CLAP

SWITCH
A mini project report submitted
in the partial fulfillment of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology

CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the work contained in the thesis titled CLAP SWITCH by
SANJAY KUMAR RAY (15BAS1020) ,RAVI (15BAS1029),TANIYA GARG
(15BAS1127) has been carried out in under my supervision and that this work
has not been
submitted elsewhere for a degree.
Place :
Date :

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We feel great pleasure to acknowledge all those involved in the process of
our education and
research. In the first place we would like to record our deep and sincere
gratitude to our incharge,
Mr.Abhishek Anchal for his supervision, advice, guidance, and crucial
contribution, which made him
a backbone of this project. His understanding, encouraging and personal
guidance have provided a
good basis for the present project. His involvement with his originality has
triggered and nourished
our intellectual maturity that we will benefit from, for a long time to come.
We wish to express our gratitude towards our all teachers, who helped us
throughout our
course work. We extend our acknowledgement to our lab mates, lab staff,
who are directly or
indirectly involved in carrying out the project work.

CONTENTS
S.NO TOPIC PAGE.NO

1. CERTIFICATE ... (ii)

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (iii)

3. CONTENTS ... (iv)

4. ABSTRACT ... (v)
5. CHAPTER 1 . 1
6. CHAPTER 2 . 3
7. CHAPTER 3 . 5
8. CHAPTER 4 . 6
9. CHAPTER 5 . 8
10. CHAPTER 6 . 9
11. CHAPTER 7 . 10
12. REFERENCES .. 11
13. BIBILIOGRAPHY .. 12
v

ABSTRACT
CLAP SWITCH is a switch which can switch on/off any electrical circuit by the
sound of the clap. The basic idea of clap switch is that the electric
microphone picks up the
sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of that book knocked off the
table. It produces a
small electrical signal which is amplified by the succeeding transistor stage.
Two transistors
cross connected as a bi-stable multi-vibrator change state at each signal. One
of these
transistors drives a heavier transistor which controls a lamp. This circuit is
constructed using
basic electronic components like resistors, transistors, relay, transformer,
capacitors. This
circuit turns ON light for the first clap. The light turns ON till the next clap.

For the next

clap the light turns OFF. This circuit works with 12V voltage .Therefore a stepdown
transformer 12V/300mA is employed . The primary application involves an
elderly or
mobility-impaired person . It is generally used for a light, television, radio, or
similar
electronic device that the person will want to turn on/off from bed. The major
disadvantage
is that, it is generally cumbersome to have to clap one's hands to turn
something ON or OFF
and it's generally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light
switch.
vi

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This is a project on CLAP SWITCH which can switch on/off any electrical
circuit by
the sound of a clap. The operation of the circuit is simple. If we clap the lamp
turns on and to switch
it off clap again . The condenser microphone picks up the sound of your claps,
coughs, and the sound of that
book knocked off the table. It produces a small electrical signal which is
amplified by the succeeding transistor
stage. Two transistors cross connected as a bi-stable multi vibrator change
state at each signal. One of these
transistors drives a heavier transistor which controls a lamp. This circuit can
switch on and off a light, a fan or a

radio etc by the sound of a clap.

This circuit is constructed using basic electronic components like resistors,

transistors, relay,
transformer, capacitors. This circuit turns ON light for the first clap. The light
turns ON till
the next clap. For the next clap the light turns OFF. This circuit works with 12V
voltage
.Therefore a step-down transformer 12V/300mA is employed. This working of
this circuit is
based on amplifying nature of the transistor, switching nature of transistor,
relay as an
electronic switch .Basically, this is a Sound operated switch.
2

BASIC PRINCIPLE
The basic principle of this clap switch circuit is that it converts sound signal
into
electrical energy. The input component is a transducer that receives clap
sound as input and
converts it to electrical pulse. The basic idea of clap switch is that the electric
microphone
picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of that book knocked
off the table. It
produces a small electrical signal which is amplified by the succeeding
transistor stage. Two
transistors cross connected as a bi-stable multi vibrator change state at each
signal. One of
these transistors drives a heavier transistor which controls a lamp.
This circuit is constructed using basic electronic components like resistors,
transistors,

