MACHINE DRAWING

(R13 Mechanical Engineering 2 year 2 semester)

Course Objective: The student will acquire a knowledge of fastening arrangements such as welding,
riveting the different styles of attachment for shaft. The student also is enabled to prepare the assembly of
various machine or engine components and miscellaneous machine components.
Machine Drawing Conventions: Need for drawing conventions introduction to IS conventions
a) Conventional representation of materials, common machine elements and parts such as screws, nuts, bolts,
keys, gears, webs, ribs.
b) Types of sections selection of section planes and drawing of sections and auxiliary sectional views.
Parts not usually sectioned.
c) Methods of dimensioning, general rules for sizes and placement of dimensions for holes, centers, curved
and tapered features.
d) Title boxes, their size, location and details - common abbreviations & their liberal usage.
e) Types of Drawings working drawings for machine parts.

1. MACHINE DRAWING CONVENTIONS

1.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION
Certain draughting conventions are used to represent materials in section and machine elements in
engineering drawings.

1.1.1

Materials

As a variety of materials are used for machine components in engineering applications, it is preferable to
have different conventions of section lining to differentiate between various materials. The recommended
conventions in use are shown in Fig.1.

Fig. 1 Conventional representation of materials

1.1.2

Common Machine Elements and Parts

When the drawing of a component in its true projection involves a lot of time, its convention may be used to
represent the actual component. Figure 2 shows typical examples of conventional representation of various
machine components used in engineering drawing.

Fig. 2(a) Conventional representation of machine components (Contd.)

Fig. 2(b)

Fig. 2(c) Conventional representation of machine components.

1.2 TYPES OF SECTIONS

Orthographic views when carefully selected, may reveal the external features of even the most complicated
objects. However, there are objects with complicated interior details and when represented by hidden lines,
May not effectively reveal the true interior details. This may be overcome by representing one or more of the
views in section.

Fig. 3 Principles of sectioning

A sectional view is obtained by imagining the object, as if cut by a cutting plane and the portion between the
observer and the section plane being removed. Figure 3(a) shows an object, with the cutting plane passing
through it and Fig. 3(b), the two halves drawn apart, exposing the interior details.

1.2.2

Selection of section planes and drawing of sections

1.1.2.1 Full Section

A sectional view obtained by assuming that the object is completely cut by a plane is called a full section or
sectional view. Figure 4(a) shows the view from the right of the object shown in Fig. 3(a), in full section. The
sectioned view provides all the inner details, better than the unsanctioned view with dotted lines for inner
details (Fig. 4(b)). The cutting plane is represented by its trace (V.T) in the view from the front (Fig. 4(c))
and the direction of sight to obtain the sectional view is represented by the arrows.

Fig. 4 Sectioned and un-sectioned views

It may be noted that, in order to obtain a sectional view, only one half of the object is imagined to be
removed, but is not actually shown removed anywhere except in the sectional view. Further, in a sectional
view, the portions of the object that have been cut by the plane are represented by section lining or hatching.
The view should also contain the visible parts behind the cutting plane. Figure 5 represents the correct and
incorrect ways of representing a sectional view. Sections are used primarily to replace hidden line
representation, hence, as a rule, hidden lines are omitted in the sectional views.

Fig. 5 Incorrect and correct sections

1.1.2.2 Half Section

A half sectional view is preferred for symmetrical objects. For a half section, the cutting plane removes only
one quarter of an object. For a symmetrical object, a half sectional view is used to indicate both interior and
exterior details in the same view.

Fig. 6 Method of obtaining half sectional view

Even in half sectional views, it is a good practice to omit the hidden lines. Figure 6(a) shows an object with
the cutting plane in position for obtaining a half sectional view from the front, the top half being in section.
Figure 6(b) shows two parts drawn apart, exposing the inner details in the sectioned portion. Figure 6(c)
shows the half sectional view from the front. It may be noted that a centre line is used to separate the halves
of the half section. Students are also advised to note the representation of the cutting plane in the view from
above, for obtaining the half sectional view from the front.

1.2.3

Auxiliary Sections

Auxiliary sections may be used to supplement the principal views used in orthographic projections. A
sectional view projected on an auxiliary plane, inclined to the principal planes of projection, shows the crosssectional shapes of features such as arms, ribs and so on. In Fig. 7, auxiliary cutting plane X-X is used to
obtain the auxiliary section X-X.

