a

BANSAL CLASSES
CHEMISTRY
TARGET IIT JEE 2007
XI (P, Q, R, S)
1

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

CONTENTS

KEY-CONCEPTS
EASY GO
REFRESH YOUR CONCEPT
TOUGHROAD
ENJOY
ANSWER KEY

Physical Constants"
Constant and Symbolb
Speed of light in vaccum
Proton & electron charge
Permittivity of vaccum
Avogadro constant
Electron rest mass
(0.000548 amu)
Proton rest mass
(1.00757 amu)
Neutron rest mass
(1.00893 amu)
Planck constant
Permeability of vaccums
Bohr radius

Gaussian Value
2.99 x 1010 cm/s
4.8 x 10~10 statC

Na
m
e

SI Value
2.99 xl0 8 m/s
1.60 x 10~19C
8.85 x 10"12 C2/N-m2
6.02 x 1023 mol"1
9.10 x 10~31 kg

mp

1.67 x 10~27 kg

1.67 x 10~24 g

1.67 x 10"27 kg

1.67 x 10~24g

6.62 x 10-34 J s
471 x 10"7 NC"2 s2
5.29 x lO^11 m
, Z
2.188 xlO6 x m/sec.
n
Z2

6.62 x 10"27 erg s

c
e

h
a

Bohr's velocity
Bohr's energy
(-13.6 eV/atom)
Bohr magneton (BM)
Gas constant
Boltzmann constant
Gravitional constant

Pe

R
k
G

6.02 x 1023 mol"1

9.10 x 10-28g

0.529 x 10-8cm

2.188 xlO8 x cm/sec.

n

-21.8xlO"19^2"J/atom

-21.8 xi0~12erg/atom

9.27 x 10"24 J/T

8.3145 J/mol-K
1.38 x 10"23 J/K
6.67 x 10"11 m3/kg-s2

8.3145 x 107erg/mol-K
1.30 x 10"16 erg/K
6.67 x 10~8cm3/g-s2

Energy Conversion Factors 3

1 erg = 10"7 J
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 eV= 1.602177 x 10~19 J = 1.602177 x 10"12 erg = 23.0605 kcal/mol
GreekAlphabet
Alpha
A
Gmnma
r
E
Epsilon
H
Eta
I
Iota
A
Lambda
N
Nu
Omicron
0
P
Rho
T
Tau

Phi
Psi

(! Bansal Classes

a
Y
8
r|
i
X
v
o
P
X

<>
t

Beta
Delta
Zeta
Theta
Kappa
Mu
Xi
Pi
Sigma
Upsilon
Chi
Omega

Atomic Structure

B
A
Z

K
M

5
c
0

H~<

n
2
Y
X
Q

%
a
u
X

CO

[16]

KEY

CONCEPT

STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Rutherford's Model
Bohr's Model
Wave mechanical model
EXTRA NUCLEAR PART (e~)

1.

Electrons,protons & neutrons are the most important fundamental particles of atoms of all elements
(Except hydrogen)
Some uncommon Fundamental particles:
2.
m = m 0 /[l-(v/c) 2 ] ,/2
zX\A =Z+n
1 1
1
mM
-"77 + =
m = mass of e~; M = Mass of nucleus
H M m m+M

3.

Reducedmass

4.

h
Photon is considered massless bundle of energy. But to find its mass use m = ^

5.

E = mc 2 , E = hv = he/ X = he v

6.
7.

no. of molecules reacting

7
I 7 7 ,
Quantum efficiency
y or Quantum Yield =
^
no. of quanta absorbed
Rn = R,(A)1/3 , R, = 1.33xl0",3cm
A = massnumber

1
number of a particles at 6 = I
^TTT7T
A

8.

neucleus

N
N

6
Z 2e . Ldn
K.z ef
Ze
i a vf,, = K^
m
; Tan
~Z ~=
2k

. b

xZ 2

Rydberg's Equation ~~ = v = r H

; b = impact parameter

sin 0/2

9.

'

,n1

10.
11.

Limiting spectral line (series limit) means n,= oo

Ha line means we know n t , n, (longest X , shortest v , least E) [ H a , Hp , H^, Hg ]
n(n-l)

12.

No. of wavelengths observed in the spectrum =

13.

when or2deexcites to ground state , n = no. of higher orbit

1 /2 mv = hv - hv(w) (work function or B. E.)
he
v = Threshhold frequency W = hv0 = ^

14.

Accelerating potential = eV = KE = mv2

15.
16.

X = hc/E = 1240 ev. nm

2KE
v=

17.

F=

18.

h
mvr = n- = n .h

K q-,q2 K = '
2;
4tis '
D r
o '

Kq,q 2
r

D = dielectric constant, centrifugal force = m r / r

2n

(! Bansal Classes

Atomic Structure

[16]

19.

20.

22.

F = ^z

n2
n2
r = x

_2 4

27tme 2

E,=

nV

-271 me

h2

" 7 >.

23.

z 2ne
v= - x
n
h
Time for one revolution =

27.

n = n + nA (Sommerfeld model)

31.

150
A
^
]J Vinvolts
Ax.Ap > h/4n
Radius of e~ = 2.8 x 10~!3 cm

21.

2nr/v

26.

Z 47t e m
revolutions
per sec== v/27tr - En glven = 2 3 A
Separation energy
No. of waves = n = no. of shells
I.E. = E - E
, , f . (K, L, M, N)

28.

A. = h/mv = h/p

30.

En ^ KE

32.

v1/2 = a(z-b) b = screening constant

33.

34.
36.
38.
40.

Nucleons
Isoelectronic
Isodiaphers (A-2Z)
Diamagnetic

42.

h
L= V'C + 1)

35.
Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones (A - Z)
37.
Isosters
39.
paramagnetic
41.
Core, Kernel, core charge, optical e~
[Valence shell, outermost shell, pentultimate shell]
h
43.
S= VS(S + 1) ; S = S

44.

(i= ^'n(n + 2)B.M. n = number of unpaired

45.

Radial Nodes
(n - / - 1)

24.
25.

46.

n=co

g r o u n d state o r e -

'

'

'

KE = 1/2 mv 2 , E = hv
?

2rc

<P

2n

Angular nodes ;

mc'

2 7i

;
Total nodes
(n-1)

Total no. of e" in an energy level

= 2n2
Total no. of e - in a sublevel
= 2(21+1)
Maximum no. of e - in an orbital
=2
Total no. of orbitals in a sublevel = (21+1)
No. of subshells in main energyshell = n
No. of orbitals in a main energy shell = n2

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2
d

3
f

Atomic Structure

[16]

47.

ELEECTROMEGNETIC SPECTRUM
:

Cosmic
Rays

y- rays

= lO"14

10"13

> X increases

X - Rays Vaccum
UV

lO"11

UV

10"9

Visible

10"7

Nrar
IR

1C

I'

i 0"

Micro Radio
Waves Waves

10"3 10"' 10

10"6 1 O"5

Far
IR

1O"4 1(r 2

meters.
Distinction between the wave - particle nature of a photon and the particle-wave nature of subatomic particle.
PHOTON

SUB ATOMIC

PARTICLE

1.

Energy = hv

Energy = mv2

2.

c
Wavelength =
v

h
Wavelength =
mv

Note: We should never interchange any of the above and to write electronic conf. of Cation first
write for neutral atom & then remove e~ from outermost shell.

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Atomic Structure

[16]

SHAPES OFA TOMIC ORRTTA /V

The spherical Polar Coordinates

(! Bansal Classes

2-

Atomic Structure [

xy

16]

y ( z

- x

Angular part of the wave function: The figures show shapes of atomic orbitals as polar plots. The direction
in which the angular part is positive (negative) is indicated in blue (red). A surface on which the angular part of the
wave function vanishes is called an angular node. It may be a plane or the surface of the conc. The s, p, d and f
orbitals have 0,1,2, and 3 angular nodes respectively.
(! Bansal Classes

Atomic Structure [16]

EASY GO
Q. 1

Atoms consists of protons, neutrons and electrons. If the mass of neutrons and electrons were made half
and two times respectively to their actual masses, then the atomic mass of6C12.
(A) Will remain approximately the same
(B) Will become approximately two times
(C) Will remain approximately half
(D) Will be reduced by 25%

Q.2

Which ofthe following is not true in Rutherford's nuclear model of atom

(A) Protons and neutrons are present inside nucleus
(B) Volume of nucleus is very small as compared to volume of atom
(C) The number of protons and neutrons are always equal
(D) The number of electrons and protons are always equal

Q. 3

When a - particles are sent thought a thin metal foil, most of them go straight through the foil because
(one or more are correct)
(A) Alpha particles are much heavier than electrons
(B) Alpha particles are positively charged
(C) Most part of the atom is empty space
(D) Alpha particles move with high velocity '

Q.4

Bohr's model can explain

(A) The spectrum of hydrogen atom only
(B) Spectrum of atom of iron containing one electron only
(C) The spectrum of hydrogen molecule
(D) The solar spectrum

Q. 5

The ratio of the energy of a photon of2000 A wavelength radiation to that of4000 A radiation is
(A) 1/4
(B)4
(C) 1 / 2
(D) 2

Q. 6

Bohr model of an atom could not account for

(A) Emission spectrum
(B) Absorption spectrum
(C) Line spectrum of hydrogen
(D) Fine spectrum

Q. 7

The maximum energy is present in any electron at

(A) Nucleus
(B) Ground state
(C) First excited state
(D) Infinite distance from the nucleus

Q. 8

Which electronic level would allow the hydrogen atom to absorb a photon but not to emit a photon
(A) 3s
(B)2p
(C)2s
(D) Is

Q.9

The third line in Balmer series corresponds to an electronic transition between which Bohr's orbits in
hydrogen
(A) 5

(B) 5 - 2

(C) 4 3

(D) 4 - 2

Q. 10 Correct set of four quantum numbers for valence electron of rubidium( Z - 37) is
(A) 5, 0,0, + ^

(B)5,l,0,+|

(C)5,l,l,+|

(D) 6, 0, 0, + \

Q. 11 The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired electron of chlorine atom is
n
/
m
n
I
m
(A)
2
1
0
(B)
2
1
1
(C)
3
1
1
(D)
3
0
0
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Atomic Structure

[16]

Q.12 The orbital diagram in which the Aufbau's principle is violated is

2s
2px
2p
2pz
2s
2px
(A)
tl
tl
t
(B)
f
U
(C)
U
t
t
t
(D)
U
tl

2p
t
U

2pz
t
t

Q. 13 The total number of neutrons in dipositive zinc ions with mass number 70 is
(A) 34
(B) 40
(C) 36
(D)38
Q. 14 Principal quantum number of an atom represents
(A) Size of the orbital
(B) Spin angular momentum
(D) Space orientation of the orbital
(C) Orbital angular momentum
Q. 15 Which of the following sets of quantum numbers represent an impossible arrangement
n / m i r i j .
n / r n n ^
(A)

(C)

2
-3

^
|

'(B)

(D)

Q. 16 CO has same electrons as or the ion that is isoelectronic with CO is

(B)CN-

(A)N+

(C)O;

(D)02

Q. 17 The explanation for the presence of three unpaired electrons in the nitrogen atom can be given by
(A) Pauli's exclusion principle
(B) Hund's rule
(C) Aufbau's principle
(D) Uncertainty principle
Q. 18 The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the Mth shell is
(C) 18
(D) 32
(A) 2
(B) 8
Q. 19 Elements upto atomic number 103 have been synthesized and studied. If a newly discovered element is
found to have an atomic number 106, its electronic configuration will be
'
(B) [Rn]5f14, 6d\ 7s2 7p3
(A) [Rn]5f14,6d4, 7s2
14
6
(C) [Rn]5f ,6d ,7s
(D) [Rn]5f14,6d5,7s1
Q. 2 0 Which quantum number will determine the shape of the subshell
(B) Azimuthal quantum number
(A) Principal quantum number
(C) Magnetic quantum number
(D) Spin quantum number
Q.21 Anisostereis
(A) NO; and O,
) -

a n u

w j

(B) NO; and P034"

(C) C0 2 , N 2 0, NOT (D) C/OT and OCN"

Q.22 The electronic configuration of an element is 1 s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s1. This represents its
(A) Excited state
(B) Ground state
(C) Cationic form
(D) Anionic form
Q .23 Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired electron (atomic number of Fe 26)
(A) Fe
(B) Fe (II)
(C) Fe (III)
(D)Fe (IV)
Q. 24 Which quantum number is not related with Schrodinger equation
(B) Azimuthal
(C) Magnetic
(A) Principal

(! Bansal Classes

Atomic Structure

(D)Spin

[16]

REFRESH YOUR CONCEPTS

LIGHT
Q. 1

H- atom is exposed to electromagnetic radiation of 1028 A and gives out induced radiations. Calculate
X of induced radiations.

Q. 2

The wavelength of a certain line in the Paschen series in 1093.6 nm. What is the value of nhjghforthis line.
[Rh = 1.0973 xl0 + 7 m-']

Q. 3

A certain dye absorbs 4530 A0 and fluoresces at 5080 A0 these being wavelengths of maximum absorption
that under given conditions 47% of the absorbed energy is emitted. Calculate the ratio of the no. of
quanta emitted to the number absorbed.

Q .4

The reaction between H, and Br2 to form HBr in presence of light is initiated by the photo decomposition
ofBr into free Br atoms (free radicals) by absorption of light. The bond dissociation energy of Br, is
192 KJ/mole. What is the longest wavelength of the photon that would initiate the reaction.

Q.5

Wavelength of the Balmer H a line (first line) is 6565 A0. Calculate the wavelength of Hp (second line).

Q. 6

Calculate the Rydberg constant R if He+ ions are known to have the wavelength difference between the
first (of the longest wavelength) lines of Balmer and Lyman series equal to 133.7nm.

Q.7

The quantum yield for decomposition of HI is 2. In an experiment 0.01 moles of HI are decomposed.
Find the number of photons absorbed.

Q. 8

The light radiations with discrete quantities of energy are called

Q. 9

What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer transition, n=4
to n=2 of He+ spectrum.

Q. 10 Calculate the energy emitted when electrons of 1.0 g atom of hydrogen undergo transition giving the
spectral line of lowest energy in the visible region of its atomic spectrum.
PLANK'S QUANTUM THEORY
Q. IT

Calculate the wavelength of the radiation that would cause photo dissociation of chlorine molecule if the
CI- CI bond energy is 243 KJ/mol.

Q. 12 Suppose 10"17 J of light energy is needed by the interior of the human eye to see an object. Flow mam
photons of green light (X = 550 nm) are needed to generate this minimum amount of energy.
Q. 13 Aphoton having X - 854 A0 causes the ionization of a nitrogen atom. Give the I.E. per mole ofnitrogen in KJ.
Q.14

Calculate the threshold frequency ofmetalifthe binding energy is 180.69 KJmor 1 of electron.

Q.15

Calculate the binding energy per mole when threshold frequency to the wavelength of240 nm.

