SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

CHAPTER 8: STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)

8.1 INTRODUCTION TO SQL
SQL (pronounced "ess-que-el") stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is
used to communicate with a database. According to ANSI (American
National Standards Institute), it is the standard language for relational
database management systems.
Ideally, this SQL allow user to:
Create the database and relation structures;
Perform basic data management tasks, such as the insertion,
modification, and deletion of data from the relations;
Perform both simple and complex queries.
SQL is an example of a transformoriented language, or a language
designed to use relations to transform input into required outputs. There are
two major components for ISO SQL standard;
A Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining the database
structure and control access to the data;
A Data Manipulation Language (DML) for retrieving and updating
data.
SQL is a relatively easy language to learn:
It is a non-procedural language: you specify what information you
require, rather than how to get it. In other words, SQL does not
require you to specify the access methods to the data.
Like most modern languages, SQL is essential free-format, which
means that parts of statements do not have to be typed at
particular locations on the screen.
The command structure consists of standard English words such as
CREATE TABLE, INSERT, and SELECT. For example:
o CREATE TABLE Staff (staffNo VARCHAR (5), lName VARCHAR (15),
salary DECIMAL (7,2));
o INSERT INTO Staff VALUES (SG16, Brown, 8300);
o SELECT staffNo, lName, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 1000;
Although most database systems use SQL, most of them also have their
own additional proprietary extensions that are usually only used on their
system. However, the standard SQL commands such as "Select", "Insert",
"Update", "Delete", "Create", and "Drop" can be used to accomplish
almost everything that one needs to do with a database.
SQL can be used by a range of users including database administrator
(DBA), management personnel, application developers, and many other
types of end-user.

1
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

8.1.1 Importance of SQL

SQL is the first and, so far, only standard database language to gain wide
acceptance.
Network Database Language (NDL) that based on CODASYL network model
is another standard database language.
Nearly every major current vendor provides database products based on
SQL or with an SQL interface, and most are represented on at least one of
the standard making bodies.
8.1.2 Terminology
The ISO SQL standard does not use the formal terms of relations, attributes,
and tuples, instead using a term tables, columns, and rows.
Database Standard
relations
attributes
tuples

ISO SQL Standard

tables
columns
rows

8.2
WRITING SQL COMMANDS
An SQL statement consists of reserved words and user-defined words.

Reserved Words
Reserved words are fixed part of the
SQL language and have a fixed
meaning
Examples: CREATE TABLE, SELECT,
INSERT etc.
Must be spelled exactly as required
and cannot be split across lines.

User-defined words
Made up by the user (according
to certain syntax rules)
Represent the names of various
database objects such as tables,
columns, views, indexes and so on.

Each SQL statement ends with ;.

2
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

8.3 The DreamHome Database Example

The examples of SQL statements in this chapter using the instances of the
Dreamhome case study shown in Figure 8.1 & 8.2, which consist of the
following tables.
Figure 8.1 Relational schemas for the DreamHome rental database
Branch
Staff
PropertyForRent

(branchNo, street, city, postcode, telNo1, telNo2, telNo3, mngrStaffNo)

(staffNo, staffName, position, salary, supervisorStaffNo, branchNo)
(propertyNo, propertyStreet, propertyCity, propertyPostcode,
propertyType, rooms, rent, deposit, ownerNo, staffNo, branchNo)
(clientNo, clientName, clientTelNo, prefType, maxRent)
(ownerNo, ownerName, ownerAddress, ownerTelNo)

Client
PrivateOwner

Figure 8.2 Instances of the DreamHome rental database

Branch
branchNo

street

city

postcode

telNo1

telNo2

telNo3

mngrStaffNo

B002

56 Clover Dr

London

NW106EU

01112334

01233242

04323212

SA9

B003

163 Main St

Glasgow

G119QX

05453432

05434545

00764432

SL21

B004

32 Manse Rd

Bristol

BS991NZ

05646373

07854554

02122424

SM99

B005

22 Deer St

London

SW14Eh

05436365

02434432

0234335

ST02

B007

16 Agyril

Aberdeen

Ab23SU

00536353

00534322

00423211

SK12

branchNo

Staff
staffNo

staffName

position

salary

supervisorStaffNo

SA9

John White

Manager

30000

SS12

B005

SG14

Ann Beech

Assistant

12000

SG37

B003

18000

SA9

B003

9000

SG37

B007
B003
B005

SG37
SG5

David Ford

Supervisor

Mary Howe

Assistant

SL21

Susan Brand

Manager

24000

SS13

SL41

Julie Lee

Assistant

9000

SG37

PropertyForRent
property
No

propertyStreet

PA14

16 Holhead

PL49

6 Argyll St

PG4

property
City

property
Postcode

property
Type

rooms

rent

deposit

owner
No

Aberdeen

AB75SU

London

NW2

6 Lawrence St

Glasgow

PG36

2 Manor Rd

PG21

18 Dale Rd

PG16

5 Novar Rd

staff
No

branch
No

House

650

1300

CO46

SA9

B007

Flat

400

800

CO87

SL41

B005

G119QX

Flat

350

700

CO40

SG5

B003

Glasgow

G324QX

Flat

375

750

CO93

SG37

B003

Glasgow

G12

House

600

1200

CO87

SG37

B003

Glasgow

G129AX

Flat

450

900

CO93

SG14

B003

3
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

Client
clientNo

clientName

telNo

prefType

maxRent

CR56

Aline Steward

0141-848-182

Flat

$350.00

CR62

Marry Tregear

021224-19672

Flat

$600.00

CR74

Mike Ritchie

01475-392178

House

$750.00

CR76

John Kay

0207-774-563

Flat

$425.00

PrivateOwner
ownerNo

ownerName

ownerAddress

ownerTelNo

CR56

Joe Keogh

2 Fergus Dr, Aberdeen AB2 7SX

01224861212

CR62

Carol Farrel

6 Achray St, Glasgow G32 9DX

01413577419

CR74

Tina Murphy

63 Well ST, Glasgow G42

01419431728

CR76

Tony Shaw

12 park Pl, Glasgow G4 0QR

01412257025

4
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

8.4

Data Modeling and Database

DATA DEFINITION
Data Definition Language (DDL), is the part of SQL that allows a
database user to create and restructure database objects, such as
the creation or the deletion of a table.
Two of the most common SQL DDL statements are:
CREATE DATABASE to create a database
CREATE TABLE to create a table

8.4.1 Database Creation (CREATE DATABASE)

The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database.
Format of the syntax:
CREATE DATABASE dbname;

Where dbname is the name of the database to be created.

