A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

SPACE VECTOR MODULATION APPLIED TO THREE-PHASE THREE-SWITCH

TWO-LEVEL UNIDIRECTIONAL PWM RECTIFIER

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BY
R.MAHESWAR REDDY 07M25A0204
V. MOHAN 06M21A0216
ABDUL.SHAHED 06M21A0201

UNDER THE ABLE GUIDANCE OF

PROJECT GUIDE: MUNI SEKHAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE-New Delhi and affiliated to JNTU- Hyderabad )
Sy.no.32, Himayathsagar, Hyderabad-500008
 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(APPROVED BY AICTE-NEW DELHI AND AFFILIATED TO JNTU- HYDERABAD
)
Sy.no.32, Himayathsagar, Hyderabad-500008

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “SPACE VECTOR MODULATION

APPLIED TO THREE-PHASE THREE-SWITCH TWO-LEVEL UNIDIRECTIONAL
PWM RECTIFIER ” submitted by, R.MAHESWAR REDDY bearing Roll No.
07M25A0204, V,MOHAN, bearing Roll No06M21A0216, ABDUL SHAHED, bearing Roll
No.06M21A0201, in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of technology in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING of Jawaharlal Nehru
technological university. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the bachelor of engineering degree.

MUNI SHANKAR Mr. RAJESH.B

Internal guide Head of the Department
EEE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A valuable experience to take up a project work and to accomplish the same

successfully in time, as it is a team work, it best opportunity given to us apply our knowledge
skills and to work up on an idea which certainly help us after stepping for actual field work.

At this juncture we would like to acknowledge the inspiration, guidance, continuous

encouragement, suggestions of those who have extended it.

We express my profound regards and extend my gratitude to principal of Lords Of

Engineering And Technology, Hyderabad.

We would like to thank Mr Rajesh.B, Head of the Department, Electrical and

Electronics Engineering for giving me valuable suggestions and guidance which has been
imbibed in to this point.

We express gratitude to Mr MUNI SHANKAR, project guide for sparing her precious
time and extending her valuable guidelines, support and encouragement throughout my
project work.

We also extends our sincere thanks to all staff members of Electrical and Electronics
Department, Lords Institute of Engineering And Technology, Hyderabad who helped us in
several ways to successfully complete this project.
 1. ABSTRACT

This work presents a methodology to apply space vector modulation to a

three-phase three-switch two-level Y-connected unidirectional pulse width
modulation (PWM) rectifier. Converter switching stages are analyzed to
determine switch control signals for space vector modulation. A switching
sequence is proposed in order to minimize the number of switch commutations
and to reduce the switching losses. Duty cycle functions are determined and the
desired switching sequences are performed by a simple PWM modulator with
no need of to determine the present sector of vector. For this propose is just
necessary to impose the desired current sectors from input voltage references.
The vector control structure used with the proposed modulation technique is
also described. In order to validate the proposed modulation technique,
experimental results are presented for a 20 kW prototype.
 2. INTRODUCTION

When bidirectional power flux is not necessary, high power factor

unidirectional rectifiers present some advantages as the decrease of the number
of power switches, natural protection of short-through and smaller processing of
energy for the active switches. If output voltage is not so high, two-level
topologies become attractive because they do not need to control midpoint
voltage of the dc bus, reducing the number of sensors and controllers. In this
work, space vector modulation will be applied to a three-phase three-switch
two-level Y-connected unidirectional pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier
in order to minimize the number of switch commutations as well as reduce
converter losses.

This structure presents as main drawback a high number of

semiconductors when compared with other topologies. The proposed
application methodology of this modulation technique is based on sub-sectors
definition, on rectifier operation stages analysis and on duty cycles
determination. Therefore, it is not necessary to identify the present vector
sector, just impose adequate current sector in phase with line voltages. Section
II presents the main characteristics of a two-level unidirectional PWM rectifier
and in Section III the basic steps are described in order to apply space vector
modulation to this converter. Vector control concepts used with the proposed
modulation techniques are shown in Section IV. In Section V experimental
results are presented and in Section VI conclusions and analysis results are
discussed.
2.1 SVM PWM Techniques:
The Pulse Width modulation technique permits to obtain three
phase system voltages, which can be applied to the controlled output. Space
Vector Modulation (SVM) principle differs from other PWM processes in the
fact that all three drive signals for the inverter will be created simultaneously.
The implementation of SVM process in digital systems necessitates less
operation time and also less program memory.

The SVM algorithm is based on the principle of the space vector u*,
which describes all three output voltages ua, ub and uc :

u* = 2/3 . ( ua + a . ub + a2 . uc ) ………(1)
Where a = -1/2 + j .v3/2
We can distinguish six sectors limited by eight discrete vectors u0…
u7
(fig:- inverter output voltage space vector), which correspond to the 23 = 8
possible switching states of the power switches of the inverter.

