Balance Sheet Management

Trends & Strategies

Raymond E. Chandonnet
Principal
(212) 466-7816
[email protected]

Summary
Historically low (and falling) interest rates, poor loan demand and growing cash
positions are pressuring margins
New Basel III capital requirements will be higher, forcing even healthy banks to
increase their capitalization levels
With Tangible Equity becoming more important (even to regulators), mark-to-market
risk in the securities portfolio is being scrutinized
Locking up longer-term liquidity is a priority given potential Basel III requirements and
movement towards stress-testing even for community banks
The current market environment presents a significant opportunity to improve capital,
liquidity and/or earnings organically through balance sheet / capital optimization
Regulators are still focused on rising rate risk despite current rate outlook
fortunately it is quite inexpensive to reduce rising rate risk today and can often be
done without reducing current earnings
IF YOU CHOOSE NOT TO DECIDE, YOU STILL HAVE MADE A CHOICE!
- Rush, Freewill, 1980
Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 2

The time is NOW to optimize balance sheets/capital

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Balance sheet optimization is critical today

At a time of increased capital requirements, it is highly advisable that banks maximize

capital by optimizing their balance sheet to create non-dilutive capital

Optimizing the balance sheet to improve capital is a complicated endeavor, due to a

number of constraints under which many banks operate:
Investment securities may be pledged, which limits the banks ability to sell securities without
unwinding secured funding
In this low rate environment, secured funding may be at well above-market rates due to the
low rate environment recognizing the losses from unwinding this funding could undo any
capital benefit from shrinking the balance sheet
Maintaining high levels of cash liquidity can hamper any attempts to shrink the balance sheet
Delevering may have a negative impact on earnings going forward if we have significant
earnings deterioration we could quickly undo the benefits of shrinking the Balance Sheet

The best scenario can be derived by running a capital optimization that will identify
the best series of transactions that accomplish the banks objectives, subject to
pledging, liquidity, earnings impact and other constraints

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Comments on balance sheet optimization

Todays very low rate environment is IDEAL for optimizing balance sheets:
The largest gains on asset sales are on long duration assets
The smallest prepayment penalties on funding are on shorter-duration funding
As a result, the optimal delevering transaction ALSO reduces the banks exposure to rising
rates by taking a longer-asset / shorter liability position off the balance sheet
In many cases, we are able to improve capital without taking losses, without giving up
earnings, and with a balance sheet that is less exposed to higher rates

The ideal candidate for this should have at least two of the following characteristics:

Securities or other assets that can be sold at gains or small losses

Wholesale funding / brokered CDs that can be unwound at low to moderate losses
Brokered and/or retail CDs maturing in the next 6 months
Strong on-balance sheet liquidity

REMEMBER: You can improve capital ratios even if you take losses (numerator / denominator)

If you try to do piecemeal you are virtually guaranteed a sub-optimal result

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How Capital Optimization works

Estimate the unwind and/or securitization price on all liquid assets and liabilities that could be
used in a delevering transaction:

Cash
Investment securities
Loans (particularly loans held-for-sale)
Brokered Deposits
Repurchase agreements
FHLB advances

Enter this data into a model template as assets / liabilities available for unwind

Enter the banks base case financial ratios into the model

Build constraints into the model around ratios, profitability, liquidity and pledging

Through linear programming / optimization technology, seek out the solution that maximizes the
benefit to capital given the constraints we have established by determining the optimal mix of
assets sold and liabilities unwound / prepaid.

This is accomplished by considering EVERY line item for possible sale / securitization (asset) or
unwind (funding), with cash imbalances either reinvested or reborrowed as necessary, subject to
all the constraints under which we are operating.

The model then shows how the resulting transaction impacts all ratios and future earnings

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An optimization example: The situation

A $2.5 billion bank is looking to improve capital and earnings while maintaining adequate levels
of liquidity (cash + unpledged securities), and does not wish to take rising rate exposure

Current capital ratios are roughly 8.25% (Leverage) and 13% (Risk-Based)

The bank has high levels of brokered deposits and FHLB advances and an investment portfolio
that represents a material % of assets

The bank has a very large cash position due to deposit inflows and low loan growth

There are gains in the investment portfolio given the low rate environment however all of their
securities are pledged against funding

We ran four different simulations subject to different constraints, which produced extraordinary
results which greatly exceeded the banks initial expectations.

The bank is now executing a delevering transaction which will accomplish the following:

$275+ million delevering transaction

1.00%+ improvement in capital ratios
$2 million increase in NII, and 50bp+ increase in NIM
No one-time charges to earnings
Still strong on-balance sheet liquidity
Keeps the bank in an asset-sensitive position

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First, we delever the balance sheet

Impact on Capital

Strategy Deployed

Tier 1 Leverage Capital Ratio: Pre-trade

8.27%

Tier 1 Leverage Capital Ratio: Post-trade

9.30%

Impact on Tier 1 Leverage Capital

+1.03%

Dollars of Non-Dilutive Capital Generated

25,367

Tangible Ratio: Pre-trade

7.78%

Tangible Ratio: Post-trade

8.55%

Impact on Tangible Ratio

+0.76%

Tier 1 Risk Based Ratio: Pre-trade

11.56%

Tier 1 Risk Based Ratio: Post-trade

11.79%

Impact on Tier 1 Risk Based Ratio

+0.23%

Total Risk Based Ratio: Pre-trade

12.82%

Total Risk Based Ratio: Post-trade

13.08%

Impact on Total Risk Based Ratio

+0.26%

WHAT WERE THE MOVING PARTS?

