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Ques What is the role of Management in family Living?

Management plays an important role in everyday life. The society as well as the family has undergone a number of
changes over the years. A family today is a lot more different than it was in the olden days. The family is a basic unit
of the society. Family consists of two or more people staying together in the same household who are related to each
other by blood, marriage or adoption. As soon as the family is established and people begin to work for common
purpose, need for formulating a plan of action arises
Management is a very important factor, which contributes to the health, happiness and well-being of a family. It paves
way for a better growth and development of the family members. Life has become very complex because man has
increased tools and has changed the tactics of living. As a result, it has become necessary for him to develop more
skills in the use of available resources in order to get what he wants for himself and his family to improve his status. In
other words management deals with using what we have, to get what we want. What we have is the resources. The
resources that we have may be time, money, energy, skill etc.
.Ques Explain Goal and Type of Goal
Goals are the desires that individuals or families are willing to work for. They are more definite and clear than values
because they are to be accomplished. They are tangible things, objects, ends or purposes.
Definition: Goal is defined as an objective, condition or something you desire to achieve or attain at

any given period or time or point

Three Types of Goals
The three most familiar types of goals are:
(1) long-term or ultimate goals;
(2) intermediate or short-term goals; and
(3) means-end goals (sometimes called the means-end chains), leading up to the intermediate goals.
Short-term goals
In short term goal, the period of attainment of goal is short. The short range goal represents an objective, condition or
something you intend to achieve in the immediate future. An example of short-range goal would be to successfully
complete this course of study. Since the achievement is anticipated in the near future, these goals usually involve a
time period of six months or less. When you say that I have to get my project done within two months, in reality
these are short-term goals. These goals tend to revolve around a single objective, condition or item.
Intermediate goals
Intermediate goals are nothing but the link connecting between short term and long term goals. They have definite
characteristics and serve a purpose in your life time achievement. The time duration involved in intermediate goals is
longer than short term goals. Achievement of these goals is measured in terms of several months or years. For
example, to complete your graduation you will require few years. During this course of study it is difficult to make out
a class schedule for entire duration. They may not be so clearly defined as short term goals. Like short term goals,
these intermediate goals may assist you in attaining long term goals.
Long term goal
The duration in achieving this goal is long. Classification differs from the other two, in regard to the time period, the
degree of specificity and the extent of active implementation involved in attainment. Long term goals are those you
have set for yourself in the distant future. Long term goals may include one or more of the following getting a good
job in chosen profession, getting married, owning home or farm etc. These are not easily defined because you are not
aware of your job, your employer, your place of work, your residence etc

Ques Explain Standards and Classification of Standard

Standards
Standard is a scale of measurement of values.
According to Nickell and Dorsey, standards are a set of measure of values stemming from our value patterns,
determining the amount and kind of interest in something and the satisfaction we receive. Standards serve as a
measure or criterion for measurement of objects or ways of doing things.
Gross and Crandall classify standards as (1) conventional and (2) flexible.
Conventional Standards: Conventional standards are those that are traditional and accepted by the community at
large or by a social group within it. To illustrate high standard of cleanliness, we can take an example of cleaning and
dusting furniture twice a day. This can be standard of any family. If an unexpected guest arrives and there is dust
visible, the homemaker is apt to say I did not dust today.

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Flexible standards: Flexible standards can be changed to suit different situations; they give greater freedom of
choice. Adjusting family standards to changing conditions is an example of the need to have flexibility in ones
standards.

Ques Inter-relationship between Values, Goals and Standards

Goals are closely related to both values and

standards in initiating management. They
stew from values and are influenced by
standards. Values is a dominant term. Each
exerts an influence on the other two. Goals
are indicators of values. For example, the
goal of owning ones home may be one
expression of the value of security.
Standards are specifications of values. They
measure the degree of influence of a value.
Standards set the limits one will accept in
working towards a goal.

Ques Give the Steps of Controlling Process

Controlling
Controlling is carrying out the plan. This step calls for flexibility in thinking. At times new decisions are required
which may result in changes in plan. For example: when the menus are planned for meals, if certain things are not
available during shopping a fresh decision need to be made.
The different phases of controlling are
1. Energising: This is initiating and sustaining the action. The individuals who are involved in doing a particular task
must be energized in order to get results. In spite of having a good plan, sometimes implementing the plan would
become difficult. Here the energizing function would act as a catalyst.
2. Checking: This is a quick step by step evaluation of the progress of a plan. To go to school on time one has to get
the clothes, the meals and books ready, which need checking of time at all stages.
3. Adjusting: Adjusting is done in the plan if there is a need for fresh decisions to be taken. This should be done
taking into account the problem in hand and the resources available. Getting into action, keeping the resources mobile
and knowledge of what is to be done are all important in this step.
Ques What are the types of Decision?

A decision is a choice made between 2 or more available alternatives.