Space vector Modulation

 The amplitude of u0 and u7 equals 0. The other vectors u1…u6 have
the same amplitude and are 60 degrees shifted.

By varying the relative on-switching time Tc of the different vectors,

the space vector u* and also the output voltages ua, ub and uc can be varied and
is defined as:

ua = Re ( u* )
ub = Re ( u* . a-1)
uc = Re ( u* . a-2) …………(2)

During a switching period Tc and considering for example the first

sector, the vectors u0, u1 and u2 will be switched on alternatively.

Definition of the Space vector

Depending on the switching times t0, t1 and t2 the space vector u* is defined as:

u* = 1/Tc . ( t0 . u0 + t1 . u1 + t2 . u2 )
u* = t0 . u0 + t1 . u1 + t2 . u2
 u* = t1 . u1 + t2 . u2 ………….. (3)
where
t0 + t1 + t2 = Tc and
t0 + t1 + t2 = 1
t0, t1 and t2 are the relative values of the on switching times.

They are defined as: t1 = m . cos ( a + p/6)

t2 = m . sin a
t0 = 1 - t1 - t2

Their values are implemented in a table for a modulation factor

m = 1. Then it will be easy to calculate the space vector u* and the output
voltages ua, ub and uc. The voltage vector u* can be provided directly by the
optimal vector control laws w1, vsa and vsb. In order to generate the phase
voltages ua, ub and uc corresponding to the desired voltage vector u* the
following SVM strategy is proposed.

2.2 Three-Dimensional Vector Representation:

A multilevel converter can synthesize output voltages from many discrete
voltage levels. Therefore, the functional diagram of an n-level diode-clamped
converter can be represented as shown in Fig below
 Fig: functional diagram of n-level diode clamped converter

Each switching state, or combination of phase-leg switches, produces a defined

set of three-phase voltages, which can be represented as vectors in the
three- dimensional Euclidean diagram as shown below
 Fig: Three dimensional SV diagram

The variables represented in Fig: three dimensional SV diagram are the line-
to-line voltages from a three- level converter, as follows:

…….. (4)
where i, j, k [0,  , n-1], which define the position of the
single-pole n-throw switches of phases a, b and c, respectively. The
vectors are labeled as (i, j, k) in order to simplify their notation.

Because of Kirchhoff’s Law, the sum of the line-to-line voltages is always

zero; this is really an equation of the plane in the line-to-line coordinate system.
This means that all of the vectors of a multilevel converter lie in a plane, and
that is how they are usually represented. When the phase voltages are
represented in the three-dimensional diagram, they do not lie in a plane.
However, they can be projected into a plane, thereby representing an
equivalent two-dimensional diagram.
Coming back to the three-dimensional representation, a voltage reference
vector r (m ) that must be synthesized by PWM-averaged approximation
can also be represented in vector form, as follows

……………….. (5)
where VLL, is the amplitude of the line-to-line voltages. Since this vector has
only two degrees of freedom, it also lies on the same plane as the switching
vectors. Using the definition of vector norm, the length of the reference vector
is

…………….(6)
While by the same definition, the length of the longest switching vector is

…………. (7)

The maximum length of the reference vector (6) that can be

synthesized in steady-state conditions equals the radius of the largest circle that
can be inscribed in the outer hexagon. Therefore, the maximum length of the
reference vector is
 ……….. (8)
By substituting (7) into (8) and comparing the resulting equation with (6),
the maximum amplitude of the undistorted line-to-line voltage that can be
synthesized is

…………. (9)

2.3 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs):

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBTs) is a new development in the
area of power MOSFET technology. This device combines into it the
advantage s of both MOSFET and BJT. So an IGBT has high input impedance
like a MOSFET and low–on-state power loss as in a BJT. Further, IGBT is free
from second breakdown problem present in BJT. IGBT is also known as
Metal–Oxide Insulated Gate Transistor (MOSGIT), Conductively-Modulated
Field Effect Transistor (COMFET) or Gate-Modulated FET (GEMFET).It was
also initially called Insulated Gate Transistor (IGT).

