POWER SYSTEMS I

Lecture 2

06-88-590-68
Electrical and Computer
Engineering
University of Windsor
Dr. Ali Tahmasebi

Per Phase Analysis

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Per phase analysis allows analysis of balanced 3f

systems with the same effort as for a single phase
system
Balanced 3f Theorem: For a balanced 3f system
with

All loads and sources Y connected

No mutual Inductance between phases

Per Phase Analysis, contd

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Then

All neutrals are at the same potential

All phases are COMPLETELY decoupled
All system values are the same sequence as sources. The
sequence order weve been using (phase b lags phase a
and phase c lags phase a) is known as positive
sequence; later in the course well discuss negative and
zero sequence systems.

Per Phase Analysis Procedure

To do per phase analysis
1. Convert all D load/sources to equivalent Ys
2. Solve phase a independent of the other phases
3. Total system power S = 3 Va Ia*
4. If desired, phase b and c values can be
determined by inspection (i.e., 120 degree phase
shifts)
5. If necessary, go back to original circuit to determine
line-line values or internal D values.
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Per Phase Example

Assume a 3f, Y-connected generator with Van = 10
volts supplies a D-connected load with ZD = -jW
through a transmission line with impedance of j0.1W
per phase. The load is also connected to a
D-connected generator with Vab = 10 through a
second transmission line which also has an impedance
of j0.1W per phase.
Find
1. The load voltage Vab
2. The total power supplied by each generator, SY and
SD
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Per Phase Example, contd

First convert the delta load and source to equivalent

Y values and draw just the "a" phase circuit
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Per Phase Example, contd

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'

1
'
'
'
(Va - 10)(-10 j ) + Va (3 j ) + (Va - 30)(-10 j) = 0
3
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Per Phase Example, contd

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'
1
'
'
'
(Va - 10)(-10 j ) + Va (3 j ) + (Va - 30)(-10 j) = 0
3
10
(10 j +
60) = Va' (10 j - 3 j + 10 j )
3
Va' = 0.9 -10.9 volts

Vb' = 0.9 -130.9 volts

Vc' = 0.9109.1 volts

'
Vab
= 1.5619.1 volts

Per Phase Example, contd

*
'
Va - Va

Sygen = 3Va I a* = Va
= 5.1 + j 3.5 VA
j 0.1
"

V
S Dgen = 3Va" a

' *
- Va

= -5.1 - j 4.7 VA
j 0.1

Power in Balanced 3f Circuits

In this balanced threephase circuit, T can be a
voltage source, a motor
or any impedance load.

For phase a:
cos
+
= 2
= 2 cos
+
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Power in Balanced 3f Circuits, contd

d - b = q is the phase shift between phase voltage and
phase current.
=
( ) .
( )
=
cos +
cos 2 + +

= ()+ ()+ ()=3

(NOT a function of time)

In terms of line-to-line voltages:

= 3
cos
=

cos

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Power in Balanced 3f Circuits, contd

For a generator, delivered power is calculated from

these 2 equations, for a load, these equations
calculate absorbed power.

Advantage: for example, power delivered to a 3F

ac motor is always constant, which results in
constant speed and torque. In contrast, a single
phase ac motor may have torque pulsations.

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Power in Balanced 3f Circuits, contd

Complex power:
For phase a:

=
d , = b =
=

= + + =3 =3
=3

= 3

cos + sin

= 3

Total apparent power:

= =3
= 3

(d-b)
(db)

cos + sin

[VA]

NOTE: is a complex number but not a phasor!

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Power System Components

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All power systems have three major components:

Generation, Load and Transmission/Distribution.
Generation: Creates electric power.
Load: Consumes electric power.
Transmission/Distribution: Transmits electric power
from generation to load.

Lines/transformers operating at voltages above 100 kV

are usually called the transmission system. The
transmission system is usually networked.
Lines/transformers operating at voltages below 100 kV
are usually called the distribution system (radial).
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Power Transformers
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Power systems are characterized by many different

voltage levels, ranging from 765 kV down to
240/120 volts.
Transformers are used to convert voltage and
transfer power between different voltage levels.
The ability to inexpensively change voltage levels is
a key advantage of ac systems over dc systems.
In this section well development models for the
transformer and discuss various ways of connecting
three phase transformers.
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Ideal Transformer
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First we review the voltage/current relationships for

an ideal transformer

no winding resistance no real power losses

magnetic core has infinite permeability
no leakage flux
no core loss

Well define the primary side of the transformer

as the side that usually takes power, and the
secondary as the side that usually delivers power.

primary is usually the side with the higher voltage, but

may be the low voltage side on a generator step-up
transformer.