Q.16 A metal was irriadated by light of frequency 3.2 x 10!5 S_1. The photoelectron produced had its KE,
2 times the KE of the photoelectron which was produced when the same metal was irriadated with a
light of frequency 2.0x10'5 S~]. What is the ionization Energy of metal.
Q. 17 U.V. light of wavelength 800 A & 700 A falls on hydrogen atoms in their ground satte & liberates
electrons with kinetic energy 1.8 eV and 4 eV respectively. Calculate planck's constant.
Q. 18 The dissociation energy of H, is 430.53 KJ/mol. If H2 is exposed to radiant energy of wavelength
253.7 nm, what % of radiant energy will be converted into K.E.
Q. 19 A potential difference of20 KV is applied across an X-ray tube. Find the minimum wavelength ofX-ray generated.
Q.20 The K.E. of an electron emitted from tungstan surface is 3.06 eV. What voltage would 1 ? required to
bring the electron to rest.
(! Bansal Classes

Atomic Structure

[16]

BOHR'S MODEL
Q.21

Calculate energy of electron which is moving in the orbit that has its rad. sixteen times the rad. of first
Bohr orbit.

-21.7x10~12
Q.22 The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by E n =
ergs. Calculate the energy required
n
to remove an e completely from n = 2 orbit. What is the largest wavelength in cm of light that can be
used to cause this transition.
Q.23 Calculate the wavelength in angstrom of photon that is emitted when an e~ in Bohr orbit n=2 returns to
the orbit n=l. The ionization potential of the ground state of hydrogen atom is 2.17x10~n erg/atom.
Q.24 The radius ofthe fourth orbit of hydrogen atom is 0.85. nm. Calculate the velocity of electron in this orbit.
Q.25 The velocity of e~ in a certain Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom bears the ratio 1:275 to the velocity of
light. What is the quantum no. "n" of the orbit and the wave no. of the radiation emitted for the transition
from the quatum state (n+1) to the ground state.
Q.26 Electrons of energy 12.09 eV can excite hydrogen atoms. To which orbit is the electron in the hydrogen
atom raised and what are the wavelengths of the radiations emitted as it drops back to the ground state.
Q.27 A doubly ionised lithium atom is hydrogen like with atomic number z = 3. Find the wavelength of the
radiation required to excite the electron in Li2+ from the first to the third Bohr orbit.
Q.28 Estimate the difference in energy between I and II Bohr Orbit for a hydrogen atom. At what minimum at
no. a transition from n=2 to n=l energy level would result in the emission of X-rays with
X = 3.0 x 10~8m? Which hydrogen like species does this at no correspond to.
Q.29 Find out the no. of waves made by a Bohr electron in one complete revolution in its 3rd orbit.
GENERAL
Q.30 What is de-Broglie wavelength of a He-atom in a container at room temperature.
Q.31 Through what potential difference must an electron pass to have a wavelength of500 A.
Q.32 A proton is accelerated to one- tenth of the velocity oflight. If its velocity can be measured with a
precision + 1 %. What must be its uncertainity in position.
Q.33 To what effective potential a proton beam be subjected to give its protons a wavelength of 1 xl0~10m.
Q.34 Calculate magnitude of angular momentum of an e that occupies 1 s, 2s, 2p, 3d, 3p.
Q.35

Calculate the number of exchange pairs of electrons present in configuration of Cu according to Aufbau
Principle including d and s electrons.

Q.36 He atom can be excited to Is1 2p' by X = 58.44 nm. If lowest excited state for He lies 4857cm-1 below
the above. Calculate the energy for the lower excitation state.
Q.37 Wave functions of electrons in atoms & molecules are called
Q.38 The outermost electronic conf. of Cr is

TOUGH ROAD
Q. 1

Q. 2

X-rays emitted from a copper target and a molybdenum target are found to contain a line of wavelength
22.85 nm attributed to the Ka line of an impurity element. The Ka lines of copper (Z=29) and molybdenum
(Z = 42) have wavelength 15.42 nm and 7.12 nm respectively. Using Moseley's law, y1/2 = a (Z - b)
calculate the atomic number of the impurity element.
Calculate the energy emitted when electrons of 1.0 g atom of hydrogen undergo transition giving the
spectral lines of lowest energy in the visible region of its atomic spectra.

Buns ill Classes

Atomic Structure

[11]

Q. 3

(i)
(ii)

1.8 g hydrogen atoms are excited to radiations. The study of spectra indicates that 27% of the atoms are
in 3rd energy level and 15% of atoms in 2nd energy level and the rest in ground state. If I.P. of H is
21.7 x 1CT12 erg. CalculateNo. of atoms present in III & II energy level.
Total energy evolved when all the atoms return to ground state.

Q. 4

One mole He+ ions are excited. Spectral analysis showed existence of 50% ions in 3rd orbit, 25% in 2nd
and rest in ground state. Calculate total energy evolved when all the ions return to the ground state.

Q. 5

The energy of an excited H-atom is -3.4 eV. Calculate angular momentum of e-.

Q. 6

The vapours of Hg absorb some electrons accelerated by a potential diff. of 4.5 volt as a result of which
light is emitted. If the full energy of single incident e~ is supposed to be converted into light emitted by
single Hg atom, find the wave no. of the light.

Q. 7

The hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by means of monochromatic radiation of wavelength
xA. The resulting spectrum consists of 15 different lines. Calculate the value of x.

Q. 8

The eyes of certain member of the reptile family pass a single visual signal to the brain when the visual
receptors are struck by photons of wavelength 850 nm. If a total energy of 3.15 x 10 ~14 J is required
to trip the signal, what is the minimum number of photons that must strike the receptor.

Q. 9

If the average life time of an excited state of H atom is of order 10~8 sec, estimate how many orbits an e~
makes when it is in the state n = 2 and before it suffers a transition to n =1 state.

Q. 10 Calculate the frequency of e~ in thefirstBohr orbit in a H-atom.

Q. 11 What is de Broglie wavelength associated with an e~ accelerated through P.D. = 100 KV.
Q. 12 A single electron orbits around a stationary nucleus o f charge +Ze where Z is a constant from the
nucleus and e is the magnitude of the electric charge. The hydrogen like species required 47.2 eV to
excite the electron from the second Bohr orbit to the third Bohr orbit. Find
(i)
the value of Z and give the hydrogen like species formed.
(ii)
the kinetic energy and potential energy of the electron in thefirstBohr orbit.
Q. 13 A stationary He+ ion emitted a photon corresponding to a first line of the Lyman series. The photon
liberated a photon electron from a stationary H atom in ground state. What is the velocity ofphotoelectron.
Q. 14 To what series does the spectral lines of atomic hydrogen belong if its wave number is equal to the
difference between the wave numbers ofthe following two lines of the Balmer series 486.1 and 410.2 nm.
What is the wavelength of this.
Q. 15 A particle of charge equal to that of an electron and mass 208 times the mass of the electron moves in a
circular orbit around a nucleus of charge +3e. Assuming that the Bohr model ofthe atom is applicable to this
system, (a) derive an expression for the radius ofthe nth bohr orbit, (b)findthe value ofn for which the radius
of the orbit is approximately the same as that ofthefirstBohr orbit for th ehydrogen atom, and (c)findthe
wavelength ofthe radiation emitted when the revolving particle jumps from the third orbit to the first.
Q. 16 A neutrons breaks into a proton and an electron. This decay ofneutron is accompanied by release of energy.
Assuming that 50% ofthe energy is produced in the form ofelectromagentic radiation, what will be the frequency
ofradiation produced. Will this photon be sufficient to cause ionization ofAluminium. In case it is able to do so
what will be the energy ofthe electron ejectedfromthe Aliuninium atom. IE, =ofAl=577 KJ/mol
Q.17

Find the number of photons of radiation of frequency 5 x 1013s_I that must be absorbed in order to melt
one gm ice when the latent heat of fusion of ice is 330 J/g.

Q. 18 A base ball of mass 200 g is moving with velocity 30 x 102 cm/s. If we can locate the base ball with an
error equal in magnitude to the A, of the light used (5000 A), how will the uncertainty in momentum be
compared with the total momentum of base ball.
(! Bansal Classes

Atomic Structure

[16]

Q.19 The dye aeriflavine, when dissolved in water, has its maximum light absorption at 4530 A and its maximum
fluorescence emission at 5080 A. The number of fluorescence quanta is, on the average, 53% of the
number of quanta absorbed. Using the wavelengths of maximum absorption and emission, what % of
absorbed energy is emitted as fluorescence?
Q.20 An electron has a speed of 40 m/s, accurate up to 99.99%. What is the uncertainity in locating its
position.
Q.21

Hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited by means ofmonochromatic radiation ofwavelength 975A. How
many different lines are possible in the resulting spectrum? Calculate the longest wavelength amongst them.

Q.22 An alpha particle after passing through a potential difference of 2 x 106 volt falls on a silver foil. The
atomic number of silver is 47. Calculate (i) the K.E. of the alpha-particle at the time of falling on the foil,
(ii) K.E. of the a - particle at a distance of 5 x 10~14m from the nucleus, (iii) the shortest distance from
the nucleus of silver to which the a-particle reaches.
Q.23

Q.24

Calculate the de-broglie wavelength associated with motion of earth (mass 6 x 1024 Kg) orbiting around
the sun at a speed of 3 x 106 m/s.
Suppose the potential energy between electron and proton at a distance r is given by

ke2
3 Use
3r

Bohr's theory to obtain energy of such a hypothetical atom.

Q.25 An energy of 68 eV is required to excite a hydrogen like atom from its second Bohr orbit to the third.
The nuclear charge is Ze. Find the value of Z, the kinetic energy of the electron in the first Bohr orbit and
the wavelength of the radiation required to eject the electrons from the first Bohr orbit to infinity.
Q.26 A proton captures a free electron whose K.E. is zero & forms a hydrogen atom of lowest energy-level
(n = 1). If a photon is emitted in this process, what will be the wavelength of radiation? In which region
of electromagnetic spectrum, will this radiation fall? (Ionisation potential of hydrogen =13.6 volt,
h = 6.6 x 10_34K/s, C = 3.0 x 10s m/s)
Q.27 The ionisation energy of the hydrogen atom is given to be 13.6 eV. A photon falls on a hydrogen atom
which is initially in the ground state and excites it to the (n=4)state.
show this transition in the energy-level diagram &
(a)
calculate the wavelength of the photon.
(b)
Q.28 Calculate Total spin and the multiplicity for each possible configuration of N-atom.

El IE! Km (B)EI M HZH

(c)^ [x] to IEI m

(A)

Q.29 Find the wavelength of the first line of He+ ion spectral series whose interval between extreme line is
- = 2.7451xl04 cm-1
Q.30 The ionisation energy of a H-like Bohr atom is 4 Rydbergs
(i)
What is the wavelength ofradiation emitted when the e~ jumps from thefirstexcited state to the ground state.
(ii)
What is the radius offirstBohr orbit for this atom. [ 1 Rydberg = 2.18 x 10"18 J]

<&BansaI Classes

Atomic Structure

[13]

ENJOY
1995
Q. 1

Iodine molecule dissociates into atoms after absorbing light of4500A0. If one quantum of radiation is
absorbed by each molecule, calculate the K.E. of iodine atoms
(Bond energy of I2 = 240 KJ/mol)

Q. 2

Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted, producing a line in Lyman series, when an electron falls
from fourth stationary state in hydrogen atom.

1996
Q. 3

Calculate the wave no. for the shortest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.

Q. 4

The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital is:

1 Tl
x
(A)+-,-

Q. 5

(B)Zero

(C) -

r- h
(D) V I -

Consider the hydrogen atom to be a proton embedded in a cavity of radius a0 (Bohr radius) whose
charge is neutralised by the addition of an electron to the cavity in vacuum, infinitely slowly. Estimate the
average total energy of an electron in its ground state in a hydrogen atom as the work done in the above
neutralisation process. Also, if the magnitude of the average K.E. is half the magnitude of the average
P.E.,findthe average potential energy.

1997
Q. 6
Q. 7

An electron can undergo diffraction by crystals. Through what potential should a beam of electron be
accelerated so that its wavelength become equal to 1.54 A.
With what velocity should an a-particle travel towards the nucleus of a Cu atom so as to arrive at a
distance 10~13m.

Q. 8

Thefirstuse of quantum theory to explain the structure of atom was made by:
(A) Heisenburg
(B) Bohr
(C) Planck
(D) Einstein

Q.9

A compound of Vanadium has magnetic moment of 1.73 BM work out electronic configuration of
Vanadium Ion in the compound.

1998

Q. 10 The energy of an electron in thefirstBohr orbit of H atom is -13.6 eV. The possible energy value(s) of
the excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of hydrogen is/are:
(A) - 3.4 eV
(B) - 4.2 eV
(C> - 6.8 eV
(D) + 6.8 eV
1999
Q. 11 The electrons, identified by
n & I ; (i) n = 4 , / = 1 (ii) n = 4 , / = 0
(iv) n = 3, 1 = 1 can be placed in order of increasing energy, from the lowest
(iii) n = 3 , 1=2
to highest as :
(A) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i)
(B) (ii) < (iv) < (i)
(C)(i)<(iii)<(ii)<(iv)
(D)(iii)<(i)<(iv)<(ii)
Q. 12 Gaseous state electronic configuration of nitrogen atom can be represented as:
(A) n

(B)

u n t i l -

(C) t l

tl

(D)ti t l

2000

Q. 13 The electronic configuration of an element is 1 s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1. This represents its:
(A) excited state
(B) ground state
(C) cationic form
(D) anionic form
feBansal Classes

Atomic Structure

[14]

Q. 14 The number of nodal planes in a px orbital is:

(A) one
(B) two
(C) three

(D)zero

Q. 15 Calculate the energy required to excite one litre of hydrogen gas at 1 atmp and 298K to thefirstexcited
state of atomic hydrogen. The energy for the dissociation of H - H is 436 KJ mob1.
2001

Q. 16 The wavelength associated with a golf weighing 200g and moving at a speed of 5m/h is of the order
(A) 10_10m
(B)10-20m
(C)10"30m
(D) 10-^m
Q. 17 The quantum numbers +1 /2 and -1/2 for the electron spin represent:
(A) rotation of the electron in clockwise and anticlockwise direction respectively.
(B) rotation of the electron in anticlockwise and clockwise direction respectively.
(C) magnetic moment of the electron pointing up and down respectively.
(D) two quantum mechanical spin states which have no classical analogue.
2002

Q. 18 If the nitrogen atom had electronic configuration Is7, it would have energy lower that of normal ground
state configuration 1 s2 2s2 2p3, because the electrons would be closer to the nucleus. Yet 1 s7 is not
observed because it violates : (A) Heisenberg uncertainity principle
(B) Hunds rule
(C) Pauli's exclusion principle
(D) Bohr postulate of stationary orbits
Q. 19 Rutherfords experiment, which established the nuclear model of atom, used a beam of :(A) P - particles, which impinged on a metal foil and get absorbed.
(B) y - rays, which impinged on a metal foil and ejected electron.
(C) Helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered.
(D) Helium nuclie, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered.
2003
Q. 20 Wavelength of high energy transition of H-atoms is 91.2 nm. Calculate the corresponding wavelength of
He atoms.
2004
Q.21

The sping magnetic moment of cobalt of the compund Hg[Co(SCN)J is [Given: Co+2]
(A)V3

(B)V8

(C)Vi5

(D)V24

Q.22 The radius of which of the following orbit is same as that of thefirstBohr's orbit of hydrogen atom?
(A) He+ (n = 2)
(B)Li2+(n = 2)
(C)Li2+(n = 3)
(D)Be3+(n = 2)
Q.23(i) The wave function of 2s electron is given by
2s =

/ A3/2 r

4V2TC a

V ~ o y

(ii)

2
V

a.

o /

It has a node at r = r0,findrelation between r0 and a0.