The IGBT is a hybrid device that combines the advantages of MOSFET’s

high gate circuit resistance and a bipolar PNP transistor’s small collector-
emitter drop at saturated condition.
Currently, it is the most important device for converter applications from
several hundred watts up to 1 or 2 MW. The V-I characteristics, for example, of
the Powerex 1400-V, 50-A (peak) IGBT are shown in Fig (a) near the saturation
region.
(a) IGBT symbol with V-I characteristics (Powerex CM50TF-28H)
The device does not conduct any collector current below the threshold
voltages of VCE =1 V and VGE = 7 V. At the peak rated current (50 A), the
conduction drop VCE(sat) is somewhat high (3.1 V) compared to that of a
thyristor-type device.
The VCE (sat) of the IGBT has negative temperature coefficient
characteristics in the operating region shown in Fig(b), making parallel
operation difficult. Fig(c) shows the transient thermal impedance curves
between the device junction and case (Zth(J-C)) in two segments in normalized

form.
(b) (c)
(b) Saturation characteristics, and (c) transient thermal impedance
characteristics.
The actual value of Zth(J-C) can be obtained by multiplying it with

, as indicated on the figure. An impedance Zth(C-A)

(usually small) for a practical cooling system can be added with it. This figure
helps to determine TJmax for a pulsating type load.

(b)
(a) IGBT half-bridge inverter and (b) switching characteristics of Q1.
 A half-bridge voltage-fed IGBT inverter is shown in Fig (a), whereas Fig(b)
shows the switching voltage and current waves when no snubbers are used (hard
switched).
Assume that the load is highly inductive and initially Q1 is off so that the
lower diode D2 is carrying the full load current IL. When Q1 is turned on at t =
0, after a short delay time it starts to pick up the load current at full supply
voltage (with a small leakage inductance drop) diverting D2 current.
After D2 forward current goes to zero, current in Q1 consists of IL and
D2 reverse recovery current (shown by the hump). When the recovery current is
near the peak, the voltage of Q1 (VCE) falls to zero. When the turn-off gate
signal is applied to Q1, its collector voltage begins to build up with a short delay
at full collector current.
When full voltage is built up across the device, D2 begins to pick up
the load current. The short fall time (tf) and relatively long tail time (tt) of IC
due to minority carrier storage of Q1 is shown in the figure.
The SOA of the device is thermally limited like that of a MOSFET and
there is no second breakdown effect. The conduction and switching loss curves,
shown at the bottom of Fig (b), indicate that average switching loss will be high
at high switching frequency. Note that the diode recovery current contributes
significantly to the turn-on loss. Snubberless operation is possible but will cause
high dv/dt and di/dt induced EMI problems.
With a snubber, the turn-on di/dt and turn-off dv/dt will be slowed down,
causing diversion of switching loss from the device to the snubber.
2.4 IGBT features:
The device has forward-blocking capability like a MOSFET and,
therefore, can be used in a voltage-fed converter with a feedback diode. Often
the device is used with a series diode for application in current-fed converters
where reverse blocking is essential.
However, very recently, reverse blocking IGBTs have become
available. Although IGBTs have a somewhat higher drop compared to thyristors
or GTOs, modern IGBTs are available with trench-gate to reduce the
conduction drop.
Currently, commercial IGBTs are available with 4.5-kV, 1200-A and
6.5-kV, 700-A ratings; and 10-kV devices are in the test phase. The devices
have been applied successfully in series and parallel combinations.
IGBT-based converter power level is expanding continuously up to several
megawatts. High-power IGBTs typically operate at a 1.0-kHz
Switching frequency.
Simplicity of gate drive, ease of protection, smart power capability,
snubberless operation, and higher switching speed make IGBTs very attractive
for up to medium-power applications.
 HYBRID DEVICE—MOS-GATED BJT
 “SMART POWER” CAPABILITY
 ASYMMETRIC VOLTAGE BLOCKING
 SQUARE SOA—SNUBBER OR SNUBBERLESS OPERATION
 LOWER INPUT CAPACITANCE AND IMPROVED MILLER
EFFECT
 MODERN INTELLIGENT POWER MODULES (IPMs)
 VERY PROMISING EVOLUTIONARY DEVICE
 APPLICATIONS IN MODERATE TO HIGH POWER:
CHOPPER DC MOTOR DRIVE
INVERTER AC MOTOR DRIVE
REGULATED DC AND AC SUPPLIES
UPS SYSTEM
 STATIC VAR GENERATOR
ACTIVE FILTER

3. THREE-PHASE THREE-SWITCH TWO-LEVEL UNIDIRECTIONAL

PWM RECTIFIER

The three-phase three-switch two-level Y-connected unidirectional PWM

rectifier, showed in Fig. below, presents high power factor and output voltage
regulation. Eight topological stages may be performed from switches states,
according to Table I. This structure presents six symmetrical operation intervals,
where six current sectors are defined in one line period: A+, B-, C+; A-, B+and
C-, as shown in Fig. current sectors.

Three-phase three-switch two-level unidirectional PWM rectifier.

