1

Joint Relay Selection and Analog Network

Coding using Differential Modulation in
Two-Way Relay Channels
Lingyang Song, Member, IEEE, Guo Hong, Member, IEEE,

arXiv:1111.7078v1 [cs.IT] 30 Nov 2011

Bingli Jiao, Member, IEEE, and Merouane Debbah, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract
In this paper, we consider a general bi-directional relay network with two sources and N relays
when neither the source nodes nor the relays know the channel state information (CSI). A joint relay
selection and analog network coding using differential modulation (RS-ANC-DM) is proposed. In
the proposed scheme, the two sources employ differential modulations and transmit the differential
modulated symbols to all relays at the same time. The signals received at the relay is a superposition
of two transmitted symbols, which we call the analog network coded symbols. Then a single relay
which has minimum sum SER is selected out of N relays to forward the ANC signals to both
sources. To facilitate the selection process, in this paper we also propose a simple sub-optimal
Min-Max criterion for relay selection, where a single relay which minimizes the maximum SER
of two source nodes is selected. Simulation results show that the proposed Min-Max selection has
almost the same performance as the optimal selection, but is much simpler. The performance of the
proposed RS-ANC-DM scheme is analyzed, and a simple asymptotic SER expression is derived.
The analytical results are verified through simulations.

Index Terms
Differential modulation, bi-directional relaying, analog network coding, amplify-and-forward
protocol

Copyright (c) 2010 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to use this material for any
other purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to [email protected].
Lingyang Song and Bingli Jiao are with Peking University, China (e-mail: [email protected],[email protected]).
Guo Hong is with Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, China (e-mail: [email protected]).
Merouane Debbah is SUPLEC, Alcatel-Lucent Chair in Flexible Radio, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, FR-91192 Gif Sur Yvette,
France (e-mail: [email protected]).

I. I NTRODUCTION
In a bi-directional relay network, two source nodes exchange their messages through the
aid of one or multiple relays. The transmission in bi-directional relay network can take place
over either four, three or two time slots. In the four time slots transmission strategy, the relay
helps to forward source S1 s message to source S2 in the first two time slots and source
S2 s message to source S1 in the next two time slots. Four time slots transmission has been
shown to be very inefficient. When the relay receives two sources messages, it combines
them before forwarding to the destination, which will save one time slot transmission. This
three time slots transmission scheme is usually referred to as the digital network coding [1]
[3]. In this method, two source nodes transmit to the relay, separately. The relay decodes the
received signals, performs binary network coding, and then broadcasts it back to both source
nodes.
To further improve the spectral efficiency, the message exchange between two source nodes
can actually take place in two time slots. In the first time slot, both source nodes transmit at
the same time so that the relay receives a superimposed signal. The relay then amplifies the
received signal and broadcasts it to both source nodes in the second time slots. This scheme
is referred to as the analog network coding (ANC) [4][6]. Various transmission schemes
and wireless network coding schemes in bi-directional relay networks have been analyzed
and compared in [7][12].
Most of existing works in bi-directional relay communications consider the coherent detection at the destination and assume that perfect channel state information (CSI) are available
at the sources and relays [1][12]. In some scenarios, e.g. the fast fading environment, the
acquisition of accurate CSI may become difficult. In this case, the non-coherent or differential
modulation would be a practical solution. In a differential bi-directional relay network, each
source receives a superposition of differentially encoded signals from the other source, and
it has no knowledge of CSI of both channels. All these problems present a great challenge
for designing differential modulation schemes in two-way relay channels.
To solve this problem, in [13], a non-coherent receiver for two-way relaying was proposed
for ANC based bi-directional relay networks. However, the schemes result in more than 3
dB performance loss compared to the coherent detection. To further improve the system
performance, a differential ANC scheme was proposed in [14] and a simple linear detector
was developed to recover the transmitted signals at two source nodes. Results have shown