Find wavelength for 100 g particle moving with velocity 100 ms_1.

(! Bansal Classes

Atomic Structure

[16]

A NSIVIZR

KEY

EASY GO
Q.l
D
Q.8 D
Q.15 C
Q.22 B

Q.2
Q.9
Q.16
Q.23

A
B
B
C

Q.3
Q.10
Q.17
Q.24

Q.4 B
Q.ll C
Q.18 C

C
A
B
D

Q.5
Q.12
Q.19

D
B
D

Q.6
Q.13
Q.20

D
B
B

Q.7 D
Q.14 A
Q.21 A

REFRESH YOUR CONCEPTS

LIGHT
Q.l 6563 A ; 1216 A ; 1026 A
Q.2 6
Q.3 0.527
Q.4 6235 A Q.5 4863 A
7
1
21
Q.6 1.096 x 10 rrr
Q.7 3 x 10 Q.8 photons Q.9 n, = l,n 2 =2 Q.10 1.8 27 x 105 J/mol
PLANK'S QUANTUM THEORY
Q.ll 4.9 x 10"7m Q.12 28 photons Q.13 1403 KJ/mol Q.14 4.5xl0 14 s" 1 Q.15 497 KJ/mol
Q.19 0.62 A
Q.20 3.06V
Q.16 319.2 KJ/mol Q.l 7 6.57xl0"34 Js Q.18 8.68 %
BOHR'S MODEL
Q.21 - 1.36 x 10^ Joules Q.22 -5.425xl0~12 ergs, 3.7x10~5 cm
Q.23 1220 A
Q.25 2 ; 9.75 x 104 cm-1 Q.26 3 , 6563 A , 1215 A , 1026 A
Q.24 5.44 xlO 5 m/s
Q.27 113.74 A
Q.28 10.2eV,z = 2
Q.29 3
19

Q.30

14pm

Q.31

GENERAL
6.03X10"4 volt

Q.33

0.0826 volts

Q.34

0;0;

Q.36

3.3 x 10~18J

Q.37

orbitals

^ ; V2
2%; V 62rc
2tt

Q.32

1.05xl0"13m

Q.35

25

3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

Q.38

TOUGH ROAD
Q2.
182.5 KJ
Q3.
Q5. h/7i
Q6.
Q10. 6530x1012Hz Qll.

292.68x1021 atoms, 162.60x1021 atoms, 832.50 KJ Q4.

331.13xl04J
6 _1
5
938 A
Q8. 1.35xl0 Q9.
8xl06
3.63 xl0 m Q7.
3.88pm
Q12. 5 ; 340 ev , - 6 8 0 eV Q13 . 3.09 x 108cm/sec
n2 h2
Q15. r11=
? .
n = 25;55.2pm
47t~x3e2 x208m e
Q17. 1022
Q.20 0.0144m
Q21. six,18800A

Q14. Brackett;2.63 xlO^cm

Q16.
Q18.

8.83 xlO19 Hz, yes, 58.5xl0-15 J

1.75 x 10-28
Q19. 47.26%

Q22.

6.4xl0-13 J, 2.1xlO"13J, 3.4xl0-14m

Q23. 3.68 xi0" 6 5 m

Q25. 6 ; 489.6 eV, 25.28 A

Q26. 910A;U.V.
Q28. +1/2,+1/2,+1/2,+3/2 and 2,2,2,4 Q29. 4689 A

Q27.
Q30.

Q24. E=
V

n6h6
" * . ,
384 m K e %

973.5 A
303.89 A , 2.645 x 10"9 cm

ENJOY
Q.l 2.186 x 10"20 Joules

Q2.

e2
^
47i:80a0

2e 2
47t80a0

Q9. [Ar] 3d1

Q15. 97.819 KJ
Q21. C

Q10. A
Q16. C
Q22. D

Q5.

(! Bansal Classes

9.7xl0" 8 m
Q6.

Q3.

63.12 volts

27419.25 cm-1
Q7.

Q4.

6.3 x 106 m/s Q8.

Qll. A
Q12. AandD
Q13. B, C Q14. A
Q17. D
Q18. C.
Q19. D
Q20. 22.8nm
35
Q.23 (i) r0 = 2afl, (ii) 6.626 x 10 m
Atomic Structure

[16]

BANSAL CLASSES
CHGMISTRY
TARGET TIT JEE 2007

XI (P Q, R S)
?

CHEMICAL BONDING

CONTENTS

KEYCONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE -//
ANSWER KEY

Flowchart to Chemical Bonding

Why a chemical Bond

Lowerisation of Energy

Kossel Lewis app. (Octet)

