Autop

power
For WindowsTM

Users Manual
Release 3

Autoship Systems Corporation

Suite 312 - 611 Alexander Street
Vancouver BC V6A 1E1 Canada
Copyright 2004 Autoship Systems Corporation
Windows TM is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation
AutoCAD is a trademark of Autodesk, Inc.

Information contained in this document is subject to change without further notice. No

part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means,
electronic of mechanical, for any purpose, without the express permission of Autoship
Systems Corporation.

Copyright 2004 Autoship Systems Corporation. All right reserved

Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. AutoCAD is a trademark of
Autodesk Inc. All other product names are trademarks, registered trademarks, or
service marks of their respective owners. Autoship Systems Corporation cannot
attest to the accuracy of this information. In addition, terms suspected of being
trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as a validity of any trademark, registered trademarks, or service mark.

Autoship Systems Corporation

Suite 312
611 Alexander Street
Vancouver, B.C. V6A 1E1 Canada
Tel: (604) 254-4171
Fax: (604) 254-5171
www.autoship.com

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Getting Started

About This Manual

System Requirements
Installing Autopower

2
3
4

Chapter 2 - About Autopower

Starting and Exiting

Special Keys
Main Screen
Default Settings
Resistance Methods

Chapter 3 - Menu System

8
9
10
11
12

13

File Menu

Open Command
Save Command
Save As Command
Page Setup Command
Print Command
Exit Command

14
14
15
15
16
16

Edit Menu
Copy Cell/Paste Cell Command
Copy Column/Paste Column Command
Clear Grid Command

17
17
18

Solve Menu

Resistance Command
Propulsion Command
Calculate Now Command
Reports Command

19
19
20
20

Settings Menu
Sea Water / Fresh Water Command
Metric/Imperial Command

21
22

Help Menu
Contents Command
Using Help
About Autopower

23
24
24

Chapter 6 - Hull Parameters

25

Displacement and Catamaran Hulls Parameters

Planing and Semi-Displacement Hull Parameters
Planing and Semi-Displacement Hull Parameters
Hull Parameter Notes

Chapter 5 - Calculating Resistance

Notes on Calculating Resistance

ii

33
42

Chapter 6 - Propeller Design and Propulsion

45

Notes On Propeller Design and Propulsion

52

Chapter 7 - Algorithms

55

Applicable Limits - Displacement

57

Applicable Limits - Semi-Displacement

58

Applicable Limits - Planing

59

Applicable Limits - Catamaran

60

Algorithms

Andersen and Guldhammer

Fung
Holtrop
van Oortmerssen
Digernes and Cheng
Jin, Su and Tan
Calisal
FAO
Marintek Fastcat

61
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
77

Compton

79

Savitsky
Radojcic

81
83

The B-series of propellers (MARIN)

85

Gawn-Burrill KCA Series

87

Ducted Propellers (MARIN)

89

iii

Getting Started

Chapter 1
Getting Started
Welcome to Autopower, a sophisticated resistance and power prediction program
that provides prediction methods for the following vessel types:

displacement
planing
semi-displacement
catamaran

The limits of each prediction method are clearly displayed, providing guidance on
the selection of the most suitable methods. Up to five different hull alternatives
can be considered simultaneously, facilitating comparative design studies and
optimization. Parameters can be easily changed for quick recalculations.
Autopower has a fast link that enables input parameters to be imported
from our Autoship hull design / surface modeling program. High quality
graphs and tables can be displayed on-screen or printed, either directly or
via MS Word for customized reports.

Chapter 1

About This Manual

Here is what you will find in this user's manual:
Chapter 1
Getting Started introduces you to Autopower and helps you install it.
Chapter 2
About Autopower tells you how to run Autopower and familiarizes you with the display, keyboard and Autopower's main functions.
Chapter 3
Menu System provides information on each of Autopower's menus.
Chapter 4
Hull Parameters describes how to enter hull parameters required to
perform resistance calculations.
Chapter 5
Calculating Resistance describes how to calculate resistance.
Chapter 6
Propeller Design and Propulsion describes how to use Autopower's
propeller design options and to calculate propulsion.
Chapter 7
Algorithms describes Autopower's resistance and propulsion methods.

System Requirements

System Requirements
Operating System

Windows 98
Windows NT4 SP6a or later
Windows 2000
Windows XP Professional SP1

Processor

Pentium

Memory

256

Video

1024 X 768 with True Color

Hard Disk

100 MB Free

* Operation is possible at 256 colors, but for rendering to function

correctly 32k colors or more are needed.

Chapter 1

Installing Autopower
System Initialization - Wise Installation Wizard
1. Install your hardware lock on the parallel port of your machine; installing
the lock will not prevent you connecting other devices to this port.
2. Place the CD in to your computer.
3. In most cases an "autorun" feature will start the installation program
automatically; if it doesn't, then access the disk via either Windows
Explorer or the Start/Run commands, and double-click the Setup 32 file.
4. A screen will open, listing all the applications available on the disk. Click
the application you want to install. Note that if you do not have both a
hardware lock and an authorization disk pertaining to that application,
you will only be able to run the software in "Demo" mode.
5. A small dialogue will appear, asking you if you have an authorization
disk. If you do, click Yes. Note that if you do not have both an Authorization Disk and a hardware lock, you will only be able to operate your software in "Demo" mode.
6. The Wise Installation Wizard will open, and will show a small dialogue
informing you that your system will be initialized to accept ASC software.
Click OK.
7. You will be asked if you wish to copy to your machine the lock driver files
appropriate to your Windows version. In most cases it is advisable to
click "Yes" .
8. Next you will be asked to specify the location for the lock drivers to be
stored; accept the default or indicate a different location. Click OK.

System Requirements

9. A warning message will appear, notifying you that Setup will attempt to
install the lock driver. It is advisable that you check to ensure your hardware lock is installed correctly; if it is not, then the program will only run in
Demo mode.

Autopower Setup Program

10. The Autopower Setup program will now start. An information message
will appear first. Ensure all other Windows programs are closed, and click
Next.
11. Accept the default installation location, or use the Browse feature to
specify another location.
12. Follow the remaining instructions to complete

Chapter 1

About Autopower

Chapter 2
About Autopower
This chapter is an overview of Autopower, covering the following subjects:

Entering and Exiting

Special Keys
Main Screen
Menu System
Default Settings
Resistance and Propulsion Methods

Chapter 2

Starting and Exiting

Starting

Double-click the Autopower button.

Alternatively, you can open the File Manager and select

c:\autoship\apwr\apwr.exe.
Exiting

Select File - Exit.

