Preparing for Employers

Numerical Tests
November 2014

Resources : Elementary mathematics/statistics

There are many books available that cover the level of mathematics required of these
tests. Two in particular are:
Refresher in Basic Mathematics, by Nick Rowe and published by
CENGAGE Learning EMEA.
Improve Your Numeracy, developed by the University of Birmingham Careers
Centre. Available through the Math Centre website at:
http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/Refresher%20Booklets/numeracy%20refr
esher/mathcentreNumeracy1.pdf
These cover similar ground, but there is a slight difference in emphasis between each of
them.
For Statistics, a well-renowned, and non-technical, book is:
How To Lie With Statistics, by Darrell Huff and published by Penguin Business.

Resources : Testing
There are numerous books available on testing, and how to prepare for them. When
finding one for you, consider the level of your own skills and your target employers.
Additionally, consider the type of tests you will be sitting.
The following titles are ones used by previous LSE students:

How To Pass Numeracy Tests, by Harry Tolley and Ken Thomas. Published by
Kogan Page.

How To Pass Advanced Numeracy Tests, by Mike Bryon. Published by Kogan Page.

These cover similar ground, but there is a slight difference in emphasis between each of
them.

Resources : Websites
Many firms provide examples of tests, and you will find that different sites are more
appropriate for certain industries/sectors than others. Examples include:

Cubiks
Cut-E
Kenexa
SHL
Saville
Talent Q

If you use these sites, make sure they are relevant to your requirements.
The website AssessmentDay.co.uk contains a nice summary of which industries tend to
use tests from these, and other, companies.

Resources : Websites
In addition to these, there are many sites that offer practice tests.
The following list includes some examples which have helped me prepare for this talk.
There are many others.
PracticeAptitudeTests.com
University of Kent Careers and Employability test
AssessmentDay.co.uk
GraduateWings.co.uk

For harder tests (which are more aligned to the sort of tests that many consultancy
firms and investment banks use), you can find several sample tests and solving tips at
McKinsey.com:
Interview prep advice at McKinsey.com
For another case study, search for Kosher Franks

Resources : LSE resources

You will find a wealth of information on the LSE Careers Service website at:
http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/CareersAndVacancies/careersService/Home.aspx
In particular, they offer some material relating to Psychometric Tests:
http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/CareersAndVacancies/careersService/IntsAssessPsych/Ps
ychometrics/Home.aspx
This includes a list of resources to employers sites, testing firms and sample tests:
http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/CareersAndVacancies/careersService/IntsAssessPsych/Ps
ychometrics/Resources.aspx
In addition to these, there are various useful resources to be found on the Teaching and
Learning Centres Learning World site on Moodle:
https://moodle.lse.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=698

What topics will I need to know

The level of mathematics required for many of these tests is usually not greater than
GCSE, but this will of course vary depending on the industry and job you are applying
for, so check before and prepare accordingly!
Having said that, you should certainly expect the following topics to arise:
Addition / Subtraction
Multiplication / Division
Percentages / Ratios

Many tests may also expect you to be able to read and interpret graphs such as:
Line plots
Histograms
Scatter plots.

Solving problems
The mathematician George Polya published the book How To Solve It in 1945, in which
he outlined a general approach to solving mathematical problems.
This method is still being promoted today as a good way for practising mathematicians
(from student to researcher) to approach problems.
1) Understand the problem. Read the question at least once, preferably twice.
2) Devise a plan. Typically, make a decision: True or false? Larger or smaller? Etc...
3) Carry out the plan. Here you may choose to estimate to simplify and speed things up.
4) Review. Is your answer correct? Sensible? Expected?
See the Teaching and Learning Centres Study Toolkit for more on this.

Mathematical tips
Mathematicians frequently use three very general approaches to problem-solving:

Given a problem to solve, try to connect it to another problem which you already
understand.

Look for quick or brief methods of tackling a problem, rather than slow or lengthy
ones.

Look for ways of extending a technique to a new situation.

In subsequent slides, we shall consider more specific ways that are relevant to
employers tests.

Easy numbers Calculations without a calculator

Some calculations, such as multiplications, can be done without the use of a calculator.
For example, consider multiplication by 10

10 x a whole number

10 x a decimal fraction

Add one 0 on the right

Move the decimal point

one place to the right.

10 x 1234 = 12340

10 x 12.34 = 123.4

Easy numbers Calculations without a calculator

Some calculations, such as multiplications, can be done without the use of a calculator.
Now consider multiplication by 100

100 x a whole number

100 x a decimal fraction

Easy numbers Calculations without a calculator

Some calculations, such as multiplications, can be done without the use of a calculator.
Now consider multiplication by 100

100 x a whole number

Add two 0s on the right

100 x 1234 = 123400

100 x a decimal fraction

Easy numbers Calculations without a calculator

Some calculations, such as multiplications, can be done without the use of a calculator.
Now consider multiplication by 100

100 x a whole number

100 x a decimal fraction

Add two 0s on the right

Move the decimal point

two places to the right.

100 x 1234 = 123400

100 x 12.34 = 1234.0

In fact, this can be seen as an extension of our method for multiplying by 10.

Easy numbers Calculations without a calculator

We can extend this further to cases that my be less immediately obvious.
For example, how could you easily multiply by 50?

Easy numbers Calculations without a calculator

We can extend this further to cases that my be less immediately obvious.
For example, how could you easily multiply by 50?
Rather than using long multiplication, consider:
1) Multiplying by 100, i.e.