Lewis Structure

Formal Charge

Resonance

Ion attraction

Attraction between
Nucleus & electron cloud

Type of Bond

I
Chemical bond

~~~1
Ionic
(1) Electrovalency

Co-ordinate
(1) Lewis acid
(2) Lewis base

\
Covalent
(1) Sharing of
electrons

Typical Bonds
(a) Old Electron
i
(b) Back Bonding
Metallic (c) Banana Bonding

(2) Inert Pair Effect

Force of attraction
\
(1) vander Waals Force }
(2) Hydrogen Bonding I depends
(a) Inter H-bonding \ on atomic
(b) Inter H-bonding J weight
(3) Ion-dipole
1
(4) Dipole-Dipole
/

(2) Covalency
(3) Loss & Gain
of electrons

(3) Favourable
Conditions
3,4, 5,6
valence electrons

(4) Favourable
Conditions
(a) Low I.E.
(b) High E.A.
(c) High Lattice
Energy
(5) General
Characteristic
(a) Good electrolytes
(b) Crystalline
(c) High Melting Point
(d) Fast reactions
(5) Distortion
(a) Polarising Power
(b) Polarisability

<!Bansal

Classes

(5) General
Characteristic
(a) Low M.P. & B.P.
(b) Liq. General
(c) General poor
conductor of
electricity
(5) Distortion due to
E.N. difference
'Dipole Moment'
(6) Theories
(a) Singlet Linkage
(b) VBT(hybridisation)
(c) VESPER
(d) MOT

Chemical Bonding

[13]

KEY CONCEPT
Reasons for Bondformation:
+
+

Attainment of Octet [ns2 np6], assumed to be most stable.

Lowerisation of energy due to attractions.

Types of bonds : Ionic, covalent, co-ordinate

+
+
+
(a)

IONIC BOND [ELECTROVALENT]

Complete loss of e~ to form ions.
Electrostatic attraction between ions.
Elements of'p' &'d' block may show variable electrovalency due to
Inert Pair effect (for p block): The reluctance of's' electron pair to take part inbond formation on
moving down a group in 'P' block elements.

Finds application in
+
+

Stability of oxidation state of a particular metal atom.

Oxidizing & reducing power of compounds.

(b)

Unstability of core: For'd' block elements the core may either have pseudo inert configuration or any
other & as such no "extra stable" or inert gas configuration.

Properties of Ionic compounds

+
+
+
+
+

Uniform crystal lattice

High Melting points/Boiling points.
Good electrolytes
Soluble in Polar solvents
Show isomorphism.
No sp. theories to understand bond formation,
characteristics like various crystal lattices to be done in solid state.

Polarisation of ions: Polarising power (+), Polarisability (-)

Fajan's Rule: [For Polarisation]
More Polarisation: Cation size small, anion size large, charge on cation & large, cation having Pseudo inert
gas configuration cause more polarisation of anion.
_

charge on cation
:
radius of cation

IONIC POTENTIAL <B =

oc covalent character of ionic compound

<x tendency to form complexes

cc hydration & solvation energy
oc _ L _ , _ J _ ,

MPt.

<!Bansal Classes

Chemical Bonding

BPt.

Thermst.

[13]

COVALENT BOND
+
+
+
+
+

Sharing of electrons
Overlapping of orbitals
Types: single, double, triple, polar, non-polar, directional.
Show isomerism.
Variable covalency : Shown by elements having vacant 'd' orbitals (caused due to excitation of the
electron.)

Properties:
+
Low melting point & boiling point, (except Diamond / Graphite)
+
Electrical conductivity either due to auto-protolysis or self ionisation.
Dipole moment
Dipole moment is a vector quantity = p. = q x d. Units = col m(S.I.) or esu cm(cgs) or Debey(common
unit) 1 D = lO""18 esu cm = 3.33 x 1CT30 col. m
observedDM.
% ionic character = ;

- x 100%
calculatedDJViforl 00%ionic
% ionic character = [ 16 (XA - XB) + 3.5 (XA - XB)2 ] %
Dipole moment depends on
+
Electronegativity difference between atoms
+
Angle between various bonds
+
Magnetic of polarity of the molecule

+
+
+

[Hanny & Smyth equation]

Direction of bond dipole moment

Influence of unshared e-pairs
Symmetrical/Unsymmetrical shape.

Bond Moments:
H-F(1.9D)
H-Cl(l.lD)
H - B r (0.8 D)
H -1(0.4D)

H - 0 (1.5 D)
H-N(1.3D)
H-C(0.4D)

C-C(OD)
C = O (2.3 D)

C-F(1.4D)
C-C1Q.5D)
C-Br(1.4D)
C - I (1.2D)

CO-ORDINATE BOND
Bonding between lewis acid & lewis base or electron deficient & electron rich species.
Lewis base:

Species with lone pair on' central atom' available for donation, eg. NH3, HjO

Lewis acid:

charge
ratio.
Electron deficient due to incomplete octal, vacant P or d orbital & high+ve :

+
+
+
+

S1Z6

Lewis Dot structures:

Arrangement of various atoms & types ofbonding present but no idea of geometry.
Selection of central atom [least E.N. of all elements excluding hydrogen]
All atoms bonded to central atom except in case of typical linkages. (peroxides)
In hydrogen containing oxy acids all 'H' are attached to oxygen except in H3P03(dibasic) &
H3P02(monobasic).

Applications:
+
+

To know various linkages present

To calculate O. S. ofvarious elements.
It is essential to learn some common Lewis structures

<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

Various Theories For Explaining Bonding

+
+
+

Electronic theory of valency (Kossel, Lewis) ;Singlat linkages

Valence bond theory (Heitler, London, Pauling, Slater).
M.O.T. (Hund, Mulliken).

M O T : M.O.diagram, bonding, anti bonding & nonbonding electron,

bond order = - (Nb - Na).

CT2S

(a)

(b)

Molecular-orbital energy patterns for homonuclear diatomic molecules. (a) Diagram for molecules with
low-lying 2s-orbitals. (b) Diagram for N2 and lighter homonuclear diatomics.
SHAPES OF MOLECULES BASED ON VSEPR THEORY
Total no. No. of b.p.
No. of
of hybrid (bond pairs) unshared
orbitals
pair i.e. 1

General
formula

Type of
Stereo
hybridisations chemical
formula

AB2

sp

AB3

sp2

AB2

sp2

B-A-B

1
B

A
B T3
/N

AB4

sp3

AB3

sp3

B
1
A
B ^ B
B
A

B-"TB

Shape

Exam.

linear

BEC^

Trigonal
planar

BC13,
GaF3

Bent or
angular

GeF2,
o3

Tetrahedral CH4

Trigonal
pyramid

NH3

<!BansalClasses

Chemical Bonding

[13]

No. of
Total no. No. of b.p.
of hybrid (bond pairs) unshared
pair i.e. /
orbitals
4

General
formula

Type of
hybridisations

AB2

sp3

Stereo
chemical
formula
V "
B

Shape

Exam.

Bent or
angular

Ir^O

linear

HF

Trigonal
bipyramidal

NbBr5

B
1

AB

sp3

AB5

sp3d

A
B
1 ,B
BA"

A^B
4

AB4

sp d

B
I ,-B
:A"

Seesaw

AX

PF 5 >

SF 4

B .
5

AB3

sp3d

AB2

sp3d

AB6

sp3d2

B PS

A>>
IV
:AR B1 ,-B
B..

T-shaped

Linear

CIF3
BrF3'
ICI2"
XeF2

Octahedral

SF6

Square
pyramidal

IFS

B^A B
6

AB5

sp3d2

R B
1A- , - B

B ^ N B
6

AB4

T ,B

sp3d2

B < ' > B

AB7

sp3d3

R.

B B
I/. B

Square
planar

Pentagonal
bipyramidal

IF 4

XeF4

IF7

H o w T o DECIDE THE TYPE OF HYBRIDISATION :

Type of hybridisation = (number of o bonds + number of lone pairs)

<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

SUMMARY OF THE THREE MAIN TYPES OF BONDS

Metallic

A
Ag

Na^Bi
Na3Sb
Na 3 P
Na3N

Te

s /

I,-CIF-0F,-NF3-CCl4-BF3-BeF-,-Na,0
/ "

F 2 - IF 7 - SF 6 - PF 5 - S iF 4 - A1F3 - M g F 2 - CsF
Covalent

Ionic

RESONANCE
Delocalisations of 7r electron cloud in between orbitals ofvarious atoms in a molecule (provided all the
atoms are in the same plane)
Exists where more than one Lewis dot structure are possible for a molecule.
Resonance causes stablisation of the molecule & difference in the energies of hybrid & other structure is
termed as Resonance energy.
R.E. -> Experimental heat of formation-Theoretical heat of formation.
The properties ofthe actual structure (Resonance hybrid) are decided by the weighed average (depending
on stability) ofthe contributing molecule.
More the resonating structure more stable the molecule becomes.

+
+
+
+
+
+

FORCES OF ATTRACTION (WEAKER BONDS)

+

Metallic bonds: Electron gas model or sea model, with metal atom existing as kernels along with less
firmly held valence e~s & bonds between various kernels (at the lattice site) & valence e~s is known as
metallic bonds.

Hydrogen bonding: When a hydrogen atom is linked to a highly electronegative atom (like F, O or N)
comes under the influence of another strongly electronegative atom, then a weak bond is developed
between them, which is called as hydrogen bond.
Types of H-bonding:
+
Intermolecular
+
Intramolecular

Applications in:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Association of a molecule as in carboxylic acid.

Dissociation of a polar species.
Abnormal melting point & boiling point.
Enhanced solubility in water.

+
+
+
+
+

Ion dipole attraction

Dipole-dipole attraction
Ion-induced dipole attraction
Dipole-Induced Dipole attraction
Induced -dipole Induced Dipole attraction
<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

SOME TYPICAL BONDS

1.
+

Odd electron bond:

These include one electron bond and three electron bond.

The example of one electron bond is H2

According to the spectroscopic data, the dissociation energy of H 2 is 60.0 cals which means that it is
one electron bond because average dissociation energy of H 2 is nearly 100 cals.

+
+

The bond is only half as strong as a shared electron pair bond.

NO and N0 2 are the examples of odd molecules having three electron bonds e.g.
O 0

:N=0:

N'

+
+

The three electron bond is formed when the two atoms are identical or have nearly same electronegativity.
The three electron bonds is also about half as strong as a normal bond.

2.
+

Back bonding:
If among the bonded atoms, one atom has a vacant orbital & another has excess of
e~s then a sort of TC bonding takes place between he two. If this is between 'P' orbitals of the two, this is
known as prc-prc back bonding.
Most efficient when the atoms are very small & the orbitals involved of the two are of same energy level.

+
3.
+
+

Banana bond:
This type of bonding is present in B2H6.
This structure shows that there are two types of
hydrogen atom-Terminals and bridging.

MISCELLANEOUS
1.
(a)
(b)

CONCEPT

Comparison of bond angles.

In case central atoms are having different hybridisation then it can be compared.
If same hybridisation but different central atom then bond angle would be more of the molecule in which
C. A. is more E.N. eg. H^S & I^O.

/95

105\
H

(c)

If C. A. is same & bonded atoms different then bond angle increases as the attached atom size increases.

2.
(a)
(b)

Paramagnetic nature.
Use of MOT for diatomic molecules
Use of Lewis dot structure for the rest.

3.
(a)
(b)

Bond strength & Bond length.

Using bond order as calculated in MOT
Using concepts of resonance.

<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

EXERCISE -1
IONIC BOND
Q.l
An ionic bond g- is most likely to be formed when:
(A) the ionization energy of.4 is high and the electron affinity o f B is low
(B) the ionization energy ofA is low and the electron affinity o f B is high
(C) the ionization energy o f A and the electron affinity of2? is high
(D) the ionization energy of A and the electron affinity o f B is low
Q. 2

Which of the following compounds of elements in group IV is expected to be most ionic ?

(A) PbCl
(B) PbCl
(C) CC/4
(D) SiCl
Which ofthe following is in order of increasing covalent character ?
(A) CC/4 < BeCl < BCl < LiCl
(B) LiCl < CCl < BeCl < BCl
(D) LiCl < BeCl < CCl < BCl,
(C) LiCl < BeCl < BCl < CCl
2

Q. 3

Q.4

Q. 5

The hydration ofionic compounds involves:

(A) Evolution ofheat
(B) Weakening of attractive forces
(C) Dissociation into ions
(D) All of these
The correct order of decreasing polarizability ofion is:

Q. 6

Which has the lowest anion to cation size ratio:

(A) Cl~,Br~,r,F~ (B) F~,Br~,Cl~ (C) I~,Br~,Cl~,F~ (D) F~,Cl~,Br~

(A) LiF

(B)NaF

(D) CsF

(C) Csl

Q. 7

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct regarding ionic compounds?

(A) They are good conductors at room temperature in aqueous solution.
(B) They are generally soluble in polar solvents.
(C) They consist of ions.
(D) They generally have high melting and boiling points.
Q. 8 Which of the following compounds contain/s both ionic and covalent bonds?
(C) CUSO^HjO
(D)NaOH
(A)NH4C1
(B)KCN
Q.9 Which ofthe following compound is/are predominantly ionic?
(A) KC1
(B)Na2S
(C)^
(D)CaO
Q. 10 On heating to 400-500 C, relatively unstable hydrides and carbonates decompose. Which ofthe following
will decompose when heated to 400-500C?

(A) LiH

(B) NaH

(C) Li C0
2

(D) Na C0
2

Which of the following statements is/are true for BaO and MgO ?
(B) MgO is more ionic than BaO
(A) BaO is more ionic than MgO
(C) BaO has a higher melting point than A/gO (D) MgO has a higher melting point than BaO
Q.12 Whether this reaction is possible or not.
T1++A13+
>AT + T13+
Q.13 Most ionic compounds have:
(A) high melting points and low boiling points
OB) high melting points and nondirectional bonds
(C) high solubilities in polar solvents and low solubilities in nonpolar solvents
(D) three-dimensional network structures, and are good conductors ofelectricity in the molten state
Q.14 Among the following, the element which show inert-pair effect are:
(B)Sn
(D)C
(A)
Q.ll

Bi

(C)Pb

Q.15 Which ofthe

+ following have an (18 + 2) electron configuration ?

(A) /V

<!Bansal

Classes

(B) Cd

2+

(C) Bi

3+

Chemical Bonding

(D) SO ,'
2

[13]

COVALENT BOND
Q.16 A sigma bond may be formed by the overlap of 2 atomic orbitals of atoms ^ and B. Ifthe bond is formed
along as the x-axis, which of the following overlaps is acceptable ?
(A) s orbital ofA and p2 orbital of5
(B) px orbital oL4 and py orbital ofB
(C) p2 orbital ofA and px orbital o f 5
(D) px orbital ofA and s orbital o f B
Q.17

The maximum covalency is equal to

(A) the number of unpaired /^-electrons
(B) the number of paired ^-electrons
(C) the number ofunpaired s and /^-electrons
(D) the actual number of s and /^-electrons in the outermost shell.

Q.18

How many bonded electron pairs are present in IF1 molecule:

(A) 6
(B)7
(C) 5

Q.19

Q.20

PCl5 exists but NCls does not because:

(A) Nitrogen has no vacant 2J-orbitals
(C) Nitrogen atom is much smaller than P

(D) 8

(B) NCl5 is unstable

(D) Nitrogen is highly inert

Which of the following has/have a strong covalent bond?

(A) Cl-F
(B)F-F
(C)C-Cl

(D)C-F

Q.21

Which of the following statements is/are true?

(A) Covalent bonds are directional
(B) Ionic bonds are nondirectional
(C) A polar bond is formed between two atoms which have the same electronegativity value.
(D) The presence of polar bonds in a polyatomic molecule suggests that it has zero dipole moment
Q.22 Rotation around the bond (between the underlined atoms) is restricted in:
(A) C2H4
(B)H 2 0 2
(C) Al2Cl6
(D) C2H6
Q.23 The octet rule is not obeyed in:
(A) C02
(B) BCl,
(C) PCl5
(D) SiF4
Which ofthe following two substances are expected to be more covalent:
(A) BeCl2
(B) SnCl4
(C) ZnS
(D) ZnCl2
Q. 25 To which of the following species octet rule is not applicable:
(A) BrFs
(B) SF6
(C) IF,