Assets Sold:
Yield:

193,864
4.12%

Funding Unwound:

(272,740)

Cost:

2.56%

Cash Used:

78,876

Impact on Earnings
One-time Pre-Tax Gain/(Loss)
One-time Post-Tax Gain/(Loss)
Change in Annual Net Interest Income

12
7
(1,066)

Liquidity Ratio (Beginning)

(Gain)
(Gain)
(Decrease)

Note that this step cost us earnings

14.42%

Liquidity Ratio (Ending)

7.20%

Change

-7.22%

Impact on Interest Rate Risk

Flat

Up 300

Effective Duration (Assets Sold)

1.46

2.32

Effective Duration (Funding Unwound)

Duration "Gap" Removed from Balance Sheet

0.65
0.81

0.66
1.65

We have reduced exposure to

rising rates

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Next, we take steps to improve earnings

without hurting interest rate risk
Restructure remaining FHLB advances to reduce rate without taking a one-time charge
Redeploy portion of remaining excess cash into short duration securities yielding 2%
Purchase interest rate caps to hedge short-duration wholesale funding
THE RESULTS ARE AN OPTIMIZED BALANCE SHEET:

Baseline
Sale / Prepay Strategy
Restructure Borrowings
Redeploy Cash
Purchase Caps
Post-Trade (Pre-Tax)
Difference

Net
Interest
Income
82,884
(1,110)
1,296
1,750
(4)
84,816
1,932

Earning
Assets
2,376,018
2,103,278
2,103,278
2,103,278
2,101,638
2,101,638
(274,380)

Net
Interest
Margin
3.49%
3.89%
3.95%
4.03%
4.04%
4.04%
0.55%

AssetBased
Liquidity
Ratio
14.42%
7.20%
7.20%
7.20%
7.12%
7.12%
(7.30%)

Tier 1
Leverage
Capital
8.27%
9.30%
9.30%
9.30%
9.31%
9.31%
1.04%

Total RiskBased
Capital
12.82%
13.08%
13.08%
13.08%
13.08%
13.08%
0.26%

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The resulting Interest Rate Risk position is still

asset-sensitive, a good position to be in
Year 2 IRR
$95,000

NII

$90,000
$85,000
$80,000
$75,000
BEFORE
RESTRUCTURING

AFTER RESTRUCTURING

Flat

AFTER HEDGE

+300

This is NOT always possible however, it is typically possible to at

least achieve a NEUTRAL interest rate risk position given the
current rate environment
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Cascade Financial Completes Series of Successful Balance

Sheet Restructuring Transactions (Press release 10/21/10)
EVERETT, Wash., Oct. 21, 2010 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Cascade Financial Corporation
(Nasdaq:CASB) (the Company), the parent company of Cascade Bank (the Bank), announced today
that it has successfully completed a series of balance sheet restructuring transactions which will
immediately put the Company and the Bank in an improved financial position including increased capital
ratios and increased net interest margin. The transactions included the restructuring of the Company's
securities portfolio, prepayment and/or modification of the Company's Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB)
advances, and the purchase of interest rate caps to hedge against rising rates.
"In this persistently low interest rate environment there was a sizeable amount of negative drag on our
balance sheet driven in large part by high cost borrowings. Stronger deposit growth and a reduction in
the real estate construction loan portfolio over the past few quarters led to increased on-balance sheet
liquidity which provided us the opportunity to pursue this deleveraging strategy," stated Carol K. Nelson,
President and CEO. "We were able to monetize gains in our securities portfolio to offset the cost of
prepaying the FHLB borrowings. The end result will shrink the balance sheet, improve our capital ratios,
reduce interest expense, improve our net interest margin and have a minimal impact on shareholders'
equity. These restructuring transactions, which commenced late in the third quarter and were completed
early in the fourth quarter, are part of the Company's overall business plan to strengthen its financial
condition going forward."
In addition to restructuring the securities portfolio to monetize gains, the Company prepaid $80 million in
FHLB advances to shrink the balance sheet, restructured $159 million of fixed rate FHLB advances into
lower cost floating rate advances to reduce current interest expense, and purchased interest rate caps in
a like amount to limit exposure to rising interest rates while preserving the income benefits from this
restructuring.

