Electronic engineering

lated fields, for example solid-state physics, radio en-

gineering, telecommunications, control systems, signal
processing, systems engineering, computer engineer-
ing, instrumentation engineering, electric power control,
robotics, and many others.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) is one of the most important and influential or-
ganizations for electronics engineers.

1 Relationship to electrical engi-

Electronic components
neering
Electronics is a subfield within the wider electrical engi-
neering academic subject. An academic degree with a
major in electronics engineering can be acquired from
some universities, while other universities use electrical
engineering as the subject. The term electrical engineer
is still used in the academic world to include electronic
engineers.[1] However, some people consider the term
'electrical engineer' should be reserved for those hav-
ing specialized in power and heavy current or high volt-
age engineering, while others consider that power is just
one subset of electrical engineering and (and indeed the
term 'power engineering' is used in that industry) as well
as 'electrical distribution engineering'. Again, in recent
years there has been a growth of new separate-entry de-
gree courses such as 'information engineering', 'systems
Printed circuit board engineering' and 'communication systems engineering',
often followed by academic departments of similar name,
See also: Electrical engineering which are typically not considered as subfields of elec-
tronics engineering but of electrical engineering.[2][3]
Electronics engineering, or electronic engineer-
ing, is an engineering discipline which utilizes
non-linear and active electrical components (such 2 History
as semiconductor devices, especially transistors, diodes
and integrated circuits) to design electronic circuits,
devices, Microprocessors/Microcontrollers and systems Main article: History of electronic engineering
including VHDL Modelling for Programmable logic
devices and FPGAs. The discipline typically also designs Electronic engineering as a profession sprang from tech-
passive electrical components, usually based on printed nological improvements in the telegraph industry in the
circuit boards. late 19th century and the radio and the telephone indus-
The term “electronic engineering” denotes a broad en- tries in the early 20th century. People were attracted to
gineering field that covers subfields such as analog radio by the technical fascination it inspired, first in re-
electronics, digital electronics, consumer electronics, ceiving and then in transmitting. Many who went into
embedded systems and power electronics. Electronics broadcasting in the 1920s were only 'amateurs’ in the pe-
engineering deals with implementation of applications, riod before World War I.[4]
principles and algorithms developed within many re- To a large extent, the modern discipline of electronic en-

1
2 4 SUBFIELDS

gineering was born out of telephone, radio, and television nals for telecommunications. For digital signals, signal
equipment development and the large amount of elec- processing may involve the compression, error checking
tronic systems development during World War II of and error detection of digital signals.
radar, sonar, communication systems, and advanced mu- Telecommunications engineering deals with the
nitions and weapon systems. In the interwar years, the transmission of information across a channel such as a
subject was known as radio engineering and it was only co-axial cable, optical fiber or free space.
in the late 1950s that the term electronic engineering
started to emerge.[5] Transmissions across free space require information to be
encoded in a carrier wave in order to shift the informa-
tion to a carrier frequency suitable for transmission, this is
known as modulation. Popular analog modulation tech-
3 Electronics niques include amplitude modulation and frequency mod-
ulation. The choice of modulation affects the cost and
Main article: Electronics performance of a system and these two factors must be
balanced carefully by the engineer.
In the field of electronic engineering, engineers design Once the transmission characteristics of a system are
and test circuits that use the electromagnetic properties determined, telecommunication engineers design the
of electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, transmitters and receivers needed for such systems. These
inductors, diodes and transistors to achieve a particular two are sometimes combined to form a two-way commu-
functionality. The tuner circuit, which allows the user of nication device known as a transceiver. A key considera-
a radio to filter out all but a single station, is just one ex-tion in the design of transmitters is their power consump-
ample of such a circuit. tion as this is closely related to their signal strength. If the
In designing an integrated circuit, electronics engineers signal strength of a transmitter is insufficient the signal’s
first construct circuit schematics that specify the electrical information will be corrupted by noise.
components and describe the interconnections between Control engineering has a wide range of applications
them. When completed, VLSI engineers convert the from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial air-
schematics into actual layouts, which map the layers of planes to the cruise control present in many modern cars.
various conductor and semiconductor materials needed It also plays an important role in industrial automation.
to construct the circuit. The conversion from schematics
Control engineers often utilize feedback when designing
to layouts can be done by software (see electronic design
control systems. For example, in a car with cruise con-
automation) but very often requires human fine-tuning to
trol the vehicle’s speed is continuously monitored and fed
decrease space and power consumption. Once the lay-
back to the system which adjusts the engine’s power out-
out is complete, it can be sent to a fabrication plant for
put accordingly. Where there is regular feedback, control
manufacturing.
theory can be used to determine how the system responds
Integrated circuits and other electrical components can to such feedback.
then be assembled on printed circuit boards to form more
Instrumentation engineering deals with the design of
complicated circuits. Today, printed circuit boards are
devices to measure physical quantities such as pressure,
found in most electronic devices including televisions,
flow and temperature. These devices are known as
computers and audio players.[6]
instrumentation.
The design of such instrumentation requires a good
understanding of physics that often extends beyond
4 Subfields electromagnetic theory. For example, radar guns use the
Doppler effect to measure the speed of oncoming vehi-
Electronic engineering has many subfields. This section cles. Similarly, thermocouples use the Peltier–Seebeck
describes some of the most popular subfields in electronic effect to measure the temperature difference between
engineering; although there are engineers who focus ex- two points.
clusively on one subfield, there are also many who focus
on a combination of subfields. Often instrumentation is not used by itself, but instead as
the sensors of larger electrical systems. For example, a
Signal processing deals with the analysis and manipula- thermocouple might be used to help ensure a furnace’s
tion of signals. Signals can be either analog, in which case temperature remains constant. For this reason, instru-
the signal varies continuously according to the informa- mentation engineering is often viewed as the counterpart
tion, or digital, in which case the signal varies according of control engineering.
to a series of discrete values representing the information.
Computer engineering deals with the design of
For analog signals, signal processing may involve the computers and computer systems. This may involve the
amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio design of new computer hardware, the design of PDAs or
equipment or the modulation and demodulation of sig-
5.3 Electronic devices and circuits 3

