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441 Lecture 11

This document is a lecture on longitudinal aircraft dynamics that covers: 1. Finding the natural frequencies and damping ratios from the eigenvalues of the state-space matrix and interpreting the eigenvalues. 2. Identifying the long period and short period modes from the eigenvalues. 3. Developing approximate modal equations to analyze the natural frequency and damping ratio of the short period and long period modes.

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159 views

441 Lecture 11

This document is a lecture on longitudinal aircraft dynamics that covers: 1. Finding the natural frequencies and damping ratios from the eigenvalues of the state-space matrix and interpreting the eigenvalues. 2. Identifying the long period and short period modes from the eigenvalues. 3. Developing approximate modal equations to analyze the natural frequency and damping ratio of the short period and long period modes.

Uploaded by

khidirtay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spacecraft and Aircraft Dynamics

Matthew M. Peet
Illinois Institute of Technology

Lecture 11: Longitudinal Dynamics

Aircraft Dynamics
Lecture 11

In this Lecture we will cover:


Longitudinal Dynamics:
Finding dimensional coefficients from non-dimensional coefficients
Eigenvalue Analysis
Approximate modal behavior
I short period mode
I phugoid mode

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Review: Longitudinal Dynamics

Combined Terms
u + g cos 0 = Xu u + Xw w + Xe e + XT T
w + g sin 0 u0 = Zu u + Zw w + Zw w + Zq + Ze e + ZT T
= Mu u + Mw w + Mw w + Mq + Me e + MT T

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Force Coefficients
Force/Moment Coefficients can be found in Table 3.5 of Nelson

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Nondimensional Force Coefficients


Nondimensional Force/Moment Coefficients can be found in Table 3.3 of Nelson

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State-Space

From the homework, we have a state-space representation of form


u
u
 
w   w   e
= A + B


T
q
q

Where we get A and B from Xu , Zu , etc.


Recall:

Eigenvalues of A define stability of x = Ax.


A is 4 4, so A has 4 eigenvalues.
Stable if eigenvalues all have negative real part.

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Natural Motion

We mentioned that A is
Stable if eigenvalues all have negative real part.

Now we say more: Eigenvalues have the form


= R I
If we have a pair of complex eigenvalues, then we have two more concepts:
1. Natural Frequency:
q
n = 2R + 2I
2. Damping Ratio:

d=

M. Peet

R
n

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Natural Frequency
Natural frequency is how fast the the motion oscillates.
Closely related is the

Definition 1.
The Period is the time take to
complete one oscillation
=

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2
n

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Damping Ratio
Damping ratio is how much amplitude decays per oscillation.
Even if d is large, may decay slowly is n is small
Closely related is

Definition 2.
The Half-Life is the time taken for the
amplitude to decay by half.
=

M. Peet

.693
|R |

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State-Space
Example: Uncontrolled Motion

C172: V0 = 132kt, 5000f t.



u
.0442 18.7
0
32.2
u
w .0013 2.18
w
.97
0


q = .0024 23.8 6.08
0 q
0
0
1
0

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State-Space
Example: Uncontrolled Motion

Using the Matlab command [u,V] = eigs(A), we find the eigenvalues as


Phugoid (Long-Period) Mode
1,2 = .0209 .18
and Eigenvectors
1,2
Short-Period Mode

.2826
.1717
.0748 .1685


=
.9131 0
.1103
.1038
3,4 = 4.13 4.39

and Eigenvectors
3,4


0
1
.0002 .0000001


=
.001 .0000011
.0055
.0008

Notice that this is hard to interpret. Lets scale u and q by equilibrium values.
M. Peet

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State-Space
Example: Uncontrolled Motion

After scaling the state by the equilibrium values, we find the eigenvalues
unchanged (Why?) as
Phugoid (Long-Period) Mode
1,2 = .0209 .18
but clearer Eigenvectors

