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Title, Authors' Names, and Institutional Affiliations:: Primary Research Literature Citations

This document outlines the typical sections of a journal-style scientific paper in their prescribed order: 1) Title, authors and affiliations, 2) Abstract, 3) Introduction, 4) Materials and Methods, 5) Results, 6) Discussion, 7) Acknowledgments, 8) Literature Cited, and 9) Appendices (optional). It provides brief descriptions of the purpose and content of each section to guide authors in organizing their paper in the standard format.

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47 views3 pages

Title, Authors' Names, and Institutional Affiliations:: Primary Research Literature Citations

This document outlines the typical sections of a journal-style scientific paper in their prescribed order: 1) Title, authors and affiliations, 2) Abstract, 3) Introduction, 4) Materials and Methods, 5) Results, 6) Discussion, 7) Acknowledgments, 8) Literature Cited, and 9) Appendices (optional). It provides brief descriptions of the purpose and content of each section to guide authors in organizing their paper in the standard format.

Uploaded by

sunshinesun49
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Most journal-style scientific papers are subdivided into the following

sections that appear in a journal style paper in the following prescribed


order:
1. Title, Authors' Names, and Institutional Affiliations:
Your paper should begin with a Title that succinctly describes the contents
of the paper. Use descriptive words that you would associate strongly with
the content of your paper. The title should be centered at the top of page
1. the authors' names (PI or primary author first) and institutional
affiliation are centered below the title. When more then two authors, the
names are separated by commas except for the last which is separated
from the previous name by the word "and".
2. ABSTRACT:
An abstract summarizes, in one paragraph (usually), the major aspects of
the entire paper in the following prescribed sequence:
-the question(s) you investigated (or purpose)
-the experimental design and methods used
-the major findings including key quantitative results, or trends
-a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.
The length of your Abstract should be kept to about 200-300 words
maximum (a typical standard length for journals.)
3. INTRODUCTION:
The function of the Introduction is to:
Establish the context of the work being reported. This is accomplished by
discussing the relevant primary research literature (with citations) and
summarizing our current understanding of the problem you are
investigating;
State the purpose of the work in the form of the hypothesis, question, or
problem you investigated; and,
Briefly explain your rationale and approach and, whenever possible, the
possible outcomes your study can reveal.
Here is the information should flow in your Introduction:
Begin your Introduction by clearly identifying the subject area of interest.
-Establish the context by providing a brief and balanced review of the
pertinent published literature that is available on the subject.
-Be sure to clearly state the purpose and /or hypothesis that you
investigated.
-Provide a clear statement of the rationale for your approach to the
problem studied.
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In this section you explain clearly how you carried out your study in the
following
general structure and organization:
Describe the organism(s) used in the study.
Describe the site where your field study was conducted.

Describe your experimental design clearly


Describe the protocol for your study in sufficient detail that other
scientists could repeat your work to verify your findings
Describe how the data were summarized and analyzed
5. RESULTS:
The function of the Results section is to objectively present your key
results, without
interpretation, in an orderly and logical sequence using both text and
illustrative materials (Tables and Figures). The results section always
begins with text, reporting the key results and referring to your figures
and tables as you proceed.
Tables and Figures are assigned numbers separately and in the sequence
that you will refer to them from the text.
Each Table or Figure must include a brief description of the results being
presented and other necessary information in a legend. Table legends go
above the Table. Figure legends go below the figure.
When referring to a Figure from the text, "Figure" is abbreviated as Fig., for
example,
Fig. 1. Table is never abbreviated, e.g., Table 1.
The body of the Results section is a text-based presentation of the key
findings which includes references to each of the Tables and Figures.
Report negative results - they are important!
Always enter the appropriate units when reporting data or summary
statistics.
6. DISCUSSION:
The function of the Discussion is to interpret your results in light of what
was already known about the subject of the investigation, and to explain
our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into
consideration.
You must relate your work to the findings of other studies - including
previous studies you may have done and those of other investigators.
Do not introduce new results in the Discussion.
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (include as needed):
If, in your experiment, you received any significant help in thinking up,
designing, or carrying out the work, or received materials from someone
who did you a favor by supplying them, you must acknowledge their
assistance and the service or material provided. Authors always
acknowledge outside reviewers of their drafts and any sources of funding
that supported the research.
8. LITERATURE CITED:
The Literature Cited section gives an alphabetical listing (by first author's
last name) of the references that you actually cited in the body of your
paper.
Do not label this section "Bibliography". A bibliography contains
references that you may have read but have not specifically cited in the

text. Bibliography sections are found in books and other literary writing,
but not scientific journal-style papers.
9. APPENDICES:
An Appendix contains information that is non-essential to understanding
of the paper, but may present information that further clarifies a point
without burdening the body of the presentation. An appendix is an
optional part of the paper, and is only rarely found in published papers.
Each Appendix should be identified by a Roman numeral in sequence,
e.g., Appendix I, Appendix II, etc. Each appendix should contain different
material.

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