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Development Economics

Rural-urban migration is movement from countryside to cities. This causes urban growth as towns/cities expand over more land and urbanization as more people live in urban areas. The decision to migrate depends on "push" and "pull" factors. Push factors push people out of rural areas like land degradation, lack of economic opportunities, and political unrest. Pull factors pull people to urban areas for better jobs, amenities, infrastructure, and lifestyles. Improving economic prospects and satisfying aspirations that cannot be achieved in rural localities also drive rural-urban migration.

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Orn Phatthayaphan
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110 views

Development Economics

Rural-urban migration is movement from countryside to cities. This causes urban growth as towns/cities expand over more land and urbanization as more people live in urban areas. The decision to migrate depends on "push" and "pull" factors. Push factors push people out of rural areas like land degradation, lack of economic opportunities, and political unrest. Pull factors pull people to urban areas for better jobs, amenities, infrastructure, and lifestyles. Improving economic prospects and satisfying aspirations that cannot be achieved in rural localities also drive rural-urban migration.

Uploaded by

Orn Phatthayaphan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Name : KHANDA A/P MOON GUN

Matric no. : 232873

Quiz 2.
Briefly explain what are the main factors of rural to urban migration.
Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to the city.
This causes three things to happen that is urban growth where towns and cities are expanding,
covering a greater area of land and urbanisation where an increasing proportion of people
living in towns and cities.
The decision to migrate depends on a wide range of factors. In spite of their
complexity, the factors of migration decision are generally grouped either into ‘push’ or ‘pull’
factors. The ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors of migration can be economic or non-economic (for
example demographic, social, natural and political).
Push factors are associated with the conditions in the place/area of origin of migrants
and seem to be more important in the developing world than the “pull” factors associated with
destination. War, drought, pest invasion, flooding and other catastrophes could force people
to migrate. In rural areas land degradation and deforestation are directly correlated with their
productivity and life condition. When they are not in a position to sustain their life through
agriculture, where it is highly affected by environment condition, then they would prefer to
migrate to urban areas and engage in non-farm activities.
People cannot live with bread alone rather they need political freedom. Nowadays,
good governance is becoming the concern of many governments at least in principle. In the
absence of popular democracy, political security, and rule of law, people may feel insecure.
Thus, they would prefer to migrate to urban areas, where the political consciousness might be
better in relative terms. Political factors such as the prevalence of civil war, conflicts among
ethnic groups, discriminatory government laws etc. are important factors producing much
rural-urban migration in the third world. Moreover, people living in border areas and other
political strategic places usually flood to urban areas due to the frequent war and unrest in the
area.
Pull factors of migration are reasons for being attracted to the recipient area because of
something desirable such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom and so on. Some
experts argue that urban environment provides better employment and income opportunity
and the provision of services such as electricity, piped water supply and public services make
urban areas attractive. People with better off in their income could migrate to get a better
social infrastructure (education, health), driven by urban amenities, urban culture and life
style etc.
Similarly, people migrate to improve their economic well-being and when they are
unable to satisfy their aspiration with in the existing opportunity structure in their locality.
Byerlee (1974) states that the rural-urban income differential is highly relevant factor for
migration. Although high cost of living in cities leads to reduced real rural-urban income
differential, yet it is attractive because in the case of Jakarta, the opportunities for year-round
employment in urban areas as against seasonal unemployment in rural areas is highly
important.

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