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Cascade Financial Completes Series of Successful Balance

Sheet Restructuring Transactions (Press release 10/21/10)
Details of the transactions include the following:
* The Company used low-yielding interest-earning deposits at the Federal Reserve Bank to prepay $80
million of FHLB advances at an average rate of 3.75%, incurring approximately $4.8 million in prepayment
penalties
* The Company offset the prepayment penalties with approximately $5.0 million in gains from the sale of
investment securities. In total, the Company sold approximately $252 million in securities with a weighted
average book yield of 2.0%
* The Company reinvested substantially all of the proceeds from the securities sale into new securities
with a 0% to 20% risk-weight at an average yield of 2.4%
* The Company restructured $159 million of long-maturity FHLB "option" advances, callable quarterly as
rates rise, into floating-rate, option-free borrowings, reducing the current average rate on the advances by
1.38%
* The Company purchased a series of interest rate caps totaling $159 million in notional amount to
manage interest rate risk going forward. These caps were designed to protect both net interest margin and
shareholder equity from potential future rising interest rates.
The transactions leave the Company with continued high levels of on-balance sheet liquidity, and bring the
Company's interest rate risk position from highly asset-sensitive closer to a neutral position towards
interest rates.
Approximately $1.1 million of the securities gains were recognized in the third quarter of 2010 and
Cascade expects to recognize approximately $3.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2010 due to the timing of
the transactions. All of the approximately $4.8 million in prepayment penalty from the retirement of FHLB
borrowings will be recognized in the fourth quarter of 2010.
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Cascade Financial Completes Series of Successful Balance

Sheet Restructuring Transactions (Press release 10/21/10)
In addition to the restructuring transactions, the Company is proactively taking steps to improve its net interest margin and
capitalization by allowing additional non-core funding to run off, further shrinking the balance sheet and removing negative
carry, as well as other potential strategies to further reduce funding costs.
"This remains a highly challenging operating environment for community banks,"
added Nelson. "This strategy has allowed us to improve our net interest margin and capital position, and reduced our
reliance on non-core funding while maintaining a prudent interest rate risk profile, all of which are critical goals for the
Company."
As previously announced, under a Consent Order with the FDIC and Washington State DFI, effective July 21, 2010,
Cascade Bank's regulators have directed Cascade Bank to increase its overall capital levels and, in particular, are requiring
Cascade Bank to increase its Tier 1 leverage capital to 10% of the Bank's total assets and total risk based capital to 12% of
the Bank's risk weighted assets by November 18, 2010. The Company's ability to raise additional capital will depend on
conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside its control, and on the Company's financial performance.
Sandler O'Neill + Partners, L.P. served as advisor to Cascade Financial in developing and implementing the balance sheet
restructuring strategies.
About Cascade Financial
Established in 1916, Cascade Bank, the only operating subsidiary of Cascade Financial Corporation, is a state chartered
commercial bank headquartered in Everett, Washington. Cascade Bank maintains an "Outstanding" CRA rating and has
proudly served the Puget Sound region for over 90 years. Cascade Bank operates 22 full service branches in Everett,
Lynnwood, Marysville, Mukilteo, Shoreline, Smokey Point, Issaquah, Clearview, Woodinville, Lake Stevens, Bellevue,
Snohomish, North Bend, Burlington and Edmonds.

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Cascade Financial Completes Series of Successful Balance

Sheet Restructuring Transactions (Press release 10/21/10)
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains certain "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995
("PSLRA").
This statement is included for the express purpose of availing Cascade of the protections of the safe harbor provisions of the PSLRA. Readers
should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect management's views only as of the date hereof. The words "should,"
"anticipate," "expect,"
"will," "believe," and words of similar meaning are intended, in part, to help identify forward-looking statements. Additional forward-looking
statements include statements about the benefits of the balance sheet restructurings to improve the Company's financial condition, reduce its risk
profile and improve its shareholder value proposition, as well as statements about the Company taking steps to improve its net interest Margin and
capitalization by allowing additional non-core funding to run off, further shrinking the balance sheet and removing negative carry, as well as further
reducing funding costs. Future events are difficult to predict, and the expectations described above are subject to risks and uncertainties that may
cause actual results to differ materially. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove
incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or expected. In addition to discussions about risks and uncertainties
set forth from time to time in the Company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, factors that may cause actual results to differ
materially from those contemplated in these forward-looking statements include, among others: (1) the Company's ability to raise additional capital
to satisfy the consent order on acceptable terms, if at all;(2) the effect of the consent order on the Company's operations and potential future
supervisory action against the Company or Cascade Bank; (3) failure to maintain adequate levels of capital and liquidity to support the Company's
operations; (4) the extent and duration of continued economic and market disruptions and governmental actions to address these disruptions; (5)
the risk of new and changing legislation, regulation and/or regulatory actions; (6) local and national general and economic conditions; (7) changes in
interest rates; (8) reductions in loan demand or deposit levels or failure to attract loans and deposits; (9) changes in loan collectability, defaults and
charge-off rates; and (10) adequacy of the Company's allowance for loan losses, credit quality and the effect of credit quality on its provision for
credit losses and allowance for loan losses.
Cascade undertakes no obligation to publicly revise or update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that arise after
the date of this release. Readers should carefully review the risk factors described in this and other documents Cascade files from time to time with
the Securities and Exchange Commission, including Cascade's 2009 Form 10-K and Cascade's Form 10-Q for the quarter ending June 30, 2010.
CONTACT: Investor Contacts:
Carol K. Nelson, CEO
Debra L. Johnson, CFO
Cascade Bank
425.339.5500
www.cascadebank.com
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Protecting Tangible Equity from AFS portfolio

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Why the focus on Tangible Equity and AFS securities?