the use of computers to control an industrial plant. Devel- 5.3 Electronic devices and circuits
opment of embedded systems—systems made for specific
tasks (e.g., mobile phones)—is also included in this field. Electronic devices: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic
This field includes the micro controller and its applica- and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: dif-
tions. Computer engineers may also work on a system’s fusion current, drift current, mobility, resistivity. Gen-
software. However, the design of complex software sys- eration and recombination of carriers. p-n junction
tems is often the domain of software engineering, which diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS
is usually considered a separate discipline. capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-i-n and avalanche photo
diode, LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuit
VLSI design engineering VLSI stands for very large
fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implanta-
scale integration. It deals with fabrication of ICs and var-
tion, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS
ious electronics components.
process.[13][14]
Analog circuits: Equivalent circuits (large and small-
signal) of diodes, BJTs, JFETs, and MOSFETs. Sim-
5 Typical undergraduate syllabus ple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing
and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Am-
plifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential, operational,
Apart from electromagnetics and network theory, other feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers; frequency
items in the syllabus are particular to electronics en- response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters.
gineering course. Electrical engineering courses have Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-
other specialisms such as machines, power generation transistor and op-amp configurations. Function genera-
and distribution. This list does not include the extensive tors and wave-shaping circuits, Power supplies.[15]
engineering mathematics curriculum that is a prerequisite
Digital circuits: Boolean functions (NOT, AND, OR,
to a degree.[7][8]
XOR,...). Logic gates digital IC families (DTL, TTL,
ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic
circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders.
5.1 Electromagnetics Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters
and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs,
DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor
Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss’ 8086: architecture, programming, memory and I/O
and Stokes’ theorems, Maxwell’s equations: differen- interfacing.[16][17]
tial and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vec-
tor. Plane waves: propagation through various media;
reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin 5.4 Signals and systems
depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance;
impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance Definitions and properties of Laplace transform,
matching; pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rect- continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series,
angular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off fre- continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform,
quencies; dispersion relations. Antennas: Dipole anten- z-transform. Sampling theorems. Linear Time-Invariant
nas; antenna arrays; radiation pattern; reciprocity theo- (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; causality,
rem, antenna gain.[9][10] stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros
frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal
transmission through LTI systems. Random signals
and noise: probability, random variables, probability
5.2 Network analysis density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density,
function analogy between vectors & functions.[18][19]
Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; inci-
dence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit ma-
trices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Net- 5.5 Control systems
work theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton’s
maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation.[11] Basic control system components; block diagrammatic
Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear description, reduction of block diagrams — Mason’s rule.
constant coefficient differential equations; time domain Open loop and closed loop (negative unity feedback) sys-
analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network tems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow
equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of
analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control
driving point and transfer functions. State equations for systems and frequency response. Analysis of steady-state
networks.[12] disturbance rejection and noise sensitivity.
4 8 PROJECT ENGINEERING

Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis ter’s degree may consist of either research, coursework or
and design: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion, a mixture of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy consists
Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: of a significant research component and is often viewed
elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of as the entry point to academia.
Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller (PID). Dis- In most countries, a bachelor’s degree in engineering rep-
cretization of continuous time systems using Zero-order resents the first step towards certification and the de-
hold (ZOH) and ADCs for digital controller implemen- gree program itself is certified by a professional body.
tation. Limitations of digital controllers: aliasing. State After completing a certified degree program the engi-
variable representation and solution of state equation of
neer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work
LTI control systems. Linearization of Nonlinear dy- experience requirements) before being certified. Once
namical systems with state-space realizations in both
certified the engineer is designated the title of Profes-
frequency and time domains. Fundamental concepts sional Engineer (in the United States, Canada and South
of controllability and observability for MIMO LTI sys-
Africa), Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer
tems. State space realizations: observable and control- (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India and Zimbabwe),
lable canonical form. Ackermann’s formula for state-
Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New
feedback pole placement. Design of full order and re- Zealand) or European Engineer (in much of the Euro-
duced order estimators.[20][21] pean Union).
Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics
5.6 Communications and mathematics as these help to obtain both a qualita-
tive and quantitative description of how such systems will
Analog communication systems: amplitude and angle work. Today most engineering work involves the use of
modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided
of these operations, superheterodyne noise conditions. design and simulation software programs when design-
Digital communication systems: pulse code mod- ing electronic systems. Although most electronic engi-
ulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation neers will understand basic circuit theory, the theories
(DPCM), Delta modulation (DM), digital modulation employed by engineers generally depend upon the work
schemes-amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying they do. For example, quantum mechanics and solid
schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, state physics might be relevant to an engineer working
bandwidth consideration and probability of error calcu- on VLSI but are largely irrelevant to engineers working
lations for these schemes, GSM, TDMA.[22][23] with macroscopic electrical systems.

6 Education and training 7 Professional bodies

Electronics engineers typically possess an academic de- Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers in-
gree with a major in electronic engineering. The length clude the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
of study for such a degree is usually three or four years and(IEEE) and the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE)
the completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor of (now renamed the Institution of Engineering and Tech-
Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Applied nology or IET). Member of the Institution of Engineering
Science, or Bachelor of Technology depending upon the and Technology (MIET) is recognised in Europe as Elec-
university. Many UK universities also offer Master of trical and computer (technology) engineer. The IEEE
Engineering (MEng) degrees at undergraduate level. claims to produce 30 percent of the world’s literature in
electrical/electronic engineering, has over 370,000 mem-
The degree generally includes units covering physics,
bers, and holds more than 450 IEEE sponsored or cospon-
chemistry, mathematics, project management and spe-
sored conferences worldwide each year.
cific topics in electrical engineering. Initially such topics
cover most, if not all, of the subfields of electronic en-
gineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or
more subfields towards the end of the degree. 8 Project engineering
Some electronics engineers also choose to pursue a
postgraduate degree such as a Master of Science (MSc), For most engineers not involved at the cutting edge of
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering (PhD), or an Engi- system design and development, technical work accounts
neering Doctorate (EngD). The master’s degree is being for only a fraction of the work they do. A lot of time
introduced in some European and American Universities is also spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with
as a first degree and the differentiation of an engineer clients, preparing budgets and determining project sched-
with graduate and postgraduate studies is often difficult. ules. Many senior engineers manage a team of techni-
In these cases, experience is taken into account. The mas- cians or other engineers and for this reason project man-
 5

agement skills are important. Most engineering projects [7] Rakesh K. Garg/Ashish Dixit/Pavan Yadav Basic Elec-
involve some form of documentation and strong written tronics, p. 1, Firewall Media, 2008 ISBN 978-81-318-
communication skills are therefore very important. 0302-8