1,2

.629
.0213
.0218 .0007

=
.0016 .0001
.138
.765

Natural Frequency: n = .181rad/s


Damping Ratio: d = .115
Period: = 34.7s
Half-Life: = 33.16s
Motion dominated by variables u and .
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Modal Illustration

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State-Space
Example: Long Period Mode

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State-Space
Example: Uncontrolled Motion

Using the Matlab command [u,V] = eigs(A), we find the eigenvalues as


Short-Period Mode
3,4 = 4.13 4.39
and Eigenvectors
3,4

.0049
.004
.655 .409

=
.396 .495
.006
.0423

Natural Frequency: n = 6.03rad/s


Damping Ratio: d = .685
Period: = 1.04s
Half-Life: = .167s
Motion dominated by variables w and q.

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Modal Illustration

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State-Space
Example: Short Period Mode

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State-Space
Modal Approximations

Now that we know that longitudinal dynamics have two modes:


Short Period Mode
Phugoid Mode (Long-Period Mode)

Short Period Mode:


fix u = 0 and w = 0.
study variation in and q.
Similar to Static Longitudinal Stability

Long Period Mode:


fix q = 0 and w = 0.
study variation in and u.

Now we develop some simplified expressions to study these modes.

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Short Period Approximation


For the short period mode, we have the following dynamics:
#
#  "
 w  "
Ze
Z
w
1
u
u
u0 +
u0 =
0
0
e
M +Z
q
M + Mu 0Z Mq + M
q
Me + u0 e
 

+ Bsp e
= Asp
q
To understand stability, we need the eigenvalues of Asp .
Eigenvalues are solutions of det(I Asp ) = 0.

Thus we want to solve


det(I Asp ) = 2 (Mq +

Z
Z Mq
+ M ) + (
M ) = 0
u0
u0

We use the quadratic formula (Lecture 1):


r
Z 2
Z
1
1
Z
(Mq + M +
3,4 = (Mq + M +
)
) 4(mq
M )
2
u0
2
u0
u0
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Short Period Approximation


Frequency and Damping Ratio

3,4

1
1
Z
= (Mq + M +
)
2
u0
2

(Mq + M +

Z 2
Z
) 4(mq
M )
u0
u0

This leads to the Approximation Equations:


Natural Frequency:

sp = Mq

Z
u0

Damping Ratio:

dsp =

M. Peet

1 Mq + M +
2
sp

Z
u0

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Short Period Mode Approximations


Example: C127

Approximate Natural Frequency:


r
481 431
+ 27.7 = 6.10rad/s
sp =
219
True Natural Frequency:
sp = 6.03rad/s

Approximate Damping Ratio:


dsp =

4.32 2.20 1.81


= .683rad/s
2 6.10

True Damping Ratio:


dsp = .685rad/s
So, generally good agreement.
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Long Period Approximation

Long period motion considers only motion in u and .


  
 
Xu g u
u
=
Zu0u
0

This time, we must solve the simple expression


det(I A) = 2 Xu

Zu
g=0
u0

Using the quadratic formula, we get

1,2 =

M. Peet

Xu

q
Xu2 + 4 Zuu0 g
2

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Long Period Approximation

1,2 =

Xu

q
Xu2 + 4 Zuu0 g

2
This leads to the Approximation Equations:
Natural Frequency:

lp =

Damping Ratio:

dlp =

M. Peet

Zu g
u0

Xu
2lp

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Long Period Mode Approximations


Example: C127

Approximate Natural Frequency:


lp = .181rad/s
True Natural Frequency:
lp = .208rad/s

Approximate Damping Ratio:


dlp = .115rad/s
True Damping Ratio:
dlp = .106rad/s
So, generally good, but not as good. Why?

M. Peet

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Conclusion

In this lecture, we covered:


How to find and interpret the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a state-space
matrix
I
I

Natural Frequency
Damping Ratio

How to identify
I Long Period Eigenvlaues/Motion
I Short Period Eigenvalues/Motion
Modal Approximations
I Phugoid and Short-Period Modes
I Formulas for natural frequency
I Formulae for damping ratio

M. Peet

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