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Ethereal Match, A Sealed Glass Tube

Control of fire was a pivotal step for humanity, allowing early humans to survive. Originally, fire was seen as a divine gift, but eventually humans learned to produce fire through friction methods like drilling wood. Over millennia, different cultures developed percussion and chemical methods to make fire, such as using flint sparks, phosphorus, or matches. The modern match was invented in the 19th century and continued improving, though white phosphorus posed health risks until a safer red phosphorus was developed. While Europe led in early match technology, the US later pioneered mass production and marketing innovations.

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66 views

Ethereal Match, A Sealed Glass Tube

Control of fire was a pivotal step for humanity, allowing early humans to survive. Originally, fire was seen as a divine gift, but eventually humans learned to produce fire through friction methods like drilling wood. Over millennia, different cultures developed percussion and chemical methods to make fire, such as using flint sparks, phosphorus, or matches. The modern match was invented in the 19th century and continued improving, though white phosphorus posed health risks until a safer red phosphorus was developed. While Europe led in early match technology, the US later pioneered mass production and marketing innovations.

Uploaded by

razanym
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The control of fire

was the first and


perhaps greatest
of humanitys
steps towards a
life-enhancing
technology
To early man, fire
was a divine gift
randomly delivered
in the form of
lightning, forest
fire or burning lava.
Unable to make
flame for
themselves, the
earliest peoples
probably stored fire
by keeping slow burning logs alight or by
carrying charcoal in pots.
How and where man learnt how to produce
flame at will is unknown. It was probably a
secondary invention, accidentally made
during tool-making operations with wood or
stone. Studies of primitive societies suggest
that the earliest method of making fire was
through friction. European peasants would
insert a wooden drill in a round hole and
rotate it briskly between their palms This
process could be speeded up by wrapping a
cord around the drill and pulling on each end.
The Ancient Greeks used lenses or concave
mirrors to concentrate the suns rays and
burning
glasses were also
used by Mexican
Aztecs and the
Chinese.
Percussion
methods of firelighting
date back
to Paleolithic times,
when some Stone
Age tool-makers
discovered that
chipping flints
produced sparks.
The technique
became more
efficient after the
discovery of iron,
about 5000 vears
ago In Arctic North America, the Eskimos
produced a slow-burning spark by striking
quartz against iron pyrites, a compound that
contains sulphur. The Chinese lit their fires
by striking porcelain with bamboo. In
Europe, the combination of steel, flint and
tinder remained the main method of fire lighting

until the mid 19th century.


Fire-lighting was revolutionised by the
discovery of phosphorus, isolated in 1669
by a German alchemist trying to transmute
silver into gold. Impressed by the elements
combustibility, several 17th century chemists
used it to manufacture fire-lighting devices,
but the results were dangerously
inflammable. With phosphorus costing the
equivalent of several hundred pounds per
ounce, the host matches were expensive.
The quest for a practical match really began
after 1781 when a group of French chemists
came up with the Phosphoric Candle or
Ethereal Match, a sealed glass tube
containing a twist of paper tipped with
phosphorus. When the tube was broken, air
rushed in, causing the phosphorus to self combust.
An even more hazardous device,
popular in America, was the Instantaneous
Light Box a bottle filled with sulphuric
acid into which splints treated with chemicals
were dipped.
The first matches resembling those used
today were made in 1827 by John Walker,
an English pharmacist who borrowed the
formula from a military rocket-maker called
Congreve. Costing a shilling a box,
Congreves were splints coated with sulphur
and tipped with potassium chlorate. To light
them, the user drew them quickly through
folded glass paper.
Walker never patented his invention, and
three years later it was copied by a Samuel
Jones, who marketed his product as Lucifers.
About the same time, a French chemistry
student called Charles Sauria produced the
first strike-anywhere match by substituting
white phosphorus for the potassium chlorate
in the Walker formula. However, since white
phosphorus is a deadly poison, from 1845
match-makers exposed to its fumes
succumbed to necrosis, a disease that eats
away jaw-bones. It wasnt until 1906 that the
substance was eventually banned.
That was 62 years after a Swedish chemist
called Pasch had discovered non-toxic red
or amorphous phosphorus, a development
exploited commercially by Paschs
compatriot J E Lundstrom in 1885.
Lundstroms safety matches were safe
because the red phosphorus was non-toxic;
it was painted on to the striking surface
instead of the match tip, which contained
potassium chlorate with a relatively high
ignition temperature of 182 degrees
centigrade.

America lagged behind Europe in match


technology and safety standards. It wasnt
until 1900 that the Diamond Match
Company bought a French patent for safety
matches but the formula did not work
properly in the different climatic conditions
prevailing in America and it was another 11
years before scientists finally adapted the
French patent for the US.
The Americans, however, can claim several
firsts in match technology and marketing.
In 1892 the Diamond Match Company
pioneered book matches. The innovation
didnt catch on until after 1896, when a
brewery had the novel idea of advertising
its product in match books. Today book
matches are the most widely used type in
the US, with 90 percent handed out free by
hotels, restaurants and others.
Other American innovations include an anti
afterglow
solution to prevent the match from
smouldering after it has been blown out; and
the waterproof match, which lights after
eight hours in water.

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