8.4.2 Table Creation (CREATE TABLE)
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in a database.
Tables are organized into rows and columns; and each table must have a
name.
Format of the syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type(size),
column_name2 data_type(size),
column_name3 data_type(size),
....
);

The column_name parameters specify the names of the columns of the

table.
The data_type parameter specifies what type of data the column can hold
(e.g. text, integer, decimal, date, currency, etc.).
The size parameter specifies the maximum length of the column of the
table.
Example: Suppose we want to create a table called "PrivateOwner" that
contains four columns: ownerNo, ownerName, ownerAddress, and
ownerTelNo.
- We use the following CREATE TABLE statement:

CREATE TABLE PrivateOwner

(
ownerNo text(4),
ownerName text(50),
ownerAddress text(100),
ownerTelNo text(12)
);
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

8.4.2.1 Table Constraints

SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.
If there is any violation between the constraint and the data action, the
action is aborted by the constraint.
Constraints can be specified when the table is created (inside the CREATE
TABLE statement) or after the table is created (inside the ALTER TABLE
statement).
SQL CREATE TABLE + CONSTRAINT Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type(size) constraint,
column_name2 data_type(size) constraint,
column_name3 data_type(size) constraint,
....
);

In SQL, we have the following constraints:

a) NOT NULL
- Indicates that a column cannot store NULL value
- The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a value. This
means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a record without
adding a value to this field.
b) UNIQUE
- Ensures that each row for a column must have a unique value
- The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database
table.
- The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints both provide a guarantee for
uniqueness for a column or set of columns.
- A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint
defined on it.
- Note that you can have many UNIQUE constraints per table, but only
one PRIMARY KEY constraint per table.
c) PRIMARY KEY
- A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Ensures that a column (or
combination of two or more columns) have an unique identity which
helps to find a particular record in a table more easily and quickly.
- The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a
database table.
- Primary keys must contain UNIQUE values.
- A primary key column cannot contain NULL values.
- Most tables should have a primary key, and each table can have only
ONE primary key.
6
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

d) FOREIGN KEY
- A FOREIGN KEY in one table points to a PRIMARY KEY in another table.
- Ensure the referential integrity of the data in one table to match values in
another table
- The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that would destroy
links between tables.
- The FOREIGN KEY constraint also prevents invalid data from being
inserted into the foreign key column, because it has to be one of the
values contained in the table it points to.
e) CHECK
- Ensures that the value in a column meets a specific condition
- The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed
in a column.
- If you define a CHECK constraint on a single column it allows only certain
values for this column.
- If you define a CHECK constraint on a table it can limit the values in
certain columns based on values in other columns in the row.
f) DEFAULT
- Specifies a default value when specified none for this column
- The DEFAULT constraint is used to insert a default value into a column.
- The default value will be added to all new records, if no other value is
specified.

Example: Suppose we want to create a table called PropertyForRent

which consists of eleven columns; propertyNo, propertyStreet, propertyCity,
propertyPostcode, propertyType, rooms, rent, deposit, ownerNo, staffNo,
branchNo each with their own contraints:
CREATE TABLE PropertyForRent
(
propertyNo text(4) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
propertyStreet text(50),
propertyCity text(20),
propertyPostcode text(6),
propertyType text(15) DEFAULT Terrace,
rooms integer(2) CHECK (rooms > 0),
rent currency(5) NOT NULL,
deposit currency(5) DEFAULT (deposit = 2 * rent),
ownerNo FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES PrivateOwner(ownerNo),
staffNo FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Staff(staffNo),
branchNo FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Branch(branchNo),,
);

Exercise: Write the SQL statements to create all the remaining tables in
DreamHome database.
7

MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID

[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

8.4.3 Database Deletion (DROP DATABASE)

The DROP DATABASE statement is used to delete a database.
Syntax format:
DROP DATABASE dbname;

where dbname is the name of the database to be deleted.

8.4.4 Table Deletion (DROP TABLE)
The DROP TABLEE statement is used to delete a database.
Syntax format:
DROP DATABASE tablename;

where tablename is the name of the database to be deleted.

8
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

8.5 DATA MANIPULATION

There are four (4) main SQL DML statements:
- SELECT to query data in the database
- INSERT to insert data into a table
- UPDATE to update data in a table
- DELETE to delete data from a table
Literals:
Literals are constants that are used in SQL statements.
Enclosed in Single Quotes
All non-numeric values

Not Enclosed in Single Quotes

All numeric values

Example:
INSERT INTO PropertyForRent (propertyNo, propertyStreet, propertyCity, propertyPostcode,
propertyType, rooms, rent, deposit, ownerNo, staffNo, bName, branchNo)
VALUES (PA14, 16 Holhead, Aberdeen. AB75SU, House, 6, 650.00, 1300, CO46, SA9, ,
B007);

The value in column rooms is an integer literal and the value in column rent and
deposit are decimal number literal; they are not enclosed in single quotes. All
other columns are character strings and are enclosed in single quotes ( ).
8.5.1 Simple Queries (SELECT)
The purpose of SELECT statements is to retrieve and display data from one
or more database tables. SELECT is the most frequently used SQL command
and has the following form:
SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL] {*| [columnExpression [AS newname]] [,]}
FROM TableName [alias] [,]
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY columnList] [HAVING condition]
[ORDER BY columnList]

columnExpression represent a column name or an expression.