Special Keys

Special Keys
Key

Use It To

Character Keys

Type in names and specify values.

Arrow keys

Move through grids.

Enter

Accept the entry you have just made.

F1 or Alt+ H

Open Help menu.

F2

Edit active cell.

F5

Open Resistance dialogue box.

F6

Open Repulsion dialogue box.

F9

Run resistance calculations.

F12

Open Save-As dialogue box.

Control + F12

Open Save existing data? dialogue box. If you enter Yes,

the Open File dialogue box opens.

Shift +F12

Open Save dialogue box. If the file has not been named yet,
the Save As dialogue box opens.

Control + Shift +F12

Open Print dialogue box. If a font has not been selected yet,
the Font dialogue box opens.

Alt + F

Open File menu.

Alt+ E

Open Edit menu.

Alt + V

Open Solve menu.

Alt + S

Open Setting menu.

Main Screen

Main Screen
Resistance Button Propulsion Button
Menu Bar

Hull Type Box

Parameter
Names

Information Box

10

Graph Button

Calculator Button

Units

Default Settings

Default Settings
Autopower's default settings are as follows:
Displacement hull type
Metric units
Sea water density
Printing is sent to the default system printer
Pages are 8.5 x 11 inches with page margins 1 inch from all four sides

11

Resistance Methods

Resistance Methods
Autopower provides the following resistance methods which are described
in detail in Chapter 5, Calculating Resistance and Chapter 7, Algorithms.
Displacement
Andersen/Guldhammer
Fung
Holtrop
van Oortmerssen
Digernes/Cheng
Jin/Su/Tan
Calisal
FAO
Semi-Displacement
Compton
Planing
Savitsky
Radojcic
Catamaran
Marintek Fastcat

12

Menu System

Chapter 3
Menu System

Autopower's menu system consists of File, Edit, Solve, Settings, and Help menus.

Menu

Contains

File Menu

Items for manipulating files.

Edit Menu

Items for copying, pasting and clearing the Hull Parameter Grids.

Solve Menu

Items for calculating resistance and propulsion and opening the

Graph and Report windows.

Settings Menu

Itmes for specifying water density and units of measurement.

Help Menu

Items for accessing online help.

13

Chapter 3

File Menu
Open Command
Use It To

Load an Autopower file (denoted with .pwr extension) into

the Hull Parameter Grid.

Quick Keys

Control + F12 or Alt + FO

How It Works

Select File-Open. The Open dialogue box appears.

Select the desired file. Click OK.

Save Command
Use It To

Save all the changes you have made to the active file.

Quick Keys

Shift + F12 or Alt + FS

How It Works

Select File - Save to save all the changes you have

made to the active file. If the file has not been named
yet, the Save As dialogue box opens.

Note: Since Autopower saves only the active file, we recommend that you save
your work before you switch vessel types (eg. from a displacement to planing
vessel).

14

Save As Command

Save As Command
Use It To

Save a copy of the active file with a new name.

Quick Keys

F12 or Alt + FA

How It Works

Select File - Save As. The Save As dialogue box appears.

Select the file name and directory. Click OK.

Page Setup Command

Use It To

Set up page margins, size, font and printer.

Quick Keys

Alt + FG

How It Works

Select Settings - Page Setup. The Page Setup dialogue box appears. Select the desired page size, font
and printer. Click OK.

15

Chapter 3

Print Command
Use It To

Print the current report(s).

Quick Keys

Ctrl + Shift + F12 or Alt + FP

How It Works

Select File - Print. A message box appears showing

the percentage of the report file transferred to the
printer.

Exit Command
Use It To

Exit Autopower.

Quick Keys

Alt + FX

How It Works

Select File - Exit. If you have an open file, the Save Project
message box appears. Click Yes or No, as appropriate.

16

Edit Menu

Edit Menu

Copy Cell/Paste Cell Command

Use It to

Copy data from one cell to another.

Quick Keys

Alt + EC and Alt + EP

How It Works

Click the cell you want to copy. Select Edit - Copy Cell. Then
click the cell you want to paste it to. Select Edit - Paste Cell.
The data in the original cell is now copied to the new cell.

Copy Column/Paste Column Command

Use It To

Copy data from one column to another.

Quick Keys

Alt + EO and Alt ES

How It Works

Click the column you want to copy.

Select Edit - Copy Column. Then click the column you want
to paste it to. Select Edit - Paste Column. The data in the
original column is now copied to the new column.

17

Chapter 3

Clear Grid Command

Use It To

Clear the Hull Parameter Grid.

Quick Keys

Alt + EG

How It Works

Select Edit - Clear Grid. A message box appears asking you to affirm that you want to clear the grid. Click
Yes or No, as appropriate.

18

Solve Menu

Solve Menu

Resistance Command
Use It To

Open the Resistance dialogue box. This is equivalent to clicking on the Resistance button.

Quick Keys

Control + F5 or Alt + VR

How It Works

Select Solve - Resistance. The Resistance dialogue box

appears. Enter all required information.
(See Chapter 5, Calculating Resistance.)

Propulsion Command
Use It To

Open the Propulsion dialogue box. This is equivalent to clicking on the Propulsion button.

Quick Keys

Control + F6 or Alt + VP

How It Works

Select Solve - Propulsion. The Propulsion dialogue box

appears. Enter all required information.
(See Chapter 6, Propeller Design and Propulsion.)

19

Chapter 3

Calculate Now Command

Use It To

Run resistance calculations using the active file.

Quick Keys

Control + F9 or Alt + VC

How It Works

Select Solve - Calculate Now. Resistance calculations are

run using the active file data. As soon as the calculations are
complete, you can view the results by selecting Solve Reports. (See Chapter 5, Calculating Resistance.)

Reports Command
Use It To

Display and clear reports (graphs and tables). Selecting

Graph or Table from this menu is the equivalent of clicking on
the Graph button or Table button.

Quick Keys

Alt + VE

How It Works

Select Solve - Reports - Graph or Table. The Graph or

Table window appears. To print your reports, see the note on
printing output at the end of Chapters 5 or 6.
Select Clear All to clear your reports. Otherwise,
successive graphs and tables will be added to all
those generated since the last Clear All command.

20

Settings Menu

Settings Menu

Sea Water / Fresh Water Command

Use It To

Toggle between Sea water and Fresh Water.

Quick Keys

Alt + SS and Alt SF

How It Works

Select Settings - Sea Water or Fresh Water. The default

setting is Sea Water. The specific gravity of Sea water is
1.026. The specific gravity of Fresh water is 1.0.

Note: All Autopower calculations are based upon a water temperature of 15 C.

21

Chapter 3

Metric/Imperial Command
Use It To

Toggle between metric or imperial units.