Decision Making is the process of choosing the best alternative for reaching objectives.
TYPES OF DECISIONS:
PROGRAMMED DECISIONS:

Programmed decisions are routine and repetitive, and the organization typically develops specific ways to
handle them. A programmed decision might involve determining how products will be arranged on the
shelves of a supermarket. For this kind of routine, repetitive problem, standard arrangement decisions are
typically made according to established management guidelines.
NON PROGRAMMED DECISIONS:

Non programmed decisions are typically one shot decisions that are usually less structured than programmed
decision.
ELEMENTS OF THE DECISION SITUATION:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The Decision Makers

Goals to be served
Relevant Alternatives
Ordering of Alternatives
Choice of Alternatives

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Ques Type of family and its management?

There are two types of family systems joint family and nuclear family systems. Joint family is a type of
extended family, which consists of parents, their children, spouses of the children and their offspring in
one household. A nuclear family is composed of parents and their children.
Which one would you prefer?
Joint Family
1. Dependency As discussed, a joint family is an extended family and it consists of a lot of members.
People can depend on each other for any kind of help. Thus, this is one of the best quality that a joint
family
possess.
2. Unity Joint family creates an emotional bond between two generations and it helps to keep the
family united in all the situations. The tradition and culture is passed on to the coming generations so
that they can take it forward. The proverb United we stand, Divided we fall, goes true in the joint
family
system.
3. Preference of the youngsters There are youngsters out there in the society, who prefer a social
life with a better support system. These people believe in the system of joint family.
4. Provides an opportunity for leisure time The joint family system provides an opportunity for
leisure time as the female members divide the household work and finish it off very soon.
5. Social insurance Joint family acts as a social insurance and a support for the widows and the old
aged people. They are assured of a proper living.
Nuclear family

1. More freedom Nuclear families have more freedom as compared to a joint family system. They do
not have to worry about what the other members of the household may think. They can roam around
freely and come back at any time without being answerable to anyone. Democracy exists in a nuclear
family.
2. Bonding Nuclear family is based upon the parental love and sibling connection. The mechanism
of relationships in a nuclear family is very straight forward. It is based on the foundation of mutual
respect and love for each other.
3. Kid's preference Youngsters of a nuclear family prefer more freedom and less restrictions. As
both the parents go to work, kids may feel bored at home. They may prefer to go out and play with their
friends or to go out for an outing. To carry out such activities, less restriction is essential.
4. Quarrels Nuclear families face fewer quarrels when compared to a joint family. Usually, they are
the small quarrels between a husband and wife or a child and the parents.

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1. Resources are limited both qualitatively and quantitatively:

Limitation is one of the main characteristics of resources. The limitation is quantitative as well as
qualitative. Some resources are rarer than others. E.g. Time and energy are limited. Time is a limited
resource since no one can have more than 24 hours per day. We cannot save time from each day for future
use.
Energy is also limited and it varies from person to person. One is able to do the job within his energy
limitations. Attitude of a person towards an object or idea might be favourable or unfavourable which give
indication to the limits one can stretch in making decisions for completion of a task. Money which is an
important resource, is quantitatively limited compared to other resources.
Money differs from other resources in that it is limited and at the same lime it can be increased to some
extent through investment of oilier human resources. Money also can be saved and accumulated but not up
to an unlimited extent. The abilities of the family members are also limited resource.
2. Resources are Useful:
All resources have utility or want satisfying power depending upon the goal to be achieved.
According to Gross and Crandall, the usefulness or value of a given element may be recognized only in
relation to a specific goal.
Though all resources are useful, they vary according to the problems to be solved or for different goals, e.g.
Money is the valuable resource for building a house or buying furnitures, but knowledge is essential for
getting a job or intellectual ability counts most to do well in examination. Other resources can support in
each management situation to certain extent which become the secondary resource.
3. Resources are interrelated and interdependent:
The resources are interrelated and interdependent. People often have to use a resource-mix or a
combination of resources to achieve the family goals, e.g. for interior decoration, money, time, energy,
knowledge, skill and other resources are combined together to purchase furniture and furnishing.
The intangible resources of innovative ideas and creative ability may be used to paint and decorate the
house. With one resource interior decoration cannot be completed. In building a house also different
resources are to be taken. Usually a combination of resources is necessary to achieve goal. Absence of any
one resource or too little of any resources may not help in achieving the desired goals.
Goods like vegetables and fruits could be produced in the kitchen garden by the use of time, energy, money
and other material resources required for cultivation. In management process the interrelated use of
resources in a resource mix is more important than the use of any specific one. The resources are
interrelated as well as interdependent both qualitatively and quantitatively.
4. Resources have alternative uses:
All resources have alterative uses. For e.g. Energy as a resource can be used for doing household activities
and some other work outside the home. Money has alternative uses as it has the purchasing power Goods
like vegetables from the kitchen garden may be used for cooking inside the house or can be sold in the
market to get money.
A gift of Rs. 500/- may be spent on picnic or for purchasing utensils for the family, knowledge may be
utilized for teaching, purchasing equipment for the house or for saving and investing money. However when
a resource is used for one purpose, it is not available for another use. So proper decision may be taken for
the perfect utilization of resources in-order to get maximum satisfaction.
5. One resource may be substituted for another:
One resource may also be substituted for another resource in solving a problem, e.g. a full time home maker
may have enough time and skill to sew the dresses for her family members by herself if there are other
demands on her time. She may purchase labour saving equipment which will shorten the time spent on
sewing or cooking or both.
She thus combines her time with another material resource to achieve her goals. If the same homemaker is
working outside her home. She may not find time for sewing. But may have more money to give her sewing
to a tailor. Here money is used as a substitute for time.
Ques What is Energy Management?