Tangible equity (TE) is important to public companies, as well as banks looking to raise
equity, since equity valuations are currently tied to TE

In addition, new capital requirements under Basel III would make TE the 4th regulatory
ratio to which banks must manage

Unrealized gains / losses on AFS are backed out of current regulatory capital ratios but
NOT out of TE

With rates dangerously low, this means banks with securities classified as Available for
Sale are carrying unnecessary exposure to TE if the market value of those securities
erodes as rates rise

This is exacerbated as banks redeploy excess cash into bonds, adding market value
exposure to the equity account

Reclassifying securities to Held-to-Maturity is a very poor solution since it handcuffs

liquidity, a first-order regulatory concern

There is one strategy banks are deploying to fix this

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Immunizing Tangible Equity from AFS portfolio changes

AFS securities are one of the ONLY instruments on bank balance sheets that are markedto-market through capital (not through earnings)

The other instruments that are treated this way are interest rate derivatives designated as
cash flow hedges under ASC/815, codification of guidance originally issued under
FAS133*

The preservation of Tangible Equity is the most-frequently stated goal community banks
cite for increasing use of these instruments

Most common transactions involve paying fixed on swaps, and buying interest rate caps:
These are hedges against rising rates, which must be attached to an asset or liability for hedge
accounting purposes*
If effective hedges, they are marked to market through Other Comprehensive Income (OCI), a
component of Tangible Equity
As rates rise, these instruments increase in value and gains flow into OCI, offsetting losses from the
AFS portfolio

These can be designated as hedges against*:

Floating rate funding
Short term FHLB advances, repo, and brokered CDs
MMDA and other rate-sensitive deposit products
*Sandler ONeill is NOT a licensed accounting advisor and the following does not represent accounting advice. The bank should
consult their external auditors and/or accounting professionals for guidance on accounting treatment and impact of any proposed
transactions.

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Focus on Liquidity: Stress-testing / Basel III

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Pressure is on to lock in more liquidity

Basel III will force banks to hold more on-balance sheet liquidity and penalize banks whose liquidity
sources are not termed out:
Liquidity Coverage Ratio : High Quality Liquid Assets must be available to cover 30 days
net cash outflows
Net Stable Funding Ratio: Requires a minimum amount of stable funding over a one-year
period, intended to increase long-term funding of bank balance sheet requirements (minimum
requirement not yet set)

In addition, there are increasing calls from regulators, Congress and the financial press to have
community banks run the stress tests that large banks have run

In combination, these forces are pushing banks to extend the maturity of their funding sources even
at a time when short-term liquidity is growing

Banks can improve their long-term liquidity in the following ways:

Take down new long-term funding via FHLB and brokered CDs
Use floating with swaps to protect Tangible Equity
Choose brokered CDs over secured borrowings for better ratios

Restructure shorter-term borrowings to extend

Retire shorter-term brokered CDs and issue longer ones

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Restructuring existing FHLB advances

Under existing accounting rules*, you can restructure FHLB advances WITHOUT
taking a one-time charge to earnings
This is true REGARDLESS of each FHLBs individual policies
Banks in all 12 FHLB districts have done restructurings this way in the last 12
months
Most common restructuring goals:
Increase duration to protect against rising rates
Remove call options from advances
Reduce current cost of funds
In some cases, banks are able to EXTEND duration and REDUCE cost
In other cases, banks have paid up modestly for extension or elimination of call
options
Some asset sensitive banks have restructured to floating rate, or capped floaters,
to reduce cost
*Sandler ONeill is NOT a licensed accounting advisor and the following does not represent accounting advice. The bank should
consult their external auditors and/or accounting professionals for guidance on accounting treatment and impact of any proposed
transactions.
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Using secondary market for brokered CDs

Brokered CD liabilities can be transferred from the issuing bank to
another bank, subject to regulatory approval
For banks that are TOO liquid and/or being criticized for excessive
brokered CDs, this is a way to get these liabilities off the balance
sheet
For banks that are using the brokered CD market to extend funding
maturities, secondary (transfer) brokered CD transactions can be
done at cheaper pricing than new issues
Typically take 90 days from commitment to funding
Transfer fees can be paid by either the seller or the buyer

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Strategies for reducing rising rate risk

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Sources of rising rate risk and their impact

SOURCE OF RISK
Assets have longer
maturities / repricing
frequencies than
liabilities

IMPACT ON EARNINGS

IMPACT ON EVE

IMPACT ON CAPITAL RATIOS

Tangible equity will decline as rates rise due to
drop in value of AFS securities and loans HFS,
with no offsetting liability gains
Other regulatory ratios not impacted since OCI
is backed out of denominator

Earnings will compress as liabilities reprice

higher more quickly than assets
Impact may not be immediate but will
eventually be felt

EVE will decline since assets

will lose more value than
liabilities will gain, due to the
duration gap between them

Earnings will initially increase due to high

yields on fixed rate loans (steep yield curve)
However, earnings will eventually compress
as funding reprices faster than assets

EVE will decline since assets

will lose more value than
liabilities will gain

Floors in floating rate

commercial / CRE loans

Earnings will compress when short-term rates

begin to rise, as yield on floored loans does
not increase until rates break through the
floors
Once this occurs, earnings should level off
however the initial decline in NIM is
permanent

EVE should decline as rates

rise since the value of the
embedded floors in the loans
declines
However, highly unlikely that
most banks accurately reflect
this in their EVE calculation