that it only has about 3 dB performance loss compared to its coherent counterpart.
Recently, it has been shown that the performance of wireless relay networks can be further
enhanced by properly selecting the relays for transmission [15][17]. Consequently, it is
beneficial to design an effective relay selection scheme for the bi-directional transmission
scheme with multiple relays as well in order to achieve spatial diversity. In this paper, we
propose a bi-directional joint relay selection and analog network coding using differential
modulation (RS-ANC-DM) so that the CSI is not required at both sources and the selected
relay. In the proposed BRS-DS-ANC scheme, two source nodes first differentially encoder
their messages and then broadcast them to all the relays at the same time. The signals
received at the relay is a superposition of two transmitted symbols. Then a single relay
which minimizes the sum SER of two source nodes is selected out of all relays to forward
the ANC signals to both sources. Each source node then performs the differential detection
and subtract its own message to recover the message transmitted by the other source node.
The performance of optimal relay selection is very difficult to analyze. To facilitate the
analysis and selection procedure, in this paper we also propose a simple sub-optimal Min-Max
criterion for relay selection, where a single relay which minimizes the maximum BER of two
source nodes is selected. Simulation results show that the proposed Min-Max selection has
almost the same performance as the optimal selection, but is much simpler. The performance
of the proposed BRS-ANC scheme is analyzed, and an asymptotic SER expression is derived.
The analytical results are verified through simulations.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section II, we describe the proposed BRSDS-ANC scheme. The performance of the RS-ANC-DM is analyzed Section III. Simulation
results are provided in Section IV. In Section V, we draw the conclusions.
Notation: Boldface lower-case letters denote vectors, () , ()T and ()H represent conjugate, transpose, and conjugate transpose, respectively. E is used for expectation, Var
represents variance, kxk2 = xH x, and R() denotes real part.
II. J OINT R ELAY S ELECTION

AND

A NALOG N ETWORK C ODING

USING

D IFFERENTIAL

M ODULATION
We consider a general bi-directional relay network, consisting of two source nodes, denoted
by S1 and S2 , and N relay nodes, denoted by R1 , . . . , RN . We assume that all nodes are
equipped with single antenna. In the proposed RS-ANC-DM scheme, each message exchange
between two source nodes takes place in two phases, as shown in Fig. 1. In the first phase,

both source nodes simultaneously send the differentially encoded information to all relays
and the signal received at each relay is a superimposed signal. In the second phase, an optimal
relay node is selected to forward the received signals to two source nodes and all other relay
nodes keep idle.
A. Differential Encoding and Decoding in Two-Way Relay Channels
Let ci (t), i = 1, 2, denote the symbol to be transmitted by the source Si at the time t. We
consider a MPSK modulation and assume that ci (t) is chosen from a MPSK constellation of
unity power A. Source i first differentially encodes the information symbols ci (t)
si (t) = si (t 1)ci (t)

(1)

The differential encoded signals are then simultaneously transmitted by two source nodes
with unit transmission power to all the relays. The signal received in the k-th relay at time
t can be expressed as
yr,k (t) = h1,k s1 (t) + h2,k s2 (t) + nr,k (t),

(2)

where hi,k , i = 1, 2, k = 1, ..., N, is the fading coefficient between Si and Rk . In this paper,
we consider a quasi-static fading channel for which the channels are constant within one
frame, but change independently from one frame to another. nr,k (t) is a zero mean complex
Gaussian random variable with two sided power spectral density of N0 /2 per dimension.
Upon receiving the signals, the relay Rk then processes the received signal and then
forwards to two source nodes. Let xr,k (t) be the signal generated by the relay Rk and it
is given by

xr,k (t) = k yr,k

(t),

(3)

where k is an amplification factor, so that the signal transmitted by the relay satisfy the
following power constraint
E(|xr,k (t)|2 ) = 1.

(4)

We should note that unlike the traditional ANC schemes [4][6], the relay forwards the
conjugate of the received signal. The reason of doing this is to facilitate the differential
detection at the destination [14].
Substituting Eqs. (2) and (3) into (4), we can derive k ,
s
1
k =
2
|h1,k | + |h2,k |2 + N0

(5)

However, as the relay has no CSI, k has to be obtained in other way. Let yr,k =
[yr,k (1), . . . , yr,k (L)]T , s1 = [s1 (1), . . . , s1 (L)]T , s2 = [s2 (1), . . . , s2 (L)]T , nr,k = [nr,k (1), . . . , nr,k (L)]T ,
where L is the frame length. Then we can rewrite the received signals in (2) in a vector format
as follows
yr,k = h1,k s1 + h2,k s2 + nr,k ,
and k can be then approximated by
s the k-th relay node
s as
E{yH
yH
r,k yr,k }
r,k yr,k
k =

,
L
L

(6)

(7)