TableName is the name existing in the database table or view that you have
access to, and alias is an optional abbreviation for TableName. The sequence

of processing in a SELECT statement is:

SQL Syntax

FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING
SELECT
ORDER BY

Description
specifies the table or tables to be used
filter the rows subject to some condition
Forms groups of rows with the same column value
Filters the groups subject to some condition
specifies which columns are to appear in the output
Specifies the order of the output.

9
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

The order of the clauses in the SELECT statement cannot be changed.

The only two mandatory are the first two: SELECT and FROM; the
remainder are optional. The SELECT operation is closed: the result of a
query on a table is another table.

EXAMPLE 8.1: Retrieve all column, all rows

List full details of all staff.
Because there are no restriction specified in this query, the WHERE clause is
unnecessary and all column are required.
SELECT stafNo, staffName, position, sex, DOB, salary, branchNo
FROM Staff;

Because many SQL retrievals require all columns of a table, there is a quick way
of expressing all column in SQL , using an asterisk (*) in place of the column
names, The following statement is an equivalent and shorter way of expressing
this query:
SELECT *
FROM Staff;

The result table in either case is shown in Table 8.1

Table 8.1 Result table for Example 8.1
staffNo
SA9

staffName
John White

position
Manager

salary

supervisorStaffNo

30000

SS12

B005
B003

branchNo

SG14

Ann Beech

Assistant

12000

SG37

SG37

David Ford

Supervisor

18000

SA9

B003

SG5

Mary Howe

Assistant

9000

SG37

B007

SL21

Susan Brand

Manager

24000

SS13

B003

SL41

Julie Lee

Assistant

9000

SG37

B005

10
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

EXAMPLE 8.2: Retrieve specific column, all rows

Produce a list of salaries for all staff, showing only the staff number, the names,
and the salary details.
SELECT stafNo, staffName, salary
FROM Staff;

In this example a new table is created from Staff containing only the designated
columns stafNo, fName, lName, and salary. The results are shown in Table 8.2. Note that,
unless specified, the rows in the result table may not be sorted. Microsoft Office
Access would sort this result table based on primary key staffNo. The explanation
of how to sort the rows of a result table will be discussed in the next section.
Table 8.2 Result table for Example 8.2
staffNo

staffName

salary

SA9

John White

30000

SG14

Ann Beech

12000

SG37

David Ford

18000

SG5

Mary Howe

9000

SL21

Susan Brand

SL41

Julie Lee

24000
9000

EXAMPLE 8.3: Use of DISTINCT

List of all supervisor staff number.
SELECT supervisorStaffNo
FROM Staff;
Table 8.3(a) Result table for Example 8.3 with duplicates
supervisorStaffNo
SS12
SG37
SA9
SG37
SS13
SG37

The result table is shown in Table 8.3(a). Notice that there are several duplicates,
SELECT does not eliminate duplicates when it projects over one or more
column.
11
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

To eliminate the duplicates, we use the DISTINCT keyword. Rewriting the query
as:
SELECT DISTINCT supervisorStaffNo
FROM Staff;

We get the result table shown in Table 8.3(b) with the duplicates eliminated.
Table 8.3(b) Result table for Example 8.3(a) with duplicates eliminated
supervisorStaffNo
SS12
SG37
SA9
SS13

EXAMPLE 8.4: Calculated fields

Produce a list of monthly salaries for all staff, showing the staff number, the
names and the salaries details.
SELECT stafNo, staffName, salary/12
FROM Staff;

This query is almost identical to Example 8.2, with the exception that monthly
salaries are required. In this case, the desired result can be obtained by simply
dividing the salary by 12, giving the result table shown in Table 8.4.
Table 8.4 Result table for Example 8.4
staffNo

staffName

Col3

SA9

John White

2500

SG14

Ann Beech

1000

SG37

David Ford

1500

SG5

Mary Howe

750

SL21

Susan Brand

SL41

Julie Lee

2000
750

This is an example of calculated field (sometime called a computed or derived

field). In general, to use a calculated field, you specify an SQL statement in the
SELECT list.
An SQL expression can involve addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
and parentheses can be used to build complex expression.
More than one table column can be used in a calculated column; however, the
column referenced in an arithmetic expression must have a numeric type.
12
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

The third column of this result table has been output col3. Normally, a column in
the result table takes its name from corresponding column in database table
from which it has been retrieved; However, in this case, SQL does not know how
to label the column. Some SQL syntax gives the column name corresponding to
its position in the table (for example col3); some may leave the column name
blank or use the expression entered in the SELECT list.
The ISO standard allows the column to be named using an AS clause, In the
previous example, we could have written:
SELECT stafNo, staffName, salary/12 AS monthlySalary
FROM Staff;

In this case, the column heading of the result table would be monthlySalary rather
than col3

13
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

Row selection (WHERE clause)

The previous examples show the use of the SELECT statement to retrieve all
rows from a table. However, we often need to restrict the rows that are
retrieved. This can be achieved with the WHERE clause which consists the
keyword WHERE followed by a search condition that specifies the rows to be
retrieved. The five (5) basic search conditions are as follows:
Comparison
Range
Set membership
Pattern match
Null

Compare the value of one expression to the value of another expression.

Test whether the value of an expression falls within a specified range of
values.
Test whether the value of an expression equals one of a set of values.
Test whether a string matches a specified pattern.
Test whether a column has a null (unknown) value.