 Current sectors

Each sector has an interval of 60 and it is defined by the current that has the
greater value and its respective signal. Specific sector analysis, A+ described
below for sector, can be extended for each other sectors considering the
adaptation of the direction of input currents. In sector A+ (where phase A
current is positive with higher value) five equivalent topological stages are
verified in stages 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Table I. When current is flowing from one
phase to another, without circulate in the load, two switches must be turned on
and in order to obtain null line voltages all three switches should be turned on.

4. SPACE VECTOR MODULATION

Improvements in fast switching power devices have led to an

increased interest in voltage source inverters (VSI) with pulse width modulation
control (PWM). Control methods which generate the necessary PWM patterns
have been discussed extensively in literature. These could be classified as
voltage controlled and current controlled PWM. This is deals with voltage
control PWM methods.
Several voltage controlled PWM methods have been proposed
in literature e.g., sinusoidal PWM, sinusoidal PWM with third harmonic
injection and space vector modulation. All these methods aim at generating a
sinusoidal inverter output voltage without low-order harmonics. This is possible
if the sampling frequency is high compared to the fundamental output frequency
of the inverter.
The performance of each of these control methods is usually judged
based on the following parameters:
a) Total harmonic distortion (THD) of the voltage and current at the
output of the inverter, b) Switching losses within the inverter, c) Peak-to-peak
ripple in the load current, and d) Maximum inverter output voltage for a given
DC rail voltage.
The performance of sinusoidal PWM and sinusoidal PWM with
third harmonic injection has been studied extensively in literature. This is
deals with space vector modulation.
Space vector modulation is based on representation of the three phase
voltages as space vectors. Most space vector modulation schemes generate the
same required output voltage but differ in their performance with respect
to THD, peak-to-peak ripple and switching losses.
From the analysis of structure showed in Fig.( three phase three switch
two level unidirectional PWM inverter) , seven available vectors are defined as
shown in Table II. Non null vectors are represented by the potential of points A,
B, and C, and the null vector represents the situation where the three points are
connected. In this notation, used for unidirectional converters, the available
vectors representation does not agree with the switching states because the
potentials of points A, B and C depend on the input currents direction. By the
application of Clark transformation (1) space vector representation is made with
a regular hexagon divided in six vectors sectors, where vector coordinates are
determined as shown in Fig. (space vector coordinates)
Space vector coordinates

…………….(10)
In order to implement a desired vector (Fig: space vector representation),
non null vectors are averaged in the switching period. Sector 1 has the following
relationship:

……………. (11)

The application intervals of vectors are calculated using the projection of

desired vector in the axis α and in the β axis as resulting in

…………………… (12)

………….. (13)
 Space vector representation

relationship between input voltages and rectifier fundamental voltage component

Null vector application interval is calculated as

………… (14)
For unidirectional rectifiers, the definition of the sectors is a little different from
the traditional way. In this case, available vectors implementation considers
phase currents direction. Supposing that the currents are in phase with the
respective voltages, each phase presents an equivalent circuit with the
relationship between input voltages and rectifier fundamental voltage
component showed in Fig above. Sub-sectors are defined from the intersection
of vector sectors and current sectors, as shown in Fig. (Sub-sector definition).
Therefore, space vector representation is made in one diagram divided in
these sub-sectors as shown in Fig.(space vector representation with subsectors
definition), where each current sector is divided in two sub-sectors and presents
four available vectors. For the sector A+, the sub-sector SS1A and the sub-
sector SS1C are considered. In sub-sector SS1A, the higher current is in phase

A and this current is positive and vectors , and are used. For

these current signals, space vector is performed in the operation stage of Fig.
(a) (Operational stages ssia) and space vector is performed in the operation
stage of Fig. (b)(Operational stages ssia). However, in sub-sector SS1C, the
higher current is in phase C and this current is negative and used vectors are the

same as the previous case: , and .

Sub-sectors definition
 Space vector representation with sub-vectors definition

Therefore, space vector is performed in the operation stage of Fig. (a)

(operational stages ssic) and space vector is performed in the operation

stage of Fig. (operational stages ssic)(b). In both sectors, in order to implement
the null vector, it is necessary that the three switches be turned on. The logic for
determine the command signals considers that the switch in the arm which
processes the higher current be turned on in the respective current sector
interval, so the proposed control signals for implementing these vectors are
shown in Table III.
The general rule for the representation of vectors is: to get the one value
in the desired vector, the switch in the correspondent phase is turned on when
the current with greater value is positive (sectors A+ , C+ and B+ ) and the
switch is turned off when this current is negative sectors(B-,A- and C-)
To get the zero value in the vector, this logic is inverted. These rules may
not be applied to null vector. The main objective of the logic of distribution of
the command signals is the minimization of the number of commutations of the
switches and reduction of the switching losses of the converter. However, the
selected switching pattern was chosen so that, in three phases, the level of the
control signal is the same (on) at the beginning and at the end of the switching
period converter.