Minimal

Call / put / prepayment

options that extend
asset duration and
shorten funding
duration

Earnings will likely compress as assets

extend and liabilities shorten
Timing of this could be quite far in the future
depending on when options are exercisable
Standard 2 year NIM simulations could show
little impact if option exercise beyond that
time frame

EVE should decline as assets

lose more value than liabilities
gain due to the growing
duration gap between them

Tangible equity will decline as rates rise due to

drop in value of AFS securities and loans HFS,
with no offsetting liability gains
Other regulatory ratios not impacted since OCI
is backed out of denominator

Disintermediation of
Non-Maturity Deposits
(NMD) into short-term
time deposits

Earnings will likely compress immediately

since time deposits typically more expensive
than MMDA, DDA and savings accounts
Earnings will continue to compress going
forward due to diminished ability to lag the
market on time deposits vs non-maturity
deposits (higher deposit repricing betas)

EVE should decline since shorttime deposits do not appreciate

as much as NMD in a risingrate environment
This is highly subjective,
however, based on how bank
measures market value of NMD

Minimal

Increase in Fixed Rate

Lending (New Loans /
Disintermediation of
Floating Rate Loans)

Minimal, unless new loans are HFS and

therefore marked to market

Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 23

On Balance Sheet Tactics: The Basics

Banks generally first try to adjust their interest rate risk by changing their customer
loan / deposit mix, e.g. more floating rate loans and longer term CDs
This is difficult, and takes time to implement. (This presentation assumes the bank
has exhausted all means of doing so)
Changing the IRR position is easily done using the capital markets, by changing
and/or adding to the securities portfolio, wholesale funding and brokered CDs.
Changing existing positions typically requires unwinding (selling) assets or liabilities.
This could generate one-time gains / losses that factor into the decision.
Adding to bond portfolio / wholesale funding depends on the banks cash position:
Net Borrowed: Add wholesale funding
Net Long Cash: Add securities
Add leverage (both securities and funding)
Neither:

Adding leverage requires that the bank have excess capital, another consideration
when making the decision as to what to do
Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 24

On-Balance Sheet Tactics for Reducing Rising Rate Risk

Strategy

IMPACT ON CURRENT EARNINGS

IMPACT ON
EARNINGS AT
RISK

IMPACT ON EVE

IMPACT ON CAPITAL RATIOS

ACCOUNTING
ISSUES*

More likely to take a one-time gain than loss since

selling long-duration bonds in a low yield market
environment
Could significantly reduce earnings going forward
due to steep yield curve and yield giveup)

Earnings at risk
should decline due
to the shorter
duration of the new
securities

EVE should be more

stable since new
securities will lose less
value than old securities

Regulatory ratios will be impacted by the

gain / loss
Tangible equity unchanged
RBC ratio impact depends on riskweights of old/new bonds
Protects tangible equity (lower future
unrealized AFS losses

Restructure wholesale
funding to extend
duration / reduce option
risk

If structured as Extinguishment, will likely generate a

one-time loss
If structured as Modification, no one-time charges
Earnings impact going forward depends on cost of
old borrowings and Extinguishment vs. Modification

Earnings at risk
should decline due
to the longer
duration of the new
funding

EVE more stable since

new funding gains more
value than old funding
Regulators may not give
credit for fixed rate FHLB
advances if cant be
unwound at a profit

Regulatory capital and tangible equity

will be impacted by the G/L
No benefit to tangible equity if rates rise
(Funding is not marked-to-market, so no
gains to offset unrealized security losses
in OCI)

Pre-refinance maturing
borrowings

Will reduce current earnings due to negative carry

from parking cash from new borrowings

Earnings at risk
should decline due
to the longer
funding

EVE should be more

stable since new funding
will gain more value than
old funding

Regulatory capital and tangible equity

will decline during the pre-refunded
period because the balance sheet is
grown temporarily

None

Delever by selling
longer-duration assets
and unwinding / running
off shorter-duration
funding

One-time gain / loss depends on market value of

instruments unwound, but more likely a net gain in
this environment
Most likely has negative impact on earnings going
forward unless delevering eliminates negative carry
(assets sold yielded less than cost of unwound
funding)
Generally can achieve one OR the other, more
difficult to achieve both

EVE should be more

stable since the bank took
a duration gap off the
balance sheet

Regulatory ratios will be impacted by the

net G/L taken on assets and funding
If assets sold are AFS bonds, tangible
equity will be impacted only by funding
G/L
If assets sold are loans, impact on
tangible equity will depend on whether
loans were HFS
Tangible equity protected going forward
if AFS bonds sold

FAS 115
HTM tainting
Reserve
recapture
(loans)
Issues if loans
were not HFS

Add growth / leverage,

with short assets funded
with longer liabilities

No one-time gains / losses

Impact on go-forward earnings probably positive,
but less so than if funding was shorter than assets
since with a steep yield curve
Could be done at zero or negative spread if done
as a hedge against rising rates

EVE stable since bank

added a negative
duration gap (longer
liabilities appreciate
more than shorter assets
depreciate)