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Ideal Transformer Equations

Assume we have flux fm in magnetic material. Then

l1 = N1fm
l2 = N 2f m
d l1
df m
d l2
df m
v1 =
= N1
v2
=
= N2
dt
dt
dt
dt
df m
v1
v2
v1
N1
=
=

=
= a = turns ratio
dt
N1
N2
v2
N2
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Current Equations in Ideal Transformer

To get the current relationships use ampere's law
mmf =

H dL = N1i1 + N 2i2'

H length = N1i1 + N 2i2'

B length
= N1i1 + N 2i2'
m
Assuming uniform flux density in the core
f length
= N1i1 + N 2i2'
m area

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Current/Voltage Equations
If m is infinite then 0 = N1i1 + N 2i2' . Hence
i1
N2
= or
'
N1
i2

i1
N2 1
=
=
i2
N1 a

Then
v1
i
1

a 0 v
2

=
1
0
i2

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Impedance Transformation Example

Example: Calculate

the primary voltage and current

for an impedance load on the secondary
a

v1

=
i
0
1

v1 = a v2

i1

0 v2
1 v2

Z
a

1 v2
=
aZ

v1
= a2 Z
i1
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Real Transformers

Real transformers

have losses
have leakage flux
have finite permeability of magnetic core

Add R1 and R2 to windings 1 and 2 to represent i2R

losses of each winding
Add X1 to account for leakage flux of winding 1
(flux that links winding 1 but not winding 2)

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Transformer Core Losses

Eddy currents arise because of changing flux in core.
Eddy currents are reduced by laminating the core

Hysteresis losses are proportional to area of BH curve

and the frequency
These losses are reduced
by using material with a
thin BH curve
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Transformer Core Losses

To represent both eddy current loss and Hysteresis

loss, we add a resistive shunt branch RC (or GC) that
carries the current iC = core loss current.

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Effect of Finite Core Permeability

Finite core permeability means a non-zero mmf
is required to maintain fm in the core
N1i1 - N 2i2 = fm
This value is usually modeled as a magnetizing current
fm N 2
i1 =
+
i2
N1
N1
N2
fm
i1 = im +
i2
where i m =
N1
N1
Add Xm to represent this effect.
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Transformer Equivalent Circuit

Using the previous relationships, we can derive an
equivalent circuit model for the real transformer

This model is further simplified by referring all

impedances to the primary side
r2' = a 2 r2

re = r1 + r2'

x2' = a 2 x2

xe = x1 + x2'
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Simplified Equivalent Circuit

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Calculation of Model Parameters

The parameters of the model are determined based

upon

nameplate data: gives the rated voltages and power

open circuit test: rated voltage is applied to secondary
with primary open; measure the secondary current and
losses (Wattage).
short circuit test: with secondary shorted, apply voltage
to primary to get rated current to flow at primary;
measure voltage and losses.

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Transformer Example
Example: A single phase, 100 MVA, 200/80 kV
transformer has the following test data:
open circuit: 20 amps, with 10 kW losses
short circuit: 30 kV, with 500 kW losses
Determine the model parameters.

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Transformer Example, contd

From the short circuit test
100 MVA
30 kV
I sc =
= 500 A, R e + jX e =
= 60 W
200kV
500 A
2
Psc = Re I sc
= 500 kW R e = 2 W,

Hence Xe = 602 - 22 = 60 W
From the open circuit test
200 kV 2
Rc =
= 4M W
10 kW
200 kV
R e + jX e + jX m =
= 10,000 W
20 A

X m = 10,000 W
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Residential Distribution Transformers

Single phase transformers are commonly used in
residential distribution systems. Most distribution
systems are 4 wire, with a multi-grounded, common
neutral.

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Per Unit Calculations

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A key problem in analyzing power systems is the

large number of transformers.

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It would be very difficult to continually have to refer

impedances to the different sides of the transformers

This problem is avoided by a normalization of all

variables.
This normalization is known as per unit analysis.
actual quantity
quantity in per unit =
base value of quantity
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Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1f

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Pick a 1f VA base for the entire system, SB

Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level,
VB. Voltage bases are related by transformer turns
ratios. Voltages are line to neutral.
Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB
Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB
Convert actual values to per unit

Note, per unit conversion on affects magnitudes, not

the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have
units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts)
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Per Unit Solution Procedure

1.

2.
3.

Convert to per unit (p.u.) (many problems are

already in per unit)
Solve
Convert back to actual as necessary

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Per Unit Example

Solve for the current, load voltage and load power
in the circuit shown below using per unit analysis
with an SB of 100 MVA, and voltage bases of
8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV.

Original Circuit
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Per Unit Example, contd

Z BLeft

8kV 2
=
= 0.64W
100 MVA

Middle
ZB

Z BRight

80kV 2
=
= 64W
100MVA
2

16kV
=
= 2.56W
100 MVA

Same circuit, with

values expressed
in per unit.
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Per Unit Example, contd

1.00
I =
= 0.22 - 30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91 + j 2.327
VL = 1.00 - 0.22 - 30.8 2.32790
= 0.859 - 30.8 p.u.
2

VL
SL =
=
= 0.189 p.u.
Z
SG = 1.00 0.2230.8 = 0.2230.8 p.u.
VL I L*

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Per Unit Example, contd

To convert back to actual values just multiply the
per unit values by their per unit base
V LActual = 0.859 - 30.8 16 kV = 13.7 - 30.8 kV
S LActual = 0.1890 100 MVA = 18.90 MVA
SGActual = 0.2230.8 100 MVA = 22.030.8 MVA
I Middle
B

100 MVA
=
= 1250 Amps
80 kV

I Actual
Middle = 0.22 - 30.81250 Amps = 275 - 30.8 A
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