relay, transformer, capacitors. This circuit turns ON light for the first clap.
The light turns
ON till the next clap. For the next clap the light turns OFF. This circuit works
with 12V
voltage .Therefore a step-down transformer 12V/300mA is employed.
This working of this circuit is based on amplifying nature of the transistor,
switching
nature of transistor, relay as an electronic switch .Basically, this is a Sound
operated switch.
3
BLOCK DIAGRAM
DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:
AUDIO AMPLIFIER:
when we clap our hands , the sound is received by by AUDIO AMPLIFIER.
Here the given sound signal is converted into electrical signal and then
amplified by using
transistors.
4
FLIP FLOP CIRCUIT:
After amplifying the given input signal (sound of a clap) ,it is fed to flip flop
circuit. It consists of two transistors, one for the on position and the other for
the off position.
For this reason it is also known as bi-stable multi vibrator.
CIRCUIT AMPLIFIER:
The signal after this process the outcome electric signal becomes very weak.
So,
it is amplified using another transistor and given to relay, it acts as a
mechanical switch.
5

CHAPTER 2
CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
RESISTORS
Resistors are the most common passive electronic component (one that does
not
require power to operate). They are used to control voltages and currents.
While a resistor is a
very basic component, there are many ways to
manufacture them. Each style has its own
characteristics that make it desirable in certain
types of applications. Choosing the right type of
resistor is important to making high-performance
or precision circuits work well. This bonus chapter
covers the resistor types and helps with picking the right one for your project.
All resistors are basically just a piece of conducting material with a specific
value of resistance. For that piece of conducting material to be made into a
practical resistor,
a pair of electrodes and leads are attached so current can flow. The resistor is
then coated
with an insulating material to protect the conducting material from the
surrounding
environment and vice versa. There are several different resistor construction
methods and
body styles (or packages) that are designed for a certain range of applied
voltage, power
dissipation, or other considerations. The construction of the resistor can
affect its
6
performance at high frequencies where it may act like a small inductor or

capacitor has been

added, called parasitic inductance or capacitance.
CAPACITORS
Capacitor has ability to store charge and release
them at a later time. Capacitance is the measure of the
amount of charge that a capacitor can store for a given
applied voltage. The unit of capacitance is the farad (F) or
microfarad. The capacitors used in the circuit are
electrolytic-capacitor.
In the circuit the electrolytic capacitor is used as a bypass capacitor. Any
noise variation in
the circuit is removed by the capacitor.
BATTERY
In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells that
convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
Since the invention of the first battery (or
"voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and
especially since the technically improved Daniel
cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power
source for many household and industrial applications.
According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery
7
industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth
There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries),
which are
designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries
(rechargeable batteries),

which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come
in many sizes,
from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery
banks the size of
rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer
data centres.
TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic
signals
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least
three terminals
for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair
of the
transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of
terminals. Because
the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input)
power, a transistor
can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are
found embedded in integrated circuits.
8
RELAY
A relay is
an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate
a switching
mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays
are used where
it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several
circuits must be
controlled by one signal. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early

computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor
or other loads is called a contactor . Solid-state relays control power circuits
with no moving
parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these
functions are
performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
9

CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
10

CHAPTER 4
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT
Clap switch is a circuit that can switch ON & OFF a light, fan, radio etc. by the
sound of clap. The sound of clap is received by a small microphone that is
shown biased by
resistor R1 in the circuit. The microphone changes sound wave in to electrical
wave which is
further amplified by Q1.Transistor Q1 is used as common emitter circuit to
amplify weak
signals received by the microphone. Amplified output from the collector of
transistor Q1 is
then feed to the bi-stable multi vibrator circuit also known as flip-flop. Flipflop circuit is

made by using two Transistors, in our circuit Q2 and Q3.

In a flip-flop circuit, at a time only one transistor conduct and other cut off
and when
it gets a trigger pulse from outside source then first transistor is cut off and
2nd transistor
conducts. Thus output of transistor is either logic-0 or logic-1 and it remains
in one state 0
or 1 until it gets trigger pulse from outer source.
The pulse of clap which is a trigger for flip-flop which makes changes to the
output
which is complementary (reverse).Output of flip-flop which is in the low
current form is
unable to drive relay directly so we have used a current amplifier circuit by
using Q4 which is
a common emitter circuit. Output of Q4 is connected to a Relay
(Electromagnetic switch),
works like a mechanical switch. With the help of a relay it is easy for
connecting other
electrical appliance. The relay contact is connected to the power line and
hence turns on/off
any electrical appliance connected all the way through relay.
11
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
TRANSFORMER
230 V ac is converted to 12 V ac by transformer and this ac current is
converted to dc
by diode.
MICROPHONE
Sound energy received by microphone is converted to electrical signals.
Microphones
are types of transducers, they convert acoustic energy i.e. sound signal.