Fig: Operational stages in sub-sectorSSIA:(a) vector V1and (b)vector V2

However, the selected switching pattern was chosen so that, in three phases, the
level of the control signal is the same (on) at the beginning and at the end of the
switching period.
For sub-sector SS1A, the proposed vectors sequence is ,
resulting in the drive signals in Fig shown below.
 Fig: Operation stages in sub-sector SSIC (a) vector V1 (b) vector V2.
Therefore, the intervals for the commands of switches are

…………… (15)
Using the projections of the vectors in the axes and for the respective sectors,
the three-phase duty cycles are determined in function of and duty cycles

…………….. (16)
For sub-sector SS1C, the proposed vector sequence is , resulting
in the drive signals for Fig. 11. In this case, the intervals for the commands of
switches and the three-phase duty cycles are

…………… (17)

………….. (18)

Using the same methodology for all sub-sectors, one can determine the duty

cycles as in Table IV. Applying the inverse of Park transformation (19), and
duty cycles are calculated as

………… (19)

…………… (20)
Extending this analysis to the other sectors, the duty cycle functions for each
switch are defined as shown in Fig. below. In this picture, the duty cycle for
switch is presented for In the analysis of duty cycle
equations of Table IV, one can verify that the expressions for neighboring sub-
sectors are equal in the same current sector. Therefore, it is not necessary to
identify the sectors of vectors; only to impose desired current sectors from input
voltages. The switches control signals to implement the desired vectors are
performed by a simple PWM modulator, through the comparison of duty cycle
functions with a triangular waveform.

Drive signals for sub-sectors SSIA

Drive signals for sub-sector SSIC

Duty cycle for switch SA

 5. VECTOR CONTROL

Vector control structure is shown in Fig. below. In the control system, input
currents are sampled, Clark and Park transformations are applied to these
variables and dq0 currents are obtained. For a system with high power factor,
the q axis current must be zero. Therefore, the reference for the controller of this
current is also zero and the reference for d axis current comes from the voltage
controller. The outputs of current controllers are the duty cycles for d axis and
for q-axis. These duty cycles are decoupled and inverse Park transformation is
applied to these variables.
 Vector control structure

The duty cycles for α axis and for β are the result of this transformation, and
these signals are used in space vector modulation. In digital control of the PWM
rectifier, the TMS320LF2407A DSP is used. For current loops, the sample rate
is the switching frequency and for voltage loop, the sample rate is the line
frequency.
 6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Power parameters used in experimental verification are shown in Table V. An

example of design procedure is presented.
The laboratory setup for a 20 kW PWM rectifier is presented in Fig. below. The
selected components of the converter are as follows

Laboratory setup

drive signals for sub-sector SSIA(2 V/div)

 Duty cycles for three switches, with format similar to theoretical duty
cycles are presented in Fig. below for A, B, C switches. The input currents in
the unidirectional PWM rectifier are presented in Fig. below, where it should be
observed that they present a low current distortion. The input current in phase A
and the voltage reference for phase A are presented simultaneously in Fig.
below. In this case, the system presents a high power factor (0.998). Fig. below
shows the THD for rectifier input currents as function of output power. The
rectifier power factor as function of the output power is shown in Fig. below for
experimental results. In this case, the measured total harmonic distortion of the
input voltage is 2.83%.

Fig: Drive signals for sub-sector SSIC (2 V/div)

duty cycles for switches A,B and C(5 V/div)

Input line currents(20A/div)

 input voltage reference and current in phase A

THD for input as function of output power(* experimental measurements)

 Fig:Power factor as function of output power (* experimental measurements)

The rectifier efficiency as function of output power is presented in Fig. below.

The rectifier efficiency is greater than 95% when it is operating above one half
of nominal load.

Fig:Rectifier efficiency as function of output power(experimental

measurements).
 7. Simulation and Model-Based Design

Simulink® is an environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based

Design for dynamic and embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical
environment and a customizable set of block libraries that let you design,
simulate, implement, and test a variety of time-varying systems, including
communications, controls, signal processing, video processing, and image
processing.