Energy management is about managing your energy use with the goal to use less energy and use renewable
energy. This might include reducing the amount of energy you use during peak hours, typically weekdays

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between 12PM-6PM, and it might mean shifting to clean energy sources such as solar power to supply your
energy needs.
Energy management includes planning and operation of energy production and energy consumption units.
Objectives are resource conservation, climate protection and cost savings, while the users have permanent
access to the energy they need.

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Ques Characteristics and Functions of Family?

Characteristics of Family:
1. Family is a Universal group. It is found in some form or the other, in all types of societies whether primitive or
modern.
2. A family is based on marriage, which results in a mating relationship between two adults of opposite sex.
3. Every family provides an individual with a name, and hence, it is a source of nomenclature.
4. Family is the group through which descent or ancestry can be traced.
5. Family is the most important group in any individuals life.
6. Family is the most basic and important group in primary socialization of an individual.
7. A family is generally limited in size, even large, joint and extended families.
8. The family is the most important group in society; it is the nucleus of all institutions, organizations and groups.
9. Family is based on emotions and sentiments. Mating, procreation, maternal and fraternal devotion, love and
affection are the basis of family ties.
10. The family is a unit of emotional and economic cooperation.
11. Each member of family shares duties and responsibilities.
12. Every family is made up of husband and wife, and/or one or more children, both natural and adopted.
13. Each family is made up of different social roles, like those of husband, wife, mother, father, children, brothers or
sisters.
Functions of Family:
As a social group and as an important social institution, family performs various functions that are as follows:
1. Family is a unit through which procreation takes place. Marriage sanctions sexual relationships, and it also
establishes a family, which is further reinforced with the birth of children.
2. The process of reproduction is institutionalized, regulated and controlled in a family. The family legitimizes the act
of reproduction.
3. Family helps in propagation of human species and perpetuation of human race.
4. Family provides an individual with an identity.
5. It is through the family that every family name is carried on from one generation to another.
6. Family is responsible for the production and upbringing of children.
7. Family is an important agent of socialization. The primary socialization of any individual takes place within the
family. The immediate family members teach all the basic rules and norms of social life to a child.
8. Family is also an important agent of cultural transmission. Culture is transmitted from one generation to another
through family. All the aspects of culture are learnt within the family structure.
9. Family is a great source of strength, emotional and psychological, for its members. All the members are aware that
they can depend upon their family in the times of need.
10. Family provides an individual with a home, and establishes enduring social relationships.
11. The family is the basis of division of labour, where all members have their duties and obligations towards each
other.
12. A family fulfills the economic needs of its members.
13. Family is traditionally responsible for the education of the children.
14. Family also has a recreational function. Earlier, most recreation was family- based. Family gatherings during
festivals, functions, family reunions, marriages.

Ques What is Home Management?

Home management is a very important factor, which contributes to the health, happiness and well-being of
a family. It paves way for a better growth and development of the family members. Life has become very
complex because man has increased tools and has changed the tactics of living.
According to Gross and Crandall ,Home management in its simplest terms as using what you have to
get what you want.
According to Kotzin, Home management is a practical science. In home management, managing shows
some degree of competence. A home in which goals are being attained with some degree of satisfaction may
be considered a well managed home.

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According to Nickel and Dorsey, Home management is planning, controlling and evaluating the use of
resources of the family for the purpose of attaining family goals.

Ques What are the process involved in the Home Management

The process of management involves four basic steps:
1. Planning
2. Organizing and assembling the resources
3. Controlling the work process
4. Evolution

1. Planning:
Planning is the most important step in management process.
Planning enables to find out various ways of using the available resources to achieve the desired goals.
Planning consists of a series of decisions regarding various activities of the family, utilization of resources
changing of family demands to reach the goals.
According to W.M. Fox, Planning involves problem solving which includes the step in decision making
like identifying the problem, obtaining information, formulating possible courses of action, considering
consequences of each alternative and selecting the course of action that seems best.
The basic steps of planning are:
1. Recognizing the Problem
2. Searching for various alternatives
3. Choosing between alternatives
4. Acting to carry out the plan
5. Accepting the Consequence

2. Organizing:
All the plans made in a home each day need variety of activities and if these activities are to be carried out
effectively, some form of organization is essential.
Organizing consists of dividing and grouping of activities. Then they are assigned to all the members.
According to Nickel and Dorsey, Organizing is the process of establishing proper relationships among
work, people and other resources and channeling authority and responsibility.
Organization means dividing various activities and distributing them. So that goals can be easily achieved. It
is influenced by the size of the family.