After deriving k , the relay Rk then forwards xr,k (t) to two source nodes. Since S1 and S2
are mathematically symmetrical, for simplicity, in the next we only discuss the decoding as
well as the analysis for signals received by S1 . The signal received by S1 at time t, denoted
by yi,k (t), can be written as

y1,k (t) = k h1,k yr,k

(t) + ni,k (t)

= k s1 (t) + k s2 (t) + wi,k (t)

= k s1 (t) + k s2 (t 1)c2 (t) + w1,k (t),

(8)

where k , k |h1,k |2 > 0, k , k h1,k h2,k , and w1,k (t) , k h1,k nr,k (t) + n1,k (t).
Since s1 (t) is known to the source S1 , to decode c2 (t), S1 needs to estimate k and k .
Let y1,k = [y1,k (1), . . . , y1,k (L)]T and w1,k = [w1,k (1), . . . , w1,k (L)]T . Then at high SNR, we
can obtain the following approximation
2k

||2k

yH
1,k y1,k
.

(9)

Since the source node S1 can retrieve its own information s1 (t 1) and c1 (t), we have
ye1,k (t) , c1 (t)y1,k (t 1) y1,k (t)

= k s2 (t 1) (c1 (t) c2 (t)) + w

e1,k (t),

where w
e1,k (t) , c1 (t)w1,k (t 1) + w1,k (t). Then, |k |2 can be approximated as [14]
e
y1,k
yH
1,k e
2
|k |
,
LE [|c1 (t) c2 (t)|2 ]

(10)

(11)

where e
y1,k = [e
y1,k (1), . . . , ye1,k (L 1)]T , and E[|c1 (t) c2 (t)|2 ] is a constant which can be

pre-calculated by two source nodes, which is given in Appendix A. As k is positive, it can

be derived from (9) and (11) as

k (k )+
where k ,

yH
1,k y1,k
L

(12)

|k |2 , (X)+ is equal to X when X 0 and otherwise is equal to 0.

By subtracting k s1 (t), (8) can be further written as

y1,k
(t) , y1,k (t) k s1 (t)

= k s2 (t 1)c2 (t) + w1,k (t)

= y1,k
(t 1) w1,k (t 1) c2 (t) + w1,k (t).

Finally, the following linear detector can be applied to recover c2 (t)



e
c2 (t) = arg max Re y1,k
(t 1)y1,k
(t)c2 (t) .
c2 (t)A

(13)

(14)

B. Relay Selection with Differential Modulation in Two-Way Relay Channels

In the proposed RS-ANC-DM scheme, only one best relay is selected out of N relays to
forward the received ANC signals in the second phase transmission. We assume that at the
beginning of each transmision, some pilot symbols are transmitted by two source nodes to
assist in the relay selection. One source node (either source S1 or S2 ) will determine the one
best relay according to a certain criterion and broadcast the index of the selected relay to
all relays. Then only the selected relay is active in the second phase of transmission and the
rest of relays will keep idle.
1) Optimal Single Relay Selection: For the optimal single relay selection, a single relay
node, which minimizes the sum SERs of two source nodes, i.e. SER1,k + SER2,k , will be
selected, where SER1,k and SER2,k represent the SERs at source nodes S1 and S2 , respectively.
The main challenges in relay selection for differential modulation as mentioned before is that
the relay node is determined by only one source (either S1 or S2 ) without the knowledge of
any CSI. For simplicity and without loss of generality, in the next we use S1 to select the
optimal relay node. Obviously, the main difficulty here is to estimate SER2,k .
For M-PSK constellations, the conditional SER assoicated with the k-th relay at the source
S1 is given by [18]
1
SER1,k (h1,k , h2,k ) =

(M 1)
M

 g 
psk d1 ,k
exp
d,
sin2

where d1,k is the effective SNR at the source S1 and gpsk , sin2

.
M

(15)

As CSI is unknown to

the receiver, the effective SNR d1,k has to be estimated without knowledge of CSI.