Add-on products extend Simulink to multiple modeling domains, as well

as provide tools for design, implementation, and verification and validation
tasks.
Simulink is integrated with MATLAB®, providing immediate access to an
extensive range of tools that let you develop algorithms, analyze and visualize
simulations, create batch processing scripts, customize the modeling
environment, and define signal, parameter, and test data.
Fig: Automotive powertrain model (left), constructed by assembling design
components (center and right) that are also models.
7.1 Key features:
 ■ Extensive and expandable libraries of predefined blocks
■ Interactive graphical editor for assembling and managing
intuitive block diagrams
■ Ability to manage complex designs by segmenting models into
hierarchies of design components
■ Model Explorer to navigate, create, configure, and search all
signals, parameters, properties, and generated code associated with
your model
■ Application programming interfaces (APIs) that let you connect
with other simulation programs and incorporate hand-written code
■ Embedded MATLAB™ Function blocks for bringing MATLAB
algorithms into Simulink and embedded system implementations
■ Simulation modes (Normal, Accelerator, and Rapid Accelerator)
for running simulations interpretively or at compiled C-code speeds
using fixed- or variable-step solvers
■ Graphical debugger and profiler to examine simulation results
and then diagnose performance and unexpected behavior in your
design
■ Full access to MATLAB for analyzing and visualizing results,
customizing the modeling environment, and defining signal,
parameter, and test data
■ Model analysis and diagnostics tools to ensure model consistency
and identify modeling errors.

7.2 Creating and Working with Models:

With Simulink, you can quickly create, model, and maintain a detailed
block diagram of your system using a comprehensive set of predefined blocks.
Simulink provides tools for hierarchical modeling, data management, and
subsystem customization, making it easy to create concise, accurate
representations, regardless of your system’s complexity.
Selecting and Customizing Blocks Simulink includes an extensive library
of functions commonly used in modeling a system. These include:
• Continuous and discrete dynamics blocks, such as Integration and Unit Delay
• Algorithmic blocks, such as Sum, Product, and Lookup Table
• Structural blocks, such as Mux, Switch, and Bus Selector

You can customize these built-in blocks or create new ones directly in
Simulink and place them into your own libraries.
Additional block sets (available separately) extend Simulink with specific
functionality for aerospace, communications, radio frequency, signal
processing, video and image processing, and other applications.
You can model physical systems in Simulink. Simscape, SimDriveline,
SimHydraulics®, SimMechanics, and SimPowerSystems (all available
separately) provide expanded capabilities for modeling physical systems, such
as those with mechanical, electrical, and hydraulic components.
Fig: Simulink Library Browser used to navigate through standard, add-on, or
custom block libraries and to create models by dragging and dropping selected
blocks.

7.3 Incorporating MATLAB Algorithms and Hand-Written Code:

When you incorporate MATLAB code, you can call MATLAB functions
for data analysis and visualization. Additionally, Simulink lets you use
Embedded MATLAB™ code to design embedded algorithms that can then be
deployed through code generation with the rest of your model. You can also
incorporate hand-written C, Fortran, and Ada code directly into a model,
enabling you to create custom blocks in your model.
Fig: A Simulink model that estimates aircraft position from radar measurements
and includes an extended Kalman filter algorithm written with Embedded
MATLAB™ code. Results of the simulation (below, right) are plotted in
MATLAB

7.3.1 Building and Editing Your Model:

With Simulink, you build models by dragging and dropping blocks from
the library browser onto the graphical editor and connecting them with lines that
establish mathematical relationships between the blocks. You can arrange the
model by using graphical editing functions, such as copy, paste, undo, align,
distribute, and resize.
The Simulink user interface gives you complete control over what you can see
and use onscreen. You can add your commands and submenus to the editor and
context menus. You can also disable and hide menus, menu items, and dialog
box controls.
7.3.2 Organizing Your Model:
Simulink lets you organize your model into clear, manageable levels of
hierarchy by using subsystems and model referencing. Subsystems encapsulate
a group of blocks and signals in a single block. You can add a custom user
interface to a subsystem that hides the subsystem’s contents and makes the
subsystem appear as an atomic block with its own icon and parameter dialog
box.
You can also segment your model into design components to model,
simulate, and verify each component independently. Components can be saved
as separate models by using model referencing, or as subsystems in a library.
They are compatible with configuration management systems, such as CVS and
Clear Case, and with any registered source control provider application on
Windows® platforms.
You can reuse the design components on multiple projects, easily
maintaining audit and revision histories.
Organizing your models in this way lets you select the level of detail
appropriate to the design task. For example, you can use simple relationships to
model high-level specifications and add more detailed relationships as you
move toward implementation.
7.3.3 Configurable Subsystems:
Configurable subsystems let you associate design variants with
subsystems within a model. This capability simplifies the creation and
management of designs that share components, as one model can represent a
family of designs.

7.3.4 Conditionally Executed Subsystems:

Conditionally executed subsystems let you change system dynamics by
enabling or disabling specific sections of your design via controlling logic
signals. Simulink lets you create control signals that can enable or trigger the
execution of the subsystem based on specific time or events.
Logic blocks let you model simple commands to control enabled or
triggered subsystems. You can include more complex control logic, as well as
model state machines, with Stateflow® (available separately).