EXAMPLE 8.5: Comparison search condition

List all staff with a salary greater than 10000
SELECT stafNo, staffName, position, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 10000;

Here, the table is Staff and the predicate is salary > 10000. The selection creates a
new table containing only those Staff rows with a salary greater than 10000. The
result of this operation is shown in Table 8.5.
Table 8.5 Result table for Example 8.5
staffNo

staffName

position

salary

SA9

John White

Manager

30000

SG14

Ann Beech

Assistant

12000

SG37

David Ford

Supervisor

18000

SL21

Susan Brand

Manager

24000

In SQL, the following simple comparison operators are available:

Operator
=
<>
<
>

Description
Equal
is not equal to
is less than
is greater than

Operator
!=
<=
>=

Description
is not equal to (allowed in some dialects)
is less than or equal to
is greater than or equal to

14
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

More complex predicates can be generated using the logical operators AND,
OR and NOT, with parentheses (if needed or desired) to show the order of the
evaluation. The rules for evaluating a conditional expression are;
An expression is evaluated left to right;
Subexpressions in brackets are evaluated first;
NOTs are evaluated before ANDs and ORs;
ANDs are evaluated before ORs.
The use of parentheses is always recommended, in order to remove any possible
ambiguities.
EXAMPLE 8.6: Compound comparison search condition
List the address of all offices in London or Glasgow.
SELECT *
FROM Branch
WHERE city = London OR city = Glasgow;

In this example the logical operator OR is used in the WHERE clause to find the
branches in London (city = London) or in Glasgow (city = Glasgow). The result table is
shown in Table 8.6.
Table 7.6 Result table for Example 7.6
branchNo

street

city

postcode

B002

56 Clover Dr

London

NW106EU

B003

163 Main St

Glasgow

G119QX

B005

22 Deer St

London

SW14Eh

EXAMPLE 8.7: Range search condition (BETWEEN / NOT BETWEEN)

List all staff with a salary between 20000 and 30000
SELECT staffNo, staffName, position, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE salary BETWEEN 20000 AND 30000;

The BETWEEN test includes the endpoints of the range, so any members of staff
with a salary of 20000 or 30000 would be included in the result. The result table is
shown in Table 8.7.
Table 8.7 Result table for Example 8.7
staffNo

staffName

position

salary

SA9

John White

Manager

30000

SL21

Susan Brand

Manager

24000

There is also a negated version of the range test (NOT BETWEEN) that checks
for value outside the range. The BETWEEN test does not add much to the
expressive power of SQL, because it can be expressed equally well using two
15
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

comparison tests. We could express the previous query as:

SELECT staffNo, fName,lName, position, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > = 20000 AND salary < = 30000;

However, the BETWEEN test is a simpler way to express a search condition when
considering a range of values.
EXAMPLE 8.8: Set membership search condition (IN / NOTIN)
List all manager and supervisors.
SELECT staffNo, staffName, position, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE position IN (Manager, Supervisor);

The set membership test (IN) tests whether a data value matches one of a list of
values, in this case either Manager or Supervisor. The result table is shown in Table
8.8.
Table 8.8 Result table for Example 8.8
staffNo

staffName

position

SA9

John White

Manager

SG37

David Ford

Supervisor

SL21

Susan Brand

Manager

There is a negated version (NOT IN) that can be used to check for data values
that do not lie in a specific of values. Like BETWEEN, the IN test does not add
much to the expressive power of SQL. We could have expresses the previous
query as:
SELECT staffNo, staffName, position, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE position =Manager OR position = Supervisor;

However, the IN test provides a more efficient way of expressing the search
condition, particularly if the set contains many values.

16
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

EXAMPLE 8.9: Pattern match search condition (LIKE/NOTLIKE)

Find all owners with the string Glasgow in their address.
For the query, we must search for the string Glasgow appearing somewhere
within the address column of the PropertyOwner table. SQL has two special patternmatching symbols.
The % percentage character represents any sequence of zero or more
characters (wildcard)
The _ underscore character represents any single character.
All other characters in the pattern represent themselves. For example:
Address LIKE H% means the first character must be H, but the rest of the
string can be anything.
Address LIKE H_ _ _ means that there must be exactly four characters in
the string, the first of which must be an H.
Address LIKE %e means any sequence of characters, of length at least
1, with the last character an e.
Address LIKE %Glasgow% means a sequence of characters of any
length containing Glasgow.
Address NOT LIKE H% means the first character cannot be an H.
If the search string can include the pattern-matching characters itself, we can
use an escape characters to represent the pattern-matching character For
example, to check for the string 15%, we can use the predicate:
LIKE 15#% ESCAPE #

Using the pattern-matching search condition of SQL, we can find all owners with
the string Glasgow in their address using the following query, producing the result
table shown in Table 8.9.
SELECT ownerNo, ownerNAme, ownerAddress, ownerTelNo
FROM PrivateOwner
WHERE address LIKE %Glasgow%;

Note that some RDBMSs, such as a Microsoft Office Access, use the wildcard
characters * and ? instead of % and _.
Table 8.9 Result table for Example 8.9
ownerNo

ownerName

ownerAddress

Owner
TelNo

CR62

Carol Farrel

6 Achray St, Glasgow G32 9DX

01413577419

CR74

Tina Murphy

63 Well ST, Glasgow G42

01419431728

CR76

Tony Shaw

12 park Pl, Glasgow G4 0QR

01412257025

17
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

EXAMPLE 8.10: NULL search condition (IS NULL / NOT NULL)

List the details of all viewings on property PG4 where a comment has not been supplied.
Suppose that we have a table named Viewing which stores record of property
viewed by clients as follow: Viewing (clientNo, propertyNo, viewDate, comment)
Viewing

clientNo

propertyNo

CR56
CR76
CR56
CR62
CR56

PA14
PG4
PG4
PA14
PG36

viewDate
24-May-08
20-Apr-08
26-May-08
14-Mat-08
28-Apr-08

comment
too small
too remote
no dining room

We can see that there are two viewing for property PG4: one with a comment,
the other without a comment. In this simple example, you may think that the
latter row could be accessed by using one of the search conditions:
(propertyNo = PG4 AND comment = )
or
(propertyNo = PG4 AND comment <> too remote)
However either of these would work. A null comment is considered to have an
unknown value, so we cannot test whether it is equal or not equal to another
string. If we tried to execute the SELECT statement using either of these
compound conditions, we would get an empty result table. Instead, we have to
test for null explicitly using the special keyword IS NULL.
SELECT clientNo, viewDate
FROM Viewing
WHERE propertyNo =PG4 AND comment IS NULL;

