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IB 09limits (41 47)

1. A limit of a function f(x) as x approaches a value a is defined as l if the values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to l by taking x sufficiently close to a, excluding x = a. 2. If a limit exists, it is unique. The left and right-hand limits must also equal the limit. 3. Basic limits include constant functions, rational functions, trigonometric functions, exponential functions, and polynomials. 4. L'Hopital's rule can be used to evaluate limits of indeterminate forms like 0/0 and ∞/∞ by taking derivatives of the numerator and denominator.

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2K views

IB 09limits (41 47)

1. A limit of a function f(x) as x approaches a value a is defined as l if the values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to l by taking x sufficiently close to a, excluding x = a. 2. If a limit exists, it is unique. The left and right-hand limits must also equal the limit. 3. Basic limits include constant functions, rational functions, trigonometric functions, exponential functions, and polynomials. 4. L'Hopital's rule can be used to evaluate limits of indeterminate forms like 0/0 and ∞/∞ by taking derivatives of the numerator and denominator.

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9. LIMITS
Synopsis :

1. Let f(x) be a function defined over a deleted neighborhood of ‘a’ and l ∈ R.


i) If for each ∈ > 0 there exists δ>0, such that |f(x)−l|<∈ when ever 0<|x−a|<δ then we say that
Lim f ( x ) = l .
x →a

2. If limit of a function exists then it is unique.


3. If Lim− f ( x ) = Lim+ f ( x ) = l, then Lim f ( x ) = l .
x →a x →a x →a

4. If f(x) = c (constant), then Lim f ( x ) = c .


x →a

⎛f⎞ Lim f ( x )
5. Lim⎜⎜ ⎟⎟( x ) = x →a provided Lim g( x ) ≠ 0 .
x →a ⎝ g ⎠ Lim g( x ) x →a

{ }
x →a
n
6. Lim f n ( x ) = Lim f ( x )
x →a x →a

1
7. Lim f ( x ) = ±∞ ⇒ Lim =0 the converse need not be true.
x →a x →a f(x)
8. If f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) for every x in the deleted neighborhood of a and Lim f ( x ) = l = Lim h( x ) then
x →a x →a

Lim g( x ) = l.
x→ a

9. Lim f ( x ) = l and Lim g( y ) = m, then Lim(gof )( x ) = m .


x →a y →l x →a

10. Lim log[ f ( x )] = log⎛⎜ Lim f ( x ) ⎞⎟ , if Lim f ( x ) exists and is positive.


x →a ⎝ x →a ⎠ x→a

sin θ tan θ
11. Lim = 1 = Lim where θ is in radians.
θ →0 θ θ →0 θ
ax − 1
12. Lim = log e a
x →0 x
ex − 1
13. Lim =1
x →0 x
14. Lim e1 / x = ∞, Lim− e1 / x = 0
x →0 + x →0

15. Lim+ e−1/ x = 0, Lim− e−1/ x = ∞


x →0 x →0

16. Lim x = 0 if |x|<1


n
n→ ∞

17. Lim x n = ∞ if x>1


n→∞

L’Hospials rule :
f (a ) 0 ∞ f (x) f I (a )
18. If is of the form or , Lim = I .
g(a) 0 ∞ x →a g( x ) g (a)
x2 x3
19. e x = 1 + x + + + ....to ∞
∠2 ∠3
x2
a x = 1 + x + (loge a) + (loge a)2 + ...
∠2

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Limits
x2 x3 x 4
log(1+x) = x − + − − .... (−1<x≤1)
2 3 4
x2 x3 x 4
log(1−x) = − x − − − − .... (−1≤x<1)
2 3 4
x3 x5 x7
sinx = x − + − + ....
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
cosx = 1 − + − + ....
2! 4! 6!
x3 2 5
tanx = x + + x + ....
3 15
x n − an
20. If n ∈ Q, then Lim = n.a n−1
x →a x−a
xm − am m m −n
21. If m, n ∈ Q then Lim = .a
x →a x −an n
n
22. If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials such that degree of f(x) = m and degree of g(x) = n then
⎧
⎪0, for m < n
f (x) ⎪⎪
Lim = ⎨± ∞, for m > n
x → ∞ g( x )
⎪ coefficient of xn in (numerator)
⎪ for m = n
⎪⎩ coefficient of xn in (denominator)

23. Lim ⎧⎨ x 2 + ax + b − x ⎫⎬ =
a
x →∞ ⎩ ⎭ 2
−a
24. Lim ⎧⎨x − x 2 + ax + b ⎫⎬ =
x →∞⎩ ⎭ 2
1 + xn − 1 − xn
25. Lim =1
x →0 xn
n n 1
a + xm − a − xm 2 −1
26. Lim = an
x →0 xm n
x
27. Lim(1 + x )1 / x = Lim ⎛⎜1 + ⎞⎟ = e
1
x →0 x → ∞⎝ x⎠
x
28. Lim(1 + ax )1/ x = Lim⎛⎜1 + ⎞⎟ = e a
a
x →0 x → ∞⎝ x⎠

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