100 x 1234

123400

61700

2) Then dividing by 2, i.e.

123400 / 2

Easy numbers Calculations without a calculator

We can extend this further to cases that my be less immediately obvious.
For example, how could you easily multiply by 50?
How could you easily multiply by 25?
How could you easily multiply by 75?

Percentages
Suppose that the rate of sales tax is 20%, and that the total, i.e. gross, price paid for a
particular product is 96.

What is the net price of the product, i.e. the price excluding sales tax?

76.8

80

96

115.20

120

Looking for Patterns

Consider the following sequences of numbers and try to identify the underlying
patterns.
What are the next entries in each of the sequences?

1,

1,

4,

9,

16, ??

1,

3,

6,

10, ??

4,

10,

20, 35,

??

Looking for Patterns

Be careful!
The obvious answer is not always the right answer.
If there is information in a question that you have not used, CHECK before deciding
if you have answered the question completely.
There are infinitely many formulae for both the sequences, though in each case one
is obviously simpler than all the others.

Example: Population Structure 1985

Population
at start of
year
(million)

Live births
per 1000
population
(Jan-Dec)

Deaths per
1000
population
(Jan-Dec)

UK

56.6

13.3

France

55.2

Italy

Percentage of population at
start of year aged:
Under 15

60 or over

11.8

19

21

13.9

10.0

21

19

57.1

10.1

9.5

19

19

Germany

61.0

9.6

11.5

15

20

Spain

38.6

12.1

7.7

23

17

1. Which country had the highest number of people aged 60 or over at the start
of 1985?
A

UK

France

Italy

Germany

Spain

See
solution

Example: Population Structure 1985

Population
at start of
year
(million)

Live births
per 1000
population
(Jan-Dec)

Deaths per
1000
population
(Jan-Dec)

UK

56.6

13.3

France

55.2

Italy

Percentage of population at
start of year aged:
Under 15

60 or over

11.8

19

21

13.9

10.0

21

19

57.1

10.1

9.5

19

19

Germany

61.0

9.6

11.5

15

20

Spain

38.6

12.1

7.7

23

17

2. How many live births occurred in 1985 in Spain and Italy together (to the
nearest 1,000)?
A

104,000

840,000

1,044,000

8,400,000

10,440,000

See
solution

Example: Population Structure 1985

Population
at start of
year
(million)

Live births
per 1000
population
(Jan-Dec)

Deaths per
1000
population
(Jan-Dec)

UK

56.6

13.3

France

55.2

Italy

Percentage of population at
start of year aged:
Under 15

60 or over

11.8

19

21

13.9

10.0

21

19

57.1

10.1

9.5

19

19

Germany

61.0

9.6

11.5

15

20

Spain

38.6

12.1

7.7

23

17

3. What was the net effect on the UK population of the live birth and death rates
in 1985?
A

Decrease of
66,700

Increase of
84,900

Increase of
85,270

Increase of
752,780

Cannot say

See
solution

Example: Production of 15mm Buttons, July December

4. What percentage of the total
15mm button production was
classed as sub-standard in
September?

100
90
80

10.5 %

70

13 %

15 %

17.5 %

20 %

23.5 %

Total Button Production (standard & sub-standard)

in thousands
Standard Quality Button Production in thousands

25 %

27.5 %

Sales price (per 100 buttons)

28 %

30.5 %

60
50
Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Standard quality buttons

5.70

Sub-standard quality buttons

2.85

Dec

See
solution

Example: Production of 15mm Buttons, July December

5. By how much did the total sales
value of Novembers button
production vary from Octobers?

100
90
80

AA

28.50

70

BB

142.50

C
C

285.00

D
D

427.50

EE

No change

60
50
Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total Button Production (standard & sub-standard)

in thousands
Standard Quality Button Production in thousands
Sales price (per 100 buttons)

Standard quality buttons

5.70

Sub-standard quality buttons

2.85

See
solution

Example: Production of 15mm Buttons, July December

6. What was the loss in potential
sales revenue attributable to the
production of sub-standard (as
opposed to standard) buttons
over the 6 month period?

100
90
80
70
60
50
Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total Button Production (standard & sub-standard)

in thousands
Standard Quality Button Production in thousands

A
A

213.75

B
B

427.50

C
C

2,137.50

D
D

2,280.00

E
E

4,275.00

Sales price (per 100 buttons)

Standard quality buttons

5.70

Sub-standard quality buttons

2.85

See
solution

General tips

Dont panic! There is a lot of help available to you.

Practice a lot.
Work with friends and peers to gain different insights into tests.
Work by yourself to help focus and identify your strengths / weaknesses.

Seek guidance or help.

From online or printed resources already mentioned.
From teaching support such as your class teachers or the TLC.

Try to do any exercises without using a calculator (other than your brain).
This will help you to understand the underlying logic much better.
Also note that some tests do not allow the use of calculators (or only specific
ones).

Solutions
Percentages
The original price before sales tax is 80.
Looking for patterns
The first pattern is simply the squares of the whole numbers from 1 upwards. The next entry we
therefore expect to be 25.
The second pattern is the sum of the first n whole numbers, for n = 1, 2, etc. The next entry we
therefore expect to be 15.
The third pattern is related to the second one above. Consider the differences between
consecutive entries. The next entry we expect to be 56.
Population structure
1. D

2. C

3. B

Production of 15mm buttons, July December

4. F
5. E

6. C