Tangible and leverage capital will decline

due to balance sheet growth
Impact on RBC depends on risk-weight
of new assets

None

If replacement liability, has no impact

If replacement bond, will improve
tangible equity but not regulatory capital
If done in leverage will reduce all capital
ratios

ASC/815,
codification
of guidance
originally
issued under
FAS133 deals
with
embedded
derivatives

Restructure bond
portfolio to shorten
duration

Structured Funding or
Investments w/
Embedded Caps

Go-forward earnings lower than using generic

funding / investments due to cost of embedded
caps

Earnings at risk
should decline
since bank unwind
longer assets than
funding

EAR should decline

since as rates rise,
transaction NII
rises, offsetting lost
earnings

Earnings at risk
should decline due
to impact of caps

EVE should be improved

due to appreciate in
value of embedded caps

FAS 115
HTM tainting

ASC/470-50,
codification of
guidance
originally
issued under
EITF 96-19

Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 25

Off-Balance Sheet Tactics The basics

Hedging rising rate risk off-balance sheet generally involves interest rate swaps and/or caps:
Swaps: Pay a fixed rate and a receive a floating rate; Often used to convert floating rate liabilities to fixed
or convert fixed rate loans to floating
Caps: Pay up-front premium for protection against an index rate rising above a level

If executed without hedge accounting, these instruments must be marked through earnings,
creating potential income/capital volatility and generally only used in this way to offset trading
positions. We do not consider this option in this presentation.
If executed using hedge accounting, mark-to-market stays on-balance sheet and flows through
OCI, providing a natural tangible equity hedge versus AFS securities (One of the only ways to
protect tangible equity if rates rise)
If hedge is not perfect, the ineffectiveness is marked to market and goes through earnings
In a normal yield curve environment, swaps and caps impact earnings differently as follows:
Interest rate swaps: Immediately decrease earnings due to negative carry between fixed rate paid and
floating rate received (unless forward-starting)
Interest rate caps: Premium paid up-front but deferred and amortized in a backloaded fashion, which
creates very little cost in early years and higher cost in later years

Very balance-sheet efficient way to hedge both EAR and VAR if accounting works
Banks should only use counterparties who will post liquid collateral to cover their counterparty risk
Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 26

Using Interest Rate Swaps to reduce rising rate risk

WHAT ARE WE
HEDGING?

Libor-based floating rate

Trust Preferreds issued
by the bank

Short-term FHLB
advances, repo or
brokered CDs

Interest-bearing nonmaturity deposits such as

MMDA and Savings

Term borrowings to be
issued in the future (Rate
Locks)

Swapping Fixed Rate

Loans to Floating

IMPACT ON
CURRENT
EARNINGS
Decline, since fixed
rate paid on swap
higher than initial
floating rate received
(steep yield curve)

IMPACT ON
EARNINGS
AT RISK
Improved TruPS
are now at a fixed
rate

Decline, since fixed

rate paid on swap
higher than initial
floating rate received
(steep yield curve)

Improved
advances / repo /
CDs are now at a
fixed rate

Decline, since fixed

rate paid on swap
higher than initial
floating rate received
(steep yield curve)

Improved once Libor

rises above the
strike rate (after
factoring in premium
amortization)
Wild card is if bank
doesnt adjust its
rate in lockstep with
the index, (some of
the M-T-M goes
through earnings)

None

Improved bank
has locked in cost of
future funding

Decline (fixed rate

paid on swap higher
than floating rate)

Improved loan is
now floating rate

IMPACT
ON EVE
Improved
since swap
should
appreciate in
value as rates
rise

Improved
since swap
should
appreciate in
value as rates
rise

Improved
since cap
should
appreciate in
value as rates
rise

Improved
since swap
should
appreciate
rates rise
Improved
since swap
should
appreciate as
rates rise

IMPACT ON CAPITAL
RATIOS

ACCOUNTING AND
OTHER ISSUES*

Improves tangible equity as rates

rise since appreciation flows
through OCI
SLIGHTLY reduces regulatory
capital ratios if rates rise since
unrealized gain carried on B.S.

Cash Flow hedge under ASC/815 (FAS133)

Must match reset dates and other relevant terms
Bank will lose hedge designation if they call the TruPS or
need to defer dividends
Consult Pars. 463-467 of FAS133

Improves tangible equity as rates

rise since appreciation flows
through OCI
SLIGHTLY reduces regulatory
capital ratios if rates rise since
unrealized gain carried on B.S.

Cash Flow hedge under ASC/815 (FAS133)

Must roll the funding over every quarter, matching reset
and settlement dates exactly
Lose hedge designation if you do not roll the funding
Consult DIG Issue G19 and Pars. 463-467 of FAS133
Advantages of fixed rate term funding in same market:
Long-term credit spreads may be wider than short
term this eliminates that
Can be unwound at a profit if rates rise

Improves tangible equity as rates

rise since appreciation flows
through OCI
SLIGHTLY reduces regulatory
capital ratios since carried on
balance sheet at Fair Value (grows
the balance sheet)
Same wild card as EAR if there is
ineffectiveness going through
income and hitting retained
earnings

Cash Flow hedge under ASC/815 (FAS133)

Run regression to see if correlation between bank rate and
cap index sufficient to qualify as a hedge
Deposits do not need to be pegged to index, but need to
track them closely going forward
Management assertion about tracking the index is helpful
Consult DIG Issue G26
Will almost certainly have some ineffectiveness going
through earnings unless deposit rate is pegged to the
index

Improves tangible equity as rates

rise since appreciation flows
through OCI
SLIGHTLY reduces regulatory
capital ratios if rates rise since
unrealized gain carried on B.S.