3. Controlling:
For successful implementation of the plan, certain amount of control is essential.
Controlling involves a careful observation of performance. The Planners must be aware of short-comings in
the plan. Regular checks make the plan easier to carry out.
Controlling includes making changes when things seem to be getting off course.
Controlling is carrying out the plan. This step calls for flexibility in thinking. At times new decisions are required
which may result in changes in plan. For example: when the menus are planned for meals, if certain things are not
available during shopping a fresh decision need to be made.
The different phases of controlling are
1. Energising: This is initiating and sustaining the action. The individuals who are involved in doing a particular task
must be energized in order to get results. In spite of having a good plan, sometimes implementing the plan would
become difficult. Here the energizing function would act as a catalyst.
2. Checking: This is a quick step by step evaluation of the progress of a plan. To go to school on time one has to get
the clothes, the meals and books ready, which need checking of time at all stages.

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3. Adjusting: Adjusting is done in the plan if there is a need for fresh decisions to be taken. This should be done
taking into account the problem in hand and the resources available. Getting into action, keeping the resources mobile
and knowledge of what is to be done are all important in this step.

4. Evaluation:
The final step of management process is evaluation. It looks towards both the process of management and
the results.
Evaluation helps in judging the success and achievement of a plan of action.
Its main purpose is to see what has been achieved as a result of effective planning and controlling.
Evaluation step is actually a review of what has already taken place, with an objective towards better
management in future. The homemaker learns through experience about the effectiveness of a plan.
There are two types of evaluation in management situations:
(1) General evaluation:
It might be casual and subjective. Without analyzing the outcome thoroughly, a manager may recognize a
job as good or bad in a given situation.
(2) Detailed evaluation:
It is an elaborate type of evaluation. This means determining the degree of excellence of the managerial job
of the home, one has to look into the different aspects of management.
Management processes involves planning, organizing, implementing, controlling and evaluating the things
which a family possess in order to achieve goals.
Ques What are the Resources?
Resources are the means of satisfying wants. They are essential for achieving family goals. Resources are
the materials and human attributes which satisfy our wants. They vary for individuals, communities, states
and nations. Resources are of two types - Human resources and nonhuman or material resources. Human
Resources include the personal characteristics and attributes i.e., education, occupational status, skills,
attitudes, personality trait and other personal characteristics and also resources that are used for the
productive purposes which includes, time, energy, abilities and interests. Non-human or material resources
are material goods, such as house, furniture, money and community facilities which include parks, library,
government hospitals, schools, shopping and recreational facilities. Non- human resources are easily
identifiable but are limited in their availability.

Money Management
It is also known as income management or Finance management .Money is Non-human or Material Resource which is
being used for the attainment of Goal or fulfilment of any desire or want.
Money management is the process of knowing where you are spending your money today and having a well-thoughtout plan in place for where you want it to go in the future.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD BUDGET

a. Accurate estimates of income: Find the exact amount of income that will be available to you for expenditure.
(Gross income of the family differs from its take home pay).
b. Accurate estimates of expenditure: The expenditure estimate should be as accurate as possible. Look up the
budget of the previous years or the records of past expenditures and savings.
c. Reasonably accurate allocation of money: The resources on expenditures side should be reasonably accurate; the
family must be able to determine its present needs and wants and anticipate future changes (e.g. for some families
budgeting for October- November will need extra outlay on spending on festivals and other occasions.)
d. Flexible: A budget is made flexible by allowing sufficient margin on certain items. It should allow you to divert
some money from one item to another as per your need. For example, some money can be easily diverted from
entertainment in case of an unexpected high medical expenditure.

WORK SIMPLIFICATION
Work simplification is making work easier. According to Nickell and Dorsey, it is the conscious seeking
of simplest, easiest and quickest method of doing work. It aims at accomplishing more work with limited
amount of time and energy (Gross and Crandall).
Home making involves various types of activities which are most of the time tedious, monotonous, time
consuming and involves various types of skill. Most of the work if done without much skill and under
pressure would lead to unhappiness or frustration. To manage the house one should know the best way of
doing each household activity. To do the work easily one should know why, how, when, who and where a
work should be done.
Dr. Marvin Mundel has given five factors that influence the character of work. They are:
1. Change in hand and body motions
Work can be simplified by using each part of the body properly and economically.
This can be achieved by
1. Keeping body parts in alignment
2. Using muscles effectively
3. Doing the work in rhythmic motion
4. Developing skill in work.
2. Change in equipment and work arrangement
Using labour saving devices, planning work surfaces at proper height, depth and width with proper tools and
adequate storage space and lighting will improve the efficiency of work.
3. Change in production sequence
When there are a lot of household activities to be accomplished time and energy can be saved by simplifying
the work through combining the tasks and eliminating unnecessary steps.
4. Change in finished product.
Simplification of work could be achieved by changing the standards or expectations of the finished product.
5. Change in material
This refers to the change in the raw ingredient to get the same final products.