(D)CO
Q. 26 Which ofthe following species are hypervaient?
1. C1042. BF3,
3. S0 4 2 -,
4. C0 3 2 ~
(A)l,2,3
(B) 1,3
(C)3,4
(D)l,2
Q.24

Q.27

AgN03 gives a white precipitate with NaCl but not with CC/4. Why ?

CO-ORDINATE BOND
Q.28 NH3 and BF3 combine readily because of the formation of:
(A) a covalent bond
(B) a hydrogen bond (C) a coordinate bond (D) an ionic bond
Q. 29 Which of the following species contain covalent coordinate bond:
(A) AlCl,
(B) CO
(C) [Fe(CN)6r

(D) N;

LEWIS STRUCTURE
Q.30 Which of the following Lewis diagrams is(are) incorrect ?

:C/:

(A) Na-O-Cl:

(B) P

(C)
iCl-

%Bamal

Classes

I
H-N-H
1
H

Chemical Bonding

H H
(D)

H-N-N-H

[10]

Q.31 The possible structure(s) of monothiocarbonate ion is:

:c:

:c:

( A ,

Q.34
Q.35
Q. 3 6
Q.37

-s
^ :o

:o^o

Q.32 The valency of sulphur in sulphuric acid is:

(A) 2
(B) 8
Q.33

:s:

(C) 4

:o:

(D)6

The total number ofvalence electrons in4.2g of 7V3~ ionare:

(A) 2.2 N
(B) 4.2 N
(C) 1.6 N
(D)3.2 N
No x - X bond exists in which of the following compounds having general form of X2H6 ?
(B)C 2 H 6
(C)Al 2 H 6
(D) Si2H6
(A)B 2 H 6
Pick out among the following species isoelectronic with C02:
(A) N~
(B) (CNOy
(C) (NCN)2(D) NO~
Which of the following have a three dimensional network structure ?
(A) Si02
(B) (BN)X
(C) P4(white)
(D) CCl4
Which of the following oxyacids of sulphur contain S-S bonds ?
(A) H2S20%
(B) H2S206
(C) H2S2O4
(D) H2S2Os

RESONANCE
Q.38 Resonating structures of a molecule should have:
(A) identical bonding
(B) identical arrangement of atoms
(C) nearly the same energy content
(D) the same number of paired electrons
Q. 3 9 Which ofthe following conditions apply to resonating structures ?
(A) The contributing structures should have similar energies
(B) The contributing structures should be represented such that unlike formal charges reside on atoms
that are far apart
(C) The more electropositive element should preferably have positive formal charge and the more
electronegative element have negative formal charge
(D) The contributing structures must have the same number ofunpaired electrons
Q.40 N20 has a linear, unsymmetrical structure that may be thought ofas a hybrid oftwo resonance forms. If
a resonance form must have a satisfactory Lewis structure, which ofthefivestructures shown below are
the resonance forms of N20 ?
(A):N=N=O;

(B) ; N = N = O ;

(C) :'N-N=O:

(D)-N=N-O:

Q. 41 Resonance occurs due to the

(A) derealization of a lone pair of electrons
(C) delocalization of pi electrons
V.B.T & HYBRIDISATION
Q. 42 The strength of bonds by s-s,p-p,s-p
(A) s-s <s-p < p-p
(C) s-p<s-s<p-p
1

(e):NsN-O:

(B) derealization of sigma electrons

(D) migration of protons
overlap is in the order:
(B) s-s <p-p
<s-p
(D)
p-p<s-s<s-p

Q.43 In the following compound C H 2 = C H - C CH2 - C s CH, the C2 - C3 bond is of the type:
(A) sp-sp2
(B)Sp2-Sp3
(C)sp-sp3
(D) sp2 - sp*
Q. 44 Which ofthe following has a geometry differentfromthe other three species (having the same geometry)?
(A) BF4
(B) SOI
( Q XeF4
(D) PH+4
Q. 45 Maximum bond energy is in:
(A)F 2
(B) N2
(C)0 2
(D) equal
^B ansa I Classes

Chemical Bonding

[11]

Q. 46

Among the following species, identify the isostructural pairs: NF3, NO~, BFi ,H30+, HN3
(B) [NF3,HN3] and [NO;,BF3]
(A) [NF3,NO; ] and [BF3,H30+]
+
(C) [NF3, H 3 0 ]and [NO", BF3]
(D) [NF3,H30+]and[HN3,BF3]

Q. 47 Number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms in CaC2 are:
(A) one sigma (a) and one pi (it) bond
(B) one a and two 7t bonds
(C) oneCTand one and a half n bond
(D) one a bond
Q.48

In c~C bondis C2H6 undergoes heterolyticfission,the hybridisation oftwo resulting caibon atoms is/are
(A) sp2 both
(B) sp3 both
(C) sp2,sp3
(D) sp,sp2

The hybridisation and geometry of BrF3 molecules are:

(A) sp3d and T7 shaped
(B) sp2d2 and tetragonal
3
(D) none of these
(C) sp d and bent
Q. 50 The shape of methyl cation (CH3 ) is likely to be:
(A) linear
(B) pyramidal
(C) planar
(D) spherical

Q. 49

Q. 51
Q. 52

The structure of XeF2 involves hybridization of the type:

(A) sp3
(B)dsp 2
(C) sp3d

(D)sp3d2

In the XeF4 molecule, the Xe atom is in the

(A) ^-hybridized state (B) ^p5-hybridised state (C) .sp^d-hybridized state (D) .sp^-hybridized state

Q. 5 3 How many a- and %- bonds are there in salicyclic acid?

(A) 10a, 4TC
(B)16a,4;c
(C) 18c, 2TT

(D) 16a, 2n

Q. 54 Which of the following statements are not correct?

(A) Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals of large energy difference.
(B) sp2 - hybrid orbitals are formed from twop - atomic orbitals and one s- atomic orbitals
(C) dsp2 - hybrid orbitals are all at 90 to one another
(D) d2sp3 - hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular octahedron
Q. 5 5 Which ofthe following has been arranged in increasing order of size of the hybrid orbitals ?
(A) sp < sp2 < sp3
(B) sp3 < sp2 < sp
(C) sp2 < sp3 < sp
(D) sp2 <sp< sp3
Q. 5 6

In the context of carbon, which ofthe following is arranged in the correct order of electronegativity:
(B) sp3 > sp2 > sp
(C) sp2 >sp> sp3
(D) sp3 >sp> sp2
(A) sp > sp2 > sp3

Q. 57 When 2s-2s,2p-2p
and 2p-2s orbitals overlap, the bond strength decreases in the order:
(A) p-p>s-s>
p-s (B) p-p> p-s>s-s
(C) s-s> p-p> p-s (D) s-s > p-s> p- p
Q.58

The shapes of IFS and IF7 are respectively:

(A) square pyramidal and pentagonal bipyramidal (B) octahedral and pyramidal
(C) trigonal bipyramidal and square antiprismatic (D) distorted square planar and distorted octahedral

Q. 59

Carbon atoms in C2 (CIV)4 are:

(A) ^-hybridized
(C) sp- and sp2 hybridized

(B) sp2 -hybridized

(D) sp, sp2 and sp3 - hybridized

C02 has the same geometry as:

(I) HgCl2
(II) N02
(A) I and III
(B) Hand IV

(IE) SnCl4
(C) I and IV

Q. 60

(IV) C,H2
(D) III and IV

Q. 61

Strongest bond is formed by the head on overlapping of:

(A) 2s- and 2p- orbitals
(B) 2p- and 2p- orbitals
(C) 2s- and 2s- orbitals
(D)A11

Q. 62

The ratio of a and n bonds in benzene is:

(A) 2
(B)6

<!Bansal

Classes

(C)4

Chemical Bonding

(D)8
[13]

Q. 63
Q. 64

Q. 65

The bond angle and hybridization in ether (CH 3 0CH 3 ) is:

(A) 10651',^3
(B) 10431', sp3
(C) 109 28'sp 3
The enolic form of acetone contains:
(A) 9 sigma, 1 pi bond and 2 lone pairs
(C) 10 sigma, 1 pi bond and 1 lone pairs

Q. 68
Q. 69

Q. 70

Q. 71

(B) 8 sigma, 2 pi bond and 2 lone pairs

(D) 9 sigma, 2 pi bond and 1 lone pairs

The shape of a molecule which has 3 bond pairs and one lone pair is :
(A) Octahedral
(B) Pyramidal
(C) Triangular planar (D) Tetrahedral

Q. 66 Which molecule is /"shaped:

(A) BeF2
(B) BCl3
Q. 67

(D) None of these

(C) NH3

(D) CIF3

Maximum s-character is in bonds formed by (*) atom:

(A)CH4
(B )ie03
(C)Xe0 6 4 (D)SF 4
Which ofthe following species is (are) isostructural with XeF4 ?
(A) ICl4
(B)/"
(C) BrF4
(D) Xe04
A hydrazine molecule is split in NH2 and NH~ ions. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(A) NH2 shows sp2 - hybridisation whereas NH; shows sp3 - hybridisation
(B) Al(OH)4 has a regular tetrahedral geometry
(C) sp2 - hybridized orbitals have equals- andp- character
(D) Hybridized orbitals always form a - bonds
There is change in the type of hybridisation when:
(A) NH3 combines with H+
(B) AIH3 combines with H~
(C) NH3 forms NH~2
(D) SiF4 forms SiF2'
Which of the following statement is/are correct
(A) Hybridisation is the mixing of atomic orbitals prior to their combining into molecular orbitals:
(B) sp3d2 - hybrid orbitals are at 90 to one another
(C) sp3d - hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular tetrahedron
(D) sp3d2 - hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular octahedron

A c-bond may between two px orbitals containing one unpaired electron each when they approach
each other appropriately along:
(A) x - axis
(B)j>- axis
(C) z - axis
(D) any direction
Q. 73 Indicate the wrong statement:
(A) A sigma bond has no free rotation around its axis
(B)p-orbitals always have only sideways overlap
(C) s-orbitals never form k - bonds
(D) There can be more than one sigma bond between two atoms

Q.72

sp3 hybridisation is in:

(A) AIH~
(B) CH;
(C) C102
Q.7 5 Which ofthe following pairs is (are) isostructural?
(B) SF6 and SiF2'
(C) SiF2' and SeF2'
(A) SF4 and SiF4
Q. 76 Which ofthe following has (have)2octahedral geometry:
(A) SbCl;
(B) SnCl '
(C) XeF6
Q.74

Shape of NH3 is very similar to :

(A) SeO2'
(B) CH;
( C ) BHs
Q. 78 Which of the following have same shape as NH2 ?
(A) C02
(B) SnCl2
(C) S02
Q.79 Which ofthe following is (are) linear ?
(A) /"
(B) i;
(C) PbCl2

(D) NH~2
(D) XeO*~ and TeF2'
(D) 10,

5 -

Q.77

Q. 8 0 Which of the following species are linear ?

(A) ICl2(B) I3'
<!Bansal Classes

(C) AT-

Chemical Bonding

(D) CH+3
(D) BeCl2
(D) XeF2
(D) C102
[13]

Q. 81

The structure of XeF6 is:

(A) pentagonal bipyramidal (B) distorted octahedral (C) capped octahedral

(D) square pyramidal

VSEPR theory identify the type ofhybridisation and draw the structure of OF .
What should be the structure of the following as per VSEPR theory ?
(a) XeF
(b) XeF
(c) PBr
(d) OF
(e)
and
(f)/

Q. 82 Using
Q. 83

M.O.T
Q.84 Arrange the following in order of decreasing N-0 bondlength:
(B)
(A)
(C)
(D)

no; > NO; > no;

no; > no; > no;

NO;,NO;,NO;

no; > no; > no;

no; > no; > no;

Q. 85 Number of non bonding electrons in N is :

(A) 4
(B) 10
2

(C) 12

(D) 14

Q. 8 6 Pick out the incorrect statement?

(A) N2 has greater dissociation energy than N2+ (B) 0 2 has lower dissociation energy than 0 2 +
(C) Bond length in N2+ is less than N2
(D) Bond length in NO+ is less than in NO.
Q. 87

A simplified application ofMO theory to the hypothetical 'molecule' OF would give its bond order as:
(A) 2
(B) 1.5
(C)1.0
(D) 0.5

Q. 8 8 Which ofthe following species is paramagnetic ?

(A) N0-

Q. 89

(B) 0 ~
2

Bond order of Be2 is :

"
(B)2
(A) 1

(C)CN-

(C)3

(D) CO
(D)0

Q. 90

The bond order depends on the number of electrons in the bonding and non bonding orbitals. Which of
the following statements is /are correct about bond order?
(A) Bond order cannot have a negative value.
(B) It always has an integral value.
(C) It is a nonzero quantity.
(D) It can assume any value-positive or negative, integral orfractional,including zero.

Q. 91

In the formation of n; from N2, the electron is removed from:

(A) c orbital
(B) n orbital
(C)CT*orbital

Q. 92

(D) n orbital

During the formation of a molecular orbitalfromatomic orbitals of the same atom, probability of electron
density is:
(A) minimum in the nodal plane
(B) maximum in the nodal plane
(C) zero in the nodal plane
(D) zero on the surface of the lobe

Q. 93 Which of the following hasfractionalbond order:

(B) O2"
(C) F2~
(A)o 2 +
How many unpaired electrons are present in n ; :
(A) 1
(B)2
"(C) 3
Q. 95 Which have odd-order bond?
(A)0 2 +
(B)02(C) NO
Q. 96 Which ofthe following have identical bond order?
+
(A) 2+
(B)
(C) CAT

(D) H;

Q. 94

NO

(D)4
(D)H,+
(D)

CN

Q. 97 Which of the following statement is/are correct

(A) The peroxide ion has a bond order of 1 while the oxygen molecule has a bond order of 2
(B) The peroxide ion has a weaker bond than the dioxygen molecule has.
(C) The peroxide ion as well as the dioxygen molecules are paramagnetic
(D) The bond length of the peroxide ion is greater than that of the dioxygen molecule
<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

Q.98

Giventhe species: N2,CO,CN~ and N0+. Which ofthe following statements are true for these
(A) All species are paramagnetic
(B) The species are isoelectronic
(C) All the species have dipole moment
(D) All the species are linear

Q. 99 Which of the following have unpaired electron(s)

(A)0+2
(B)0 2 (C) NO
Q. 100 Which of the following are diamagnetic ?
(B) 022(A) C2
Q. 101 Which of the following are paramagnetic ?
(A)B2

(B)02

(D) HI

(C) U2

(D) N;

(C) N2

(D) He2

Q. 102 Which of the following species have a bond order of 3 ?

(A) CO
(B) CN'
(C) M T
(D) 02+
Q. 103 Among the following, the species with one unpaired electron are:
(C )0-2
(D )B2
(A)o;
(B )NO
Q. 104 Which of the following pairs have identical values of bond order ?
(A) N; and 02
(B) F2 and Ne2
(C) 02 and B2
(D) C2 and N2
Q. 10 5 Which of the following is correct ?
(A) During N; formation, one electron each is removed from the bonding molecular orbitals
(B) During 02 formation, one electron each is removed from the antibonding molecular orbitals
(C) During 0'2 formation, one electron each is added to the bonding molecular orbitals
(D) During CN~ formation, one electron each is added to the bonding molecular orbitals
Q. 106 Find out the bond order of:
(a) H2

(b) H+2

(d) Li2

(C) He2

(e) Be2

(f) B2

Q. 107 Identify the molecules or atoms or ionsfromthe following molecular orbital energy level formulations.
The species should be selected from (B2, C 2 ,0 2 2 + , 0 2 , F2, N 2 )
(a) KKa(2s)2 a(2s)2%(2pxf

n(2pyf

(b) KKa(2s)2 a* (2s)2 n(2px)2 n(2py)2

(c) KK a (2s)2 a (2s)2 a(2pz)2n(2px)2

it(2py)2

(d) KK a (2s)2 a*(2s)a(2pz)2K(2px)2

n(2py)2n(2px)ln(2py)1

(e) KKa(2s)2 a*(2s)2a(2pz)2n(2px)2

n(2py)2it(2px)2iz*(2py)2

(f) KK a (2s)2 o*(2s)27t(2py)27c(2px ) 2 o(2p z ) 2

Q.l 08 Why does He2 exist whereas He2 does not?
Q. 109 Of the species 0 2 ,<X, 02 and 02~ which would have the maximum bond strength ?
Q. 110 Based upon M. O. theory state reason for the paramagnetic character of CN, the diamagnetic character
of CN~, the stability of CN~ and calculate their respective bond orders.
Q. 111 Write the electronic structures of:
(a) CO (b) NO (c) HF (d) HCl, based upon Molecular orbital (MO) diagram
OTHER FORCES
Q. 112 Which ofthe following models best describes the bonding within a layer ofthe graphite structure ?
(A) metallic bonding
(B) ionic bonding
(C) non-metallic covalent bonding
(D) van der Waals forces
<!Bansal Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

Q. 113 The critical temperature of water is higher than that of 02 because the H20 molecule has:
(B) two covalent bonds
(A) fewer electrons than 02
(C) V - shape
(D) dipole moment
Q. 114 Ethanol has a higher boiling point than dimethyl ether though they have the same molecular weight. This
is due to:
(A) resonance
(B) coordinate bonding (C) hydrogen bonding (D) ionic bonding
Q. 115 Arrange the following in order of decreasing boiling point:
(HI) -Butyl chloride (IV) Isobutane
(I) -Butane (n) -Butanol
(A) i v >111 >11 >1
(B) IV >11 >111 >1
(C) / > / / > / / / > IV
(D) / / > / / / > / > IV
Q. 116 Which ofthe following compounds would have significant intermolecular hydrogen bonding ?
HF, CH3OH, N204, CH4
(A) HF, N204