Quick Keys

Alt + SM and Alt + SI

How It Works

Select Settings - Metric or Imperial. The default setting is

metric. The selected units appear at the right side of the Hull
Parameters Grid.

Standard Units

22

Measurement

Metric Units

Imperial Units

Length

ft

Area

ft2

Volume

m2

ft2

Displacement

tonnes

LT

Force

kN

lbs

Power

kW

hp

Density

t/m3

lb/ft3

Velocity

m/sec

ft/sec

Angles

degrees

degrees

Ship Speed

knots

knots

Gravitational Constant

9.81 m/sec2

32.20 ft/sec2

Help Menu

Help Menu

Help
Quick Key

Alt + H

The Help menu contains information about Autopower and lets you access Autopower's on-line help.

Contents Command
Use It To

Display the on-line help Table of Contents.

Quick Keys

Alt + HC

How It Works

Select Help - Contents. The on-line help Table of Contents

appears. Click any topic you want to view. To return to Autopower, select File - Exit or close the Help window.

23

Chapter 3

Using Help
Use It To

Learn how to use Windows help.

Quick Key

Alt + HU

How It Works

Select Help - Using Help. A help topic on Using Help

appears. To return to Autopower, select File - Exit.

About Autopower
Use It To

Display the opening screen.

Quick Keys

Alt + HA

How It Works

Select Help - About Autopower. The opening screen

appears. This screen shows the release number, registered user and serial number. You will need this information to upgrade from a Demo to a Full version. Click
anywhere on the screen to return to Autopower.

24

Hull Parameters

Chapter 4
Hull Parameters
Autopower has two Hull Parameter Grids for:
displacement and catamaran hulls
planing and semi-displacement hulls
The Hull Parameter Grid plays an important role in all Autopower work sessions.
All hull parameters must be entered unless otherwise noted in the following
tables. When you click any hull parameter, a brief description of that parameter
appears in an information box at the bottom of the Main Screen.

25

Chapter 4

Displacement and Catamaran Hulls Parameters

Parameter

Description

Project Name

Project name.

LWL

Length on waterline.

Breadth

Breadth measured mdiship at desing waterline

Draft(F)

Draft forward measured at the forward

perpendicular.

Draft (A)

Draft aft measured at the aft perpendicular.

Displacement

Displacement weight.

LCB

Longitudinal center of buoyancy measured

percentage of LBP from midship.
Positive = forward, negative = aft.

-50 - 50%

CWP

Waterplane area coefficient.

0 -1

CM

Midship section coefficient

0 -1

From Factor

From factor [1 = k]. Default = 1.

(Optional - this parameter can also be entered in
Resistance Options.)

1-2

Watted Hull Area

Wetted hull surface area, excluding appenages.

(Optional - this parameter can also be estimated in
Resistance Options.)

Wetted
Appandage Area

Total Surface area of all wetted appendages.

(Enter if there are wetted appendates.)

Wetted
Transom Area

Wetted transom surface area.

(Enter if there is a wetted transom.)

Transom Width

Transom width at waterline.

(Required only for Fung method.)

Half Angle
Entrance

Half angle of entrance in degrees.

(Optional - will be estimated if not specified.)

0 -60o

Half Angle
of Run

Half angle of run in degrees.

(Required only for FAO method.)

0 -60o

(continued...)

26

Range

Displacement and Catamaran Hulls Parameters

(...continued)

Displacement and Catamaran Hulls Parameters

Parameter

Description

Range

Half Angle of Run

Half angle of run in degrees.

0 - 60

Angle at 1/4
Buttock

Angle at 1/4 buttock in degrees.

(Required only for FAO method.)

Bulbous Bow?

Bulbous bow? Yes / No Default is No.

Transverse
Bulb Area

Transverse sectional area of bulb at forward perpendicular.

(Enter if there is a bulbous bow.)

Bulb Centroid
Location

Centroid locaton of bulb above keel.

(Enter if there is a bulbous bow.)

Body Type - (F)

Hull form type forward of midshp

U-shaped, N (Normal), or V-shaped.

Body Type - (A)

Hull form type aft of midship. U, N or V.

Service
Margin

User-specified resistance margin. (Optional.)

0% - 50%

Appendage
Margin

User-specified resistance margin for

appendages. (Optional.)

0% - 30%

Appendage
Form Factor

Effective form factor [1 + K2] for appendages. See

note below.
(Required only for Holtrop method.)

1-4

CB

Block coefficient.
(Read only - calculated by Autopower.)

CP

Longitudinal prismatic coefficient.

(Read only - calculated by Autopower.)

27

Chapter 4

Planing and Semi-Displacement Hull Parameters

Parameter

Description

Project Name

Project name.

LWL

Length on waterline.

Breadth

Breadth measured midship at design waterline.

Draft

Draft measured at loadline.

Chine Beam

Maximum chine beam.

(Enter if there is a chine.)

Chine Length

Maximum chine length.

(Enter if there is a chine.)

CX

Maximum section foefficient.

(Required only for Savitsky method.)

Displacement

Displacement weight

LCG

Longitudinal center of gravity measured from midship

to the aft perpendicular.

Half Angle of
Entrance

Half Angle of entrance in degrees.

(Optional - will be estimated if not specified.)

Deadrise angle

Deadrise angle at mid-chine length.

(Enter if there is a chine.)

Wetted Hull Area

Wetted hull surface area.

Wetted Transom
Area

Wetted transom surface area.

Strut Type

Propeller strut configuration.

0 for single, 1 for V.

Shaft Angle

Shaft inclination relative to buttock in degrees.

Shaft Length

Length of wetted shaft or strut barrel.

(Enter if there is a wetted shaft or a strut barrel.)

Shaft Diameter

Diameter of wetted shaft or strut barrel.

(Enter if there is a wetted shaft or a strut barrel.)

(continued...)

28

Range

0 -1

0 -60o

0 or 1

Planing and Semi-Displacement Hull Parameters

(...continued)

Planing and Semi-Displacement Hull Parameters

Parameter

Description

Range

Projected Area of
Skeg

Transverse projected area of skeg.

(Enter if there is a skeg.

Number of Sea
Inlets

Number of non-flush sea water inlets.

(Enter if there are sea inlets.)

Projected Area of
Inlets

Frontal projected area of non-flush sea water inlets.

Enter average of frontal areas if there is name than
one inlet and of different sizes.
(Enter if there are sea inlets.)

Rudder Type

Type of rudder. See note below.

Rudder Surface
Area

Total rudder surface area.

Flap Chord Length

Flap chord length.

(Enter if there is a flap.)