By ignoring the second order term, the corresponding SNR of the proposed differential
detection scheme in (13) can be written as
d1 ,k

|k |2
Var{2w1,k (t)}
k2 |h1,k |2 |h2,k |2
2k2 N0 |h1,k |2 + 2N0

r s |h1,k |2 |h2,k |2
,
r |h1,k |2 + s |h2,k |2

where Var{w1,k (t)} 2 N0 |h1,k |2 + N0 , s ,

1
,
4N0

and r ,

(16)
1
.
2N0

Recalling k , k |h1,k |2 , k , k h1,k h2,k , and their corresponding estimates in (11) and

(12), d1,k in (16) can be further calculated as

|k |4 |k |2
d1 ,k
,
2(2|k |2 + |k |2 )(|k |2 + |k |2 )N0

(17)

Similar to (17), the SNR of the proposed differential detection scheme in the source S2
can be written as
d2 ,k

r s |h1,k |2 |h2,k |2

r |h2,k |2 + s |h1,k |2

|k |4 |k |2
.
2(2|k |2 + |k |2 )(|k |2 + |k |2 )N0

(18)

And its SER can be then calculated as

1
SER2,k (h1,k , h2,k ) =

(M 1)
M

 g 
psk d2 ,k
d.
exp
sin2

(19)

Among all relays, the destination will select one relay, denoted by R, which has the
minimum destination SER:
R = min {SER1,k (h1,k , h2,k ) + SER2,k (h1,k , h2,k )} , k 1, . . . , N
k

(20)

2) Sub-Optimal Single Relay Selection: The optimal single relay selection scheme described in the above section is very difficult to analyze. In this section we propose a suboptimal single relay selection scheme. It is well-known that the sum SERs of two source
nodes (SER1,k + SER2,k ) is typically dominated by the SER of the worst user. As a result, for
low complexity, the relay node, which minimizes the maximum SER of two users, can be
selected to achieve the near-optimal SER performance. We refer to such a selection criterion
as the Min-Max selection criterion. Let R denote the selected relay. Then the Min-Max
selection can be formulated as follows,
R = min max {SER1,k (h1,k , h2,k ), SER2,k (h1,k , h2,k )} , k 1, . . . , N,
k

(21)

which can be further formulated by using the effective SNRs

R = max min{d1 ,k , d2 ,k }, k 1, . . . , N,

(22)

where the calculation of d1 ,k and d2 ,k can be obtained from (17) and (18), respectively.
III. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS

OF

RS-ANC-DM

SCHEME

BASED

ON

M IN -M AX

S ELECTION C RITERION
In this section, we derive the analytical average SER of the proposed differential bidirectional relay selection schemes. As mentioned before, the optimal relay selection scheme
is very difficult to analyze. As it will be shown later, the Min-Max selection scheme proposed
in section II has almost the same performance as the optimal selection scheme. Therefore,
in this section, we will analyze the RS-ANC-DM scheme based on the Min-Max selection
criterion.
A. Sub-Optimal Relay Selection
For the Min-Max selection criterion, the effective SNR of the selected relay R can be
expressed as follows,
R = max min{d1 ,k , d2 ,k }, k 1, . . . , N.

(23)

Now let us first calculate the PDF of R . As d1 ,k and d2 ,k are identically distributed,
they have the same PDF and CDF, denoted by fk (x) and Fk (x), respectively.
Define kmin , min{d1 ,k , d2 ,k }. Let fkmin (x) and Fkmin (x) represent its PDF and CDF,
respectively. For simplicity, assuming that d1 ,k and d2 ,k are independent, then the PDF of
R can be calculated by using order statistics as [19]
1
(x) = 2Nfk (x)(1 Fk (x))[1 (1 Fk (x))2 ]N 1 ,
fR (x) = Nfkmin (x)FNmin

(24)

where fkmin (x) = 2fk (x)(1 Fk (x)), Fkmin (x) = 1 (1 Fk (x))2 , and fk (x) can be
found in [20]





2x
2x
2x exp (x(r1 + s1 )) r + s

+2K0
U(x),
K1
fk (x) =
r s
r s
r s
r s
(25)
where K0 () and K1 () denote the zeroth-order and first-order modified Bessel functions
of the second kind, respectively, and U() is the unit step function. At high SNR, when
z approaches zeros, the K1 (z) function converges to 1/z [21], and the value of the K0 ()

function is comparatively small, which could be ignored for asymptotic analysis. Hence, at
high SNR, fk (x) in (25) can be reduced as



fk (x) exp x ,
2
2

(26)

where , 2(r1 + s1 ). Its corresponding CDF can bewritten as

Fk (x) 1 exp x .
2

(27)

The PDF of R can then be approximately calculated as

fR (x) N exp (x) [1 exp(x)]N 1 .