(B) HF, CH4, CH3OH (C) HF, CH3OH
(D) CHfiH, CH4
Q. 117 For H202, H2S, H20 and j j f , the correct order of increasing extent of hydrogen bonding is:
(B) H20 >HF> H2S > H202
(A) H20 >HF> H202 > H2S
(C) HF > H20 > H202 > H2S
(D) H202 > H20 >HF> H2S
Q. 118 Iron is harder than sodium because
(A) iron atoms are smaller
(C) metallic bonds are stronger in sodium

(B) iron atoms are more closely packed

(D) metallic bonds are stronger in iron

Q. 119 Which one ofthe following does not have intermolecular H-bonding?
(A^O
(B)o-nitro phenol
(C)HF
Q. 120 The order of strength of hydrogen bonds is:
(A)CIH...CI > NH...N > 0H...0 > FH..F
(C) C1H...CI <NH...N > 0H...0 > FH..F
Q. 121 Which of the following exhibit/s H-bonding?
(A)CH 4
(B) HjSe

(B) CIH...CI < NH...N < 0H...0 < FH..F

(D) CIH...CI <NH...N < OH...0 > FH..F
(C)N 2 H 4

(D^S

Q. 122 Among the following, van der Waals forces are maximum in
(A)HBr
(B)LiBr
(C)LiCl
Q. 123 The //bond in solid HF can be best represented as:
H'
/a\
(A) H-F....H-F....H-F
(B)
\
/
0C)

,.-

(D)CH 3 COOH

(D)AgBr
H

,H

nH
H

(D) F^

1H
"" F

F
Q. 124 The volatility ofHF is low because of:
(A) its low polarizability
(C) its small molecular mass

F" ,H

"" F

^/z"
(B) the weak dispersion interaction between the molecules
(D) its strong hydrogen bonding

Q. 125 The melting point of AIF3 is 104 C and that of SiF4 is - 77 C (it sublimes) because:
(A) there is a very large difference in the ionic character of the Al-F and Si - F bonds
(B)in AIFS, Al3+ interacts very strongly with the neighbouring F~ ions to give a three dimensional
structure but in SiF4 no interaction is possible
(C) the silicon ion in the tetrahedral SiF4 molecule is not shielded effectively from the fluoride ions
whereas in AIF3, the Ali+ ion is shielded on all sides
(D) the attractive forces between the SiF4 molecules are strong whereas those between the AIF3 molecules
are weak
<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

Q. 126 Two ice cubes are pressed over each other and unite to form one cube. Which force is responsible for
holding them together:
(A) van der Waal's forces
(B) Covalent attraction
,
(D) Dipole-dipole attraction
(C) Hydrogen bond formation
Q. 127 Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is found in:
(A) Salicylaldehyde
(B) Water
(C)Acetaldehyde

(D) Phenol

Q. 128 The pairs of bases in DNA are held together by:

(A) Hydrogen bonds (B) Ionic bonds
(C) Phosphate groups (D) Deoxyribose groups
Q.l 29 In dry ice there are:
(A) Ionic bond

(B) Covalent bond

(C) Hydrogen bond

(D) None of these

O H

Q.130

(A) has intermolecular H - bonding

(B) has intramolecular H- bonding
(C) has low boiling point
(D) is steam-volatile
Q. 131 Which of the following bonds/forces is/are weakest?
(A) covalent bond
(B) vanderWaals force (C) hydrogen bond
(D)london force
Q. 132 Compare 0 - 0 bond energy among 0 2 , H 2 0 2 and 0 3 with reasons.
Q. 133 Which of the following is/are observed inmetallic bonds ?
(A) Mobil e valence electrons
(B) Overlapping valence orbitals
(C) Highly directed bond
(D) Delocalized electrons
Q. 134 Which of the following factors are responsible for van der Waals forces ?
(A) Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction
(B) Dipole-induced dipole interaction and ion-induced dipole interaction
(C) Dipole-dipole interaction and ion-induced dipole interaction
(D) Small size of molecule
Q. 13 5 Which ofthe following are true ?
(A) Van der Waals forces are responsible for the formation of molecular crystals
(B) Branching lowers the boiling points ofisomeric organic compounds due to van der Waals forces ofattraction
(C) In graphite, van der Waals forces act between the carbon layers
(D) In diamond, van der Waalsforcesact between the carbon layers
Q. 13 6 Intermolecular hydrogen bonding increases the enthalpy ofvapourization of a liquid due to the:
(A) decrease in the attraction between molecules
(B) increase in the attraction between molecules
(C) decrease in the molar mass ofunassociated liquid molecules
(D) increase in the effective molar mass of hydrogen - bonded molecules
Q.137 Which of the following molecules have intermolecular hydrogen bonds ?

(A) KH PO
2

(B) H B0

(C) C H C0 H

(D) CH OH

Q. 13 8 Which ofthe following have dipole moment ?

(A) nitrobenzene
(B)/?-chloronitrobenzene
(C) m-dichlorobenzene
(D) o-dichlorobenzene
MISCELLEANEOUS
Q.139 Among
2
(A)
2 only

K0 , AlO;, Ba0 and NO: unpaired electronis present in:

K0
(B) NO} and Ba0 (C) K0 and AlO; (D) Ba0 only

Q. 140 Cyanogen,

(CN) , has a

(A) Linear
<!Bansal

Classes

shape/structure:
(B) Zig-zag
(C) Square
Chemical Bonding

(D) Cyclic
[13]

Q. 141 Which of the following contains (electrovalent) and non-polar (covalent) bonds ?
(A) CH4
(B)H 2 0 2
(C)NH 4 Cl
(D) HCN
Q. 142 The types of bond present in N 2 0 5 are
(A) only covalent
(C) ionic and covalent

(B) only ionic

(D) covalent & coordinate

Q. 143 The types of bonds present in CuSO^SH^O are

(A) electrovalent and covalent
(B) electrovalent and coordinate covalent
(C) covalent and coordinate covalent
(D) electrovalent, covalent and coordinate covalent
Q. 144 For which ofthe following crystalline substances does the solubility in water increase upto 3 2 C and
then decrease rapidly ?
(A) CaCl 2 .2H 2 0
(B) Na 2 S0 4 .10H 2 0 (C) FeS0 4 .7H 2 0
(D)Alums
Q. 145 Which of the following has been arranged in order of decreasing dipole moment ?
(A) CH3C1 > CH3F > CH3Br > CH3I
(B) CH3F > CH3Cl > CH3Br > CH3I
(C) CH3Cl > CH3Br > CH3I > CH3F
(D) CH3F > CH3Cl > CH3I > CH3Br
Q. 146 Which ofthe following has the least dipole moment
(A) NF3
(B) C02
(C) S02

(D) NH3

Q. 147 The experimental value of the dipole moment of HCl is 1.03 D. The length of the H -CI bond is
\215A. The percentage ofionic character in HCl is:
(A) 43
(B)21
(C)17
(D)7

ciCI

Q. 148 The dipole moment of [ Q

| is 1.5Z). The dipole moment of

a (
V v .CI
[Of

is:

*a

CI
(A)0 D

(B) 1.5 D

(C) 2.86 Z)

(D)2.25>

Q. 149 SnCl4 is a covalent liquid because:

(A) electron clouds of the c r ions are weakly polarized to envelop the cation
(B) electron clouds of the Cl~ ions are strongly polarized to envelop the cation
(C) its molecules are attracted to one another by strong van der Waals forces
(D) Sn shows inert pair effect
Q. 150 In the cyanide ion the formal negative charge is on
(A)C
(B)N
(C) Both C and N
(D) Resonate between CandN
Q. 151 Which has (have) zero value of dipole moment?
(A) [Ni(CN)4]2" square planner
(B) CHC13
(C) C0 2

(D)

Q. 152 Which ofthe following compounds possesses zero dipole moment?

(A) Water
(B) Benzene
(C) Carbon tetrachloride (D) Boron trifluoride
Q. 153 Three centre - two electron bonds exist in:
(A) B2H6
(B) Al2(CH3)6
(C) BeH2(s)
(D) BeCl2(s)
Q. 154 pn- dit back bonding occurs between oxygen and
(A) phosphorus in P4Ow (B) chlorine in HC104 (C) nitrogen in N205 (D) carbon in C02
Q. 15 5 Hypervalent compound is (are):
(A)
(B) PO\~
(C) SOl
(D) CIO;
<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

Q. 156 Which ofthe following statements are correct?

(A) The crystal lattice of ice is mostly formed by covalent as well as hydrogen bonds
(B) The density ofwater increases when heated from 0 C to 4 C due to the change in the structure of
the cluster of water molecules
(C) Above 4 C the thermal agitation ofwater molecules increases. Therefore, intermolecular distance
increases and water starts expanding
(D) The density ofwater increasesfrom0 C to a maximum at 4 C because the entropy ofthe system increases
Q. 157
(I)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)

State whether each statement is true or false. If false, write the correct statement.
The polarising power of a cation is directly proportional to its charge.
The polarising power of a cation is directly proportional to its size.
The polarisability of an anion is directly proportional to its charge.
The polarisability of an anion is directly proportional to its size.
For a given anion, greater the polarising power of the cation, more the ionic character.
For a given cation, greater the polarisability of the anion, more the covalent character.
An element with low ionization potential is most likely to form a covalent bond with an other element
having a high electron affinity.
Ionic interactions are stronger than covalent bonds.
Two non-metal atoms are likely to form covalent bonds on combination.
Ionic interactions are directional.

Q. 15 8 State whether each statements is T or F, if F rectify.

0
All diatomic molecules are non-polar.
(ii)
All molecules having polar bonds are polar (i.e., have a net dipole)
(iii)
The lone pairs of electrons do not contribute to the net dipole of a molecule.
(iv)
The CHjClj molecule may be polar pr nonpolar depending on its geometry.
(v)
The net dipole in the water molecule is the resultant of its bond dipoles.
(vi)
S0 2 is polar whereas C0 2 is non-polar.
(vii) NH3 is less polar than NF 3
(viii)

If all bonds in a molecule are polar, the molecule as a whole must be polar.

Q.l59
(l)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Fill in the blanks.

7t-bonds are formed by the lateral overlap of a p-orbital with another
orbital.
Free rotation is possible if two atoms are bonded together only by a
bond.
The maximum number of c bonds that can be formed between two atoms is
.
The repulsion between
is greater than the repulsion between two bonded pairs
A lone pair is
polarisable compared to a a bonded pair which in turn is
polari sable compared to a %- bonded pair.
(vi)
In nitro benzene the total number of bonded electrons equals
.
Q.160 The percent ionic character taffCl is 18.08. The observed dipole moment is 1.08 D. Find the inter-nuclear
distance in HCl.
Q.161 In trimethylamine, the nitrogen has a pyramidal geometry whereas in trisilylamine N(SiH3)3 ithasa
planar geometry. Explain ? Out oftrimethylamine and trisilyamine which one is more basic and why ?
Q. 162 Assuming that all the four valency of carbon atom in propane pointing towards the corners of a regular
tetrahedron. Calculate the distance between the terminal carbon atoms in propane. Given, C-C single
bond length is 1.54 A.
Q.163 The dipole moment ofHBr is 7.95 debye and the intermolecular separation is 1.94xlO~10m Findthe%
ionic character in HBr molecule.
Q. 164 HBr has dipole moment 2.6 x 10 ~30 cm .If the ionic character of the bond is 11.5
interatomic spacing.
<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

calculate the

[13]

Q. 165 Dipole moment ofZiF was experimentally determined and was found to be 6.32 D. Calculate percentage
ionic character inLiFmolecule Li-F bond lengthis 0.156 pm.
Q. 166 A diatomic molecule has a dipole moment of 1.2 D. If bond length is 1.0 A, what percentage of an
electronic charge exists on each atom.
BONDS ANGLES & BOND LENGTH
Q. 167 The correct order of increasing X-O-X

(A) h o > ci o > f o

(C) F 0 > Cl 0 > H 0
2

bond angle is (X = H,F or CI) :

(B) ci o > h o > f o

(D) f o > H 0 > Cl 0
2

Q.l 68 Which ofthe following is true?

( \ \ Bond order oc
oc bond energy
^
bond length

KmJ \

( C)

(D) Bond order oc bond length bond energy

Bond order oc

Bond order oc bond length oc

bond energy

Q. 169 Which of the following has been arranged in order of decreasing bond length ?

(A) P-0>Cl-0>S-0

(B) P-0>S-0>Cl-0

(C) S-0>Cl-0>P-0

(D) Cl-0>S-0>P-0

Q. 170 If a molecule MX3 has zero dipole moment, the sigma bonding orbitals used by A/(atm. no. < 21) are:
(A) pure/?
(B) sp hybrid
(C) sp2 hybrid
(D) sp1 hybrid
Q. 171 How many sigma and pi bonds are present in tetracyanoethylene ?
(A) Nine o and nine 7t (B) Five k and nine o (C) Nine a and seven n (D) Eight o and eight iz
Q. 172 Among the following species, which has the minimum bond length ?
(A)B2
(B)C2
(C)F2

(D)0 2

Q. 173 Which has higher bond energy:

(A)F 2
(B )Cl2
Q. 174 The bond angle in PH is:
(A) Much lesser than NH
(C) Much greater than in NH

(B) Equal to that in NH

(D) Slightly more than in NH

Q. 175 H - B - H bond angle in BH; is:

(A) 180
(B) 120

(C) 109

(C) Br2

(D)/ 2

(D)90

Q.176 In the series ethane, ethylene and acetylene, the C-H bond energy is:
(A) The same in all the three compounds
(B) Greatest in ethane
(D) Greatest in acetylene
(C) Greatest in ethylene
Q. 177 Which one of the following compounds has bond angle as nearly 90 ?
(A)
(B) 2
(C) 2
(D)
3

NH

HS

H0

sf
Q. 178 Of the following species which has the shortest bond length NO, NO , N0
+

2+

and

NO' ?

Q. 179 Arrange the following species in decreasing order of bond angle.

NO+,NO 2 ,NO;
Q. 180 In the hydrides of group VI elements the central atoms involve sp3 hybridisation but the bond angles
decrease in the order, 2 H2S, H2Si, H2Te . How would you account for this ?

H 0,

<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

EXERCISE - II
Q.l

[2 x 45 = 90]

Choose the correct alternative (only one correct answer).

The bond between carbon atom(l) & carbon atom(2) in compound
N = C-CH = CH2 involves the hybrids as :
(A) sp2 & sp2

Q.2
Q.3

(B) sp3 & sp

[ JEE '87]

(C) sp & sp2

(D) sp & sp

Amongst the trihalides of nitrogen, which one is least basic?

(A) NF3
(B) NC13
(C) NBr3

(D) NI3

Hydrogen bonding is maximum in

(A) Ethanol
(B) Diethylether

[JEE '87]
(D) Triethylamine

(C) Ethyl chloride

[JEE '87]

Q.4

The species which the central atom uses sp2 hybrid orbitals in its bonding is
(A) PH3
(B) NH3
(C) CH3+
(D) SbH3

[JEE'88]

Q.5

The molecule that has linear stucture is

(A) C0 2
(B) N 0 2

[JEE'88]

Q.6
Q.7
Q.8
Q.9

(C) S0 2

(D) Si0 2

The compound which has zero dipole moment is

(A) CH2C12
(B) BF3
(C) NF3

(D) C102

Which of the following is paramagnetic

(A) 0 2 (B) CN"

[JEE'89]
[JEE'89]

(C) CO

(D) NO

The molecule which has pyramidal shape is

(A) PC13
(B) S0 3
(C) C 0 3 2 -

[JEE'89]

(D) NO3
The compound in which C uses its sp hybrid orbitals for bond formation is :
3

( ) HCOOH

(B) (H2N)CO

(C) (CH3)3COH

Q. 10 The C - H bond distance is the longest in

(A) C ^
(B) C2H4
(C) C2H6

[JEE'89]

(P) CH3CHO

[ JEE '89]
(D) C 2 H, Br2

Q. 11 Which one of the following is the smallest in size

(A) N 3 (B) O 2 (C) FQ.12

[ JEE '89]
(D) Na

The number of sigma and pi bonds in l-butene-3-yne are

(B) 7 sigma 3 pi
(C) 8 sigma 2 pi
(A) 5 sigma 5 pi

Q. 13 Amongst the following the one having highest I.E. is

(A) [Ne]3s 2 3p 1
(B) [Ne] 3 s2 3 p3
(C) [Ne] 3 s2 3 p2

[JEE'89]
(D) 6 sigma 4 pi
[ JEE '90]
(D) [Ar] 3 d 4 s2 4 p3

Q. 14 The hybridisation of C atoms in C - C single bond of HC = C - CH = CIL, is

(A) sp3 - sp3
(B) sp2 - sp3
(C) sp - sp2
(D) sp3 - sp