Ques What are the steps of Spending Plan or Budget

Use the following steps to make your spending plan:
1. Keep in mind all the income and facilities available to you for the period for which
you are making the spending plan.
2. List all the requirements (commodities and services) needed by the family
members for that period.
3. Prioritize these needs.
4. Allocate funds keeping in mind the total income. This will help in effective utilization
of money and other resources.
5. Balance the spending plan. This will also help to save some money.

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Ques Explain how the steps of Management are co-related to each other?

Ques Explain Values and its Classification?

Values: Man is a valuing creature. He needs goals and principles by which to direct life and to shape his conduct.
1. Concept:
Values are those deep-seated beliefs and desires that give direction to life. Values are motivating factors that
influence our behavior. In our life we give more importance to certain things, we value certain things e.g. love,
friendship, loyalty etc.
A value is always important to the person who holds it; it is desirable and satisfying. Our values affect our
behavior; judgment and analysis in dealing with problems.
The main values that govern mans conduct are as follows:
1. Love: The basis of all human relationship.
2. Health: Physical & mental well-being.
3. Comfort: Agreeable conditions for living.
4. Ambition: Success in achievement.
5. Knowledge and wisdom: search for truth.
6. Technological interest or efficiency in work: Skilful workmanship.
7. Play: Creative and imaginative activity.
8. Art: Interest in beauty, art, etc.
9. Religion: unifying aspect of our life.
Characteristics of Values:
1. A value is very important to the person who holds it
2. Value is a decisive factor in determining attitudes, which helps in taking major decisions in life.
3. Values are somewhat unstable and always in the process of change. They may get modified due to
circumstances e.g. advancing age, new knowledge, changes in society.
4. Such modifications tend to be very slow but may affect the priorities in a persons value system.
5. A value may remain constant. Everyone tries to develop his/her own set of values suitable to him/her. It has the
ability to develop in a self-creative way.
6. Values may be studied and measured. Examples of quantitative measurements are expressions such as much
more, very much, more and less or choices between paired values or weighing of values by priorities.
7. It is the quality or desirability of idea, object or action which governs our choices of methods, modes or goals of
action.
Types of Values:
Values are classified as Intrinsic and Extrinsic values.
1) An Intrinsic value : is one that is important and desirable simply for its own sake. It is worthy of being sought
for itself. Intrinsic values stand alone and represent strong values that are important in themselves. They originate
from philosophy of life of an family or individual and vice versa.
2) An Extrinsic value : is a means of attaining other values or goals. These are sometimes called an instrumental
values. These may also be strong values but they help, aid or assist an intrinsic value. For example, you value
intelligence and education and your goal is pursuing higher education. In this case, intelligence is intrinsic value
and in order to achieve that goal other values are sincerity, punctuality, hard work, regularity in attending class,
concentration in studies are instrumental or extrinsic values. In short attainment of your goals many other values
are also important

Ques Explain Fatigue and reasons and how its can be avoided?
Fatigue is a condition where the amount of work output would be reduced. This can be classified as
physiological and psychological fatigue.
The reason for fatigue could be
1. The long period of mental or physical work
6. Monotonous work
2. Heavy physical work
7. Lack of motivation
3. Working under pressure
8. Dislike for work
4. Unfamiliar work
9. Desire to stop work
5. Non accomplishment of work
10. Failure of plans

