean of 2.5+-0.2 SNU while


theory predicts ~8 SNU
(1 SNU = 1 neutrino
interaction per second for
1036 target atoms).

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002

Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba,


Riccardo Giacconi

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

Natural Sources of Radiation: solar

Solar radiation:
-visible light
-neutrinos from the core
-massive particles (e, p,..) from the surface
Sudbury (Ontario) Neutrino Observatory

Schematics: from sno.phy.queensu.ca

Schematics: from sno.phy.queensu.ca

LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY: SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

SNO was a heavy-water Cherenkov detector designed to detect neutrinos produced by fusion reactions in the sun.
Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

10

Natural Sources of Radiation: solar wind

Ulysses Spacecraft

SOURCE: http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/

NASA / ESA joint mission!


launched 1990 !
18 year mission

SOURCE: http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

11

SWOOPS analyser onboard Ulysses

flux
mv 2
= qV
r
r
qV r
v=
m

F =

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

SOURCE: http://swoops.lanl.gov

12

Natural Sources of Radiation: solar wind

Solar Wind Observations Over


the Poles of the Sun (SWOOPS)
solar wind (ions and e) speed as a function of latitude using SWOOPS

SOURCE: http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/

SOURCE: http://swoops.lanl.gov

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

13

Natural Sources of Radiation: radioactivity , ,

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

14

Source: W.R.Leo Techniques for nuclear and particle physics


experiments

Source: W.R.Leo Techniques for nuclear and particle physics


experiments

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

15

All decays are spontaneous and random!


Follow exponential decay law with different lifetimes
Activity

A=

dN
=
dt

N0 e

number of decays per second in a sample

Activity units!
related only to the radioactive sample!
SI unit: ! Becquerel ! = 1 decay/s!
old unit: !Curie ! !
= 3.7 x 1010 Bq
Exposure!
Roentgen : specific to X-rays and medium of air. Used to calibrate instruments!
radiation required to produce ionisation charge of 2.58 x10-4 C/Kg in air

Absorbed dose!
Quantifies energy deposited in material!
SI unit: ! Gray! = 1 J/Kg!
old unit: !rad! !
= 0.01 Gy

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

Biologically effective dose:!


Quantifies effect of different radiation types!
Also accounts for different biological tissue types !
SI unit: ! Sievert! = absorbed dose (Gy) . WT . WR!
old unit: !rem!!
= 0.01 Sv

16

WR

Weighting factors

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

WT

17

Typical radiation doses from the environment

Source: W.R.Leo Techniques for nuclear and particle physics


experiments

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

18

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

19

Biological Effects of radiation

High dose received in a short time

Source: W.R.Leo Techniques for nuclear and particle physics


experiments
Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

these doses are a few thousands times!


the yearly background dose (3mSv), but
received in a short time.
20

Recommended Dose Limits

Source: W.R.Leo Techniques for nuclear and particle physics


Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309experiments
- Eram Rizvi

21

1 rem=10mSv

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

22

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

23

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

24

Reading List (week 2)

- W.R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics


experiments: Chapter 1, Chapter 3.
!

- NPA notes: particle physics

Radiation Detectors - SPA 6309 - Eram Rizvi

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