[ JEE '91]

Q.15

The type of hybrid orbitals used by the chlorine atom in C102" is

(A) sp3
(B) sp2
(C) sp
(D) none

[JEE'92]

Q.16

The CN" & N2 are isoelectronic. But in contrast to CN", N2 is chemically inert because of
(A) Low bond energy
[JEE'92]
(B) Absence of bond polarity
(C) Unsymmetrical electron distribution
(D) Presence of more number of electron in bonding orbitals.

Q.17

The maximum possible number of hydrogen bonds a water molecule can form is [JEE '92]
(A) 2
(B)4
(C)3
(D)l

Q.18

Pick out the isoelectronic structuresfromthe following

II.H3O+
III.NH3
IV:CH3I.CH3+
(A) I and II
(B) III and IV
(C) I and III

- i j i i i m -miuMwwtwTif-"-

II

<!%Bansal Classes

!'HI I

I minimiIINI I,

^.....MMI

Chemical Bonding

[JEE'93]
(D) II, IE and IV
iiii-riiaNTIMIrrraTiMIT-winmrriiii imiiii

mini

i^niiiMiMirrrinm

[21]

Q.19 Which one ofthe following oxides is ionic?

(A)P 2 0 5
(B) Cr0 3

[ JEE '95]
(C)MnO

Q.20 The number ofelectrons that are paired in oxygen molecule is

(A) 7
(B)8
(C) 16
Q.21 Allyl isocyanide has
(A) 9s, 4p bonds
(C) 8 s, 5p bonds

^ M n ^
[JEE'95]
(D) 14

[JEE'95]
(B) 9s, 3p bonds and 2 non-bonding electrons
(D) 8 s, 3p bonds and 4 non- bonding electrons

Q.22 The order of increasing thermal stabilities of K^CO^I), MgC0 3 (II), CaC03(III), BaC03(IV) is
[JEE '96]
(A) II < III < IV < I (B) IV < II < III < I (C) IV < II < I < III (D) II<IV<III< I
Q.23 Identify isostructural pairs from NF3(I), N03"(II), BF3(III), H30+(IV), HN3(V) [ JEE '96]
(A) I & II, III & IV
(B) I & V, II & III
(C)I&IV,II&III
(D) I & IV, III & V
[JEE'96]
Q.24 (i)The number and type of bonds between two C-atom in CaC2 are
(B) 1 sigma 2 pi
(C) 1 sigma, Vt. pi
(D) 1 sigma
(A) 1 sigma 1 pi
Q.25 Which is correct for CsBr3?
(A) it is a covalent compound
(C) it contains Cs+ & Br3" ions

[JEE'96]
(B) it contains Cs 3+ & Br" ions
(D) it contains Cs + ,Br" & lattice Br2 molecule

Q.26 Among K0 2 ,A10 2 ",Ba0 2 & N0 2 + unpaired electron is present in

[JEE'97]
+
(A) N0 2 & Ba0 2
(B) K0 2 & A102"
(C) K0 2 only
(D) Ba0 2 only
Q.27 Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired electrons?
(A) Mg2+
(B) Ti3+
(C)V3+

[ JEE' 96]
(D)Fe2+

Q.28 KF combines with HF to form KHF2. The compound contains the species
[ JEE '97]
(A) K+, F" and H+
(B) K+, F" and HF
(C) K + and [HF2]"
(D) [KHF]+and F"
Q.29 Among the following compounds the one that is polar and has the central atom withsp2
hybridisation is
[JEE'97]
(C) BF3
(D) HC102
(A) I^CC^
(B) SiF4
Q.30 Which contains both polar & non polar covalent bonds
(A) NH4C1
,(B) HCN
(C) H 2 0 2
Q.31

The type of hybrid orbitals used by the chlorine atom in C103" is

(A) sp3
(B)sp3d
(C)sp3d2

Q.32 Which are isoelectronic among the following?

(i) (CH3)3C+
(ii) (CH3)3Si+
(iii)Ph3C+
(A)(i),(ii),(iii)
(B) (ii), (iii)
(C) (i), (iii)
Q.33 Hybridisation seen in cation of solid PC15
(B) sp3
(A) sp3d

[JEE'97]
(D) CH4
[JEE'97]
2

(D) sp

[ JEE' 97]
(iv)S2
(D)(i),(iv)
[ JEE '97]

3 2

(C) sp d

(D)sp

Q.34 What type ofhybridisation and how many lone pair of electrons are present in the species I3" on the
central atom.
[JEE'97]
2
3
(A) sp one lone pair (B) sp d three lone pair (C) sp three lone pair (D) sp no lone pair
Q.35 In which of the following the central atom does not use sp3 hybrid orbitals in its bonding?
(B)OH3+
(C) NH^
(D)NF 3
[JEE'97]
(A) BeF3"
Q.36 Which ofthe following ions is expected to be colourless
(B) Ti4+
(C)V3+
(A) Cu2+
Q.37 The structure of IBr2" involves hybridisation of the type.
(A) sp3d
(B) sp3d2
(C)dsp3
<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

(D) Fe2+
(D)d2sp3
[13]

Q.38 The maximum angle around the central atom H-M-H is present in
(A)ASH 3
(B)PH3
(C)NH3
Q.39 Which one of the following molecules is planar :
(A) NF3
(B) NC13
(C) PH 3

(D)SbH3
[JEE '97]
(D) BF3

Q.40 Which one has sp hybridisation

(B) S0 2
(A) C0 2
Q.41

[JEE'97]
(C) N 2 0

(D) CO

The geometry & the type of hybrid orbitals present about the central atom in BF3 is:
[ JEE '98]
(A) linear, sp
(B) trigonal planar, sp2 (C) tetrahedra sp3
(D) pyramidal, sp3

Q. 42 The correct order of increasing C - O bond length of, CO, C0 3 2 ", C0 2 is

(A) C0 3 2 ' < C0 2 < CO
(B) C 0 2 < C 0 3 2 " < C 0
(D) CO < C0 2 < c,o32(C) CO <CO 3 2 -<CO 2

[ JEE '99]

Q.43 In the dichromate anion

(A) 4 Cr - O bonds are equivalent
(C) all Cr - O bonds are equivalent

[ JEE '99]
(B) 6 C r - 0 bonds are equivalent
(D) all Cr - O bonds are non equivalent

Q. 44 The geometry ofl-^S and its dipole moment are

(B) angular & zero
(A) angular & non zero
(C) linear & non zero
(D) linear & zero

[ JEE' 99]

Q, 45 In compounds type E Cl3, where E = B, P, As or Bi, the angles CI - E - CI for different E are in the order
(A) B > P = As = Bi (B) B > P > A s > B i ( C ) B < P = As = Bi ( D ) B < P < A s < B i
[JEE '99]
Q. 46 The most unlikely representation of resonance structure ofp-nitrophenoxide is:

(A)

(B)

[I

IJ

(C) L

(D)

I)

[JEE 2000]
Q. 47 Amongst I^O, I ^ S , I^Se and HjTe, the one with the highest boiling point is
(A) H 2 0 because of hydrogen bonding (B) HjTe because of higher molecular weight
(C) H2S because ofhydrogen bonding
(D) t^Se because oflower molecular weight
Q. 48 The hybridization of atomic orbitals of nitrogen in NO 2 , N0 3 and NH J are
2

(A) sp , sp and sp respectively

(C) sp2, sp and sp3 respectively

[JEE 2000]

(B) sp, sp and sp respectively

(D) sp2, sp3 and sp respectively

Q.49 The correct order ofhybridization ofthe central atom in the following species NH3, PtCl^2, PC15 and
BC13 is
[JEE 2001]
(B) sp 3 , dsp 2 , sp3d, sp2
(A) dsp2, sp3d, sp2 and sp3
(C) dsp2, sp2, sp3, sp3d
(D) dsp2, sp3, sp2, sp3d
[JEE 2001]
Q.50 The common features among the species CN-, CO and NO+are
(A) Bond order three and isoelectronic (B) Bond other three and weakfieldligands
(D) Isoelectronic and weakfieldligands
(C) Bond order two and k - acceptors

<!Bansal Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

Q. 51

Specify the coordination geometry around and hybridization ofN and B atoms in a 1:1 complex of BF3
and NH3
[JEE 2002]
3
3
3
(A) N: tetrahedral, sp ; B : tetrahedral, sp
(B) N: pyramidal, sp ; B : pyramidal, sp3
3
2
(C) N: pyramidal, sp ; B: planar, sp
(D) N: pyramidal, sp3; B: tetrahedral, sp3

Q. 52 The nodal plane in the 7i-bond of ethene is located in

[JEE 2002]
(A) the molecular plane
(B) a plane parallel to the molecular plane
(C) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which bisects, the carbon-carbon a bond at right angle.
(D) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which contains, the carbon-carbon bond.
Q. 53 Which ofthe following molecular species has unpaired electrons)?
(A)N2

(B)F 2

(C)0 2 -

[JEE 2002]
(D)O 2 -

Q.54 Which ofthe following are isoelectronic and isostructural? N0 3 ,C0 3 ~,C10 3 ,S0 3
(A) NO",CO 2-

(B)S0 3 , NO"

(C)C10;,C0 2 "

[JEE2003]

(D)C0 2 ",S0 3

Q. 5 5 According to molecular orbital theory which ofthe following statement about the magnetic character and
bond order is correct regarding 0 2

[JEE 2004]

(A) Paramagnetic and Bond order < 0 2

(C) Diamagnetic and Bond order < 0 2

(B) Paramagnetic and Bond order > 0 2

(D) Diamagnetic and Bond order > 0 2

Q. 56 Which species has the maximum number of lone pair of electrons on the central atom? [JEE 2005]
(A) C103~
(B)XeF4
(C) SF4
(D)I3~
Fill in the blanks.
[12x2 = 24]
Q.l
Silver chloride is sparingly soluble in water because its lattice energy is greater than
energy.
[JEE'87]
1
Q.2
phosphorous is reactive because of its highly strained tetrahedra structure. [JEE'87]
Q.3
The shape of CH3+is
.
[JEE'90]
Q.4 The valence atomic orbitals on C in silver acetylide is
hybridised.
[JEE'90]
. [ JEE '94]
Q. 5 Amongst the three isomers of nitrophenol, the one that is least soluble in water is
Q.6 The kind of derealization involving sigma bond orbitals are called
.
[JEE'94]
Q.7 The two types of bonds present in B2H6 are covalent &
_.
[JEE'94]
+
+
Q. 8 When N2 goes to N 2 , the N - N distance
& when 0 2 goes to 0 2 , the O - O bond
distance
.
[ JEE '96]
+
Q.9 Among N 2 0, S0 2 ,13 & I3", the linear species are
&
.
[JEE'97]
+
[ JEE '97]
Q.10 Among PC13, CH 3 , NH^ & NF 3 ,
is least relative towards water.
Q.ll The P - P - P angle in P4 molecule is
.
[ JEE'97]
4+
2+
Q.12 Compounds that formally contain Pb are easily reduced to Pb . The stability of lower
.
[ JEE '97]
oxidation state is due to

<!Bansal Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

State whether true or false.

[ 16 x 2 = 32]
Q.l
In benzene carbon uses all the three p-orbitals for hybridisation.
[JEE'87]
2
Q.2 sp hybrid orbitals have equal S&P character .
[JEE'87]
Q.3 In group I A of alkali metals, the ionisation potential decreases down the group. Therefore lithium
is a poor reducing agent .
[JEE'87]
Q.4 All the A1 - CI bond in A12C16 are equivalent .
[ JEE '88]
Q.5 Both potassium ferrocyanide & potassium ferricyanide are diamagnetic.
[JEE '88]
Q.6 The presence of polar bonds in a polyatomic molecule suggests that the molecule has non-zero
dipole moment .
[ JEE' 90]
Q.7 Nitric oxide, though an odd electron molecule,is diamagnetic in liquid state.
[JEE'91]
Q.8 The decreasing order of E A of F, CI, Br is F > CI > Br .
[ JEE '93]
Q.9 Diamond is harder than graphite .
[JEE'93]
Q.10 The basic nature of hydroxides of group 13 (III B) decreases progressively down the group.
[JEE'93]
Q.ll The tendency for catenation is much higher for C than Si.
[ JEE'93]
Q. 12 The dipolemoment of CH3 F is greater than CH3C1.
[ JEE '93]
Q.13 HBr is stronger acid than HI because of H-bonding.
[JEE'97]
[JEE'97]
Q.14 Fatomhasless negative EAthan CI atom.
[ JEE '97]
Q.15 LiCl is predominantly a covalent compound.
Q.16 Al(OH)3 is amphoteric in nature.
[JEE'97]
Explain the following.
[ 11 x 3 = 33]
Q. 1 Explain the molecule of magnesium chloride is linear whereas that of stannous chloride is angular.
[JEE'87]
0
Q.2 Give reason carbon oxygen bond lengths in formic acid are 1.23 A & 1.36A and both the
carbon oxygen bonds in sodium formate have the same value i.e. 1.27A.
[JEE '88]
Q.3
Give reason that valency of oxygenis generally two whereas sulphur shows of 2 ,4, & 6. [ JEE '88]
Q.4 Explain the first I.E. of carbon atom is greater than that of boron atom whereas the reverse is
true for the second I.E.
[JEE'89]
[ JEE '95]
Q. 5 Explain why the dipolemoment of NH3 is more than that of NF3.
Q.6

The experimentally determined N-F bond length in NF3 is greater than the sum of single bond
[ JEE *95]
covalent radii of N & F . Explain.
Q.7 Explain the difference in the nature of bonding in LiF & Lil.
[JEE'96]
Q.8 Compare qualitatively the 1st & 2nd IP of Cu&Zn. Explain the observation. [JEE'96]
Q.9 Explain PC15 is formed but NC15 cannot.
[JEE'97]
[JEE'99]
Q.10 Give reasons for the following in one or two sentences only.
(a)
BeCl2 can be easily hydrolyed
(b) Cr0 3 is an acid anhydride .
Q.ll Explain why o-hydroxybenzaldehyde is a liquid at room temperature, while p-hydroxybenzaldehyde is a
high melting solid.
[JEE'99]

<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

Arrange as directed.
Q.l
N 2 , 0 2 , F 2 , Cl2 in increasing order of bond dissociation energy.
Q.2 C0 2 , N 2 0 5 , Si0 2 , S0 3 is the increasing order of acidic character.
Q.3 HOC1, H0C10 2 , H0C10 3 , HOCIO in increasing order of thermal stability.
Q.4 Increasing order of ionic size :
N 3 ", Na + , F *, O 2 ", Mg2 +
Q.5 Increasing order of basic character : MgO . SrO , K 2 0 , NiO , Cs 2 0
Q.6 Increasing strength of H - bonding . (X
H - X) O, S, F, CI, N .
Q.7 Increasing order of extent of hydrolysis CC14, MgC^, A1C13, PC15, SiCl4
Q.8 Arrange in increasing order of dipole moment.
Toluene, m - dichcorobenzene, O - dichlorobenzene, P - dichlorobenzene .
Q.9 The decreasing order of acid strength of ClOH, BrOH, IOH.
Q.10 Arrange in order of increasing radii, Li + , Mg 2 + , K + , A13 + .
Q. 11 Arrange BeS04, MgS04, CaS04, SrS04 in order of decreasing thermal stability.
Q.12 Decreasing order of the 0 - 0 bond length present in them
0 2 , K0 2 and 0 2 [AsFJ

[ 11 x 2 = 22]
[JEE'88]
[JEE'88]
[ JEE '88]

[JEE'96]
[ JEE '97]
[ JEE '97]
[ JEE '97]
[JEE 2004]

Miscellaneous.
Q.l
Write the two resonance structures o f N 2 0 that satisfy the octet rule.
[JEE'90]
Q.2 Write two resonance structures of ozone which satisfy the octet rule.
[JEE'91]
Q.3 Using VSEPR theory, identify the type of hybridisation & draw the structure of OF2. What are
[ JEE '94]
oxidation states of O & F.
Q.4 What are the types of bond present in B2H6?
[IIT1994]
Q. 5 Arrange toluene, m-dichlorobenzene, o-dicholorobenzene and p-dichlorobenzene in order of increasing
dipolemoment.
[IIT1996]
Q.6 Draw the structures of
[JEE'97]
2
(ii) Xe0 3
(iii)XeF4
(iv)BrF5
(v) S0 3
(i)XeF2
2 .

Q.7

Interpret the non-linear shape ofH2S molecule & non planar shape ofPCl3 using VSEPR theory.
[JEE'98]

Q. 8

Discuss the hybridisation of C - atoms in allene (C3H4) and show the % - orbital overlap s. [JEE' 99]

Q.9

Write the MO electron distribution of 0 2 . Specify its bond order and magnetic property [UT 2000]

Q.10 Using VSEPR theory, draw the shape of PC15 and BrF5.
[JEE 2003]
Q. 11 Draw the structure of XeF4 and OSF4 according to VSEPR theory, clearly indicating the state of
hybridisation ofthe central atom and lone pair of electrons (if any) on the central atom. [JEE 2004]

<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE -1
Q.l
Q5
Q9
Q.13
Q.17
Q.21
Q.25
Q.30
Q.34
Q.38
Q.42
Q.46
Q.50
Q.54
Q.58
Q.62
Q.66
Q.70
Q.74
Q.78
Q.83
Q.84
Q.88
Q.92
Q.96
Q.l00
Q.l04
Q.107
Q.112
Q.116
Q.120
Q.124
Q.128
Q.132
Q.136
Q.140
Q.144
Q.148
Q.152
Q.l56
Q.l 59
Q.l 60
Q.l 64
Q.168
Q.l72

Q.3 C
Q.4 D
B
Q.2 A
Q.6 D
Q.7 A B, C, D
Q.8 A, B, C, D
C
A, 13, D
Q.10 B, C
Q.12 No
Q.ll A, C
Q.16 D
B, C, D
Q.14 A, B, C
Q.15 A, C
D
Q.18 B
Q.19 A
Q.20 D
Q.24 A, B
Q.22 A, C
Q.23 B, C
A, B
Q.28 C
Q.26 B
Q.29 B, C, D
A,B,C
Q.32 D
Q.33 C
A
Q.31 D
Q.36 A B
Q.37 B, C, D
Q.35 A B , C
A C
Q.40 A, E
Q.41 A, C
B, C, D
Q.39 AB,C,D
Q.44 C
Q.45 B
A
Q.43 D
Q.48 C
Q.49 A
Q.47 B
C
Q.53 B
Q.51 C
Q.52 D
C
Q.56 A
Q.57 B
A
Q.55 A
Q.60 C
Q.61 B
A
Q.59 C
Q.63 C
Q.64 A
Q.65 B
C
D
Q.67 A
Q.68 A, C, B
Q.69 A,B,D
B,D
Q.71 A B
Q.72 A
Q.73 A, B
Q.75 B
Q.76 A,B,D
Q.77 A, B
A B , C,D
Q.79 A D
Q.81 C
B,C
Q.80 A,B,C
(a) Linear, (b) square planar, (c) T.B.P. (d) bent, (e) linear, (f) bent
B
Q.85 A
Q.86 C
Q.87 B
A
Q.89 D
Q.90 A
Q.91 A
Q.93
C
D
Q.94 A
Q.95 A B, C, D
A B, C
Q.97 A,B,D
Q.98 B,D
Q.99 A, B, C, D
A, B, C
Q.101 A, B
Q.l02 A, B, C
Q.103 A, B, C
A
Q.105 A, B, D
Q.l06 (a) 1, (b) 1/2, (c)zero, (d) 1, (e)zero, (f) 1