7.4 Defining and Managing Signals and Parameters:

Simulink enables you to define and control the attributes of signals and
parameters associated with your model. Signals are time-varying quantities
represented by the lines connecting blocks. Parameters are coefficients that help
define the dynamics and behavior of the system. Signal and parameter attributes
can be specified directly in the diagram or in a separate data dictionary. Using
the Model Explorer, you can manage your data dictionary and quickly
repurpose a model by incorporating different data sets.
You can define the following signal and parameter attributes:
• Data type—single, double, signed or unsigned 8-, 16- or 32-bit integers;
Boolean; and fixed-point
• Dimensions—scalar, vector, matrix, or N-D arrays
• Complexity—real or complex values
• Minimum and maximum range, initial value, and engineering units
Fixed-point data types provide support for scaling and arbitrary word lengths of
up to 128 bits. These data types require Simulink® Fixed Point (available
separately) to simulate and generate code.
Fig: Options for connecting blocks in Simulink. You can connect blocks
manually, by using the mouse, or automatically, by routing lines around
intervening blocks and through complex topologies.
Fig: Model Explorer used to navigate, create, configure, and search all signals,
parameters, properties, and generated code associated with your model.

You can also specify the signal sampling mode as sample-based or frame-
based, to enable the faster execution of signal processing applications in
Simulink and Signal Processing Blockset (available separately).
Using Simulink data-type objects, you can define custom data types and
bus signals. Bus signals let you define interfaces between design components.
Simulink lets you determine the level of signal specification. If you do
not specify data attributes, Simulink determines them via propagation. You can
specify only component interfaces or all data for your model. In all instances,
Simulink conducts consistency checking to ensure data integrity.
 You can restrict the scope of your parameters to specific parts of your
model through a hierarchy of workspaces, or share them across models via a
global workspace.
7.5 Running a Simulation:
After building your model in Simulink, you can simulate its dynamic
behavior and view the results live. Simulink provides several features and tools
to ensure the speed and accuracy of your simulation, including fixed-step and
variable-step solvers, a graphical debugger, and a model profiler.
7.5.1 Using Solvers:
Solvers are numerical integration algorithms that compute the system
dynamics over time using information contained in the model. Simulink
provides solvers to support the simulation of a broad range of systems, includ-
ing continuous-time (analog), discrete-time (digital), hybrid (mixed-signal), and
multirate systems of any size.
These solvers can simulate stiff systems and systems with state events,
such as discontinuities, including instantaneous changes in system dynamics.
You can specify simulation options, including the type and properties of
the solver, simulation start and stop times, and whether to load or save
simulation data. You can also set optimization and diagnostic information for
your simulation. Different combinations of options can be saved with the
model.
Fig: End-to-end, multirate defense communications system, modeled in
Simulink using Communications Blockset and Signal Processing Blockset.
Simulink solvers automatically determine when to call each block’s methods.
7.5.2 Debugging a Simulation:
The Simulink debugger is an interactive tool for examining simulation
results and locating and diagnosing unexpected behavior in a Simulink model. It
lets you quickly pinpoint problems in your model by stepping through a
simulation one method at a time and examining the results of executing that
method. (Methods are functions that Simulink uses to solve a model at each
time step during the simulation. Blocks are made up of multiple methods.)
 The Simulink debugger lets you set breakpoints, control the simulation
execution, and display model information. It can be run from a graphical user
interface (GUI) or from the MATLAB command line. The GUI provides a
clear, color-coded view of the model’s execution status. As the model simulates,
you can display information on block states, block inputs and outputs, and other
information, as well as animate block method execution directly on the model.
7.5.3 Executing a Simulation:
Once you have set the simulation options for your model, you can run
your simulation interactively, by using the Simulink GUI, or systematically, by
running it in batch mode from the MATLAB command line. The following
simulation modes can be used:
• Normal (the default), which interpretively simulates your model
• Accelerator, which speeds model execution by creating compiled target code
while still letting you to change model parameters
• Rapid Accelerator, which can simulate models faster than Accelerator mode
but with less interactivity by creating an executable separate from Simulink that
can run on a second processing core
You can also use MATLAB commands to load and process model data and
parameters and visualize results.
7.5.4 Profiling a Simulation:
Model profiling can help you identify performance bottlenecks in your
simulations. You can collect performance data while simulating your model and
then generate a simulation profile report based on the collected data that shows
how much time Simulink takes to execute each simulation method.
Fig: Simulink debugger GUI used with a multirate control system. You can step
through the simulation one method at a time or run to breakpoints.

