1. a.

How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers (assume that
each number is a measured quantity):
i. 4.003
ii. 6.023 x 1023
iii. 5000
Answer 1(a)
i.
ii.
iii.

4 Significant figures
4 Significant figures
4 Significant figures

b. The width, length, and height of a small box are 15.5cm, 27.3cm and 5.4 cm,
respectively. Calculate the volume of the box, using the correct number of significant
figures in your answer.
Answer 1(b)
Width = 15.5 cm
Length = 27.3 cm
Height = 5.4 cm

Volume = Width Length Height

V=WLH
= (15.5 27.3 5.4 ) cm
= 2285.01 cm
= 2.3 103 cm

2. The following masses were recorded for 12 different samples in grams.

5.683 5.549 5.548 5.552
5.620 5.536 5.539 5.684
5.551 5.552 5.554 5.632
Report the
(a) mean,
(b) median,
(c) range,
(d) standard deviation and
(e) variance.
Answer 2
5.536, 5.539, 5.548, 5.549, 5.551, 5.552, 5.552, 5.554, 5.620, 5.632, 5.683, 5.684
(a) Mean,

5.536+ 5.539+ 5.548+5.549+5.551+ 5.552+ 5.552+5.554 +5.620+5.632+5.683+5.684

2

67
2

5.583 g
(b) Median

5.552+5.552
g
2

5.552 g

(c) Range, w

= Xlargest Xsmallest
= 5.684 5.536
= 0.148

(d) ___X1___

___X1-X___

___(X1-X)___

5.536

0.047

0.00221

5.539

0.044

0.00194

5.548

0.035

0.00123

5.549

0.034

0.00116

5.551

0.032

0.00102

5.552

0.031

0.00096

5.552

0.031

0.00096

5.554

0.029

0.00084

5.620

0.037

0.00137

5.632

0.049

0.00240

5.683

0.100

0.01000

5.684

0.101

0.01020

__________

___________

____________

67.0

0.57

Standard deviation, s
s=

0.03429
121

= 0.05583

(e) Variance =
= 0.003117

0.03429
121

0.03429

3.

a. The population standard deviation for the amount of aspirin in a batch of analgesic
tablets is known to be 7 mg of aspirin. A single tablet is randomly selected, analysed
and found to contain 245 mg of aspirin. What is the 95% confidence interval for
thepopulation mean?

Answer 3

= 7 mg

Randomly selected, X = 245 mg

(a) Find 95% confidence interval for the population mean

for 95%, z = 1.96
Confidence interval = z

CL for

= 1.96 7
= 13.72
z

= 245 13.72
= 231.28 to 258.72
b. What is the 95% confidence interval for the analgesic tablets described in 3(a), if an
analysis of five tablets yields a mean of 245 mg of aspirin
(b) Find 95% confidence interval based on previous
= 245 mg

CL for

z
N

= 245

1.96 7
5

= 245 6.14
= 238.86 to 251.14

= 7 mg

N=5

4. The quantitative determination of Cr in high alloy steel was investigated by a

potentiometric titration of Cr6+. Before titrating, the steel was dissolved in acid
and the chromium oxidized to Cr6+ by peroxydisulfate. Following are their results
(%w/w Cr) for the analysis of a single reference steel.
16.968 16.922 16.840 16.883
16.887 16.977 16.857 16.728
Calculate the mean, the standard deviation and the 95% confidence interval about the
mean.

Answer 4
16.968

16.922

16.840

16.883

16.887

16.977

16.857

16.728
( % w/w Cr )

Mean,

16.968+16.922+16.840+16.883+16.887+ 16.977+16.857+16.728
8

135.062
8

= 16.883
___X1___

___X1-X___

___(X1-X)___

16.968

0.085

0.007225

16.887

0.004

0.000016

16.922

0.039

0.001521

16.977

0.094

0.008836

16.840

0.043

0.001849

16.857

0.026

0.000676

16.883

0.00

0.00

16.728

0.155

0.024025

___________

____________

__________

135.062

0.446

0.044148

Standard deviation, =

0.044148
81

= 0.0794
95% confidence interval, z = 1.96
CL for mean,

=16.883

= 16.883

1.96 0.0794
8
0.055

= 16.828 to 16.938

5. Before determining the amount of Na2CO3 in an unknown sample, a student

decides to check her procedure by analyzing a sample known to contain 98.76%
w/w. Five replicate determinations of the % w/w Na2CO3 in the standard were
made with the following results.
98.71% 98.59% 98.62% 98.44% 98.58%
Is the mean for these five trials significantly different from the accepted value at
the 95% confidence level?

Answer 5

Amount of Na2CO3 in an unknown sample.

Analyzing by a known sample, 98.76% w/w.
98.71%

98.59%

98.62%

98.44%

98.58%

Comparing an experimental mean ( X ) with the true value ( Xt ), T-test

tcalc =

X Xt
s / N

X=

98.71+ 98.59+98.62+98.44+ 98.58

5

= 98.588

___X1___

___X1-X___

___(X1-X)___

98.71

0.12

0.0144

98.59

0.0

0.0

98.62

0.03

0.0009

98.44

0.15

0.0225

98.58

0.01

0.0001

__________

___________

492.94

S=

0.31

____________

0.0379

0.0379
51

= 0.0973

tcalc =

98.58898.76
0.0973
5

0.172
= 0.0435
= 3.954
At 95% confidence level, tcrit has a value of 2.78 for four degree of freedom.