The workplaces of electronics engineers are just as var- [8] Sachin S. Sharma Power Electronics, p. ix, Firewall Me-
ied as the types of work they do. Electronics engineers dia, 2008 ISBN 978-81-318-0350-9
may be found in the pristine laboratory environment of a [9] Edward J. Rothwell/Michael J. Cloud Electromagnetics,
fabrication plant, the offices of a consulting firm or in a re- CRC Press, 2001 ISBN 978-0-8493-1397-4
search laboratory. During their working life, electronics
[10] Joseph Edminister Schaum’s Outlines Electromagnet-
engineers may find themselves supervising a wide range
ics, McGraw Hill Professional, 1995 ISBN 978-0-07-
of individuals including scientists, electricians, computer 021234-3
programmers and other engineers.
[11] J. O. Bird Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology, pp.
Obsolescence of technical skills is a serious concern for 372–443, Newness, 2007 ISBN 978-0-7506-8139-1
electronics engineers. Membership and participation in
technical societies, regular reviews of periodicals in the [12] Alan K. Walton Network Analysis and Practice, Cam-
bridge University Press, 1987 ISBN 978-0-521-31903-4
field and a habit of continued learning are therefore es-
sential to maintaining proficiency. And these are mostly [13] David K. Ferry/Jonathan P. Bird Electronic Materials and
used in the field of consumer electronics products.[24] Devices, Academic Press, 2001 ISBN 978-0-12-254161-
2
[14] Jimmie J. Cathey Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Prob-
9 See also lems of Electronic Devices and Circuits, McGraw Hill,
2002 ISBN 978-0-07-136270-2
• Analog signal processing [15] Wai-Kai Chen Analog Circuits and Devices, CRC Press,
2003 ISBN 978-0-8493-1736-1
• Digital signal processing
[16] Ronald C. Emery Digital Circuits: Logic and Design, CRC
• Electronics engineering technology Press, 1985 ISBN 978-0-8247-7397-7

• History of radio [17] Anant Agarwal/Jeffrey H. Lang Foundations of Analog

and Digital Electronic Circuits, Morgan Kaufmann, 2005
• List of electrical engineering topics (alphabetical) ISBN 978-1-55860-735-4
[18] Michael J. Roberts Signals and Systems, p. 1, McGraw–
• List of electrical engineers
Hill Professional, 2003 ISBN 978-0-07-249942-1
• Muntzing [19] Hwei Piao Hsu Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems
of Signals and Systems, p. 1, McGraw–Hill Professional,
• Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering 1995 ISBN 978-0-07-030641-7
• List of mechanical, electrical and electronic equip- [20] Gerald Luecke, Analog and Digital Circuits for Electronic
ment manufacturing companies by revenue Control System Applications, Newnes, 2005. ISBN 978-0-
7506-7810-0.
[21] Joseph J. DiStefano, Allen R. Stubberud, and Ivan J.
10 References Williams, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems
of Feedback and Control Systems, McGraw-Hill Profes-
[1] Allan R. Hambley Electrical Engineering, pp. 3, 441, sional, 1995. ISBN 978-0-07-017052-0.
Prentice Hall, 2004 ISBN 978-0-13-147046-0 [22] Shanmugam, Digital and Analog Communication Systems,
Wiley-India, 2006. ISBN 978-81-265-0914-0.
[2] Principles of Electrical Engineering. Books.google.com.
Retrieved 2012-10-29. [23] Hwei Pia Hsu, Schaum’s Outline of Analog and Dig-
ital Communications, McGraw–Hill Professional, 2003.
[3] Anthony J. Pansini Electrical Distribution Engineering, p. ISBN 978-0-07-140228-6.
xiv, The Fairmont Press Inc., 2006 ISBN 978-0-88173-
546-8 [24] Homer L. Davidson, Troubleshooting and Repairing Con-
sumer Electronics, p. 1, McGraw–Hill Professional, 2004.
[4] Erik Barnouw A Tower in Babel, p. 28, Oxford University ISBN 978-0-07-142181-2.
Press US, 1966 ISBN 978-0-19-500474-8