The result table is shown in Table 8.10. The negated version (IS NOT NULL) can
be used to test for values that are not null.
Table 8.10 Result table for Example 8.10
clientNo
CR56

viewDate
26-May- 08

18
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

8.5.2 Database Update

SQL is a complete data manipulation language that can be used for modifying
the data in the database as well as querying the database. The commands for
modifying the database are not as complex as the SELECT statement. In this
section, we describe the three SQL statements that are available to modify the
contents of the tables on the database:

INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE

: adds new rows of data to a table

: modifies existing data in a table
: remove rows of data from a table

8.5.2.1 Adding data to the database (INSERT)

There are two forms of the INSERT statement. The first allows a single row to be
inserted into a named table and has the following format:
INSERT INTO TableName [(columnList)]
VALUES (dataValueList)

may be either a base table or an update view, and columnList

represents a list of one or more column names separated by commas. The
columnList is optional; if omitted, SQL assumes a list of all columns is their original
CREATE TABLE order. If specified, then any columns that are omitted from the
list mush have been declared as NULL column when the table was created,
unless the DEFAULT option was used when creating the column. The dataValueList
must match the columnList as follows:
The number of items on each list must be the same.
There must be a direct correspondence in the position of items in the two
lists, so that the first item in dataValueList applies to the first item in columnList,
the second item in dataValueList applies to the second item in columnList,
and so on.
The data type of each item in dataValueList must be compatible with the
data type of the corresponding column.
TableName

EXAMPLE 8.11: INSERTVALUE

Insert a new row into the Staff table supplying data for all columns.
INSERT INTO Staff
VALUES (SG16, Alan Brown, Assistant, 8300, SG01, B003);

As we are inserting data into each column in the order the table was created,
there is no need to specify a column list. Note that character literals such as
Alan must be enclosed in single quotes.
19
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

EXAMPLE 8.12: INSERT using default

Insert a new row into the Staff table supplying data for all mandatory
columns; staffNo, staffName, position, salary, and branchNo.
INSERT INTO Staff (staffNo, staffName, position, salary, branchNo)
VALUES (SG44, Anne Jones, Assistant, 8100, B003);

As we are inserting data into only certain columns, we must specify the names
of the columns that we are inserting data into. The order for the column names is
not significant, but it is normal to specify them in the order they appear in the
table. We could also express the INSERT statements as:
INSERT INTO Staff

VALUES (SG44, Anne Jones, Assistant, 8100, NULL, B003);

In this case we have explicitly specified that the column supervisorStaffNo should
be set to NULL.
8.5.2.2 Updating data from the database (UPDATE)
The UPDATE statement allows the contents of existing rows in a named table to
be changed. The format of the command is:
UPDATE TableName
SET columnName1= dataValue1 [, columnName2 = dataValue2 . . .]
[WHERE searchCondition]

can be the name of a base table or an update view. The SET clause
specifies the names of one or more columns that are to be updated. The
WHERE clause is optional; if omitted, the named columns are updated for all
rows in the table. If a WHERE clause is specified; only those rows that satisfy the
searchCondition are updated. The new dataValue(s) must be compatible with the data
type(s) for the corresponding column(s).
TableName

EXAMPLE 8.13: UPDATE all rows

Give all staff a 3% pay increase
UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary *1.03;

As the update applies to all rows in the Staff table, the WHERE clause is omitted
20
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

EXAMPLE 8.14: UPDATE specific rows

Give all Managers a 5% pay increase
UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary *1.05
WHERE position = Manager;

The WHERE clause finds the row that contain data for Managers and the
update salary = salary *1.05 is applied only to these particular rows.
EXAMPLE 8.15: UPDATE multiple columns
Promote David Ford (staffNo = SG14) to Manager and change his salary to
18000.
UPDATE Staff
SET position = Manager, salary = 18000
WHERE staffNo = SG14;

21
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

8.5.2.3 Deleting data from a database (DELETE)

The DELETE statement allows rows to be deleted from a named table. The format
of the command is
DELETE FROM TableName
WHERE [searchCondition]

As with the INSERT and UPDATE statements, TableName can be the name of a
base table or an update view. The searchCondition is optional; if omitted, all rows
are deleted from the table. This does not delete the table itself-to delete the
table contents and the table definition, the DROP TABLE statements must be
used instead. If a searchCondition is specified, only those rows that satisfy the
condition are deleted.
EXAMPLE 8.16: DELETE specific row
Delete viewing that relate to property PG4
DELETE FROM Viewing
WHERE propertyNo = PG4;

The WHERE clause finds the row for property PG4 and the delete operation is
applied only to the particular rows.

EXAMPLE 8.17: DELETE all rows

Delete all rows from the Viewing table.
DELETE FROM Viewing;

No WHERE clause has been specified, so delete operation applies to all rows in
the table. This query removes all rows from the table, leaving only the table
definition, so that we are still able to insert data into the table a later stage.

22
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

8.5.3 Sorting Results (ORDER BY Clause)

In general, the rows of an SQL query result table are not arranged in any
particular order. The ORDER BY clause consists of a list of column identifiers that
the result is to be sorted on, separated by commas.
The ORDER BY clause allows the retrieved rows to be ordered in ascending
(ASC) or descending (DESC) order on any column or combination of columns,
regardless of whether that column appears in the result.
Example 8.18: Single-column ordering
Produce a list of salaries for all staff in descending order of salary.
SELECT staffNo, staffName, salary
FROM Staff
ORDER BY salary DESC;
In the above example salary is called major sort key. The ORDER BY clause must
always be the last clause of the SELECT statement.
staffNo
SA9
SL21
SG37
SG14
SG5
SL41

staffName
John White
Susan Brand
David Ford
Ann Beech
Mary Howe
Julie Lee

salary
30000
24000
18000
12000
9000
9000

If the values of the major sort key are unique, there is no need for additional keys
to control the sort.
However, if the values of the major sort key are not unique, there may be
multiple rows in the result table with the same value for the major sort key.