7.5.5 Analyzing Results:

Simulink includes several tools for analyzing your system, visualizing
results, and testing, validating, and documenting your models.
7.6 Visualizing Results:
You can visualize the system by viewing signals with the displays and
scopes provided in Simulink. Alternatively, you can build your own custom
displays using MATLAB visualization and GUI development tools. You can
also log signals for post-processing.
To gain deeper insight into complex 3-D motion of your dynamic system,
you can incorporate virtual reality scenes into your visualization using Virtual
Reality Toolbox (available separately).
7.7 Testing and Validating Your Models:
Simulink includes tools to help you generate test conditions and validate
your model’s performance. These include blocks for creating simulation tests.
For example, the Signal Builder block lets you graphically create waveforms to
exercise models. Using the Signal & Scope Manager, you can inject signals into
your model, as well as log and view signals, without adding blocks. Simulink
also provides model verification blocks to check that block outputs conform to
your design requirements.
You can formally link requirements to sections of your model, write
custom model standards checks, and run model coverage using Simulink®
Verification and Validation (available separately). You can generate tests for
your model that satisfy model coverage and user-defined objectives and prove
properties using Simulink® Design Verifier (available separately). To manage
and store tests independently of your model, you can use System Test (available
separately) to develop test sequences and generate test reports.

7.8 Documenting Your Model:

It is easy to add documentation to your Simulink model. Annotations,
including hyperlinks to other documents and Web pages, can be added directly
in the diagram. Detailed descriptions can be added to each block’s properties as
well as model properties, such as model history information. The DocBlock lets
you include a text file document as a block within your model. Simulink also
offers printing capabilities that let you easily document your model.
With one command, you can create a HTML document that describes
your entire model, including snapshots of the different levels of hierarchy, and
all the block specifications.
Using the Simulink Manifest Tools you can create a report listing the files
that your model requires to function and, additionally, compress those files for
sharing with other users. Using Simulink® Report Generator (available
separately) you can create customized reports that comply with specific
document standards, as well as share interactive renditions of your models
viewable in a Web browser.
Fig: digital flight control system modeled in Simulink. The Signal & Scope
Manager enables you to connect sources and scopes to models without adding
blocks.

7.9 Generating C/C++ and HDL Code:

Models that are built in Simulink can be configured and made ready for
code generation. Using Real-Time Workshop® and Real-Time Workshop®
Embedded Coder (both available separately), you can generate C/C++ code
from the model for real-time simulation, rapid prototyping, and embedded
system deployment. Using Simulink® HDL Coder (available separately), you
can generate synthesizable, target independent Verilog and VHDL code, as well
as test benches for code validation in external HDL simulators.

8. Experimental Simulation Results

 9. CONCLUSION

A methodology to apply space vector modulation technique was proposed to

three-phase three-switch two-level unidirectional PWM rectifier. This
methodology is summarized as follows.

—Identification of current sectors and vector sectors and definition

of sub-sectors.
—Analysis of topological stages of converter and verification of available
vectors in each sub-sector.

—Definition of more adequate logic for disposing the command signals and
vectors sequence.

—Determination of intervals for application of vectors and calculus of duty

cycles functions in sub-sectors.

—Implementation of command signals from PWM modulator.

With this methodology, it is not necessary to determine the sectors of vectors,

only to impose desired current sectors from input voltage references and the
proposed methodology could be applied to other two-level unidirectional PWM
rectifiers. The proposed modulation technique reduces the number of
commutations of switches and the switching losses are minimized. The vector
control structure was described for an implementation with DSP controller and
experimental results validate the implemented modulation technique and the
applied control strategy. Unidirectional two-level PWM rectifier presents
regulated output voltage, high efficiency, high power factor, and low input
current THD.

10.REFERENCES

[1] J. W. Kolar and H. Ertl, “Status of the techniques of three-phase rectifier

systems with low effects on the mains,” in Proc. 21st Int. Telecommun. Energy
Conference, INTELEC ’99, Jun. 6–9, 1999.

[2] J. W. Kolar and F. C. Zach, “A novel three-phase utility interface

minimizing line current harmonics of high-power telecommunications rectifier
modules,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 44, pp. 456–467, Aug. 1997.
[3] B. Singh et al., “A review of three-phase improved power quality AC-DC
converters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 641–660, Jun. 2004.

[4] J. W. Kolar, U. Drofenik, and F. C. Zach, “Space vector based analysis of

the variation and control of the neutral point potential of hysteresis current
controlled three-phase/switch/level PWM rectifier systems,” in Proc. Int. Conf.
Power Electron. Drive Syst., Feb. 21–24, 1995, vol. 1, pp. 22–33.

[5] D. Borgonovo, Y. R. Novaes, and I. Barbi, “A three-phase three-switch two-

level PWM rectifier,” in Proc. 34th Annu. IEEE Power Electron. Specialists
Conf., 2003, pp. 1075–1079.