[5] Radio Engineering Principles. Books.google.com. Re-

trieved 2012-10-29. 11 External links
[6] Charles A. Harper High Performance Printed Circuit • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Boards, pp. xiii–xiv, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000 (IEEE)
ISBN 978-0-07-026713-8
6 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
• Electronic engineering Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering?oldid=708378705 Contributors: Danny, Heron, Ed-
ward, Delirium, Darkwind, º¡º, Reddi, Tpbradbury, Henrygb, Blainster, Alan Liefting, Cedars, Giftlite, AJim, Djegan, Quarl, Phil San-
difer, MFNickster, Icairns, Hugh Mason, Abdull, Richardelainechambers, Brianhe, Bender235, ESkog, UnHoly, Spangineer, Wtmitchell,
Velella, Cgmusselman, Wtshymanski, Commander Keane, Ruud Koot, Jeff3000, Cbdorsett, Damicatz, Sega381, Graham87, Mendaliv,
Vegaswikian, Mbutts, Gurch, Fresheneesz, KrisH, Ec-, Angus Lepper, Kafziel, RussBot, Toffile, Pseudomonas, Spike Wilbury, Dureo, Jp-
bowen, Mikeblas, DeadEyeArrow, Searchme, Light current, Deville, Ninly, Closedmouth, Tabby, Symon, JLaTondre, DVD R W, Smack-
Bot, Xjordanx, Melchoir, Larry Doolittle, C J Cowie, Andazp, HalfShadow, Commander Keane bot, Gilliam, Hmains, Rmosler2100,
KD5TVI, Chris the speller, Samiran, Oli Filth, EncMstr, Steve90210, C trillos, JonHarder, Mosca, Krich, MrRadioGuy, Dreadstar, Imecs,
Charivari, Jonnty, SpareHeadOne, Kuru, Mgiganteus1, Ben Moore, Willy turner, Dicklyon, Kvng, DabMachine, Iridescent, Inigo75, Igold-
ste, Flubeca, JohnTechnologist, JForget, Van helsing, Bgramkow, Sorn67, Chrislk02, Lee, ErrantX, Editor at Large, Epbr123, Barticus88,
Mbell, Tkteun, Blathnaid, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, Dylan Lake, JAnDbot, MER-C, The Transhumanist, Hut 8.5, GoodDamon, Siobhan-
Hansa, VoABot II, Email4mobile, User86654, Cpl Syx, SlamDiego, InvertRect, Patrick Denny, STBot, Manavbhardwaj, Sigmundg, R'n'B,
J.delanoy, Mange01, Mu li, KTOmega, Thedeadlypython, Coppertwig, Mrg3105, Fountains of Bryn Mawr, Ohms law, Y2H, Inter16, Pd-
cook, Inwind, Specter01010, Mlewis000, Funandtrvl, Nemochki, VolkovBot, Indubitably, Soliloquial, Philip Trueman, The Original Wild-
bear, Sparkzy, Anna Lincoln, Jpat34721, RiverStyx23, Madhero88, Haseo9999, Synthebot, Enviroboy, Spinningspark, Awlma, Biscuittin,
Yngvarr, CunningWizard, Flyer22 Reborn, Steven Crossin, Saket316verma, Correogsk, Cyfal, DRTllbrg, ClueBot, The Thing That Should
Not Be, Uncle Milty, Drew335, SpikeToronto, Lihmwiki, Okiefromokla, JDPhD, Legroup, Lambtron, XLinkBot, Roxy the dog, Gwandoya,
Dekart, Addbot, Landon1980, Jncraton, WikiUserPedia, Cst17, Glass Sword, Eagle999, Tide rolls, Jarble, Luckas-bot, Fraggle81, Niklo
sv, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Materialscientist, Neurolysis, SlavMFM, Simbu1902, Millahnna, Nasnema, Mlpearc, Isheden, Nasa-verve,
Nedim Ardoğa, Locobot, FrescoBot, Pepper, Oneworld12, Pinethicket, Lissajous, FoxBot, SchreyP, Kisiel1mk, Defender of torch, Reaper
Eternal, Skeletronz, ChainBreakerJules, Onel5969, Balph Eubank, Immunize, Aberglaube, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, Hhhippo, Wackywace,
Lateg, Quondum, Wayne Slam, L Kensington, Donner60, Anonimski, Rmashhadi, Goatboy22, ClueBot NG, Anupmehra, Helpful Pixie
Bot, Wbm1058, KLBot2, AvocatoBot, Neetesh000, Atalobelete, Malini.025, Mysterious Whisper, Frosty, Epicgenius, XFEM Skier, Van-
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Abhay Chaurasia, Darknight1209, Roboter27, Cookie crawler demper, CMS:112, Vinodcd1, Rafey Iqbal, Vvk495, Suman chowdhury 22
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