23
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

In this case, it may be desirable to order rows with the same value for the major
sort key by some additional sort key. If a second element appears in the ORDER
BY clause, it is called a minor sort key:
SELECT propertyNo, propertyType, rooms, rent
FROM PropertyForRent
ORDER BY propertyType, rent DESC;

propertyNo
PG16
PL49
PG36
PG4
PA14
PG21

propertyType
Flat
Flat
Flat
Flat
House
House

rooms
4
4
3
3
6
5

rent
450
400
375
350
650
600

8.5.4 Using the SQL Aggregate Functions

The ISO standard defines five aggregate functions:
Aggregate Functions
COUNT
SUM
AVG
MIN
MAX

Properties
returns the number of values in a specified column
returns the sum of the values in a specified column
returns the average of the values in a specified
column
returns the smallest value in a specified column
returns the largest value in a specified column

These functions operate on a single column of a table and return a single value.
COUNT, MIN, and MAX apply to both numeric and nonnumeric fields, but SUM
and AVG may be used on numeric fields only.
Apart from COUNT(*), each function eliminates nulls first and operates only on
the remaining non-null values. An aggregate function can be used only in the
SELECT list and in the HAVING clause.
If the SELECT list includes an aggregate function and no GROUP BY clause is
being used to group data together, then no item in the SELECT list can include
any reference to a column unless that column is the argument to an aggregate
function.
24
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

Example 8.19: Use of COUNT(*)

How many properties cost more than 350 per month to rent.
SELECT COUNT(*) AS myCount
FROM PropertyForRent
WHERE rent>350;
Answer = 5
Example 8.20: Use of COUNT(DISTINCT)
How many different clients were viewing places in May.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT clientNo)
FROM Viewing
WHERE viewDate BETWEEN '2009-05-01' AND '2009-05-31';
Answer = 2

8.5.5 Grouping results (GROUP BY clause)

A query that includes the GROUP BY clause is called a grouped query, because
it groups the data from the SELECT table(s) and produces a single summary row
for each group.
The SELECT clause may contain only:
Column names
Aggregate functions
Constants
An expression involving combinations of these elements
All column names in the SELECT list must appear in the GROUP BY clause unless
the name is used only in an aggregate function. The contrary is not true: there
may be column names in the GROUP BY clause that do not appear in the
SELECT list.
When the WHERE clause is used with GROUP BY, the WHERE clause is applied
first, then groups are formed from the remaining rows that satisfy the search
condition.

25
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

Example 8.21: Use of GROUP BY

Find the number of staff working in each branch and the sum of their salaries.
SELECT branchNo, COUNT(staffNo) AS myCount, SUM(salary) AS mySum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
ORDER BY branchNo;
branchNo
B003
B007
B005

mycount
3
1
2

mysum
54000
9000
39000

8.5.6 Restricting groupings (HAVING clause)

The HAVING clause is designed for use with the GROUP BY clause to restrict the
groups that appear in the final result table.
Although similar in syntax, HAVING and WHERE serve different purposes. The
WHERE clause filters individual rows going into the final result table, whereas
HAVING filters groups going into the final result table.
The ISO standard requires that column names used in the HAVING clause must
also appear in the GROUP BY list or be contained within an aggregate function.
In practice, the search condition in the HAVING clause always includes at least
one aggregate function.
Example 8.22: Use of HAVING
For each branch office with more than one member of staff, find the number of
staff working in each branch and the sum of their salaries.
SELECT branchNo, COUNT(staffNo) AS myCount, SUM(salary) AS mySum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
HAVING COUNT(staffNo)>1
ORDER BY branchNo;
branchNo mycount mysum
B003
3
54000
B005
2
39000
26
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

8.5.7 Multi-table Queries

To combine columns from several tables into a result table, we need to use a
join operation. The SQL join operation combines information from two tables by
forming pairs of related rows from the two tables.
The row pairs that make up the joined table are those where the matching
columns in each of the two tables have the same value. To perform a join, we
simply include more than one table name in the FROM clause, using a comma
as a separator, and typically including a WHERE clause to specify the join
column(s).
It is also possible to use an alias for a table named in the FROM clause. In this
case, the alias is separated from the table name with a space. An alias can be
used to qualify a column name whenever there is ambiguity regarding the
source of the column name.
It can also be used as a shorthand notation for the table name. If an alias is
provided, it can be used anywhere in place of the table name.
Example 8.23: Simple join
List the names of all clients who have viewed a property, along with any
comments supplied.
Client (clientNo, clientName, clientTelNo, prefType, maxRent)
Viewing (clientNo, propertyNo, viewDate, comment)

SELECT clientNo, clientName, propertyNo, comment

FROM Client, Viewing
WHERE clientNo.Client = clientNo.Viewing;
clientNo
CR56
CR76
CR56
CR62
CR56

clientName
Aline Steward
John Kay
Aline Steward
Marry Tregear
Aline Steward

propertyNo
PA14
PG4
PG4
PA14
PG36

comments
too small
too remote
no dining room

The SQL standard provides the following alternative way to specify this join:
SELECT clientNo, clientName, propertyNo, comments
FROM Client JOIN Viewing
ON clientNo.client = clientNo.viewing;

27
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

Chapter 8: Using Query in MS Access

8.6 Introduction to queries

When you want to review, add, change, or delete data from your database
consider using a query.
Using a query, you can answer very specific questions about your data that
would be difficult to answer by looking at table data directly. You can use
queries to filter your data, to perform calculations with your data, and to
summarize your data. You can also use queries to automate many data
management tasks and to review changes in your data before you commit
to those changes.

NOTE: Aggregate query functions, such as Sum or Count, are not available in Web queries.

When you run a select query, MS Access displays the results in a datasheet.
The result is called a record set, and you can work with it in the same way
that you work with a datasheet. For example, you can add or change data,
and MS Access will write your changes to the tables that serve as the record
sources for your query.
A query is a request for data results, for action on data, or for both. You can
use a query to answer a simple question, to perform calculations, to
combine data from different tables, or even to add, change, or delete table
data. Queries that you use to retrieve data from a table or to make
calculations are called select queries. Queries that add, change, or delete
data are called action queries.
You can also use a query to supply data for a form or report. In a welldesigned database, the data that you want to present by using a form or
report is often located in several different tables. By using a query, you can
assemble the data that you want to use before you design your form or
report.
For this section, we are going to use the DreamHome Database that you
have created in class as examples.