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Types of Fatigue:
Fatigue may be of the following types:
1. Physical fatigue:
Physical fatigue is caused either by continuous work for long periods or the nature of work like the work
may be heavy and requiring lot of physical excursion. The physical capacities of workers are limited and
they may feel tired after a continuous work for longer periods.
2. Mental fatigue:
A worker utilizes has brain for doing a job for a longer period. The doing of same work again and again will
result in mental fatigue of the worker.
3. Nervous fatigue:
When work needs the use of mental and physical capabilities for a continuous period, it will result in
nervous fatigue.
4. Industrial fatigue:
When a worker continues to work the job for longer periods, his efficiency and productivity will result in
nervous fatigue.
Methods of Reducing Fatigue:
A fatigued worker will not be able to work with his original rhythm. Every industrial enterprise is expected
to devise ways and means of reducing fatigue so that production does not suffer for longer periods.
Following methods may help in reducing fatigue and providing freshness to workers:
1. Rest pauses:
When workers continue to work for longer periods then they; feel tired and need some rest. Rest pauses are
of great importance in reducing fatigue as well as monotony. Rest pauses should be provided in such a way
that workers feel relieved after working for some hours. A well planned rest pauses schedule will be of .great
help in reducing fatigue.
2. Less hours of work:
Longer hours of work are the main cause of fatigue. The hours of work should be reduced to that optimum
level where workers are able to keep up their working speed. The factories act in India allows only
48 hours a week for adult workers and it should be followed strictly.
3. Proper lighting:
Poor illumination is an important cause of disturbance and fatigue. The work place should be properly
lighted so that workers are able to work without burdening their eye sight and brain.
4. Improving environmental conditions:
The humidity, temperature and ventilation influence workers at work. A proper balance of temperature,
humidity should be maintained to make the work place comfortable and worth working so that fatigue is
reduced.
5. Reduction of noise:
Undesirable noise will cause fatigue. It may also cause muscular tension. Unnecessary noise should be
curbed to its, minimum level. Lower noise levels increase productivity of workers by reducing fatigue,
removing cause of irritation.
6. Proper selection of employees:
A wrong selection of employees and their placement may also be a reason for fatigue and monotony. A job
may require more physical input than worker has. In such situations the worker will feel fatigued after short
duration of work. A square peg in a square hole will help in reducing fatigue and boredom so proper
selection shall help in this regard.
7. Job rotations:
Sometimes workers start feeling bore and tired while working repeatedly on the same job. If job rotation a is
provided it will avoid boredom and fatigue.

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Ques Advantages of Money Management or Budget?

Importance of Budgeting
1. Budget acts as an intelligent guide to spending.
2. It enables a family to have an over all view of their income.
3. Budgeting facilitates adjusting irregular income to regular expenditure.
4. Budgeting helps people to discuss their needs and set their own priorities on them.
5. It helps one to cut unnecessary expenditure.
6. It helps one to be free from debts.
7. It helps one to live within ones income.
8. It encourages conscious decision making which may help in including long term goals in the Budget.
9. It relieves the family members from worries of future.
10. It forces one to decide what one wants most out of life.
11. It provides for future saving.
Ques Give the importance of Evaluation?
Same answer as of Evaluation in Steps of Management Process
Ques Factor which affect the Controlling Process?

Ques Difference Between Saving and Investment

Meaning
Saving money means keeping aside a part of your income regularly in order to deal with unexpected expenses.
Investment means putting your saved money in various products in order to earn returns and grow your
wealth.
Savings provides funds for emergencies and for making specific purchases in the relatively near future (Usually three
years or less). Safety of the principal and liquidity of the funds (ease of converting to cash) are important aspects of
savings dollars. Because of these characteristics, savings dollars generally yield a low rate of return and do not
maintain purchasing power. In fact, there are years when the return on savings is less than the rate of inflation.
Investing, on the other hand, focuses on increasing net worth and achieving long-term financial goals. Investing
involves risk (loss of principal) and is to be considered only after you have accumulated adequate savings for your
short term goals and to handle emergencies.
Ques Explain the Characteristics of Goals
1. Specific
Goals must call for specific actions, behaviors or events to be successfully met. Individuals must define their desired
results within each goal statement using a proactive voice. For example, "I will increase my savings deposits by $50
per week in order to fund my summer trip to Europe. Goals should contain not more than two sentences and should
establish what, where and why.
2. Measurable
Goals must be measurable to assure success. When setting goals, it is important to describe how each result will be
measured. In our example we set clear steps and timelines. Our action step involves increasing deposits by an
established amount. We set measurable tracking points by establishing a weekly timeline. If goals are not measurable,
individuals cannot track their progress. Goals set successfully always answer the question How can I measure my
success?
3. Achievable
Goals must be achievable. A person cannot become a doctor if he has not been graduated from medical school, nor can
a business increase its sales if it does not have an advertising budget. In a savings-related goal like our example, a
person must ask himself whether the goal is achievable with his current resources. When creating a goal, ask yourself
whether you have the skills, tools and resources needed to achieve the goal.

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4. Realistic
Taking a realistic approach is perhaps one of the most important characteristics of successful goal setting. Goals
challenge us to achieve or attain what is important to us. For us to maintain motivation levels and avoid frustration,
goals must also be realistic. In the example goal, if we could not afford to save the $50 dollars a week, then we would
face hardship and would not reach our goal by summer. Realistic goals are honest goals. Goals established
thoughtfully can challenge us, but are not set beyond our natural abilities. Setting realistic goals involves asking "Is
this possible?
5. Timely
Successful goal setting must set forth measurable points for starting, ending, review and assessment. A successful goal
has deadlines and endings. In our example, we set a weekly period goal and an end goal of summer. Open-ended goals
often fail because individuals have not have set dates to review, measure and revise.