Flap Span to
Beam Ratio

Flap span to beam ratio.

(Enter if there is a flap.)

0 -1

Flap Deflection
Angle

Flap deflection angle in degrees.

0 - 15o

Service Margin

User-specified resistance margin.

(Optional.)

0 - 50%

Appendage Margin

User-specified resistance margin for appendages.

(Optional.)

0 - 3-%

29

Chapter 4

Hull Parameter Notes

1. Appendage Form Factor
Appendage Form Factor [1 + k2] is used by the Holtrop method. This factor is
derived using the wetted area of appendage components and ranges from 1 to 4.
Default values for all allowances are zero.
The following table shows the approximate [1 + k2] values.
Rudder behind skeg

1.5 - 2.0

Rudder behind stern

1.3 - 1.5

Twin-screw balance rudders

2.8

Shaft brackets

3.0

Skeg

1.5 - 2.0

Strut bossings

3.0

Hull bossings

2.0

Shafts

2.0 - 4.0

Stabilizer fins

2.8

Dome

2.7

Bilge keels

1.4

Autopower accepts an equivalent [1 + k2] factor for all appendages combined,

calculated as follows:
(1 + k2)eq = " (1 + k2)i SAPPDi / " SAPPDi
where SAPPDi is the surface area of the ith appendage in question.

30

Hull Parameter Notes

2. Rudder Type
You can select one of four rudder types by entering 0, 1, 2, or 3 as shown
in the table below. You must also enter a rudder surface area in the Hull
Parameter grid. Otherwise, resistance due to rudders will be zero.
Rudder Section

Drag Coefficient

Thickness to Chord Ratio

Enter

NACA 0015

0.0013

0 - 15

Parabolic

0.0426

0 - 11

Flat Plate

0.0352

0 - 04

Wedge

0.0493

0 - 11

3. Autopower Files
Each file contains one hull type. This means that all of the projects within one file
must be of the same hull type, although individual projects may be in either metric
or imperial units.
4. Saving Autopower Files
Autopower saves only the data in the currently displayed grid. For example, if you
have been working on the displacement grid and then switch to the planing grid,
the File - Save operation will result in a file containing data concerning the planing
grid only (which may or may not contain any data). Each hull type grid should be
saved to a different file.

31

Chapter 4
5. Importing Hull Parameters from Autoship
You can import certain hull parameters from Autoship to Autopower. You may be
required to enter further hull parameters in Autopower before undertaking
calculations.
1. In Autoship, select Calcs - Autopower. The Autopower Setup dialogue box
appears. Enter file name, hull type and draft value being used in Autoship.
Click OK.
Note: The draft value you must use is the distance from V=0 to
the waterline. For instance, if you define the waterline to be at
V=0, then draft is zero.

2. An Open File window then appears. Enter the file name. Click OK.
Note: Autoship uses a demi-hull for catamarans. This should be taken into
account in undertaking calculations.

32

Calculating Resistance

Chapter 5
Calculating Resistance
To calculate resistance, take the following steps:
1. Select the hull type.

2. Enter the hull parameters into the Hull Parameter Grid or import the hull parameters from Autoship (see Chapter 4, Hull Parameters).
3. Click the Resistance button.

4. The Resistance dialogue box opens. This dialogue box contains the resistance
method(s) appropriate to the hull type you have selected.

33

Chapter 5
Resistance Dialogue Box (Displacement)

5. Select the resistance method(s). You can use the Browse Methods box to
compare the limits of the selected method(s) against the hull parameters
of the active file.
6. Click the Speeds button.

34

Calculating Resistance

7. The Speeds dialogue box opens. Enter the lower, upper, interval and service
speeds. Click OK.

8. Click the Options button.

9. The Resistance Options dialogue box appears. There are four Options dialogue
boxes, depending on the hull type you have selected.

35

Chapter 5
Resistance Options (Displacement)

Resistance Options (Semi-Displacement)

36

Calculating Resistance

Resistance Options (Planing)

Resistance Options (Catamaran)

37

Chapter 5
10. Enter the following resistance options and click OK.
Option

38

Entry

Hull Wetted Area

This option is available for all vessel types. You must

enter the hull wetted area either by entering a userdefined value into the Hull Parameters grid, or by
selecting one of the following methods:
User Defined(this is the default)
Haslar
Denny/Mumford
Holtrop/Mennen (displacement only)
Averaged

Form Factor (1 +k)

This option is available only for displacement vessels.

You must enter the Form Factor in the Hull Parameters
grid. Once entered, select among:
User Defined (this is the default)
Holtrop
Tango

Resistance
Allowances

This option is available for all vessel types. Enter any of

the following:
Scale Effect (% of total resistance)
Air Resistance (% of total resistance)
Hull Roughness (length unit)
Propeller Diameter (length unit)
Autopower incorporates these allowances in calculating
resistance

ChineType

This option is available only for semi-displacement

vessels. Select either:
Hard Chine
Soft Chine

Blount Multiplier

This option is available only for planing vessels using

Stavitsky method. Select either:
Yes
No (this is the default)

Calculating Resistance

Option
Propulsive
Coefficient

Entry
This option is available only for catamaran vessels.
Select from among:
User defined
Waterjet Propulsion
Propeller with inclining shaft
Propeller with aft body tunnel
Z-Drive

11. Click the Calculate button.

12. Click the Graph or Table button to view the output.

39

Chapter 5

Sample Resistance Graph

40

Calculating Resistance

Sample Resistance Table (partial)

Total Resistance, Rt (kN)
Speed (kt)
5.00
7.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
22.50
25.00
27.50
30.00
32.50
35.00

Fn
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.41
0.46
0.52
0.52
0.64
0.70
0.76
0.81

Holtrop
13.38
28.15
49.37
86.42
137.21
256.09
392.58
544.13
667.85
732.99
787.48
856.86
932.84

Effective Power, PE (kW)

Speed (kt)
5.00
7.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
22.50
25.00
27.50
30.00
32.50
35.00

Fn
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.41
0.46
0.52
0.52
0.64
0.70
0.76
0.81

Holtrop
34.41
108.61
253.99
555.72
1058.79
2305.52
4039.24
6298.34
8589.32
10369.80
12153.49
14326.27
16796.30

41

Chapter 5

Notes on Calculating Resistance

1. Browse Methods
You can use the Browse Methods box to compare the limits of the selected
method(s) against the hull parameters of the active file. When you select a
method, its limitations, if provided by the originator of the method, are compared to those of the active file. The Browse Methods box uses the following
abbreviations:
Parameter