(28)

The CDF of R can be approximately written as

FR (x) [1 exp(x)]N (x)N ,

(29)

where lim 1 exp(x) = x.

x

The SER conditioned on the instantaneous received SNR is approximately [22]

SER(R |h1 , h2 ) Q ( cR ),
where Q() is the Gaussian-Q function, Q(x) =

1
2

R
x

(30)

exp(t2 /2)dt, and c is a constant

determined by the modulation format, e.g. c = 2 for BPSK constellation.

The average SER can be then derived by averaging over the Rayleigh fading channels by

(31)
SER(R ) = E [SER(R |h1 , h2 )] = E [Q ( cR )] .
By introducing a new random variable (RV) with standard Normal distribution X
N (0, 1), the average SER can be rewritten as [23]

SER(R ) = P {X > cR }


X2
= P R <
c

 2 
X
= E FR
c
 2
 N Z
1
x

2N
=
dx.
x exp
2
2 c
0
R
p
Based on the fact that 0 t2n exp(kt2 )dt = (2n1)!!
[24], we can finally obtain
n
2(2k)
k N
(2N 1)!!
SER(R ) =
,
2
c
Q
.
where (2n 1)!! = nk=1 2k 1 = (2n1)!
n!2n

(32)

(33)

It clearly indicates in (33) that a diversity order of N can be achieved for the proposed

RS-ANC-DM scheme in a bi-directional relay network with two sources and N relays.

10

IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS

In this section, we provide simulation results for the proposed RS-ANC-DM scheme. We
also include the corresponding coherent detection results for comparison. All simulations
are performed with a BPSK modulation over the Rayleigh fading channels, and the frame
length is L = 100. In order to calculate k in (11), we use the normal constellation and the
constellation rotation approaches introduced in Appendix A. For simplicity, we assume that
S1 , S2 , and Rk (k = 1, . . . , N) have the same noise variance.
A. Simulated Results
From Fig. 2 to Fig. 4, we present the simulated SER performance for the proposed RSANC-DM schemes. The performance of the corresponding coherent detection are plotted as
well for better comparison. In Fig. 2, we compare the optimal relay selection method and
the sub-optimal Min-Max relay selection method. It can be observed from the figure that
the proposed Min-Max selection approach has almost the same SER as the optimal one. In
particular, when the number of relay nodes increases, we almost cannot observe any difference
between these two methods, which indicates that the Min-Max relay selection achieves near
optimal single relay selection performance.
In Fig. 3, we compare the RS-ANC-DM scheme with its coherent detection counterpart.
It can be noted that the differential scheme suffers about 3 dB performance loss compared to
the corresponding coherent scheme. We can also see from Fig. 3 that the SER performance
is significantly improved when the number of the relay increases. In Fig. 4, we include the
Genie-aided result by assuming that is perfectly known by the source such that traditional
differential decoding can be performed. It shows from the results that there is almost no
performance loss using the estimation method in (12) which clearly justifies the robustness
of the proposed differential decoder.
Fig. 5 compares the simulated SER performance for our proposed RS-ANC-DM and
the non-coherent schemes [13] in bi-directional relaying without using constellation rotation, where N = 1, 2, 4, 8. It can be observed that our proposed scheme has much better
performance than the detector in [13]. The main reason is that the non-coherent detection
approach employed in [13] statistically averages off the impact of channel fading coefficients
by ignoring the instantaneous channel state information and thus causes much performance
loss. Comparatively, our proposed differential detection is a symbol by symbol based detection
and is thus be able to adapt to the variation of the channel.

11

B. Analytical Results
In Fig. 6, we compare the analytical and simulated SER performance of the proposed
differential modulation scheme.I n order to obtain fine estimation in (11), the signal constellation used by S1 is rotated by /2 relative to that by S2 . From the figure, it can be observed
that at high SNR, the analytical SER derived by (33) is converged to the simulated result
using optimal relay selection. This verifies the derived analytical expressions.
C. Constellation Rotation
In Fig 7, we examine the SER results of the proposed differential modulation scheme
in comparison with the one without using constellation rotation, as shown in Appendix A,
where the signal constellation used by S1 is rotated by /2 relative to that by S2 . It can be
observed that the new result has very similar with the curve without rotating constellations.
This indicates that using constellation rotation may not obtain any gains given large frame
length.
V. C ONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we proposed a joint relay selection and analog network coding using differential modulation over two-way relay channels when neither sources nor the relay has access
to the channel state information. A simple Min-Max relay selection method is proposed and
it has been shown that it achieves almost the same performance as the optimal single relay
selection scheme. An asymptotic SER expression is derived. It is shown that the proposed
RS-ANC-DM scheme can achieve the full diversity order of N for the system with N relays.
Results are verified through simulations.
A PPENDIX A
T HE C ALCULATION