Basically, a
microphone is made up of a diaphragm, which is a thin piece of material that
vibrates when it
is struck by sound wave. This causes other components in the microphone to
vibrate leading
to variations in some electrical quantities thereby causing electrical current to
be generated.
The current generated in the microphone is the electrical pulse. The current
generated by a
microphone is very small and this current is referred to as mic level and
typically measured in
milli-volts. Before it is usable, the signal must be amplified, usually to line
level, with typical
value within (0.5 2) volts, which is stronger .So the signal produced by
microphone is
amplified by transistor Q1.
The basic action of this transistor Q1 is to receive an input signal from the
input
transducer (microphone), control the amount of power that the amplifier
takes from power
source (Vs) and converts it into power needed to energize the load.
12
FLIP-FLOP ARRANGEMENT
The transistors Q2,Q3 arranged like flip flop acts as counter and produces a
single
output pulse when triggered .So, it is also known as the triggered pulse
producer .If it doesnt
receives 2 claps within 3 minutes the diode D4 doesnt receives any signal
from flip flop
arrangement and the bulb B1 doesnt glow and in the other case diode D4
acts as switch and

allows electric signals .

RELAY
The relay is an electrically operated switch. It is also called as mechanical
switch . If
a small voltage is applied to its input terminal, it activates an electromagnet
and closes its
contacts. These contacts can then switch on larger amounts of current and
voltage safely. But
a low power transistor is also needed to switch the current for the relays coil.
Here the
transistor Q4 is a low power transistor. As a result the bulb B1 glows.
13

CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES
1. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person.
2. We can turn something (e.g. a lamp) on and off from any location in the
room (e.g.
while lying in the bed) simply by clapping our hands.
3. Low cost and reliable circuit.
4. Complete elimination of man power.
5. Energy efficient.
DISADVATAGES
1. It is generally cumbersome to have to clap ones hands to turn something
on or off
and it is gerally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light
switch.
2. Unless we use a filter in the circuit , it is not that advantageous. So that
circuit
activates only for clap of particular frequencies and then it becomes

accurate.
14

CHAPTER 6
APPLICATIONS
1. Clap activated switch device will serve well in different phono-controlled
applications.
2. Clap switch is generally used for a light, television, radio or similar
electronic device
that the person will want to turn on/off from bed.
3. This circuit functions on using the sound energy provided by the clap which
is
converted into electrical energy by condenser microphone . Using this
converted
electrical energy which is used to turn on relay (an electronic switch).
4. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person.
5. The major advantage of a clap switch is that you can turn something (e.g.
a lamp) on
and off from any location in the room (e.g. while lying in bed) simply by
clapping
your hands.
6. The major disadvantage is that it's generally cumbersome to have to clap
one's hands
to turn something on or off and it's generally seen as simpler for most use
cases to use
a traditional light switch
15

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION
The clap activated switching device function properly by responding to both
hand claps at
about three to four meter away and finger tap sound at very close range,
since both are low
frequency sounds and produce the same pulse wave features. The resulting
device is
realizable, has good reliability and its relatively inexpensive. Assemble the
circuit on a
general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable box. This circuit is very
useful in field of
electronic circuits. By using some modification it area of application can be
extended in
various fields. It can be used to raised alarm in security system with a
noise ,and also used at
the place where silence needed.
FUTURE SCOPE
1. We can increase the range of this equipment by using better Mic.
2. We can use this as Remote Controller.
16

RESULT
We constructed the circuit as per circuit diagram . And we verified the clap
switch circuit.
i.e when sound occurs near by the circuit the led in the circuit glows and for
the second clap it
is in off condition .
17
REFERENCES
1. www.scribd.com

2. www.electronicschematics.in
3. www.circuiteasy.com
4. www.kpsec.com
5. www.buildcircuit.com
6. www.electronicsforu.com
18
BIBILIOGRAPHY
1. Edward Hughes, Hughes electrical technology. Addition Wesley Longman
(Singapore) plc ltd, India, seventh edition, (pp 395-399). (2001).
2. Paul Horonitz and Weinbeild hill, the art of electronics, second addition,
Cambridge university ulc. (1995).
3. Ray Marston, relay output circuits, electronics now magazine, July 1994.