8.7 Look at a subset of the data in a table

Sometimes you may want to review all of the data from a table, but at other
times, you may want to review only the data from certain fields, or you may
want to review data only if certain fields meet certain criteria. To review some of
the data in a table, you use a select query.
28
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

Suppose that you want to review a list of properties and their monthly rents. You
can create a query that returns property and rental information by using the
following procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.

Open the DreamHome database that you have created.

On the Create tab, in the Query group, click Query Design.
In the Show Table dialog box, on the Tables tab, doubleclick PropertyForRent.
iv.
Close the Show Table dialog box.
v.
In the PropertyForRent table, double-click propertyNo, propertyStreet,
propertyCity, propertyPostcode and rent to add these fields to the query
design grid.
vi.
On the Design tab, in the Results group, click Run.
The query runs, and then displays a list of properties and their rents.
8.8 Review data from more than one table simultaneously
Tables in a well-designed database bear logical relationships to each other.
These relationships exist on the basis of fields that the tables have in common.
When you want to review data from related tables, you use a select query.
Suppose that you want to review private owners for properties in a particular
city. Data about private owners and data about properties are stored in two
tables in the same database. Each table has an ownerNo field, which forms the
basis of a one-to-many relationship between the two tables. You can create a
query that returns private owners for properties in a particular city, for example,
Leeds, by using the following procedure:
i.

Open the DreramHome database.

ii.

On the Create tab, in the Query group, click Query Design.

iii.

In the Show Table dialog box, on the Tables tab, doubleclick PrivateOwner and PropertyForRent.

iv.

Close the Show Table dialog box.

Note the line, called a join, that connects the ownerNo field in the PrivateOwner
table and the ownerNo field in the PropertyForRent table. This line shows the
relationship between the two tables.
v.

In the PrivateOwner table, double-click ownerNo and ownerName to add

these fields to the query design grid. In the PropertyForRent table, double29

MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID

[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

click propertyNo, propertyStreet, propertyCity and propertyPostcode to

add these fields to the next four columns of the query design grid.
vi.

In the query design grid, in the propertyCity column, clear the check box
in the Show row. (Optional)

vii.

In the Criteria row of the propertyCity column, type Leeds. In

the Criteria row of the ownerNo column, type NOT NULL.

Clearing the Show check box prevents the query from displaying the city in its
results, and typing Leeds in the Criteria row of the propertyCity column specifies
that you want to see only records where the value of the propertyCity field is
Leeds. Meanwhile, typing NOT NULL in the Criteria row of the ownerNo column
specifies that you want to see only records where the value of the ownerNo is
supplied (if the value is NULL, it shows that the property is owned by a business
and not a private owners). In this case, the query returns only the private owners
for properties that are located in Leeds.
Note that you do not have to display a field to use it with a criterion.
viii.

On the Design tab, in the Results group, click Run.

The query runs, and then displays a list of private owners for properties that are
located in Leeds.
ix.

Press CTRL+S to save the query or click the Save icon.

The Save As dialog box appears.

x.

In the Query Name box, type Private Owners for Properties by Cities, and
then click OK.

8.9 Ask variations of a question by using parameters

Sometimes you may want to run a query that is only slightly different from an
existing query. You can change the original query to use your new criteria, but if
you frequently want to run variations of a particular query, consider using a
parameter query. When you run a parameter query, the query prompts you for
field values, and then uses the values that you supply to create criteria for your
query.

30
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

In the previous example, you created a query that returns private owners for
properties located in Leeds. You can modify the query to prompt you to specify
the city each time that you run the query by using the following procedure:
i.

Open the Dreamhome Database.

ii.

Press F11 to display the Navigation Pane.

NOTE This step is not necessary if the Navigation Pane is displayed.

iii.

In the Navigation Pane, right-click the query named Private Owners for
Properties by Cities (that you created in the previous section), and then
click Design View on the shortcut menu.

iv.

In the query design grid, in the Criteria row of the propertyCity column,
delete Leeds, and then type [For which city?].

The string [For which city?] is your parameter prompt. The square brackets
indicate that you want the query to ask for input, and the text (in this
case, For which city?) is the question that the parameter prompt displays.
NOTE Neither a period (.) nor an exclamation point (!) can be used as text in a
parameter prompt.
v.

Select the check box in the Show row of the propertyCity column, so that
the query results will display the city.

vi.

On the Design tab, in the Results group, click Run.

The query prompts you to enter a value for City.

vii.

Type London, and then press ENTER.

The query runs, and then displays orders for private owners in London.
But what if you don't know what values you can specify? To make your
parameter more flexible, you can use wildcard characters as part of the
prompt:
viii.

On the Home tab, in the Views group, click View, and then click Design
View.

ix.

In the query design grid, in the Criteria row of the City column, type Like
[For which city?]&"*".

31
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

In this parameter prompt, the Like keyword, the ampersand (&), and the asterisk
(*) enclosed in quotation marks allow the user to type a combination of
characters, including wildcard characters, to return a variety of results. For
example, if the user types *, the query returns all cities; if the user types L, the
query returns all cities that start with the letter "L;" and if the user types *s*, the
query returns all cities that contain the letter "s."
x.

On the Design tab, in the Results group, click Run.

At the query prompt, type L, and then press ENTER.

xi.

The query runs, and then displays orders for customers in Leeds and
London.

8.9.1 Specify parameter data types

You can also specify what type of data a parameter should accept. You can
set the data type for any parameter, but it is especially important to set the
data type for numeric, currency, or date/time data. When you specify the data
type that a parameter should accept, users see a more helpful error message if
they enter the wrong type of data, such as entering text when currency is
expected.
NOTE If a parameter is set to accept text data, any input is interpreted as text,
and no error message is displayed.
To specify the data type for parameters in a query, use the following procedure:
i.