OF

E[|c1 (t) c2 (t)|2 ] IN (11)

From (11), it shows that the average power of c1 (t) c2 (t) needs to be calculated. When
M-PSK constellations are applied, the number of symbols produced in the new constellations
by c1 (t)c2 (t) is finite. Hence, it is easy to derive the average power of the new constellation
sets. We refer to this as the normal constellation approach.
Note that the value of c1 (t) c2 (t) can be equal to zero, which may affect the estimation
accuracy in (11). In order to overcome this problem, we may properly choose a rotation
angle for the symbol modulated in source S2 by c2 (t)ej , ensuring that c1 (t) c2 (t) in

12

(11) is nonzero. For a M-PSK constellation, the effective rotation angle is in the interval
[/M, /M] from the symmetry of symbols. For a regular and symmetrical constellation,
the rotation angle may be simply set as = /M. Similar approach may be used to generate
the rotation angle for other types of constellations.
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13

[18] M. K. Simon and M.-S. Alouini, Digital communications over fading channels: A unified approach to performance
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14

Relay1

S1:
Differential
Encoding

Relayk

S 2:
Differential
Encoding

RelayN
Phase 1: Transmission via orthogonal channels

Relay1

S1:
Differential
Encoding

Relayk

S 2:
Differential
Encoding

RelayN
Phase 2: Broadcasting via orthogonal channels

Fig. 1.

Block diagram of the proposed BRS-DANC scheme.

15

10

Suboptimal, N=2
Optimal, N=2
Suboptimal N=4
Optimal, N=4
Suboptimal, N=8
Optimal, N=8

10

SER

10

10

10

10

Fig. 2.

12
SNR [dB]

16

Simulated SER performance by optimal and sub-optimal detections.

20

24

16

10

10

SER

10

10

Differential, N=1
Coherent, N=1
Differential, N=2
Coherent, N=2
Differential, N=4
Coherent, N=4
Differential, N=8
Coherent, N=8

10

10

Fig. 3.

12
SNR [dB]

16

20

Simulated SER performance by differential and coherent detections, where N = 1, 2, 4, 8.

24

17

10

10

SER

10

10

GenieAided Differential, N=1

Differential, N=1
GenieAided Differential, N=2
Differential, N=2
GenieAided Differential, N=4
Differential, N=4
GenieAided Differential, N=8
Differential, N=8

10

10

Fig. 4.

12
SNR [dB]

16

20

Simulated SER performance by differential and Genie-aided detections, where N = 1, 2, 4, 8.

24

18

10

10

SER

10

10

Noncoherent, N=1
Proposed, N=1
Noncoherent, N=2
Proposed, N=2
Noncoherent N=4
Proposed, N=4
Noncoherent, N=8
Proposed, N=8

10

10

Fig. 5.

12
SNR [dB]

16

20

24

Simulated SER performance comparisons by our proposed differential approach and the non-coherent scheme

in [13], where N = 1, 2, 4, 8.

19

10

10

10

SER

10

10

Simulated, N=1
Analytical, N=1
Simulated, N=2
Analytical, N=2
Simulated, N=4
Analytical, N=4
Simulated, N=8
Analytical, N=8

10

10

10

Fig. 6.

12
SNR [dB]

16

20

24

Analytical and Simulated SER performance by the proposed differential scheme, where N = 1, 2, 4, 8.

20

10

10

SER

10

10

No rotation, N=1
Constellation rotation, N=1
No rotation, N=2
Constellation rotation, N=2
No rotation, N=4
Constellation rotation, N=4
No rotation, N=8
Constellation rotation, N=8

10

10

Fig. 7.

12
SNR [dB]

16

20

24

Simulated SER performance by the proposed differential scheme with and without using constellation rotation,

where N = 1, 2, 4, 8.