Ques Concept of Home Management (Same answer of Home Management)

Ques Give reasons for understanding home management or importance of Home Managament
Home management is the process of properly maintaining a home and property and overseeing necessary household
activities. Much like operating a business, managing a home requires skills such as planning, organizing, budgeting
and directing. Effective home management is important for maintaining the condition of the property and the overall
financial health of the family that resides there.
Staying Organized
Effective home management helps you keep things organized around the house. You'll be able to keep track of
household items and you won't have to rush around looking for your keys or clothing in the morning while preparing
to go to work.
Maintaining Property Value
A home that falls into disrepair can lose value, making it less attractive to potential buyers. A home management plan
should include a schedule for routine maintenance and cleaning for inside and outside of the home as well as the
surrounding property.
Tracking Finances
Home management also should include a plan to manage your household finances. Prepare a monthly budget to track
expenses and eliminate wasteful spending. Develop a plan for handling bills when they arrive such as setting up a
filing system with a separate file for each day of the month and placing the bill in the file for the day it should be paid.
Set up a fund to cover regular household expenses such as cleaning supplies and groceries.
Teaching Your Kids
If you have kids, getting them involved in home management can be a good way to teach them the importance of
handling responsibility and managing their own household when the time comes. Give them chores or projects to do
around the home.

Ques Individual Decision vs Group Decision

Individual Decision
It is the decision pertaining to an individual e.g.
education. Individual decisions are more quickly
made. The decision making of an individual
revolves around the values, goals, standards and
roles the individual assures in the relevant set of
frame work.

Group Decision
It is made from the collective action of several
individuals each of whom has distinct values,
goals, standards and role perception. It is a
difficult process and a slow process. Role
conflicts would emerge in this situation.

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Advantages
An individual can make a decision quicker than group can, of course, since only one person needs to be
consulted. Group decision making, though it can be an arduous process, can help cement the group by
allowing input from all members of the group.
Disadvantages
There are times when each decision making method is not appropriate. Avoid individual decision making if
the decision directly affects the group. For example, making a blanket decision that everyone must work
weekends will meet with opposition for reasons ranging from religious to other personal obligations. On the
flip side, group decision making should be avoided if there is little chance that a group might reach a
consensus. For example, a directive that all members of a department must carry out works best when the
manager decides on the course of action.
Ques What is Health Insurance?
Health insurance is a way to pay for health care. It protects you from paying the full costs of
medical services when you're injured or sick. Just like car insurance or home insurance, you
choose a plan and agree to pay a certain rate, or premium, each month.
The best health insurance plan is believed to have the following characteristics: It is designed according to the health needs of majority of people.
It is coupled with the best facilities and services.

It can be purchased at a cost-effective price.

There should be the facility of lifelong renewal.

It should have a simple policy issuance procedure, such that there are no hassles faced by them.

Cashless hospitalization should be offered in a wide network of hospitals.

'Healthline facilities should be abetted by well qualified and experienced doctors so that one can get the right
guidance when required.

Terms and conditions of the plan should be free of jargons.

There should not be any sub-limits in case of coverage offered.

Claims process should be easy and simple.

Provider should have earned much positive reviews for its services.

Ques Work Simplification methods or techniques?

(a) Eliminating unnecessary movements:
By adopting certain methods, unnecessary movements can be eliminated for e.g. Dishes are to be rinsed in a
drainer and allowed them to dry without wiping. While preparing vegetables, they are to be put into the
cooking vessels and thus handling of extra vessels is cut down. The towels, sheets and other linen should be
arranged in order to save time and energy. Proper planning can save a number of movements between
storage area and work space.
For e.g. when meals are being cooked the dining tables can be laid. Movements are also reduced when the
floor is cleaned with a long handled mop, when clothes are placed at a convenient height at the time of
drying. Keeping the house in smooth running order saves time and energy. Carrying several things at once to
the kitchen or up and down stairs by the help of trays and baskets reduces unnecessary movements.
(b) Improving the sequence of work:
If the sequence of work will be improved, then movement required for a particular task can also be reduced.
By following the pathway chart the sequence of works can be improved by reducing steps. Changes in the

