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Partition of Sets

The document discusses several concepts relating to sets including: - The power set of a set A, denoted P(A), contains all possible subsets of A and has 2n elements where n is the number of elements in A. - A partition of a set A is a collection of nonempty disjoint subsets of A whose union is A. - The inclusion-exclusion principle states that the number of elements in the union of sets can be calculated by adding the number of elements in each set and subtracting the number of elements counted more than once in their intersections. - The cardinality of a set, denoted |A|, refers to the number of elements in the set A.

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slchem
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3K views

Partition of Sets

The document discusses several concepts relating to sets including: - The power set of a set A, denoted P(A), contains all possible subsets of A and has 2n elements where n is the number of elements in A. - A partition of a set A is a collection of nonempty disjoint subsets of A whose union is A. - The inclusion-exclusion principle states that the number of elements in the union of sets can be calculated by adding the number of elements in each set and subtracting the number of elements counted more than once in their intersections. - The cardinality of a set, denoted |A|, refers to the number of elements in the set A.

Uploaded by

slchem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sets

Partition of Sets

Theory

1.4.1 Power set:


It is defined as a set of all possible subsets which contains
2n elements. It is denoted by P(A) for set A
eg. A={1,2,3} here n=3 therefore 2n=23=8
P(A)={{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3},{1,2,3},{}}
A={a,b,c,d} P(A)=?

consider

Here n=4 2n=24=16


P(A)={{a},{b},{c},{d},{a,b},{a,c},{a,d},{b,c},{b,d},{c,d},{a,b,c},
{a,c,d},{b,c,d},{a,b,d},{a,b,c,d},{}}
1.4.2 Class of sets:
Sometimes subsets of a given set can be treated as elements
of a set. Such a collection of sets is called class of sets.
Eg if A={1,2,3} then set S whose elements are subsets of A.
S={{1},{2},{1,2}}. Here S is class of sets.
1.4.3 Partition of set:
For set A,if A1,A2,A3An are n subset of A such that if
2)
Then A1,A2,A3An are partition of set A

Sets

Partition of Sets

Theory

Eg.Consider foll set A ={a ,b,c,d,e ,f,g,h} for given subsets of A


A1={a,b,c,d}
A2={a,c,e,g,h}
A3={a,c,e,g}
A4={b,d}
A5={f,h}
Determine whether each of following is a subset of A. Justify
your answer
1) {A1,A2}
2) {A1,A5}
3) {A3,A4,A5}
1) {A1,A2}= {a,b,c,d,e,g,h} it is not a partition because A1,A2
are not disjoint
2) {A1,A3}= {a,b,c,d,f,h} it is not a partition because
A1 U A5 A
3) {A3,A4,A5}= {a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h} its a partition because
A3 U A4 U A5=A
And A3 A4 A5=

Sets

Partition of Sets

Theory

1.4.4 Cartesian product:


For two sets A and B the Cartesian product is denoted by
and it is defined as set of all ordered pairs
where
Symbolically,
Eg. A={a,b,c}

B={e,f,g}

A B={(a,e),(a,f),(a,g),(b,e),(b,f),(b,g),(c,e),(c,f),(c,g)}
On horizontal axis and vertical axis representation of A B is
as

1.4.5. Cardinality of a set:


is defined as
set. It is denoted by |A|, for set A.
1)
2)

present in any

Cardinally of null set is 0. i.e. ||= 0


Cardinally of singleton set is 1 i.e. |A|=1 if A is
singleton.In general, cardinality of any set containing n
element is n.
3

Sets

Partition of Sets

Theory

1.4.6. The Inclusion-exclusion principle:


It states that number of elements in set operations can be
calculated by
which are
counted
already (
them) and
(not counting)
elements which are already added.
This
eg if we want number of elements in (A U B) then we add
n(A) and n(B) and subtract n(A B) because we want to
avoid double counting of n(AB).

Theorem1:
If A and B are two finite sets and n(A), n(B) denote number
of elements in A and B,then
n(A U B)= n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
Proof:

Let A and B be two finite sets having cardinality = a + b = n(A)


and n(B)= b+c=n(B).
Also,
n(A B)=b [shaded region]
4

Sets

Partition of Sets

Theory

now n(A U B)=a+b+c=(a+b)+(b+c)-b


n(A B)=n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
if A and B are disjoint sets, A B=

therefore n(A B)=0

therefore n(A B)= n(A) + n(B)


also called

Theorem2:
If A,B,C are three finite sets then,
n(A U B U C)= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) n(A B) n(A C) - n(B
C) + n(A B C)
Proof:
n(AUBUC)=n(AU(BUC))
=n(A) + n(B U C) n(A (B U C)) -By theorem1
=n(A) + n(B U C) [n((A B) (A C))] By distributive
law
=n(A) + n(B) + n(C) n(B C) n(A B) n(A C) +
n[(A B) (A C)] -Theorem1
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) n(A B) n(B C) n(A C) +
n[(A B) (A C)]

Sets

Partition of Sets

Further results using theorem 1 and 2


1) n(A - B)= n(A) n(A B) - 1
and n(B - A)=n(B) n(A B) - 2
2) n(A B)= n(A - B) + n(B - A)
= n(A) + n(B) -2[n(A B)] - Adding 1 and 2
3) n(A)= n(S) n(A) [ S or U ]
4) n(A B)= n(S) n(A B)
5) n(A B)=n(U) n(A B)

Theory

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