(a) B2 . (b) C 2 , (c) 0 2 2 + , (d) 0 2 ,(e)F 2 ,(f)N 2
Q.l09 0 2 + > 0 2 > 0 2 > 0 2 2 C
Q. 113 D
Q.114 C
Q.115 D
C
Q.117 C
Q.118 D
Q.119 B
B
Q.121 C
Q.l22 D
Q.123 C
D
Q.125 B
Q.126 C
Q.l27 A
A
Q.129 B
Q.130 B, C, D
Q.131 B, D
0 2 >0 3 >H 2 0 2 Q.133 A, D
Q.134 A, B, C
Q.135 A, B
B
Q.137 A, B, C, D
Q.138 A, B, C, D
Q.139 A
A
Q.141 C
Q.l42 D
Q.143 D
B
Q.145 A
Q.146 B
Q.147 C
A
Q.l49 B
Q.150 D
Q.151 A,C,D
B, C, D
Q.153 A, B
Q.l54 A B
Q.155 B, C, D
A, B, C, D
Q.157 T, F, T, T, F, F, F, T, T, F
Q.158 F, F, F, F, T, T, F, F
(i) p-orbital, (ii)cr-bond, (iii) 1, (iv) LP-LP & LP-BP, (v)more, less, (vi) 36
1.2A
Q.161 (CH3)3N
Q.162 2.33 A
Q.l63 85%
1.4A
Q.l65 84.5%
Q.166 25%
Q.l67 B
A
Q.l69 B
Q.170 C
Q.171 A
B
Q.173 B
Q.l74 A
Q.175 C

Q.176 D
Bonsai Classes

Q.l77 B,D

Q.l78 NO +
Chemical Bonding

Q179

N02>N02>N02
[27]

01.C
ll.D
21.B
31.A
41.B
51.A

02.A
12.B
22.A
32.D
42 .D
52.A

03. A
13.B
23.C
33.B
43 .B
53.C

Fill in the blanks

Q. 1 hydration
Q.5
ortho
Q.9
N 2 0,1 3 True/False
Q.l
F
Q.8
F
Q.15 T

Q.2
Q.9
Q.16

F
T
T

EXERCISE-II
05.A
06.B
15.A
16.B
26.C
25.C
36.B
35.A
45 .B
46.C
55.B
56.D

04.C
14.C
24.B
34.B
44.A
54.A

Q2
Q.7
Q.10

white
banana
NH,"

Q.3
Q.10

F
F

Explain
Q.l
Lone pair
Q.2
Q.5
Lone pair contribution Q.7
Q.9
d-orbitals
Q.ll

Q.4
Q.ll

07.A
17.B
27.D
37.A
47.A

08.A
18.D
28.C
38.C
48 .B

10.C
20.D
30.A
40.B
50.A

09.C
19.C
29.A
39.D
49.B

Q.3
Q8
Qll

trigonal planar Q.4

sp
increases, decreases
60
Q.12 inert pair effect

F
T

Q.5
Q.12

F
F

Q.6
Q.13

F
F

Q.7
Q.14

T
T

Resonance
Q.3
expansion of octet
LiF -Ionic charge, Lil -> covalent charge
Intra-H-bonding in o-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Arrange as directed:
Q.l
F2<C12<02<N2
Q.2
Si0 2 < C0 2 < S0 3 < N 2 0 5
Q.3
HCIO<HCIO2<HCIO3<HCIO4
Q.4
Mg 2 + < Na + < F - < O 2 -< N 3
Q.5
N a ^ < MgO < SrO < K^O < Cs 2 0
Q.6
S<C1<N<0<F
Q.7
CC14 < SiCl4 < PC15 < AICI3 < MgCl2
Q.8
P - dichlorobenzene < Toluene < m-dichcorobenzene < O-dichlorobenzene
Q.9
C10H < BrOH < IOH
Q.10 LI+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < K+
Q. 11 BeS0 4 < MgS0 4 < CaS0 4 < SrS0 4
Miscellaneous.
N =N->0 ^ N ^

Q.6

(i) Linear, (ii) Pyramidal, (iii) Square planar, (iv) Square pyramidal, (v) pyramidal

Q.8

C H 3 = C = CH3
sp

sp

Q.2

o+

Q.l

i i i

N=0

,ov

0// \ O <- o 0~
1

sp

<!Bansal

Classes

Chemical Bonding

[13]

BANSAL CLASSES
CHEMISTRY
TARGET IIT JEE 2007
XI (P, Q, R, S & J)

REDOX & EQUIVALENT CONCEPTS

(STOCHIOMETRY -II)

CONTENTS

EXERCISE-I (A)
EXERCISE-I (B)
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
EXERCISE-IV
ANSWER KEY

OXIDATION
Molecular Equations:
BaCl2 + Na^C^
Ionic Equations :
Ba2+ + S042~

&

REDUCTION

> BaS0 4 1 + 2 NaCl.

> BaS0 4 -I .

Spectator Ions:
Ions which do not undergo change during a reaction, they are not included in the final balanced equation.
Rules For Writing Ionic Equations :
(i)
All soluble electrolytes involved in a chemical change are expresses in ionic symbols and covalent substances
are written in molecular form.
(ii)
The electrolyte which is highly insoluble, is expressed in molecular form.
(iii)
The ions which are common and equal in number on both sides (spectator ions) are cancelled .
(iv)
Besides the atoms, the ionic charges must also balance on both the sides .
Oxidation State Of The Elements:
Valency of an element is defined as the number of hydrogen atoms that combine with or are displaced
by one atom of the element. CI, monovalent, 0, divalent, N, trivalent, tetravalent C, variable valency P
(3,5). It is never a useful concept despite of physical reality, so more common & artificial concept of
oxidation state (oxidation number).
Oxidation Number:
It is the charge (real or imaginary) which an atom appears to have when it is in combination. It may be a
whole no. or fractional. For an element may have different values. It depends on nature of compound in
which it is present. There are some operational rules to determine oxidation number.
Stock's Notation :
Generally used for naming compounds of metals, some non-metals also. eg. Cr 2 0 3 Chromium (iii)
oxide and P 2 0 5 Phosphorous (v) oxide.
Oxidation :
Addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, addition of electro -negative element, removal of electro positive element, loss of electrons, increase in oxidation number (de-electronation).
Reduction :
Removal of oxygen, addition of hydrogen, removal of electronegative element, addition of electro +ve
element, gain of electrons, decrease in oxid. no. (electronation).
Redox

Reactions:
A reaction in which oxidation & reduction occur simultaneously.

Oxidising Agents:
(oxidants, oxidisors). They oxidise others, themselves are reduced & gain electrons, eg. 0 2 ,0 3 , HN03,
Mn0 2 , H ^ , halogens, KMn0 4 , K ^ C r ^ , KI0 3 , C1(S04)3, FeCl3, NaOCl, hydrogen ions.
[Atoms present in their higher oxidation state.]
Reducing Agents:
H2, molecular is weak but Nascent hydrogen is powerful. C, CO, H2S, S0 2 , SnCl2, Sodium thio
Sulphate, Al, Na, CaH^ NaBH4, LiAlH4 . They reduce others, themselves get oxidised & lose electrons.
Also called reductants or reducers.
[Atoms present in their lower oxidation state.]
Both Oxidising & Reducing Agents :
S02, H 2 0 2 , 0 3 , N 0 2 , etc .
<il Bansal Classes

Redox & Equivalent Concepts (Stochiometry-II)

[2]

Balancing Of Equations :
(i)
Ion-electron method
(ii)
Oxidation number method
[Concept involved that in any chemical reaction e~ cannot be produced so no. of e~s in O.H. & R.H.
should be same]
Oxidation Half Reaction :

Na

Reduction Half Reaction : F2 + 2 e~~

> Na+ + e~~.

> 2F~~ .

C O M M O N OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

PARTS

OXIDATION PARTS

REDUCTION PARTS

Fe2+

Fe3+

> Fe2+

x->x2
S2-^s

x2

>X~

H2O2 O 2
S032- >S042-

NO 3 -

Zn

Fe3+
> Zn2+

242"
S2O32-

> Cr3+

Cr 2 0 7 2

>C0 2
>s4062-

> NO

Mn0 4 -~

> Mn2+ (neutral med.)

Mn0 4 -~
so42-

> Mn0 2 (Basic med.)

>so2

I2 -> I0 3 -

Mn0 2

Mn2+

Types Of Redox Reduction :

Intermolecular redox, disproportion, Intra molecular redox.
Disproportion:
In such reactions the oxidising and reducing agents(atom) are the same.
oxidation
H

22

+ H

22

>2 H,0 + 02 .

reduction

To identify whether a reaction is redox or not, find change in oxidation number or loss and gain of
electrons. If there is no change in oxidation number, the reaction is not a redox reaction.
Mn0 4 2 + 0 2 .
Auto Oxidation :
Mn04~
In this Mn in Mn0 4 ~ is reduced. Oxygen in Mn04~~ is oxidised. The same sub. Mn0 4 acts as
oxidising & reducing agent. This is called auto oxidation.
NOTE :

(a)

To predict the product of reaction remember:

Free halogen on reduction gives halide ion (F2 -> F - )

(b)

Alkali metals on oxidation give metallic ion with + 1 oxidation state.

(c)
(d)

Cone. HN0 3 on reduction gives N0 2 , while dilute HN0 3 can give NO, N2, NH4+ or other products
depending on the nature of reducing agent and on dilution.
In acid solution KMn0 4 is reduced to Mn2+ while in neutral or alkaline, it gives Mn0 2 or K2Mn04.

(e)

H 2 0 2 on reduction gives water and on oxidation gives oxygen.

(f)

Dichrornate ion in acid solution is reduced to Cr3"1".

<il Bansal Classes

Redox & Equivalent Concepts (Stochiometry-II) [47]

Nature Of Oxides Based On Oxidation

Lowest oxidation state
Intermediate oxidation state
Highest oxidation state

Number:

Basic
Amphoteric
> Acidic

(MnO)
(Mn 3 0 4 ,Mn0 2 )
(Mn 2 0 7 )

Metathesis Reactions :
Never redox reactions. In these two compounds react to form two new compounds and no change in
oxidation number occur. eg.
(i) Pb (N0 3 ) 2 + K^CrC^

Pb Cr0 4 + 2 KN0 3

(ii) HCl + NaOH > NaCl + H 2 0

Rules
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)

For Assigning Oxidation Number :

Oxidation number of free elements or atoms is zero .
Oxidation number of allotropes is zero .
Oxidation number of atoms in homo-nuclear molecules is zero .
Oxidation number of mono-atomic ions is equal to the algebric charge on them.
Oxidation number of F in compounds is - 1 .
Oxidation number of H in its compounds is + 1, except in metalhydrides where it is - 1 .
Oxidation number of O is - 2 in its compounds, but in F 2 0 it is + 2 and in peroxides it is - 1 and -0.5
in K0 2 .
(viii) Oxidation number of alkali metals in their compounds + 1.
(ix)
Oxidation number of alkaline earth metals in their compounds is + 2 .
(x)
Oxidation number of an ion is equal to its charge.
(xi)
Oxidation number of a molecule as a whole is zero .
(xii) The sum of oxidation number of all the atoms in a molecule should be zero and in an ion equal to its
charge.
MOST COMMOM OXIDATION STATES OF REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS
Group

Outer shell configuration

Common oxid. states

except zero in free state

IA

ns 1

+1

IIA

ns 2

+2

III A

ns 2 np 1

+ 3, +1

IV A

ns 2 np 2

+ 4,+3,+2,+ 1,-1,-2,-3,-4

VA

ns 2 np 3

+ 5,+3,+ 1,-1,-3

VIA

ns 2 np 4

+ 6,+4,+2,-2

VII A

ns 2 np 5

+ 7 , + 5 , + 3 , + 1,-1

Average Oxidation Number: Find Oxidation Number of Fe in Fe 3 0 4 .

Fe 3 0 4 is FeO. Fe 2 0 3 .
;
O. N. of Fe in Fe 2 0 3 is + 3 .
O.N. of Fe in FeO is + 2
Therefore average O.N. of three Fe atoms =

<il Bansal Classes

+2+2x(+3)
8
r
= +r

Redox & Equivalent Concepts (Stochiometry-II)

[4]

<

EQUIVALENT CONCEPT
(A) Volumetric analysis :
This mainly involve titrations based chemistry. It can be divided into two major category.
(I) Non-redox system
(II) Redox system
(I) Non - redox system
This involve following kind oftitrations:
1.
Acid-Base titrations
2.
Back titration
3.
Precipitation titration
4.
Double indicator acid base titration
Titrimetric Method of Analysis: Atitrimetric method of analysis is based on chemical reaction such as.
aA+ tT
> Product
Where 'a' molecules of "analysis", A reacts with t molecules of reagent T.
T is called Titrant normally taken in buret in form of solution of known concentration. The solution of
titrant is called "standard solution".
The addition of titrant is added till the amount ofT, chemically equivalent to that of'A' has been added.
It is said equivalent point oftitration has been reached. In order to know when to stop addition of titrant,
a chemical substance is used called indicator, which respond to appearance of excess of titrant by
changing colour precisely at the equivalence point. The point in the titration where the indicator changes
colour is termed the 'end point'. It is possible that end point be as close as possible to the equivalence
point.
The term titration refer's to process of measuring the volume of titrant required to reach the end point.
For many years the term volumetric analysis was used rather than titrimetric analysis. Howeverfroma
rigorons stand point the term titrimetric is preferable because volume measurement may not be
confirmed to titration. In certain analysis, for example one might measure the volume of a gas.
We can adopt mole method in balanced chemical reactions to relate reactant and products but it is more
easier to apply law of equivalents in volumetric calculations because it does not require knowledge of
balanced chemical reactions involved in sequence. Law of equivalents refers to that, equivalents of a
limiting reactant is equal to equivalent of other reactant reacting in a chemical reaction or equal to equivalents
of products formed in reaction.
n-factor in non-redox system
n factor here we mean a conversion factor by which we divide molar mass of substance to get equivalent
mass and it depends on nature of substance which varyfromone condition to another condition. We can
divide n-factor calculations in two category.
(A) when compound is not reacting.
(B) when compound is reacting.
Acid-Base titration
Tofindout strength or concentration ofunknown acid or base it is titrated against base or acid of known
strength. At the equivalence point we can know amount of acid or base used and then with the help of law of
equivalents we canfindstrength of unknown.
Meq of acid at equivalence point = Meq of base at equivalence point

<il Bansal Classes

Redox & Equivalent Concepts (Stochiometry-II)

[5]

Back titration
Back titration is used in volumetric analysis tofindout excess of reagent added by titrating it with suitable
reagent. It is also used to find out percentage purity of sample. For example in acid-base titration suppose we
have added excess base in acid mixture. To find excess base we can titrate the solution with another acid of
known strength.
Precipitation titration :
In ionic reaction we can know strength of unknown solution of salt by titrating it against a reagent with
which it can form precipitate. For example NaCl strength can be known by titrating it against AgN0 3 solution
with which it form white ppt. ofAgCl.
So meq. ofNaCl at equivalence point = meq of AgN0 3 used = meq ofAgCl formed
Double indicator acid-base titration:
In the acid-base titration the equivalence point is known with the help of indicator which changes its
colour at the end point. In the titration of polyacidic base or polybasic acid there are more than one end point for
each step neutralization. Sometimes one indicator is not able to give colour change at every end point. So to find
out end point we have to use more than one indicator. For example in the titration of Na,C0 3 against HCl there
are two end points.
Na : C0 3 + HCl

NaHCO, + NaCl

NaHCO, + HCl

> H,CO, + NaCl

When we use phenophthalein in the above titration it changes its colour atfirstend point when NaHCO.
is formed and with it we can not know second end point. Similarly with methyl orange it changes its colour at
second end point only and we can not knowfirstend point. It is because all indicator changes colour on the basis
of pH of medium. So in titration of NaHC03, KHCO, against acid phenolphthalein can not be used.
So we can write with phenolpthalein, if total meq ofNa 2 CO. = 1 then
V2 meq of Na 2 C0 3 = meq of HCl
with methyl orange,
meq of Na 2 C0 3 = meq of HCl
pH Range

n factor

Titration

Indicator

Na2C03N

Phenolphthalein

8.3-10

Methyl orange

3.1-4.4

against acid
K2CO3 J
Note:
When we carry out dilution of solution, meq eq, milli mole or mole of substance does not change because
they represent amount of substance, however molar concentration may change.
Solubilities of some important salt's :
1.

Chloride:

AgCl - White ppt.

Hg 2 Cl 2 - White ppt.
PbCl 2 -White ppt.
CuCl - Insolution ppt.

All other chlorides are soluble in water.

BiOCl-White ppt.
SbOCl-White ppt.
Hg2OCl2 - White ppt.
<il Bansal Classes

Redox & Equivalent Concepts (Stochiometry-II)

[50]