Fig. 7 Auxiliary section

1.3DIMENSIONING
A drawing of a component, in addition to providing complete shape description, must also furnish
information regarding the size description. These are provided through the distances between the surfaces,
location of holes, nature of surface finish, type of material, etc. The expression of these features on a
drawing, using lines, symbols, figures and notes is called dimensioning.

1.3.1

Methods of dimensioning

Dimensions should be shown on drawings in characters of sufficient size, to ensure complete legibility. They
should be placed in such a way that they are not crossed or separated by any other line on the drawing.
Dimensions should be indicated on a drawing, according to one of the following two methods. However,
only one method should be used on any one drawing.

1.1.2.3 METHOD-1 (Aligned System)

Dimensions should be placed parallel to their dimension lines and preferably near the middle, above and
clear-off the dimension line (Fig. 8).
Dimensions may be written so that they can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing.
Dimensions on oblique dimension lines should be oriented as shown in Fig. 9. Angular dimensions may be
oriented as shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 8

Fig. 9 Oblique dimensioning

Fig. 10 Angular dimensioning

1.1.2.4 METHOD-2 (Uni-directional System)

Dimensons should be indicated so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing only. Non-horizontal
dimension lines are interrupted, preferably near the middle, for insertion of the dimension (Fig. 11). Angular
dimensions may be oriented as in Fig. 12.

Fig. 11

Fig. 12 Angular dimensioning

The size of the terminations should be proportionate to the size of the drawing on which they are used.
Where space is limited, arrow head termination may be shown outside the intended limits of the dimension

line that is extended for that purpose. Dimensions can be, (i) above the extension of the dimension line,
beyond one of the terminations, where space is limited (Fig. 14) or (ii) at the end of a leader line, which
terminates on a dimension line, that is too short to permit normal dimension placement (Fig. 14) or (iii)
above a horizontal extension of a dimension line, where space does not allow placement at the interruption of
a non-horizontal dimension line (Fig. 13). Values of dimensions, out of scale (except where break lines are
used) should be underlined as shown in Fig. 13.

Fig. 13

Fig.14

The following indications (symbols) are used with dimensions to reveal the shape identification and to
improve drawing interpretation. The symbol should precede the dimensions (Fig. 15).

Fig. 15 Shape Identification Symbols

1.3.2 General Rules for sizes and placement of dimensions for holes, centers, curved and
tapered features

 : Diameter, S : Spherical diameter, R : Radius, SR : Spherical radius,

Square

1.1.2.5 Diameters
Diameters should be dimensioned on the most appropriate view to ensure clarity. The dimension value
should be preceded by. Figure 16 shows the method of dimensioning diameters.

Fig. 16 Dimensioning of diameters

1.1.2.6 Chords, Arcs, Angles and Radii

The dimensioning of chords, arcs and angles should be as shown in Fig. 17. Where the size of the radius can
be derived from other dimensions, it may be indicated by a radius arrow and the symbol R, without an
indication of the value (Fig. 18).

Fig. 17 Dimensioning of chords, arcs and angles

Fig. 18 Dimensioning of radius

1.1.2.7 Equi-distant Features

Linear spacings with equi-distant features may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 19.

Fig. 19 Dimensioning equi-distant features

1.1.2.8 Chamfers and Countersunks

Chamfers may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 20 and countersunks, as shown in Fig. 21.

Fig. 20 Dimensioning chamfers

Fig. 21 Dimensioning countersunks

1.1.2.9 Screw Threads

Screw threads are always specified with proper designation. The nominal diameter is preceded by the letter
M. The useful length of the threaded portion only should be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 22. While
dimensioning the internal threads, the length of the drilled hole should also be dimensioned (Fig. 22).

Fig. 22 Dimensioning screw threads

1.1.2.10

Tapered Features

Tapered features are dimensioned, either by specifying the diameters at either end and the length, or the
length, one of the diameters and the taper or the taper angle (Fig. 23 a).

Fig. 23 Dimensioning tapered features

A slope or flat taper is defined as the rise per unit length and is dimensioned by the ratio of the difference
between the heights to its length (Fig. 23 b).

1.1.2.11

Notes

Notes should always be written horizontally in capital letters and begin above the leader line and may end
below also. Further, notes should be brief and clear and the wording should be standard in form. The
standard forms of notes and the method of indication, for typical cases is shown in Fig. 24. The meaning of
the notes is given in Table 1.

Fig. 24 Method of indicating notes

Table 1 Meaning of notes given in Fig. 24

S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.