With the query open in Design view, on the Design tab, in

the Show/Hide group, click Parameters.

ii.

In the Query Parameters dialog box, in the Parameter column, type the
prompt for each parameter for which you want to specify the data type.
Make sure that each parameter matches the prompt that you use in
the Criteria row of the query design grid.

iii.

In the Data Type column, select the data type for each parameter.

32
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

8.10 Look at summarized or aggregate data

When you use tables to record transactions or store regularly occurring numeric
data, it is useful to be able to review that data in aggregate, such as sums or
averages.
Access allows you to review simple aggregate data in any datasheet by adding
a Total row. A Total row is a row at the bottom of the datasheet that can display
a running total or other aggregate value.
NOTE You cannot add a Total row to the datasheet of a Web query.

For example, in the Dreamhome database, you might want to know the total
amount of deposit have been collected for all the leases. To do this you must
first set a query that list all deposit paid by the clients. The information needed
for this query come from two table which are; Lease and PropertyForRent:
i.

Open the DreramHome database.

ii.

On the Create tab, in the Query group, click Query Design.

iii.

In the Show Table dialog box, on the Tables tab, doubleclick Lease and PropertyForRent.

iv.

Close the Show Table dialog box.

v.

In the Lease table, double-click leaseNo, paymentMethod,

depositPaid, and clientNo to add these fields to the query design grid.
In the PropertyForRent table, double-click propertyNo, and deposit to
add these fields to the next four columns of the query design grid. (You
may add other fields too according to your needs)

vi.

In the query design grid, in the depositPaid column, clear the check
box in the Show row and in the criteria type Yes. This is done since the
query is meant to show lease which the deposit has been paid by the
clients and we dont want this field to be shown in the query result.

vii.

Press CTRL+S to save the query or click the Save icon.

The Save As dialog box appears.

viii.

In the Query Name box, type Leases with Paid Deposit, and then
click OK.

ix.

On the Design tab, in the Results group, click Run.

33

MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID

[email protected]

SQIT3043

x.

Data Modeling and Database

The query runs, and then displays Leases where the deposit have been
paid by the clients.

8.10.1 Adding Total Row

You can add a Total row to the Leases with Paid Deposit query that you created
in the previous example by using the following procedure:
i.

Run the Leases with Paid Deposit query, and leave the results open in
Datasheet view.

ii.

On the Home tab, in the Records group, click Totals.

A new row appears at the bottom of the datasheet, with the word Total in
the first column.

iii.

Click the cell in the last row of the datasheet named Total.
Note that an arrow appears in the cell.

iv.

Click the arrow to view the available aggregate functions.

v.

Select the appropriate aggregate functions for each column. For

example, for the deposit column, choose Sum to show the total deposit
paid by clients.
The aggregate functions shown for each column will be based on the
type of data in each column.

vi.

Leave the query open in Datasheet view.

8.10.2 Create a totals query for more complex summaries

The Total row in a datasheet is very useful, but for more complex questions, you
use a totals query. A totals query is a select query that allows you to group and
summarize data. In a totals query, you can use Sum, an aggregate function, to
see total sales per product.
NOTE Although they have similar names, the Totals row in the design grid and
the Total row in a datasheet are not the same:

You can group by field values by using the Totals row in the design grid.
34

MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID

[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

You can add a datasheet Total row to the results of a totals query.

When you use the Totals row in the design grid, you must choose an
aggregate function for each field. If you do not want to perform a
calculation on a field, you can group by the field.

To create a total query, follow the below procedures:

i.
ii.

iii.

Open your query in Design view.

On the Design tab, in the Show/Hide group, click Totals. The Total row
appears in the designer.
In the field where you want to use the function, click the Total row and
select a function from the list.
When you run your query, the results include your calculation.

8.11 Create a new table by using data from other tables

You can use a make-table query to create a new table from data that is stored
in other tables.
NOTE A make-table query cannot be run in a web browser.

For example, suppose that you want to send data for private owners for
properties in Leeds to a business partner (let say a property maintenance
company) in Leeds who uses Access to prepare reports. Instead of sending all
your properties and private owners data, you want to restrict the data that you
send to data specific to properties in Leeds.
You can build a select query that contains data about properties in Leeds, and
then use the select query to create the new table by using the following
procedure:
i.

Open the DreamHome database.

ii.

On the Create tab, in the Query group, click Query Design.

iii.

In the Show Table dialog box, double-click PropertyForRent, and

PrivateOwner.

iv.

Close the Show Table dialog box.

v.

In the PropertyForRent table, double-click propertyNo, propertyStreet,

propertyCity and propertyPostcode to add these fields to the design grid.
35

MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID

[email protected]

SQIT3043

Data Modeling and Database

vi.

In the PrivateOwner table, double-click ownerName, ownerAddress

and ownerTelNo to add these fields to the design grid.

vii.

In the propertyCity column of the design grid, clear the box in

the Show row. In the Criteria row, type 'Leeds' (include the single
quotation marks).
Verify the query results before you use them to create the table.

viii.
ix.

On the Design tab, in the Results group, click Run.

Press CTRL+S to save the query.
The Save As dialog box appears.

x.

In the Query Name box, type Private owners for properties in Leeds, and
then click OK.

xi.

On the Home tab, in the Views group, click View, and then click Design
View.

xii.

On the Design tab, in the Query Type group, click Make Table.
The Make Table dialog box appears.

xiii.

In the Make Table dialog box, in the Table Name box,

type PrivateOwnersForPropertiesInLeeds, and then click OK.

xiv.

On the Design tab, in the Results group, click Run.

xv.

In the confirmation dialog box, click Yes to confirm.

The new table is created, and the table appears in the Navigation Pane.
NOTE If there is already a table that has the name that you specified,
that table is deleted before the query runs.

36
MOHD. NOOR ABDUL HAMID
[email protected]