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work methods can save unnecessary handling of equipment, e.g. when the dishes are stacked at the right of
the sink washed, dried and stored at the left, minimum movements are required.
Various works in the kitchen can be grouped together. When dais are boiled, vegetables can be cut up or
salads can be prepared. Cooking and Table Laying can be combined together. Ironing and mending can be
done while foods are cooking. In cleaning the house, it is easier to finish each process of sweeping, dusting
and mopping the floor in all the rooms than to clean each room separately
(c) Developing skill in work:
The development of skill in the performance of homemaking tasks eliminates a number of time and energy
consuming motions in a days work. A skilled and experienced homemaker can do the tasks very easily with
higher speed and smoothness. If the job is done with smooth rhythm, the efficiency of the home maker
improves.
Each homemaker develops her own rhythm of doing work. Skill in work can be developed by learning,
observation, effort and experience. For e.g. in learning to peel an apple, the home maker must first learn how
to hold the apple and using the knife for peeling. This is a gradual improvement in developing the skill of
doing the work through repetition. Making batter for pokoras, kneading dough and beating eggs are some
examples of tasks involving rhythmic, uniform movements which can be learnt with experience.
(d) Comfortable Posture:
To avoid strain and to develop a good body position while working, some attention should be given to
posture habits in standing, sitting; bending etc. working with good posture reduces the expenditure of
energy. Poor posture can cause backache, increase fatigue, tension and a lower efficiency. Doing a task with
efficient way means saving both time and energy e.g. in bending to do certain tasks, it is easier to put one
foot slightly forward and bend through the knee and ankle joint. Carrying packages or other articles is easier
when the load can rest against the hip.
2. Changes in Work and Storage Space and Equipment:
(a) Changes in equipment:
This includes rearranging or modifying kitchen equipment. For e.g. pressure cooker, mixer, grinder, well
sharpened knives, peelers, rice cookers. Egg Beaters, non-stick pans, chapatti makers, dough mixers and
other time and energy saving equipment help to ease the task of the homemaker. Now-a-days many modern,
labour and time saving equipments are available in the market which can be used easily.
(b) Changes in the work surface:
The height of kitchen work surfaces should be given careful attention. It must suit the worker. The platform
on which the gas stove is placed should be in a suitable height. When the work surfaces in the kitchen are
too low, one must stand in a comfortable position while working.
If the surfaces are too high, the arms and shoulders must be raised to make the adjustment to the height.
When the work surfaces are too wide, it means stretching the arms and bending the body which cause
unnecessary strain and fatigue. Grinding stones placed on the floor means additional bending and stretching.
According to Gilbreth, The worker should stand erect with arms comfortably relaxed from the shoulders
and with the elbows bent. She will find the most comfortable working level one, high enough to be used
without stooping, but not high enough to cause her to raise the hands above the level of elbows.
(c) Changes in the storage space:
Storage areas in the kitchen and other places are often capable of being reorganized to help the homemaker
to proceed better. Definite and convenient storage spaces enable the worker to do the kitchen work easily.
Frequently used heavy utensils should be stored near the work surface level. All the tools, utensils, dishes
and food supplies should be stored in such a way that they are readily accessible. Heavy articles should be
placed at a lower height so that they are readily accessible.
3. Changes in the Product:
Work simplification through changes in the product depends upon the available resources and the familys
standard of housekeeping. Most families have certain preconceived standard for housekeeping. Some ideas
and habits of the families cannot be changed. But the homemaker should persuade the members to accept
new ideas and change the old standard.

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Some examples of these changes are as follows:

1. The use of paper napkins may help the busy urban working housewife who does not find time for
laundering.
2. The purchase of prepared masala from a reliable source may save her from the older habit of picking,
cleaning and grinding them at home daily.
3. Use of instant coffee will save her time and energy.
4. Clothes made of new fibers may be easier to maintain than traditional materials.
5. The use of plastics for some items may mean easily cleaned surfaces.
6. Laminated table tops are kept clean easily are heat resistant and easily maintained.
7. Instead of preparing an elaborate fruit salad as a dessert for a meal, whole fruits may be served.
8. A housewife, who is in the habit of ironing all the garments including the undergarments at home, can iron
only the outer garments.
A part from all these steps, a genuine liking for the job, developing competent skills for the job, and the
determination to carry it through, will be great assets in work simplification planning work with adequate
rest periods would ensure better quality of work and less fatigue.
Ques Types of Income
There are three major types of family income. They are
1. Money income
2. Real income
3. Psychic income.
Money Income
This income flows into the family in the form of currency, bank draft or cheques. Money income includes all
the income received in the form of money like salary or wages, house rent, gifts, interest earned from bank
deposits and other investment. Money is valued by individuals and families because of its purchasing power
over goods and services like food, clothing, shelter, educational and medical expenses etc, some of which
arevital for the survival of human beings.
Real Income
Apart from money income, families may also receive real income.Real income is the flow of commodities
and services available to families for satisfying their needs and wants. Real income can be classified as
direct and indirect.
Direct Income
It consist of those material goods and services available to the family members without the use of money.
Examples are vegetables, fruits and flowers from home garden as well as other services. These services
include those of the home makers who prepares food, cares for the family members, clean the house, the son
who purchase things for the family and the services of the daughter who help the mother in the household
activities. Employment benefits offered by employers to employees such as free housing, medical aid, free
education schemes, loan facilities represent direct real income. Another source of direct income is free or
social income provided by the community. Library facilities, parks, schools, fire protection, community hall,
police protection are commodities and services for which families need not spent.
Indirect Income
Indirect real income consists of those goods and services available to the family involving the use or
exchange of money.
Psychic Income
This is the satisfaction which people experience. It consists of the mental and emotional satisfaction received
from the use of money and real income. It is subjective in nature. For realising such income, the quality of
management plays a vital role.