Symbol

Froude number

Fn

Volume Froude number

Fv

Block coefficient

Cb

Prismatic coefficient

Cp

Midship section coefficient

Cm

Beam-draft ratio

BT

Length-beam ratio

LB

Length-displacement ratio

LD

Half entrance angle

IE

Trim angle

TR

Deadrise angle

DR

Shaft angle

EP

100 (LGC/Lp)

LC

2. Printing Output
You have three options for printing your graphs and tables:
Select File - Print from the File menu. The tables and graphs are printed
on the default system printer.
Click the MS Word button at the bottom of your report. This will transfer
your report to your active MS Word document. This feature works with MS
42

Calculating Resistance

Word Versions 2 and 6. If you do not have an open document, your

graphs and tables will be in Document 1. If MS Word is not open, Autopower will ask if you want Autopower to open MS Word. If Autopower cannot locate MS Word, it will prompt you enter the proper path.
Click the Copy button at the bottom of your report. This transfers your
report to the Clipboard. Use the Paste function in your word processing or
spreadsheet program to paste your report. To see a copy of your report in
the Clipboard, click the Clipboard Viewer button in the Windows Program
Manager screen (usually in the Main directory box).

43

Calculating Resistance

44

Propeller Design and Propulsion

Chapter 6
Propeller Design and Propulsion

Before You Begin

Before calculating propulsion, you must have first calculated resistance
(see Chapter 5, Calculating Resistance). If you want to enter a known resistance value for a propulsion calculation, you can undertake a nominal resistance
calculation and then edit the resistance value.

Important: Autopower does not support propulsion calculations for

catamarans. Rather, effective power for the catamaran demi-hull is calculated as
part the resistance calculation and is shown on the resulting resistance table.
Double the effective power to account for both catamaran hulls.

45

Chapter 6

To Calculate Propulsion
To calculate propulsion, take the following steps:
1. After calculating resistance, click the Propulsion button.

2. If you have selected more than one method in your resistance calculation, the
Power Method for Propulsion dialogue box will appear. Select the desired propulsion method. The default is an average of the methods you selected for
resistance. Click OK.

46

Propeller Design and Propulsion

3. The Propulsion dialogue box appears. This dialogue box contains a number of
options required to undertake propeller optimization and calculate propulsion.

47

Chapter 6
4. The Design Point frame in the Propulsion dialogue box displays speed, resistance and effective power values. These values are calculated from the resistance calculation results at the specified service speed. You may enter other
speed and resistance values.
5. Enter the following options to undertake propeller optimization:
Option

48

Entry

Type

Select the propeller type:

Wageningen B
Ka 4-70 In 19A nozz;e
Ka 4-70 In 37 Nozzle
Kd 5-100 In 33 Nozzle
Gawn-Burrill KCA

Num. Propellers

Select the number of propellers:

1
2

Blades

Select the numbeerof propeller blades (Wageningen B

only)
3
4
5
6
7

Pitch

Select propeller pitch:

fixed
controlable

AE/ED

Select propeller expanded area ration (Wageningen B

and Gawn-Burrill KCA only):
2.5% Cavitation
5 % Cavitation
User Defined (enter value)

Limit Diameter

Select propeller limit diameter:

From Draft
User Defined (enter value)

Propeller Design and Propulsion

Option
Wake and Thrust Deduction

Entry
Select among wake and thrust deduction methods:
Holtrop
van Oortmerssen
Andersen
Handbuch der Werften
user Defined (enter values)

Relative Rotative Efficiency Select among relative rotative efficiency methods:

Holtrop
van Oortmerssen
user Defined (enter values)
Power Train Efficiency

Enter value or accept default value.

6. Once you have entered the above options, you can select from three propeller
optimization methods:
RPM, D No D Limit - This optimizes RPM, propeller diameter and P/D ratio
without any limitation on propeller diameter.
RPM, D To D Limit - This optimizes RPM, propeller diameter and P/D ratio
subject to the maximum specified propeller diameter. Use this method if you
can accept an optimum RPM calculated by the program.
D To Limit, Vary RPM - This optimizes propeller diameter and P/D ratio for
several discrete values of RPM, subject to the maximum specified propeller
diameter. When the calculations are completed, the Choose Service RPM
box appears with three graphs showing (1) open water efficiency, (2) delivered power and (3) propeller diameter, all over a range of RPM values. Use
this method if your choice of service RPM is limited (i.e. by available gearbox
models), then choose the service RPM closest to the optimum.

49

Chapter 6

Click Close to return to the Propulsion box.

7. The following per propeller optimization results are displayed in the Results
(Per Shaft) frame in the Propulsion box:
Delivered Power
Shaft Power
RPM
Diameter
P/D (pitch/diameter ratio)
AE/A (expanded area ratio)
Open Water Efficiency
8. Click the Power Plant button. The Power Plant box appears displaying the following values:
Shaft Power (power required for the service speed.)
RPM
% MCR (% maximum power)
50

Propeller Design and Propulsion

You can edit these values to represent an available power plant and
gear box before making your propulsion calculation.

9. Click OK in the Power Plant box. The Graph display window appears with three
graphs showing (1) resistance versus speed, (2) effective power versus speed
and (3) thrust and resistance versus speed. Click OK to close the Graph display window.
10. Click OK to close the Propulsion box. To see the results of your calculation,
click the Graph or Table button.

51

Chapter 6

Notes On Propeller Design and Propulsion

1. Propeller Type
Autopower allows you to choose from among several propeller series currently in
use. For further information on the propeller types used in Autopower, we refer
you to the following:
Wageningen B-Series propellers are described briefly in Chapter 7, Algorithms and in detail in The Wageningen Propeller Series, Kuiper, G.,
MARIN Publication 92-001, 1992 and in Principles of Naval Architecture
Vol. II, Resistance, Propulsion and Vibration, Editor Lewis E.V., Published
by SNAME, 1988 (pp. 186-204).
Ducted Ka propellers with accelerating nozzles and the Kd decelerating
nozzle are described in Principles of Naval Architecture Vol. II, Resistance, Propulsion and Vibration, Editor Lewis E.V., Published by SNAME,
1988 (pp. 213-225).
Gawn-Burrill KCA propeller series is described briefly in Chapter 7,
Algorithms.
2. AE/AO (propeller expanded area ratio)
For ducted propellers, only the Ka 4-70 (4 blades and .7 area ratio) is provided.
For the Wageningen B and Gawn-Burrill KCA propeller series, you may choose to
have Autopower calculate the minimum AE/A allowed to limit cavitation, or enter
a value of your choice.