Since the tcalc

tcrit ( 3.954 2.78 ) at 95% confidence level, it can be
concluded that there is significant different between both method.

6. Table 1 shows the results for two separate experiments to determine

the mass of a
circulating U.S penny. Determine whether there is a difference in the
means of these
confidence level. Given Spooled = 0.0459

Answer 6
Given Spooled = 0.0459
Determine whether there is a difference in the means of these analyses at 95%
confidence level.
Experiment 1
3.080+ 3.094+3.107+3.056+ 3.112+3.174+3.198
7

X=

= 3.12
Experiment 2
3.052+3.141+3.083+3.083+3.048
5

X=

= 3.08
Use Formula,

tcalc =

3.123.08
7+5
0.0459
7 5

3.123.08
0.027
0.04
0.027

tcalc = 1.48

tcalc =

X 1X 2
N 1+ N 2
Spooled
N 1N 2

tcrit at 95% confidence level for 12-2=10 degree of freedom is 2.23

tcalc < tcrit = there is no difference in the means of these analyses at 95% confidence
level.

7. A manufacturers process for analyzing aspirin tablets has a known variance of 25.
A sample of ten aspirin tablets is selected and analysed for the amount of aspirin,
yielding the following results
254 249 252 252 249 249 250 247 251 252
Determine whether there is any evidence that the measurement process is not
under statistical control at 95% confidence level ?
Answer 7

245

249

2=

25

252

252

X=

249

249

250

247

251

252

245+ 249+252+ 252+ 249+249+250+247+ 251+252

10

= 251

___X1___

___X1-X___

___(X1-X)___

254

249

252

252

249

249

250

247

16

251

252

__________

___________

2505

17

____________

41

F - test use formula

F=

S
S

S2 = 4.56
S2 = 25
F value =

25
4.56

= 5.48

Tabulated F = 3.717
F value > tabulated F has a significant difference

8. The following masses in grams were recorded in an experiment to determine the

average mass of a U.S. penny.
3.067 3.049 3.039 2.514 3.048 3.079 3.094 3.109 3.102
Determine if the value of 2.514 g is an outlier at 95 % confidence level.
Answer 8
3.067 3.049 3.039 2.514 3.048 3.079 3.094 3.109 3.102
Determine if the value of 2.514 g is an outlier at 95% confidence level
Use Q test
Use formula Q =

a
w

a = 3.039 2.514 = 0.525

w = 3.109 2.514 = 0.595

Q=

0.525
=0.882
0.595

For nine measurement, the tabulated Q value at 95% confidence level is 0.466

Q value tabulated Q value the outlier should be rejected

9. Ten laboratories were asked to determine the concentration of an analyte A in
three standard test samples. The results are shown in the following table, in part
per million.
Determine if there are any potential outliers in sample 1, sample 2 or sample 3 at a
95 % confidence level.
Answer 9
Analyte A in three standard test sample
Sample 1 :

Sample 2 :

a = 23.1 23.0
= 0.1

= 0.6

w = 23.1 21.3
= 1.8
Q=

a = 13.5 12.9

w = 14.2 12.9
= 1.3

0.1
1.80

= 0.056

Q=

0.6
1.3

Sample 3 :
a = 16.7 16.3
= 0.4
w = 17.5 15.9
= 1.6
Q=

0.4
1.6

= 0.25

Tabulated Q = 0.466

= 0.462

Sample 1

tabulated Q

retained the outlier

Sample 2

tabulated Q

retained the outlier

Sample 3

tabulated Q

retained the outlier

10. What is analytical chemistry?

Answer 10
Analytical chemistry is a metrological science that develops, optimizes and applies
measuring processes intended to derive quality chemical information of both global
and partial type in order to solve the measuring problems posed.

11. Qualitative and quantitative analysis are two commonly used approaches in
analytical chemistry. Define:
a) qualitative and quantitative analysis
b) provide ONE example of each of them in chemistry.
Answer 11
a) Define Qualitative and Quantitative analysis :
Qualitative analysis is identifying the chemicals present in the sample.
Quantitative analysis is separating, identifying and quantifying the relative
amounts of the components of an analyte.
b) Qualitative analysis - Fe, Zn are found in your drinking water
Quantitative analysis - 0.05 mg/L Fe , 0.01 mg/L Zn are found in your drinking
water
12. For each of the following problems indicate whether its solution requires a
qualitative, quatitative, characterization or fundamental study.
a. A hazardous-waste disposal site is believed to be leaking contaminants into the
local groundwater.
b. An art museum is concerned that a recent acquisition is a forgery.
c. A new visual indicator is needed for an acid-base titration.
Answer 12
a) Fundamental study
b) Characterization
c) Quantitative

13. What is a calibration curve?

Answer 13
Calibration is the relationship between the measured response and the concentration
of the analyte.

Analytical Chemistry
Assignment 1

Nama : Nooreen Fazira Binti Rasman

No. Matrik : 42785
Group : Group 3
Submit to : Puan Amira Satirawaty