Cash Flow hedge of forecasted transaction

Swap is cash settled at the start date, with gain/loss
amortized over life of new debt
Special circumstances if debt is not issued, or issued at
different term or date than the hedge
Consult Pars 463-467 of FAS133 and DIG G16-G18

Improves tangible equity as rates

rise since appreciation flows
through OCI
SLIGHTLY reduces regulatory
capital ratios if rates rise since
unrealized gain carried on B.S.

Fair Value hedge of the loans price exposure to swaps

Must be able to pass through unwind cost of swap or risk
ineffectiveness

Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 27

Using Interest Rate Caps to reduce rising rate risk

WHAT ARE WE
HEDGING?

Libor-based floating
rate Trust Preferreds
issued by the bank

Short-term FHLB
advances, repo or
brokered CDs

Interest-bearing nonmaturity deposits

such as MMDA and
Savings

IMPACT ON CURRENT
EARNINGS

Very little, since cost

recognition for
premium is backended meaning little
cost in the first year

Very little, since cost

recognition for
premium is backended meaning little
cost in the first year

Very little, since cost

recognition for
premium is backended meaning little
cost in the first year

IMPACT ON
EARNINGS AT RISK

Improved once Libor

rises above the strike
rate (after factoring in
premium amortization)

Improved once Libor

rises above the strike
rate (after factoring in
premium amortization)

Improved once Libor

rises above the strike
rate (after factoring in
premium amortization)
Wild card is if bank
doesnt adjust its rate
in lockstep with the
cap index, which
creates ineffectiveness
(some of the M-T-M
goes through earnings

IMPACT ON
EVE

IMPACT ON CAPITAL
RATIOS

ACCOUNTING AND
OTHER ISSUES*

Improved
since cap
should
appreciate in
value as
rates rise

Improves tangible equity as

rates rise since appreciation
flows through OCI
SLIGHTLY reduces
regulatory capital ratios since
carried on balance sheet at
Fair Value (grows the balance
sheet)

Cash Flow hedge under

ASC/815 (FAS133)
Must match reset dates and
other relevant terms
Bank will lose hedge designation
if they call the TruPS or need to
defer dividends
Consult DIG Issue G29 and
Pars. 463-467 of FAS133

Improved
since cap
should
appreciate in
value as
rates rise

Improves tangible equity as

rates rise since appreciation
flows through OCI
SLIGHTLY reduces
regulatory capital ratios since
carried on balance sheet at
Fair Value (grows the balance
sheet)

Cash Flow hedge under

ASC/815 (FAS133)
Must roll the funding over every
quarter, matching reset and
settlement dates exactly
Bank will lose hedge designation
if they do not roll the funding
Consult DIG Issue G19 and
Pars. 463-467 of FAS133

Improves tangible equity as

rates rise since appreciation
flows through OCI
SLIGHTLY reduces
regulatory capital ratios since
carried on balance sheet at
Fair Value (grows the balance
sheet)
Same wild card as EAR if
there is ineffectiveness going
through income and hitting
retained earnings

Cash Flow hedge under

ASC/815 (FAS 133)
Run regression to see if
correlation between bank rate
and cap index sufficient to qualify
as a hedge
Deposits do not need to be
pegged to index, but need to
track them closely going forward
Management assertion about
tracking the index is helpful
Consult DIG Issue G26
Will almost certainly have some
ineffectiveness going through
earnings unless deposit rate is
pegged to the index

Improved
since cap
should
appreciate in
value as
rates rise

Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 28

Example #1
A mid-sized bank presented themselves as being exposed to rising interest rates
SYMPTOMS: Bank showed a 12% decline in NII in an +300 rising rate environment
DIAGNOSIS: Exposure comes from combination of floors in loans, and fundamentally longer assets than liabilities
VITAL SIGNS: The bank has small cash position and is well-capitalized, but not excessively so. The bank has a sizeable investment
portfolio showing some gains, with book yield just over 4%. The bank has a large amount of FHLB advances maturing in the next 18
months and expects to roll the borrowings over; Bank also has longer-term putable FHLB advances at high costs
ALLERGIES : Bank cant take losses but is willing to give up some current earnings. Bank will NOT use derivatives.
THE PRESCRIPTION: Sandler ONeill addressed the banks interest rate risk issues as follows:
- Sold longer-term MBS at a profit
- Prepaid enough longer-term FHLB advances to soak up the gains through prepayment penalties
- Reinvested the remaining cash proceeds into short-duration CMOs and floating rate SBA pools.
- Restructured the shorter FHLB advances through a Modification transaction which extended duration

The results?
The bank was able to significantly reduce their rising rate risk, both NII and EVE, due
to shorter bond portfolio duration and longer funding duration
No one-time gain/loss
Reduced yield on reinvested securities by 150bp
Eliminated borrowings that were at an average cost of over 4%
Reduced cost of restructured borrowings by 40bp
NET EARNINGS RESULT: Bank reduced current NII modestly, while cutting their NII
volatility in half

Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 29

Example #2
A small, troubled community bank presented themselves as being exposed to rising interest rates
SYMPTOMS: Bank showed such significant volatility to rising rates, both on NII and EVE volatility, and is so tight on tangible equity that
they were ordered by their regulators to fix the problem
DIAGNOSIS: Exposure comes from having a traditional thrift-like balance sheet, with mortgage loans and MBS funded with interestbearing NMD and short-term CDs
VITAL SIGNS: The bank has no asset-based liquidity, limited borrowing capacity and is operating under a regulatory order to improve
capital; Investment portfolio underwater since bonds are primarily non-agency MBS; The bank has no brokered CDs or short-term
borrowings; The bank has substantial interest-bearing NMD that are NOT pegged but have historically shown correlation to Libor. Bank
condition makes it unlikely that they could get credit to do interest rate swaps. The bank has no short-term borrowings.
ALLERGIES : Bank cant take losses or add leverage due to tight capital; Bank is willing to give up earnings though prefers not to
THE PRESCRIPTION: This banks ONLY option was to purchase interest rate caps. The bank understands they will incur
ineffectiveness if they dont move their deposit rates in lockstep with Libor.

The results?
The bank was able to significantly reduce their rising rate risk, both NII and EVE,
without materially impacting current capital or earnings
The bank added protection against a decline in tangible equity due to AFS portfolio
since cap will be marked through OCI

Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 30

Example #3
A small regional bank presented themselves as being exposed to rising interest rates
SYMPTOMS: NII, currently at approximately $100 million, is expected to decline by $7 to $8 million if short-term rates rise 300bp; EVE
and tangible equity not a concern because bank has ample capital
DIAGNOSIS: Exposure comes from having large blocks of rate-sensitive NMD as well as FHLB advances and brokered CDs maturing
in the next 18 months, AND having floors in their commercial loans that are a good 200bp in the money
VITAL SIGNS: The bank currently has $400 million in cash which could be invested and ample capital which could be levered; The
bank has $30 million of floating rate Trust Preferreds, $150 million of pegged public deposits, and $300+ million in unpegged NMD
ALLERGIES : Bank is not willing to give up current earnings, is not willing to take one-time losses, and wants to pay off borrowings and
brokered CDs since they are so liquid. Bank is not opposed to using derivatives as long as hedge accounting works well.
THE PRESCRIPTION: Sandler ONeill developed a three-step strategy that will mitigate the banks +300 rate exposure while modestly
improving current earnings, as follows:
- Invest $200 million of cash into a structured investment (repo or agency CMO) where the yield will rise twice as fast as rates for the
first 200bp or so of Fed tightening
- Purchase $130 million of interest rate caps, designated as hedges of the banks Trust Preferreds and a portion of their pegged
customer repo
- Add $94 million of leverage using short MBS and funding with embedded caps (spread on the leverage will widen as rates rise)

The results? The bank

completely eliminated
their +300 rate sensitivity
without hurting current
earnings:

NET INCREMENTAL INCOME / EXPENSE

Change in
Income due to
hedge

Rate Shock
Flat
+1%
+2%
+3%
+4%
+5%

Year 1
372
3,316
6,261
8,661
7,961
7,261

Year 2
(289)
2,656
5,600
8,000
7,300
6,600

Year 3
(1,714)
1,230
4,174
6,574
5,874
5,174

Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 31

General Information and Limitations

This presentation, and the oral or video presentation that supplements it, have been developed by and are proprietary to
Sandler ONeill & Partners, L.P. and were prepared exclusively for the benefit and internal use of the recipient. Neither the
printed presentation nor the oral or video presentation that supplements it, nor any of their contents, may be reproduced,
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The analyses contained herein rely upon information obtained from the recipient or from public sources, the accuracy of which
has not been verified, and cannot be assured, by Sandler ONeill & Partners, L.P. Moreover, many of the projections and financial
analyses herein are based on estimated financial performance prepared by or in consultation with the recipient and are intended
only to suggest reasonable ranges of results. Finally, the printed presentation is incomplete without the oral or video
presentation that supplements it.
Because Sandler ONeills analyses and data contained herein are provided for information purposes only, they do not constitute
an offer, or a solicitation of an offer, to buy or sell any of the securities described herein at the levels noted. In addition, as
Sandler ONeills analyses are prepared as of a particular date and time, they will not reflect subsequent changes in market
values or prices or in any other factors relevant to their determination.
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New York corporation. Sandler ONeill & Partners, L.P. is a registered broker-dealer and a member of the Financial Industry
Regulatory Authority. Sandler ONeill Mortgage Finance, L.P. is an indirect subsidiary of Sandler ONeill & Partners Corp.
We have provided this analysis at your request on the understanding that you will make an independent judgment regarding the
reliability and use of the analysis and its outputs. We also understand that you will not represent that Sandler ONeill is the
source of, or has vouched for the accuracy of, this analysis in any public statement or filing you might make, including reports
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*Sandler ONeill is not an accounting advisor, and this information and analysis does not represent accounting advice. You
should consult your auditors and/or accounting professional for accounting guidance.

Sandler ONeill Balance Sheet Seminar 2011 | 32