52

Propeller Design and Propulsion

3. P/D (pitch / diameter ratio)

Autopower optimizes P/D in all calculations subject to the following limits:
Propeller
Series

Minimum
P/D

Maximum fixed
P/D

Maximum Controllable P/D

Wageningen B

0.5

1.4

1.25

Ka Nozzle

0.6

1.8

1.25

Kd Nozzle

1.0

1.8

1.25

Gawn-Burrill KCA

0.8

1.8

1.40

4. Wake and Thrust Deduction

You may enter your estimate of wake factor and thrust deduction factor by
selecting the User Defined method. Otherwise, they are calculated by the
selected algorithm.
5. RPM, D, No D Limit
This propeller method enables you to calculate the "ideal" propeller for the
design point speed and thrust (resistance). The resulting propeller is unrestricted in diameter, is subject to P/D ratio limits and is designed to achieve
maximum theoretical open water efficiency.
This method may not represent a practical propeller design (i.e. the diameter is
often too large). However, it is intended to give the designer a theoretical yardstick against which developed data can be measured. This method enables
you to compare calculated optimum efficiency against the efficiency of the propeller optimized to the actual diameter limit.
When the efficiency of the diameter-limited propeller is significantly lower than
that of the "ideal" propeller, the designer can consider design changes to the
hull such as increasing draft. In some instances where calculated diameter is
less than the limit, (e.g. slow, low-power vessels) this method offers an instant
optimum propeller.

53

Chapter 6
6. D To Limit, Vary RPM
This method generates displays of optimal efficiency, delivered power and propeller diameter as functions of RPM. This allows you to choose an operating RPM
(by typing it into the entry box) and to see the resulting efficiency of that choice.
7. Printing Output
You have three options for printing your reports:
Select File - Print from the File menu. Your reports are printed on the
default system printer.
Click the MS Word button at the bottom of your report. This will transfer
your report to your active MS Word document. This feature works with MS
Word Versions 2 and 6. If you do not have an open document, your graphs
and tables will be in Document 1. If MS Word is not open, Autopower will
ask if you want Autopower to open MS Word. If Autopower cannot locate
MS Word, it will prompt you enter the proper path.
Click the Copy button at the bottom of your report. This transfers your
report to the Clipboard. Use the Paste function in your word processing or
spreadsheet program to paste your report. To see a copy of your report in
the Clipboard, click the Clipboard Viewer button in the Windows Program
Manager screen (usually in the Main directory box).

54

Algorithms

Chapter 7
Algorithms
Technical Information on Autopowers Algorithms
This chapter contains:
Tables comparing the applicable limits as given by the originator of each
method.
Brief descriptions for each method, including background information and
form of regression equations.
Brief descriptions of the propeller series used in Autopower.

55

Chapter 7
Parameter Symbols
The following symbols are used throughout this chapter:
Parameter

56

Symbol

Froude number

Fn

Block coefficient

Cb

Prismatic coefficient

Cp

Midship section coefficient

Cm

Beam-Draft ratio

BT

Length-Beam ratio

LB

Length-Displ ratio

LD

Half entrance angle

IE

Volume Froude number

Fv

Trim angle

TR

Deadrise angle

DR

Shaft angle

EP

Length-Beam ratio

LB

100 (LCG/LBP)

LC

100 (LCG / Lp)

Algorithms

Applicable Limits - Displacement

Parameter

Method
Anderson
Min/Max

Fung
Min/Max

Holtrop
Min/Max

Oortmers
Min/Max

Fn

- /0.33

0.18/0.51

- / 1.00

- / 0.50

Cb

0.55/0.85

-/-

-/-

-/-

Cp

-/-

0.52/0.70

0.55/0.85

0.52/0.70

Cm

-/-

0.62/0.90

-/-

0.73/0.98

BT

-/-

2.20/5.20

2.10 / 4.0

1.90/3.40

LB

5.00/8.00

-/-

3.90/14.9

3.40/6.20

LD

4.00/6.00

5.75/11.3

-/-

-/-

IE

-/-

4.00/16.0

-/-

10.0/38.0

Parameter

Method
Digernes
Min/Max

Jin/Su/Tan
Min/Max

Calisal
Min/Max

FAO
Min/Max

Fn

- / 0.50

0.40 / 1.00

- / 0.43

- / 0.36

Cb

-/-

-/-

0.53 / 0.62

-/-

Cp

-/-

0.57 / 0.76

-/-

0.55 / 0.70

Cm

-/-

-/-

-/-

0.53 / 0.93

BT

-/-

-/-

2.00 / 3.00

2.00 / 4.50

LB

-/-

-/-

2.60 / 4.00

3.10 / 5.60

LD

-/-

4.50 / 8.70

3.00 / 4.50

-/-

IE

-/-

7.60 / 26.6

-/-

15.0 / 37.0

57

Chapter 7

Applicable Limits - Semi-Displacement

Parameter

Method
Compton
Min/Max

58

Fn

0.10 / 0.60

Fv

0.30 / 1.50

TR

-/-

DR

-/-

EP

-/-

LB

4.00 / 5.20

100 (LCG/LBP)

37.0 / 48.0

Algorithms

Applicable Limits - Planing

Parameter

Method
Savitsky
Min/Max

Radojcic
Min/Max

Fn

-/-

-/-

Fv

>1.00

1.00 / 3.50

TR

3.00 / 7.00

0.00 / 10.00

DR

10.0 / 30.00

13.00/ 37.40

EP

-/-

7.00 /15.00

LB

3.00 / 5.00

2.36 / 6.72

100 (LCG / Lp)

-/-

30.00/ 44.80

59

Chapter 7

Applicable Limits - Catamaran

Parameter

Method
Fastcat
Min/Max

60

Fn

0.80 / 1.60

Cb

-/-

Cp

-/-

Cm

-/-

BT

-/-

LB

-/-

LD

5.75 / 7.50

IE

-/-

Algorithms

Andersen and Guldhammer

Limits of Application
Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

0.33

Cb

0.55

0.85

Cp

Cm

BT

LB

5.00

8.00

LD

4.00

6.00

IE

Comments
Used for slower displacement hulls.
Background
Based on The Technical University of Denmark preliminary design
procedure.
No form factor is used in the formulation.
Contains guidelines for propeller diameter reduction when behind the
hull as functions of the expanded area ratio. This is implemented in
Autopower's third (D To Limit, Vary RPM) propeller optimization option.

61

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
CT = CR + CF + CA + C
where
CT : residuary resistance coefficient
CR : residuary resistance coefficient
CF : frictional resistance coefficient
CA : incremental resistance coefficient
C : air and steering resistance coefficient
Selected Reference
A Computer-Oriented Power Prediction Procedure, Andersen P. and Guldhammer H.E., Proceedings CADMO 86, 1986.