Note
DIA 25 DEEP 25

Meaning/Instruction
Drill a hole of diameter 25 mm, to a depth of 25 mm.
Drill a through hole of diameter 10 mm and countersink to get 15 mm on
DIA 10 CSK DIA 15
top.
4 HOLES, DIA 12 C BORE DIA Drill through hole of ^ 12 mm, counter bore to a depth of 8 mm, with a ^
15 DEEP 8
15 mm, the number of such holes being four.
6 HOLES, EQUI-SP DIA 17 C
Drill a through hole of ^ 17 and counter bore to insert a socket headed
BORE FOR M 16 SOCKET HD
cap screw of M 16. Six holes are to be made equi-spaced on the circle.
CAP SCR
KEYWAY, WIDE 6 DEEP 3
Cut a key way of 6 mm wide and 3 mm depth.
KEY SEAT, WIDE 10 DEEP 10 Cut a key seat of 10 mm wide and 10 mm deep to the length shown.
U/C, WIDE 6 DEEP 3
Machine an undercut of width 6 mm and dpeth 3 mm.
(a) DIAMOND KNURL 1
Make a diamond knurl with 1 mm pitch and end chamfer of 30.
RAISED 30
Cut a metric thread of nominal diameter 18 mm and pitch 1 mm.
(b) M 18 x 1
(a) THD RELIEF, DIA 20 WIDE
Cut a relief for thread with a diameter of 20.8 mm and width 3.5 mm.
3.5
Turn an undercut of 3 mm width and 1.5 mm depth
(b) NECK, WIDE 3 DEEP 1.5
Carburise and harden.
(c) CARB AND HDN
(a) CARB, HDN AND GND (b) Carburise, harden and grind.
MORSE TAPER 2
Morse taper No. 1 to be obtained.
Drill and ream with taper reamer for a diameter of 6 mm to suit the pin
DIA 6 REAM FOR TAPER PIN
specified.
6 ACME THD
Cut an ACME thread of pitch 6 mm.

1.4TITLE BOXES
1.4.1

Title Block

The title block should lie within the drawing space such that, the location of it, containing the identification
of the drawing, is at the bottom right hand corner. This must be followed, both for sheets positioned
horizontally or vertically (Fig. 25).

Fig. 25 Location of title block

The direction of viewing of the title block should correspond in general with that of the drawing. The title
block can have a maximum length of 170 mm. Figure 26 shows a typical title block, providing the following
information:
(i)

Title of the drawing

(ii)

Sheet number

(iii)

Scale

(iv)

Symbol, denoting the method of projection

(v)

Name of the firm

(vi)

Initials of staff drawn, checked and approved.

Fig. 26 Details in title block

NOTE According to Bureau of Indian Standards, SP-46:1998, Engineering Drawing Practice for Schools
and Colleges, First angle projection is preferred.

1.5TYPES OF DRAWINGS
1.5.1

Machine Drawing

It is pertaining to machine parts or components. It is presented through a number of orthographic views, so

that the size and shape of the component is fully understood. Part drawings and assembly drawings belong to
this classification. An example of a machine drawing is given in Fig. 27.

Fig. 27 Machine drawing

1.5.2

Production Drawing

A production drawing, also referred to as working drawing, should furnish all the dimensions, limits and
special finishing processes such as heat treatment, honing, lapping, surface finish, etc., to guide the craftsman
on the shop floor in producing the component. The title should also mention the material used for the
product, number of parts required for the assembled unit, etc.

Fig. 28 Production drawing

Since a craftsman will ordinarily make one component at a time, it is advisable to prepare the production
drawing of each component on a separate sheet. However, in some cases the drawings of related components
may be given on the same sheet. Figure 28 represents an example of a production drawing.

1.5.3

Part Drawing

Component or part drawing is a detailed drawing of a component to facilitate its manufacture. All the
principles of orthographic projection and the technique of graphic representation must be followed to
communicate the details in a part drawing. A part drawing with production details is rightly called as a
production drawing or working drawing.

1.5.4

Assembly Drawing

A drawing that shows the various parts of a machine in their correct working locations is an assembly
drawing (Fig. 29). There are several types of such drawings.
1. Design Assembly Drawing
2. Detailed Assembly Drawing
3. Sub-assembly Drawing
4. Installation Assembly Drawing
5. Assembly Drawings for Catalogues
6. Assembly Drawings for Instruction Manuals
7. Exploded Assembly Drawing

8. Schematic Assembly Drawing

9. Machine Shop Drawing
10. Patent Drawing

Fig. 29 Assembly drawing