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Card N.6: Infectious Disease

Public health aims to promote health and prevent disease through organized community efforts. Historically, communities recognized the role of sanitation and hygiene in preventing spread of disease. Modern public health addresses both infectious diseases and chronic illnesses, as well as their social determinants. Key aspects emphasized include sanitation, education, disease control, healthcare services, economic and social factors, and health promotion. Understanding data distributions is important for public health research and decision making. Common distributions include the normal distribution, which is symmetric and bell-shaped, and skewed distributions where one tail is longer. Frequency distributions organize data by value and allow calculation of statistical measures.

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Masilamany Prabakaran
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54 views

Card N.6: Infectious Disease

Public health aims to promote health and prevent disease through organized community efforts. Historically, communities recognized the role of sanitation and hygiene in preventing spread of disease. Modern public health addresses both infectious diseases and chronic illnesses, as well as their social determinants. Key aspects emphasized include sanitation, education, disease control, healthcare services, economic and social factors, and health promotion. Understanding data distributions is important for public health research and decision making. Common distributions include the normal distribution, which is symmetric and bell-shaped, and skewed distributions where one tail is longer. Frequency distributions organize data by value and allow calculation of statistical measures.

Uploaded by

Masilamany Prabakaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CARD N.

6
Q1: Public health as multidisciplinary science. History of public health.
Contemporary goals of public health science and practice.
1. Understanding of the role of the discipline in medical training.
History of Public Health.
-public health is the science and art of prolonging life and promoting
health through the organized efforts of society.
-public health help preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting
health and efficiency through organized community effort.
-The focus of a public health intervention is to prevent rather than treat a
disease through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy
behaviors. In addition to these activities, in many cases treating a disease
can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during an outbreak of an
infectious disease.
history of public health:
-From the early beginnings of human civilization, it was recognized that
polluted water and lack of proper waste disposal may spread vector-borne
diseases.
-Early religions attempted to regulate behavior that specifically related to
health, from types of food eaten, to the extent which certain behaviors
could be indulged, such as drinking alcohol or sexual relations.
-The establishment of governments placed responsibility on leaders to
develop public health policies and programs to gain some understanding
of the causes of disease to ensure stability, prosperity, and maintain order.
-As the rate of infectious diseases in the developed world decreased
through the 20th century, public health began to put more focus on
chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Meanwhile, the
developing world remained plagued by largely preventable infectious
diseases, exacerbated by malnutrition and poverty.
-Modern public health is often concerned with addressing determinants
of health across a population, rather than advocating for individual
behavior change.
2. Aspects of public health emphasized in Social Hygiene.

The sanitation of environment


Education of personal hygiene
Control of communicable infections.

3. Aspects of public health emphasized in Community Medicine.


Organization of medical and nursing services for the early
diagnosis and preventive treatment of diseases.
Development of social machinery to ensure e one a standard of
living adequate for the maintenance of health.
Promoting health education.
Screening.

4. New public health and its components. Purpose and goals of


public health.
@@

5. Epidemiologic and demographic transition and their impact on


modern public health practice.
this process leading to stabilization of population growth esp in
more developed countries.
There are 4 stages:
stage 1- early stage, where both birth and death rates are high.
Modern medicine not really good and standard of personal hygiene
were comparatively low. No demographic transition has occurred.

stage 2- death rate down due to hygiene and more modern


medical techniques, so upwards of population. Birth rate is still
high as economy was based on agriculture. Mexico currently
between this. Starting of demographic transition.
stage 3- urbanization grew so parents more actively discourage
to have large families. In response to economic pressures, birth
rates started to drop, coming close to death rate. Increase
population in Europe led to tremendous societal pressure that cause
migration, eg to USA.
stage 4- demographic transition in Europe was characterized by
a higher but stable population size. Birth and death rates both are
low and standard of living become high. Developed countries
remain in this group. Eg is Sweden.

Q2: Frequency (probability) distribution, types of distribution


depending on medical data. Normal distribution and its characteristics.
1. Frequency distributiondistribution of the data.

definition,

reason

for

studying

In statistics, a frequency distribution is a list of the values that a


variable takes in a sample. It is usually a list, ordered by quantity, showing
the number of times each value appears. For example, if 100 people rate a
five-point Likert scale assessing their agreement with a statement on a scale
on which 1 denotes strong agreement and 5 strong disagreement, the
frequency distribution of their responses might look like:
Rank Degree of agreement Number
1

Strongly agree

25

Agree somewhat

35

Not sure

20

Disagree somewhat

15

Strongly disagree

reason of distribution :
-Operating and managing on frequency tabulated data is much simpler
than operation on raw data.
-There are simple algorithms to calculate median, mean, standard
deviation
-Statistical hypothesis testing is founded on the assessment of differences
and similarities between frequency distributions. This assessment
involves measures of central tendency or averages, such as the mean and
median, and measures of variability or statistical dispersion, such as the
standard deviation or variance.
2. Kinds of distribution, determinations of distribution
-there are normal distribution such as t, F or Chi-Square.
-or nonparametrics distribution
@@
3. Normal distribution and its characteristics, give examples of
normally distributed data. The ways to receive the normal
distribution.
Normal distribution is probably one of the most important and widely
used continuous distribution. It is known as a normal random variable,
and its probability distribution is called a normal distribution. The
following are the characteristics of the normal distribution:
Characteristics of the Normal Distribution:
1. It is bell shaped and is symmetrical about its mean.
2. It is asymptotic to the axis, i.e., it extends indefinitely in either
direction from the mean.
3. It is a continuous distribution.
4. It is a family of curves, i.e., every unique pair of mean and standard
deviation defines a different normal distribution. Thus, the normal
distribution is completely described by two parameters: mean and

standard deviation. See the following figure.


5. Total area under the curve sums to 1, i.e., the area of the distribution on
each side of the mean is 0.5.
6. It is unimodal, i.e., values mound up only in the center of the curve.
7. The probability that a random variable will have a value between any
two points is equal to the area under the curve between those points.
@@example
@@way to receive

4. Skewed distribution and its characteristisc. Give examples of


skewed data.
-A distribution is skewed if one of its tails is longer than the other.
-The first distribution shown has a positive skew. This means that it
has a long tail in the positive direction.
-The distribution below it has a negative skew since it has a long tail
in the negative direction.
-Finally, the third distribution is symmetric and has no skew.
One example is the distribution of income. Most people make under $40,000
a year, but some make quite a bit more with a small number making many
millions of dollars per year. The positive tail therefore extends out quite a
long way whereas the negative tail stops at zero.
For a more psychological example, a distribution with a positive skew
typically results if the time it takes to make a response is measured. The
longest response times are usually much longer than typical response times
whereas the shortest response times are seldom much less than the typical
response time.
Negatively skewed distributions do occur, however. Consider this plot of
actual test grades on a statistics test where most students did very well but a
few did poorly. It has a large negative skew.
@@ graphs will be scanned later..
5. Graphic methods used to study frequency distribution

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