62

Algorithms

Fung
Limits of Application
Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

0.18

0.51

Cb

Cp

0.52

0.70

Cm

0.62

0.90

BT

2.20

5.20

LB

LD

5.75

11.26

IE

4.00

16.00

Comments
Used for transom stern hulls.
Background
Claimed to cover a broad range of hull forms and Froude numbers.
Data used in the regression analysis include 426 transom stern ships.
The difference in resistance characteristics between transom and cruiser
stern ships is highlighted in the paper.

63

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
CR = CR1 + CR2 + CR3 + . . . + CR10
where
CR
CR1 . . . CR10

is the residuary resistance coefficient and

are tabulated for different hull parameters over a range
of Froude numbers corresponding to 0.18 to 0.51.

Selected Reference
Resistance and Powering Prediction for Transom Stern Hull Forms During
Early Stage Ship Design, Fung S.C., SNAME Transactions, Vol. 99, 1991.

64

Algorithms

Holtrop
Limits of Application
Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

1.00

Cb

Cp

0.55

0.85

Cm

BT

2.10

4.00

LB

3.90

14.90

LD

IE

Comments
Used for any monohull displacement vessels. Although the maximum Fn
allowed by the algorithm is 1.00, it is not recommended that Froude numbers greater than .4 be used.
Background
Based on regression analysis of full-scale and model test data on 334
models at NSMB.
The 1984 publication also used published Series 64 results.

65

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
RT = RF (1 + k ) + Rw + RAPP + RA
where
Rw :
RAPP :
RA :

wave resistance
appendage resistance (including bulb and transom)
correlation allowance

Selected References
A Statistical Power Prediction Method, Int. Shipbuilding Progress, Holtrop
J. and Mennen G.G.J., Vol 25, 1978.
An Approximate Power Prediction Method, Holtrop J. and Mennen G.G.J.,
Int. Shipbuilding Progress, Vol 29, 1982.
A Statistical Re-analysis of Resistance and Propulsion Data, Holtrop J.,
Int. Shipbuilding Progress, Vol 31, 1984.

66

Algorithms

van Oortmerssen
Limits of Application

Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

0.50

Cb

Cp

0.52

0.70

Cm

0.73

0.98

BT

1.90

3.40

LB

6.20

3.40

LD

IE

Comments
Used for small vessels.
Background
The formulae were obtained using small vessel data (trawlers and tugs)
from NSMB.
Equations were also given for the wake factor, thrust deduction factor and
the relative rotative efficiency.
Frictional resistance was found using the ITTC 1957 line.

67

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
RR / = C1X1 + C2X2 + C3X3 + C4X4
where
C1 ... C4
X1 .. X4

are tabulated coefficients

are parameters which are f(Cp , Fn)

Selected Reference
A Power Prediction Method and its Application to Small Ships, Int. Shipbuilding Progress, Vol 18, No.207, 1971.

68

Algorithms

Digernes and Cheng

Limits of Application

Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

0.50

Cb

Cp

Cm

BT

LB

LD

IE

Comments
Regression analysis was based on a limited number of fishing vessels.
Background
Based on regression analysis of 34 Norwegian and 20 Danish ships.
This simple method was compared to several other methods and found to
give good results for fishing vessels.

69

Chapter 7

Form of Equation

Rt = a (LB)b(BT)c V exp( Fn)

where
a , b, c, ,
V:

are constants
displacement

Selected Reference
Utproving av utvalgte formler for beregning av motstand i stille vann,
Kjetil Liene, The Norwegian Institute of Fishery Technology
Research Report (FTFI).

70

Algorithms

Jin, Su and Tan

Limits of Application
Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

0.40

1.00

Cb

Cp

0.57

0.76

Cm

BT

LB

LD

4.50

8.70

IE

7.60

26.60

Comments
Used for small, round bilge vessels.
Background
This method is for fast round bilge displacement crafts such as motor
boats and workboats.
The paper indicated that resistance is affected by the displacement volume to length ratio, the prismatic coefficient, the transom area to maximum sectional area ratio, the longitudinal center of buoyancy, the half
entrance angle and the Froude number.

71

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
CR= B0X0 + B1X1 + ... + B53X53
where
B0 ... B53
X0 ... X53

are tabulated coefficients

are parameters which are functions of geometry
and Fn.

Selected Reference
A Parametric Study on High-Speed Round Bilge Displacement Hulls, Jin
P., Su B. and Tan Z., High-Speed Surface Craft, 1980.

72

Algorithms

Calisal
Limits of Application
Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

0.42

Cb

0.53

0.62

Cp

Cm

BT

2.00

3.00

LB

2.60

4.00

LD

3.00

4.50

IE

Comments
Regression analysis for the University of British Columbia model series
which are based on a typical purse seiner.
Background
Formulae are derived in forms similar to those of Oortmerssen.
Not accurate for Froude number > 0.42.

73

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
RR / = C1X1 + C2X2 + C3X3 + C4X4
where
C1 ... C4
X1 .. X4

are tabulated coefficients

are parameters which are f(Cp , Fn)

Selected Reference
A Resistance Study on a Systematic Series of Law L/B Vessels, Calisal
S.M. and McGreer D., Marine Technology, Vol. 30 No. 4, 1993.

74

Algorithms

FAO
Limits of Application
Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

0.36

Cb

-c

Cp

0.55

0.70

Cm

0.53

0.93

BT

2.00

4.50

LB

3.10

5.60

LD

IE

15.00

37.00

Comments
Used for small fishing vessels.
Background
Based on Japanese, European and other sources of data, the regression
formula was obtained using 570 model test results.

75

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
CR = CR16 - A (SL/ ) { [ log (B V/(L).5 ] -2 - [ log (C V(L).5 ] -2}
where
A, B, C
CR16

are constants
is the residuary resistance coefficient for a standard 16
ft model

Selected Reference
Computer-Aided Studies of Fishing Boat Hull Resistance, Hayes J.G. and
Engvall L.O., Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 87 1969.

76

Algorithms

Marintek Fastcat
Limits of Application
Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

0.80

1.60

Cb

Cp

Cm

BT

LB

LD

5.75

7.50

IE

Comments
Used for fast catamarans.
Background
Based on Marintek (Norway) tests on high speed slender catamarans.
Model to full scale correlation for high speed catamarans has been developed based on extensive full scale experiments.
Propulsion efficiencies are given as options in the program.
The frictional coefficient is found using the ITTC 1957 line.

77

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
RT = A ( CF + CR + CF ) V2 S + RAA
where
A:
CF :
RAA :
S:
V:

constant
roughness allowance (0.0005 corresponds to hull
roughness of approximately 150 m)
air resistance allowance
total wetted hull surface area
velocity

Selected Reference
Design Tool for High Speed Slender Catamarans, Werenskold,Published
letter from Marintek, Ocean Laboratories in Trondheim Norway.

78

Algorithms

Compton
Limits of Application
Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

0.10

0.60

Fv

0.30

1.50

TR

DR

EP

LB

4.00

5.20

100 (LCG/LBP)

37.00

48.00

Comments
US Naval Academy YP Series.
Background
Based on experimental investigations of a systematic series of small
semi-displacement models.
Both soft and hard chine crafts are accommodated.

79

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
CR * 103 = A + B (LB) + C ( ) + D (100 [LCG/LBP] )
where
A, B, C, D :
:

tabulated coefficients
displacement based on LBP

Selected Reference
Resistance of a Systematic Series of Semi-Planing Transom-SternHulls,
Compton R.H., Marine Technology, Vol 23 No. 4, 1986.

80

Algorithms

Savitsky
Limits of Application
Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

0.60

1.79

Fv

>1.00

TR

3.00

7.00

DR

10.00

30.00

EP

LB

3.00

5.00

100 (LCG/Lp)

Comments
Constant deadrise.
Background
Resistance and trim are calculated in the preplaning (where 1.00 < Fv
2.00 ) and planing (Fv >2.00) regimes for prismatic planing hulls.
The user can also use the Blount multiplier, a correction ratio to compensate for hump-speed resistance under-prediction using the pure Savitsky
method.
Wave added resistance is not considered in this program.

81

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
Preplaning Regime : RT/ = A1F1 + ... A27F27
where
A1 ... A27 :
F1 ... F27 :

tabulated coefficients
f(entrance angle, max chine beam,

Planing Regime : RT = tan(TR) + F(hull parameters,TR,Speed)

Selected References
Hydrodynamic Design of Planing Hulls, Savitsky D., Marine Technology,
Vol. 1 No. 1, 1964.
Small-craft Power Prediction, Blount D.L. and Fox D.L., Marine
Technology, Vol. 13 No. 1, 1976.
Procedures for Hydrodynamic Evaluation of Planing Hulls in Smooth
and Rough Water, Savitsky D. and Brown W., Marine Technology,
Vol. 13 No. 4, 1976.

82

Algorithms

Radojcic
Limits of Application
Parameter

Minimum

Maximum

Fn

Fv

1.00

3.50

TR

0.00

10.00

DR

13.00

37.40

EP

7.00

15.00

LB

2.36

6.72

100 (LCG/Lp)

30.00

44.80

Comments
Used for hard-chined planing hulls.
Background
Based on Series 65-B, TMB-62 and DL-62-A hulls.
Transom flap effects are based on Savitsky and Brown (see Savitsky
algorithm).

83

Chapter 7

Form of Equation
R/ = A0X0 + ... A26X26
TR = B0X0 + ... B26X26
where
A0 ... A26 :
B0 ... B26 :
X0 ... X26 :

tabulated coefficients
tabulated coefficients
f(hull parameters)

Selected Reference
An Engineering Approach to Predicting the Hydrodynamic Performance of Planing Craft Using Computer Techniques, Radojcic D.,
Trans RINA, 1991.

84

Algorithms

The B-series of propellers (MARIN)

The B-series of propellers are among the most popular to date. Thrust and torque
coefficients are represented by polynomials (see reference) in terms of the following propeller parameters: advance ratio J, pitch ratio P/D, expanded area ratio AE/
A0 and number of blades Z.
KT = f ( J , P/D , AE/A0 , Z )
KQ = f ( J , P/D , AE/A0 , Z )
The following parameter ranges are applicable:
P/D :
AE/A0 :
Z:

0.50 - 1.40
0.30 - 1.05
3-7

A Reynolds number correction is required for Rn > 2 x 106.

The propeller open water efficiency is given by:
0 = J/2 KT / KQ
Except where the user chooses a value, the optimization algorithm sets the
expanded area ratio to the smallest value consistent with the chosen back cavitation limit. An initial estimate is obtained from Keller's formula and this is refined in
each solution iteration by applying Burrill's formula. The number of blades is normally dictated by vibration considerations. Propeller diameter is limited by considerations of hull clearance and adequate immersion in the ballast condition.
Propeller RPM should be chosen with regard to engine and transmission gear limitations. Depending on the optimization mode chosen, a range of pitch ratios and
RPMs/propeller diameters are used to determine the optimum open water efficiency.

85

Chapter 7

Selected Reference
Principles of Naval Architecture Vol II, Resistance, Propulsion and Vibration, Editor Lewis E.V., Published by SNAME, 1988.

86

Algorithms

Gawn-Burrill KCA Series

Thrust and torque coefficients are represented by polynomials (see reference
below) in terms of the following propeller parameters: advance ratio J, pitch ratio
P/D, expanded area ratio AD/A0. The polynomials are given for 3-bladed propellers only.
KT = f ( J , P/D , AD/A0 )
KQ = f ( J , P/D , AD/A0 )
The following parameter ranges are applicable:

P/D :
AD/A0 :
Z:
J:

0.80 - 1.80
0.50 - 1.10
3
0.3

The minimum back cavitation design criterion results in the required

developed area ratio to be:
AD/A0 = A KT f ( w , (*)0 , J , P/D )
where
A :
w :
(*)0 :

constant depending on the degree of allowed back cavitation.

wake factor
cavitation number based on advance velocity

Propeller diameter is limited by considerations of hull clearance. Propeller RPM

should be chosen with regard to engine and transmission gear limitations.
Depending on the optimization mode chosen, a range of pitch ratios and RPMs/
propeller diameters are used to determine the optimum open water efficiency.

87

Chapter 7
Selected Reference
An Engineering Approach to Predicting the Hydrodynamic Performance of
Planing Craft Using Computer Techniques, Radojcic D., Trans RINA,
1991.

88

Algorithms

Ducted Propellers (MARIN)

Autopower provides a choice of three ducted propeller series:
Ka 4-70 (4-blade propeller, AE/A0 = 0.70) in 19A nozzle
Ka 4-70 (4-blade propeller, AE/A0 = 0.70) in 37 nozzle
Kd 5-100 (5-blade propeller, AE/A0 = 1.00) in 33 nozzle.
The properties of these combinations are discussed in Lewis (see reference
below). The formulae for total thrust coefficient and torque coefficient are polynomials in P/D and J.
Selected Reference
Principles of Naval Architecture Vol II, Resistance, Propulsion and Vibration, Editor Lewis E.V., Published by SNAME, 1988.

89

Chapter 7

90

Notes

91

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